the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of

syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.

In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases and
words in a natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules and this field includes
phonology, morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics and pragmatic

Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language;
but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the
rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages
started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-
spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection
of a language at a particular time.

The grammar of a language includes basic axioms such as the existence of tenses of verbs, articles and
adjectives and their proper order, how questions are phrased, and much more. Language cannot
function without grammar. It would simply make no sense. People require grammar to communicate
effectively. Speakers and listeners, authors and their audiences must function in like systems in order to
understand one another. In other words, a language without grammar is like a pile of bricks without
mortar to hold them together or the masons to build with them.

INTRODUCTION OF GRAMMAR

English grammar. English grammar is the way in which meanings are encoded into wordings in the
English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, right up to the
structure of whole texts. There are historical, social, cultural and regional variations of grammar.

People did not invent English grammar; they described it. Grammar is a description of logic. It is a
description of a logical thinking process. Human beings first uttered distinctive sounds to convey
thoughts. Later, people made graphical representations of those sounds, a written language. Finally,
people analyzed the language to determine the patterns and variations. That final step is grammar, an
analysis of the way a language functions.

We write documents to communicate thoughts to other people. A well written document is a medium
that facilitates transfer of the author's thoughts to a reader. A poorly written document may fail to
facilitate accurate transfer of the author's thoughts.

English grammar provides guidelines for choosing words, arrangement of words, and punctuation of
sentences. We do most of our thinking with word symbols. If we cannot arrange word symbols correctly,
we probably cannot think clearly and probably cannot communicate effectively.

The aim of Introduction to English grammar is for students to develop understanding of grammatical
terminology and to develop the ability to analyze English sentences in terms of form and function. In
addition, it aims for students to develop the ability to write standard academic English at a level of
correctness that reflects the analytical level of the course.