274 Concept of Arithmetic

Chapter-15

Profit and Loss

Cost Price
The amount paid to purchase an article or the price
at which an article is made is known as its cost
price. The cost price is abbreviated as CP. For
example, if a watch is purchased in Rs 1250, then
its cost price (CP) will be Rs 1250.
Effective Cost Price
Usually, a shopkeeper has to bear some additional
expenses such as taxes, labour charges, freight
charges and maintenance charges for the goods
before they are sold. Such charges are called
overhead charges. The overhead charges become
a part of the cost price. Thus, the effective cost
price of the goods is equal to the sum of the actual
the cost price, the difference between the cost price
(CP) and the selling price (SP) is called loss.
Thus, if SP < CP, then
Loss = CP – SP
or, CP = SP + Loss
and SP = CP – Loss
For example, if the above cycle is sold for Rs
1450, then the loss will be Rs (1500 – 1450 =)
50.
Profit and Loss Percentage
In order to compare the profit or loss in two or
more sales, we usually express profit and loss as a
per cent of the cost price.
For example, a shopkeeper buys an article for

K KUNDAN
Rs 500 and sells it for Rs 550 and purchases
payment made while purchasing the goods and another for Rs 100 and sells it for Rs 150, the
overhead charges. profits on each of them is Rs 50 but in the first
Effective Cost Price = Payment made while case Rs 50 is profit on Rs 500 and in the second
pur chasing t he goods case Rs 50 is profit on Rs 100. To compare we
+ overhead charges. calculate profit per cent. Now, in the first case we
For example, if a person purchases a car for Rs
400000, he has to pay 4% tax on it and the cost of  50 
have profit per cent =  100   10% and in
transportation is Rs 1000, then the effective cost  500 
price of the car
= 400000 + (4% of 400000 + 1000) = Rs 417000  50 
the second case profit per cent  100   50%.
 100 
Selling Price
Thus profit per cent in the second case is more.
The price at which an article is sold is known as The profit per cent is the profit that would be
its selling price. The selling price is abbreviated obtained for a CP of Rs 100. Similarly, the loss per
as SP. cent is the loss that would be made for a CP of Rs
For example, if a cow is sold for Rs 1200, then 100. Thus, we have
its selling price (SP) will be Rs 1200.
Profit
Profit per cent = Cost Price (CP)  100 and
Profit
If the Selling Price (SP) of an article is greater Loss
than Cost Price (CP), the difference between the Loss per cent = Cost Price (CP)  100
selling price and the cost price is called profit.
Thus, if SP > CP, then For example, if cost price of an article is Rs
Profit = SP – CP 1000 and the selling price of that article is Rs
or, SP = CP + Profit 1100, then the profit per cent will be
and CP = SP – Profit
100
For example, if a cycle is purchased for Rs 1500  100 = 10%
and sold for Rs 1600, then the profit will be Rs 1000
(1600 – 1500 =) 100. Similarly, if the article is sold for Rs 950, then
loss per cent will be
Loss
50
If the selling price (SP) of an article is less than  100 = 5%
1000
Profit and Loss 275

Important Point (100 +100) = Rs 200

 loss on both the horses
Profit or loss of an article is always calculated on
cost price of that article. Hence, to find out profit  20000  200
or loss of any article, selling price and cost price =   200  = Rs
 99  99
of that article must be known.
For example, if two horses are sold for Rs 100 and the loss per cent
each and if the first is sold at 10% gain and the Loss
second at 10% loss, then it never means that there =  100
is neither profit nor loss on both t he horses. Cost Price (CP)
Because, without knowing the cost price of both
the horses we can not come to any conclusion. We 200
can find the cost price of both the horses: 99  100
Gain on first horse = 10% = = 1%
20000
ie if the cost price of the first horse is Rs 100
99
then selling price of that horse will be Rs (100
+ 10) = Rs 110. Hence, there is a loss of 1% on selling both
 When selling price is Rs 110 then cost the horses.
price is Rs 100.
 When selling price is Re 1 then cost price
Rule of Fraction
In this chapter, the use of “Rule of Fraction” is
100
is Re . dominant. We should understand this rule very
110 well because it is going to be used in almost all the
 When selling price is Rs 100 then cost price questions.
100  100 1000 If our required value is greater than the supplied
is Rs = Rs . value we should multiply the supplied value with a
110 11
fraction which is more-than-one. And if our required
Loss on second horse = 10% value is less than the supplied value we should multiply

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ie if the cost price of the second horse is Rs the supplied value with a fraction which is less-than-
100, then selling price of the horse is Rs 100 one.
– Rs 10 = Rs 90. (a) If there is a gain of x% , the calculating
 When selling price is Rs 90 then cost price figures would be 100 and (100 + x).
is Rs 100. (b) If there is a loss of y% , the calculating
 When selling price is Re 1 then cost price figures would be 100 and (100 - y).
100 (c) If t he r equired v alue is mor e than t he
is Rs . supplied value, our multiplying fraction
90
 When selling price is Rs 100 then cost price 100  x 100
should be or
100 100  y (both are
100  100 1000
is Rs = Rs . greater than 1).
90 9
(d) If t he r equir ed v laue is less than t he
 Cost price of both the horses supplied value, our multiplying fractions
 1000 1000  20000 100 100  y
= Rs    = Rs should be or (both are
 11 9  99 100  x 100
and the selling price of both the horses = Rs less than 1).

Solved Examples

Ex. 1: A box of Al phanso m angoes was Since CP > SP. Therefore, there is loss
purchased by a fruit-seller for Rs 300. given by
However, he had to sell them for Rs Loss = CP – SP
255 because they began to get over ripe. or, Loss = Rs (300 – 255) = Rs 45
What was the loss percentage?
Soln: We have,  Loss 
Now, loss per cent =   100 %
CP = Rs 300 and SP = Rs 255.  CP 
276 Concept of Arithmetic

Soln: We have the LCM of 4 and 5 = 20

 45 
or, Loss per cent =   100 % =15% Hence let the number of balls purchased
 300  be 20.
Hence, there was 15% loss.
3
Ex. 2: Subramaniam bought 100 eggs for Rs  Cost price of balls =  20 = Rs 15
50. Out of these, 4 eggs were found to 4
be broken and he sold the remaining
eggs at the rate of Rs 8.50 per dozen. 4
and Selling price of balls =  20
Find his gain or loss per cent. 5
Soln: We have, CP of 100 eggs = Rs 50. = Rs 16
It is given that 4 eggs were found to be  Gain = Rs 16 – Rs 15 = Re 1
broken. So, the number of remaining eggs  Gain per cent
which were sold in the market
= 100 – 4 = 96. 1 20 2
=  100 = = 6 %
It is given that the remaining eggs were 15 3 3
sold at the rate of Rs 8.50 per dozen. Again,
Therefore, SP of 12 eggs = Rs 8.50  If gain is Re 1, then the number of
8.50 balls = 20
 SP of 1 egg = Re  If gain is Rs 16, then the number of
12
balls = 16 × 20 = 320
 8.50  Ex. 5: A shopkeeper buys some pens at 3 for
Hence, SP of 96 eggs = Rs   96 
 12  Rs 10 and twice the quantity at 4 for
Rs 13. If he sells all the pens at the
= Rs 68.
rate of a dozen for Rs 59, then find his
Clearly, SP > CP
gain or loss per cent.
So, there is gain given by
Soln: Let the shopkeeper buy 1 dozen (12) pens
Gain = SP – CP = Rs 68 - Rs 50 = Rs 18.

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at the first rate.
Hence, gain per cent
 Cost price of 3 pens is Rs 10
 Gain   18 
=   100 % =   100 % = 36% 10  12
 CP   50   Cost price of 12 pens is = Rs 40
3
Ex. 3: A grocer buys eggs at 10 for Rs 8 and
At the second rate shopkeeper buys 2
sells at 8 for Rs 10. Find his gain or
dozen of pens.
loss per cent.
Soln: We have, LCM of 10 and 8 = 40. So, let  Cost price of 4 pens is Rs 13.
 Cost price of 24 pens is
the number of eggs bought be 40.
Now, CP of 10 eggs = Rs 8.  13  24 
   Rs 78
 8   4 
 CP of 40 eggs = Rs   40  = Rs 32.
 10   Cost price of 3 dozen (36) of pens
= Rs (40 + 78) = Rs 118
Again, SP of 8 eggs = Rs 10
Selling price of 3 dozen (36) of pens
 10  = 3 × 59 = Rs 177
 SP of 40 eggs = Rs   40  = Rs 50.
 8   profit = Rs (177 – 118) = Rs 59
Now, CP = Rs 32 and SP = Rs 50. Profit
Clearly, SP > CP  per cent profit =  100
Cost Price
So, there is gain given by
Gain = SP – CP = Rs 50 - Rs 32 = Rs 18. 59
=  100 = 50%
Hence, Gain per cent 118
 Gain   18  Ex. 6: The selling price of 10 articles is the
=   100 % =   100 % same as the cost price of 11 articles,
 CP   32 
find the gain per cent.
 225  1 Soln: Let t he cost pr ice of each ar ticle be
=  % = 56 % Rs x.
 4  4
Then, CP of 10 articles = Rs 10x
Ex. 4: A shopkeeper buys some balls at 4 for SP of 10 articles = CP of 11 articles
Rs 3 and sell at 5 for Rs 4. As such he = Rs 11x
gains Rs 16. Find the number of balls  Gain on the purchase of 11 articles
purchased by shopkeeper and also find = Rs 11x – 10x = Rs x
the gain percentage.
Profit and Loss 277

Hence, Gain per cent  Selling price of goods of Rs 120 is Rs

 Gain  120  120
=   100 % = Rs 144
 CP  100
 Profit = Rs 144 – Rs 100 = Rs 44
 x 
=   100 % = 10% 44
 10 x   Profit per cent =  100 = 44%
Ex. 7: By selling 200 oranges, there is a profit 100
equal to the selling price of 40 oranges. Ex. 10: A tradesman by means of false balance
Find gain per cent. defrauds to the extent of 20% in buying
Soln: Let the selling price of one orange be Re goods and also defrauds to the extent
1. of 20% in selling. Find the gain per cent.
 Selling price of 200 oranges = Rs 200 Soln: In normal case, suppose the tradesman
Profit = Selling price of 40 oranges = Rs 40 buy x kg of goods in Rs x.
 Cost price of 200 oranges By using false balance tradesman buys,
= Rs (200 – 40) = Rs 160 according to the question,
Gain (x + 20% of x) kg of goods in Rs x.
 Gain per cent =  100  Cost price per kg
CP
x 1
40 = Rs x  20 % of x = Re
=  100 = 25% 1 .2
160
Ex. 8: A dishonest dealer professes to sell his Again, from the question, by using false
goods at cost pr i ce, but he uses a balance tradesman sells (x – 20% of x) kg
weight of 960 gm for the kg weight. of goods in Rs x.
Find his gain per cent.  Selling price per kg
Soln: Suppose cost price of 1 kg (1000 gm) of x 1
goods is Rs 100. = Rs x  20% of x = Re
0.8
 Cost price of 960 gm of goods

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100
1000
 960 = Rs 96
Selling price of 960 gm of goods = Cost
price of 1000 gm of goods = Rs 100
[Since dishonest dealer tells customer that
he uses weight of 1 kg and takes Rs 100
which is equal to the cost price of 1 kg of
goods. But, in reality, he gave only 960
gm of goods to the customer of which cost
 1
Profit per kg = Re  
1 

 30  20 
= Re 
 24 

10
24  100

 0.8 1.2 

 = Re
10
24

Profit per cent = 1 = 50%

price was Rs 96. Thus, he sells goods for 1.2
Rs 100 instead of Rs 96.]
 profit = Rs (100 – 96) = Rs 4 Note: You must under st and t he diff er ence
between Ex. 9 and Ex. 10.
4 1 In Ex . 9 t radesman def rauds in t he
 profit per cent =  100 = 4 %
96 6 purchasing amount ie price while in Ex.
Ex. 9: A tr adesm an defr auds 20% whi l e 10 tradesman defrauds in quantit y of
purchasing and selling goods. Find the goods purchased or sold.
gain per cent. Ex. 11: A bookseller sold 300 copies of a book
Soln: Suppose that the tradesman purchases at a profit of 15%. If a book costs him
goods for Rs 100. Rs 12, find the sell ing price of the
Since he def r auds while purchasing books.
goods, hence he purchases goods of Rs Soln: We have, cost of one copy of the book
120 instead of Rs 100. Again, he defrauds = Rs 12
20% while selling the goods. Threfore,  Cost of 300 copies of the book
he takes Rs 120 from the customer instead = Rs (300 × 12) = Rs 3600
of Rs 100. It is given that the bookseller sold 300
 Cost price of goods = Rs 100 and the copies of the book at a profit of 15%
cost pr ice of pur chased goods Therefore, Profit = 15% of CP
= Rs 120. = 15% of Rs 3600
 Selling price of goods of Rs 100 is Rs  15 
120. = Rs   3600  = Rs 540
 100 
278 Concept of Arithmetic

Now, SP = CP + Profit Soln: For the first article, we have

or, SP = Rs 3600 + Rs 540 SP = Rs 375 and Gain = 25%
or, SP = Rs 4140. 100
Ex. 12: Krishnamurthi bought oranges at Rs  CP =  SP
100  Gain %
5 a dozen. He had to sell them at a (By Rule of Fraction)
loss of 4%. Find the selling price of
one orange.  100 
or, CP = Rs   375  = Rs 300
Soln: We have, CP of one dozen oranges = Rs 5.  100  25 
Loss per cent = 4% For the second article, we have,
 4  1 SP = Rs 375 and Loss = 25%
 Loss = 4% of Rs 5 = Re   5  = Re  
 100  5 100
 CP =  SP
Now, SP = CP – Loss 100  Loss %
 1 24  100 
or, SP = Rs  5   = Rs or, CP = Rs   375  = Rs 500
 5 5  100  25 
24  Total cost paid in buying the two articles
Thus, SP of one dozen oranges = Rs = Rs (300 + 500) = Rs 800.
5
Total SP = Rs 375 + Rs 375 = Rs 750.
 24 1  2  CP > SP. So, there is a loss
 SP of one orange = Re    = Re  Total loss = CP - SP
 5 12  5
= Rs 800 – Rs 750 = Rs 50
2
=  100 paise = 40 paise  Loss 
5 Hence, loss per cent =   100 %
 CP 
Ex. 13: A man sells his scooter for Rs 18000
making a profit of 20%. How much did  50  1
 100 % = 6 %

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the scooter cost him? = 
 800  4
Soln: Let the cost price of the scooter be Rs 100.
Ex. 16: Shridhar bought two buffaloes for Rs
Th en ,
30000. By selling one at a loss of 15%
Profit = Rs 20 [  Profit = 20% (given)]
and other at a gain of 19%, he found
 SP = CP + Profit = Rs 100 + Rs 20 that selling price of both buffaloes is
= Rs 120 the same. Find the cost price of each.
Now, if the SP is Rs 120, then CP Soln: Let t he cost pr ice of one buf falo be
= Rs 100 Rs x. Then, cost pr ice of ot her is
If the SP is Rs 18000, then Rs (30000 – x)
 100  100  loss%
CP = Rs  18000  = Rs 15000  CP
 120  SP of first buffalo =
100
Hence, the cost of the scooter = Rs 15000.
Ex. 14: By selling an A.C. for Rs 18000, I lose 100  15 85x
= x =
20%. What did I pay for it? 100 100
Soln: We have,
SP = Rs 18000, and Loss = 20%. 100  gain%
SP of second buffalo =  CP
Let the CP of A.C. be Rs 100. 100
Then, Loss = CP – SP  100  19 
or, SP = CP – Loss =   (30000  x )
 100 
= Rs 100 – Rs 20 = Rs 80.
Now, if the SP is Rs 80, then CP = Rs 100 119
=  (30000  x )
If the SP is 18000, then CP 100
100 Now, it is given that the selling price of
= Rs  18000 = Rs 22500. both buffaloes is the same.
80
Ex. 15: A man sold two articles at Rs 375 each. 85x 119
  (30000  x )
On one he gains 25% and on the other 100 100
he loses 25%. How much does he gain
or, 5x = 7(30000 – x)
or lose in the whole transaction? Also
or, 12x = 210000
find his gain or loss per cent in the
whole transaction. 210000
 x = = 17500
12
Profit and Loss 279

Hence, the cost price of two buffaloes are  Cost price of the third motor-cycle
Rs 17500 and Rs (30000 - 17500 =) Rs = Rs (20000 – 5000 – 6000)
12500. = Rs 9000
Ex. 17: Raman bought two old scooters for Rs Ex. 19: Three items are purchased at Rs 450
18000. By selling one at a profit of 25% each. One of them is sold at a loss of
and the other at a loss of 20%, he 10%. At what price should the other
neither gains nor loses. Find the cost two be sold so as to gain 20% on the
price of each scooter. whole transaction? What is the gain per
Soln: Let the cost price of one scooter be Rs x. cent on these two items?
Then, the cost price of the second scooter Soln: We have, CP of one item = Rs 450.
= Rs (18000 – x)  CP of three items = Rs (3 × 450)
25x = Rs 1350.
Profit on the sale of first scooter = Gain on the whole transaction = 20%
100
Loss on the sale of second scooter
= 20% of Rs 1350
20
= (18000  x )  20 
100 = Rs  1350  = Rs 270.
 100 
It is given that there is no gain or loss to
Raman.  SP of three items = CP + Gain
 Profit on first scooter = Loss in second = Rs 1350 + Rs 270 = Rs 1620
scooter. It is given that first item is sold at a loss
of 10% . Therefore,
25x 20 Loss on selling first item
  (18000  x )
100 100 = 10% of Rs 450
or, 5x = 4(18000 – x)
 10 
or, 9x = 72000 = Rs   450  = Rs 45
 100 
 x = Rs 8000
 SP of first item = CP – Loss

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Hence, the cost price of two scooters was
Rs 8000 and Rs 10000 respectively. = Rs 450 – Rs 45 = Rs 405
Ex. 18: A person sold three motor-cycles for Rs SP of three items is Rs 1620 and the SP
6000, Rs 7500 and Rs 5500 of first item is Rs 405.
respectively. By selling first he gains  SP of the remaining two items
20% and by selling second he gains = Rs 1620 – Rs 405 = Rs 1215.
25%. But in selling all the three he loses Thus, the other two items should be sold
5%. Find the cost price of third motor- at Rs 1215.
cycle. CP of the remaining two items
Soln: Cost price of the first motor-cycle = Rs (2 × 450) = Rs 900
 Gain on the remaining two items
100 = SP – CP
=  SP
100  Gain% = Rs 1215 – Rs 900 = Rs 315.
 Gain per cent on the remaining two
100 items
=  6000 = Rs 5000
120
 315 
Cost price of the second motor-cycle =   100 % = 35%
 900 
100
=  SP Ex. 20: If a man were to sell his hand-cart for
100  Gain% Rs 720, he would lose 25%. What must
he sell it for to gain 25%?
100
=  7500 = Rs 6000 Soln: We have, SP of the cart = Rs 720
125 Loss = 25%
Cost price of all the three motor-cycles
 100 
 CP =   SP 
100  100  Loss% 
=  SP
100  Loss%
 100 
100 or, CP = Rs   720 
=  (6000  7500  5500)  100  25 
95
4 
100 = Rs   720  = Rs 960
=  19000 = Rs 20000 3 
95
Thus, CP of the cart = Rs 960.
280 Concept of Arithmetic

Desired gain = 25% And selling price at 15% profit= Rs115

Difference in the selling prices
100  Gain%
 SP =  CP = Rs (115 – 110) = Rs 5
100
 When difference in selling price is Rs
 100  25  5, cost price is Rs 100.
or, SP = Rs   960  When difference in selling price is Rs 40,
 100 
100
 125  cost price is  40 be Rs 800.
= Rs   960  5
 100 
Ex. 24: A person sells an article at a profit of
5  10%. If he had bought it at 10% less
= Rs   960  = Rs 1200.
4  and sold it for Rs 3 more, he would
Ex. 21: If a person sells an article for Rs 360, have gained 25%. Find the cost price.
Soln: Let the actual cost price be Rs 100.
1 Actual seling price at 10% profit = Rs 110
gaining th of its CP. Find gain per
5 Supposed cost price at 10% less = Rs 90
cent. Supposed selling price at 25% gain
Soln: Let the CP of the article be Rs x. 125
= Rs 90  = Rs 112.5
x 100
Then, Gain =
5  the differene in the selling prices
= Rs 112.5 – Rs 110 = Rs 2.5
1 If the difference is Rs 2.5, the CP = Rs 100
[  Gain = th of CP (given)]
5 If the difference is Rs 3, the CP

 Gain  100
Now, Gain% =  100  =  3 = Rs 120
 CP  2. 5

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Ex. 25: A shopkeeper sells a watch at a loss
x  of 5%. If he had bought it at 10% less
  and sold it for Rs 140 more, he would
 5 100 
or, Gain% = x %
  1
  have gained th of the cost price.
4
1  What is the cost price of the watch?
=  100  % = 20% Soln: Suppose cost price of the watch = Rs 100
5 
Selling price of the watch at 5% loss
Ex. 22: If a person sells an article for Rs 600, = (100 – 5) = Rs 95
1 Cost price at 10% less = Rs 90
gaining th of its selling price. What
5 1
 profit = th of the cost price
4
1
must he sell it for to lose th of its
4 90
= Rs = Rs 22.50
cost price? 4
1 Now, selling price = Rs (90 + 22.50)
Soln: Profit = th of 600 = Rs 120 = Rs 112.50
5
Difference in selling prices
 Cost price = Selling price – Profit = 112.50 – 95
= Rs (600 – 120)= Rs 480 = Rs 17.50
1  If second selling price is Rs 17.50 more,
Loss = th of 480 = Rs 120 then cost price = Rs 100
4
 If second selling price is Rs 140 more,
 Selling price = Cost price – Loss
= Rs (480 – 120)= Rs 360 100  140
Ex. 23: A cow is sold at a profit of 10%. Had then cost price = = Rs 800
17.50
it been sold for Rs 40 more, then profit Ex. 26: A man sold his house for Rs 400 at
would have been 15%. Find the cost some loss. If he had sold it for Rs 500,
price of cow.
Soln: Let the cost price of cow be Rs 100. 2
 Selling price of the cow at 10% profit then he would have gained rd of the
3
= Rs 110
Profit and Loss 281

first loss. Find the cost price of the  Cost price of 150 quintals of rice
house. = 150 × 300 = Rs 45000
Soln: Suppose cost price of the house is  Selling price of it at 8% profit
Rs x.
By selling it for Rs 400, loss 108
=  45000 = Rs 48600
= Rs (x – 400) and 100
by selling it for Rs 500 gain = Rs (500 – x)  Selling price of the remaining 30
Now, according to the question, quintals of rice
= Rs (48600 – 29700 – 8550)
2
500 – x = (x – 400) = Rs 10350
3  Selling price of the remaining 1 quintal
or, 3(500 – x) = 2(x – 400) of rice
or, 1500 – 3x = 2x – 800
or, 5x = 2300 10350
= = Rs 345
30
2300
 x = = Rs 460 Ex. 29: A man bought 300 quintals of sugar.
5 He sold 200 quintals of sugar at the
Ex. 27: A shopkeeper sold his TV set for Rs rate of Rs 126 per quintal and he gained
4000 at some profit. If he had sold it 5% on it. At what rate should he sell
for Rs 3200, then he would have lost the remaining to gain 10% of the whole?
3 Soln:  Selling price of 200 quintals of rice
th of the first gain. Find the cost = 200 × 126 = Rs 25200
5  Cost price at 5% profit
price of TV set.
Soln: Suppose cost price of t he TV set is 100
=  25200 = Rs 24000
Rs x. 105
 By selling it for Rs 4000, profit  Cost price of 300 quintals of rice
= Rs (4000 – x) and

K KUNDAN
24000  3
By selling it for Rs 3200, loss = = Rs 36000
= Rs (x – 3200) 2
Now, according to the question,  Selling price at 10% profit
3 110
(x – 3200) = (4000 – x) =  36000 = Rs 396000
5 100
or, 5(x – 3200) = 3(4000 – x)  Selling price of t he r emaining
or, 5x – 16000 = 12000 – 3x (300 – 200 =) 100 quintals of sugar
or, 8x = 12000 + 16000 = 28000 = Rs (396000 – 25200) = Rs 14400
 Selling price of the remaining sugar per
28000
 x = = Rs 3500 14400
8
quintal = Rs = Rs 144.
 Cost price of the TV set = Rs 3500 100
Ex. 28: A merchant bought 150 quintals of rice
1
at a rate of Rs 300 per quintal. 90 Ex. 30: Ramu bought 150 quintals of rice.
quintals of which he sold at a gain of 4
10% and 30 quintals at a loss of 5%. of which he sold at a loss of 10%. At
At what price per kg should he sell the what per cent gain should he sell the
remaining rice to gain 8% of his total remaining to gain 10% of the whole?
cost price? Soln: Suppose selling price of 1 quintal of rice
Soln:  Cost price of 90 quintals of rice is Rs 100.
= 90 × 300 = Rs 27000 1 75
 Selling price of it at 10% profit of 150 quintals of rice = quintals
4 2
 100  10  of rice
= 27000   = Rs 29700
 100  75
 Cost price of 30 quintals of rice  Cost price of quintals of rice
2
= 30 × 300 = Rs 9000
 Selling price of it at 5% loss 75
=  100 = Rs 3750
95 2
=  9000 = Rs 8550
100
282 Concept of Arithmetic

 Selling price of it at 10% loss Now, selling price of 1 kg of mixture

= Rs 12
90
=  3750 = Rs 3375  Cost price of it at 20% profit
100
100
 Cost price of 150 quintals of rice =  12 = Rs 10
= 150 × 100 = Rs 15000 120
 Selling price of it at 10% gain Hence,
14 – 6x = 10
110 or, 6x = 4
=  15000 = Rs 16500
100
4 2
 Selling price of t he r emaining x= 
6 3
 75  225  Ratio of both kind of tea
150   quintals of rice
 2  2
2  2
= Rs (16500 – 3375) = Rs 13125 = x : (1 – x) = : 1  
3  3
225
and cost price of the r emaining 2 1
2 = : = 2 : 1
quintals of rice 3 3
= Rs (15000 – 3750) = Rs 11250 Ex. 33: A man buys 5 horses and 13 cows for
 Profit = Rs (13125 – 11250) = Rs 1875 Rs 10000. He sell s the hor ses at a
profit of 15% and cows at a loss of
1875 2 10%. If his total gain is Rs 375 then
 Profit per cent =  100 = 16 %
11250 3 find what price does he pay for a horse
Ex. 31: A vendor purchased 40 dozen bananas and a cow?
for Rs 250. Out of these, 30 bananas Soln: Let the price of a horse be Rs x and the
were rotten and could not be sold. At price of a cow be Rs y.

K KUNDAN
what rate per dozen should he sell the  5x + 3y = 10000 .... (i)
remaining bananas to make a profit Now, profit on 5 horses
of 20%?
3x
Soln: We have, CP of bananas = Rs 250 = 15% of Rs 5x = Rs and
Gain required = 20% 4
 Gain = 20% of CP = 20% of Rs 250 13y
loss on 13 cows = 10% of 13y = Rs
 20  10
= Rs   250  = Rs 50
 100 
3x 13y
Now, SP = CP + Gain  Total profit =  = 375
4 10
or, SP = Rs 250 + Rs 50
or, SP = Rs 300 or, 15x – 26y = 7500 .... (ii)
Number of good bananas Now, equation (i) × 2 + equation (ii), we
= (400 × 12 - 30) = 450. have,
Now, SP of 450 bananas = Rs 300 25x = 27500
 x = 1100
 300  Now, putting the value of x in equation
 SP of 12 bananas = Rs  12  = Rs 8
 450  (i), we have
Hence, t he v endor should sell t he 5500 + 13y = 10000
remaining bananas at Rs 8 per dozen to  13y = 10000 – 5500 = 4500
make a profit of 20%. 4500 2
Ex. 32: A tradesman buys a kind of tea at Rs y = = Rs 346
13 13
4 per kg and he mixes it with another
kind of tea at Rs 14 per kg. In what Hence, cost of one horse and one cow are
proportion must he mix the two kinds 2
of teas so that the mixture is sold at Rs 1100 and Rs 346 respectively.
13
Rs 12 per kg to gain 20%?
Alternative Method:
Soln: Suppose mixture is 1 kg in which quantity
Let the cost of 1 horse be Rs x, then total
of first kind of tea is x kg and the second
selling price
kind is (1 – x) kg.
Cost price of this mixture  115  90
= 8x + 14 (1 – x) = (14 – 6x) = 5x    (10000  5 x )
 100  100
Profit and Loss 283

Now, according to the question, Retailer’s gain = 25%

 Retailer’s SP
 115  90
5x    (10000  5 x ) = 10375
 100  100  100  25 
= Rs   126 .5 
or, 575x + 90 × 10000 – 450x  100 
= 10375 ×100
5 
or, 125x = 137500 = Rs   126 .5  = Rs 158.125
4 
137500
 x = = Rs 1100 Now,
125 If the retailer’s SP is Rs 158.125, the cost
Cost of 13 cows = 10000 – 5 × 1100 of production = Rs 100
If the retailer’s SP is Re 1, the cost of
10000  5500
 Cost of 1 cow = 100
13
production = Re
158.125
4500 2
= = Rs 346 If the retailer’s SP is Rs 1265, the cost of
13 13 production
Hence, cost of 1 horse and 1 cow are Rs
100
2 = Rs  1265 = Rs 800.
1100 and Rs 346 respectively. 158.125
13 Hence, the cost of production = Rs 800.
Ex. 34: Ram purchased a radio set for Rs 300 Ex. 36: Mohan bought 20 dining tables for Rs
and sold it to Shyam at a profit of 25%. 12000 and sold them at a profit equal
Shyam sold it to Mohan at a loss of to the SP of 4 dining tables. Find the
10%. For how much did Mohan buy it? SP of 1 table.
Soln: CP of the radio set for Ram = Rs 300 Soln: Let the SP of 1 table be Re 1.
Gain = 25% of Rs 300 Then, SP of 20 tables = Rs 20.
Profit = SP of 4 tables = Rs 4.
 25

K KUNDAN

= Rs   300  = Rs 75  CP = SP – Profit
 100  = Rs 20 – Rs 4 = Rs 16.
 SP of the radio set for Ram = CP + Gain
= Rs 300 + Rs 75 = Rs 375  Gain 
 Gain% =   100 %
 CP of the radio set for Shyam = SP of  CP 
the radio set for Ram = Rs 375
Since Shyam sold the radio set to Mohan  4 
=  100  = 25%
at a loss of 10% , therefore  16 
Loss = 10% of Rs 375 Now,
CP of 20 dining tables = Rs 12000
 10 
= Rs   375  = Rs 37.50  CP of 1 table = Rs 600
 100  Gain% = 25%
SP of the radio set for Shyam = CP – Loss
= Rs 375 - Rs 37.50 = Rs 337.50  100  Gain% 
 SP =    CP
 CP of the radio set for Mohan = Rs 337.50 100 
Hence, Mohan bought the radio set for Rs or, SP of one table
337.50
Ex. 35: If the manufacturer gains 10%, the  100  25 
= Rs   600  = Rs 750
wholesale dealer 15% and the retail  100 
dealer 25%, then what is the cost of Ex. 37: By selling 144 hens, Kamal lost the SP
product of a water heater, the retail of 6 hens. Find his loss per cent. Had
price of which is Rs 1265? he purchased them for Rs 7200, what
Soln: Let the cost of production be Rs 100. would have been the SP of one hen?
We have, manufacturer’s gain = 10% Soln: Let the SP of one hen be Re 1. Then,
 Manufacturer’s SP SP of 6 hens = Rs 6.
 100  10   Loss = SP of 6 hens = Rs 6
= Rs   100  = Rs 110.
 100  SP of 144 hens = Rs 144
Wholesaler’s gain = 15%  CP of 144 hens = SP + Loss
 Wholesaler’s SP = Rs 144 + Rs 6
= Rs 150
 100  15 
= Rs   110  = Rs 126.5
 100 
284 Concept of Arithmetic

Loss 20x
Hence, Loss% =  100 or, CP = ..... (i)
CP 21
When SP is reduced by Rs 50, there is
6
=  100 = 4% loss of 5% . Therefore,
150
If CP = Rs 7200, then 100
CP =  (x  50)
Loss = 4% of Rs 7200 100  5

 4   100 
= Rs   7200  = Rs 288. Using : CP  100 - Loss%  SP 
 100   
 SP = CP – Loss = Rs (7200 - 288)
20
= Rs 6912. or, CP = (x  50 ) .... (ii)
19
 6912  From (i) and (ii), we get
So, SP of one hen = Rs   = Rs 48.
 144 
20x 20
Ex. 38: Some lollipops are bought at 11 for a  (x  50)
rupee and the same number at 9 a rupee. 21 19
If the whole lot is sold at 10 a rupee, x 1
find the gain or loss per cent. or,  (x  50)
21 19
Soln: We have,
LCM of 9, 10 and 11 = 9 × 10 × 11 = 990. [Dividing both sides by 20]
So, let us assume that 990 lollipops of or, 19x = 21(x – 50)
each kind are bought. [Using cross multiplication]
Now, CP of 990 lollipops of first kind or, 19x = 21x – 1050
or, 21x – 19x = 1050
1  or, 2x = 1050
= Rs   990  = Rs 90.

K KUNDAN
 11 
1050
CP of 990 lollipops of second kind or, x = = 525.
2
1  Hence, the original SP of the article is Rs
= Rs   990  = Rs 110.
9  525.
Total CP of 1980 lollipops of both kinds Ex. 40: By selling 90 ball-pens for Rs 160 a
= Rs 90 + Rs 110 = Rs 200. person loses 20%. How many ball-pens
SP of 10 lollipops = Re 1. should be sold for Rs 96 so as to have
 SP of these 1980 lollipops a profit of 20%?
Soln: We have,
 1  SP of 90 ball-pens = Rs 160
= Rs  1980  = Rs 198.
 10  Loss per cent = 20
Clearly, SP < CP. So, there is a loss.  100 
 CP = Rs    SP
Loss = CP - SP = Rs 200 - Rs 198 = Rs 2.  100  Loss% 
Loss 2  100 
 Loss% =  100 =  100 = 1% = Rs    160 = Rs 200
CP 200  100  20 
Hence, ther e is 1% loss in the whole Thus, CP of 90 ball-pens = Rs 200
transaction.  CP of a ball-pen
Ex. 39: By reducing the selli ng pri ce of an
article by Rs 50, a gain of 5% turns  200  20
= Rs   = Rs
into a loss of 5%. Find the original  90  9
selling price of the article. Suppose x ball-pens are sold to earn a
Soln: Let the original selling price of the article profit of 20%
be Rs x. It is given that on this SP there
is a gain of 5%. Therefore, 20x
CP of x ball-pens = Rs
9
 100 
CP =  x SP of x ball-pens = Rs 96
 100  5 
 20 x 
 100   Profit = Rs  96  
 9 
Using : CP  100  Gain%  SP 
  It is given that on selling x ball-pens for
Rs 96, profit earned is 20% .
Profit and Loss 285

Ex. 43: A seller uses 840 gm in place of one kg

20 x to sell his goods. Find his actual per
96 
 9  100 = 20 cent profit or loss
20 x (a) when he sells his article on 4% loss
9 on cost price.
(b) when he sells his article on 4% gain
 20 x  20 x
or,  96   5  on cost price.
 9  9 Soln: Suppose the cost price of 1000 gm is Rs
20 x 4x 100.
or, 96  
9 9 100
 Cost price of 840 gm = (840)
24x 1000
or,  96
9 = Rs 84
For (a), selling price of 840 gm
96  9
 x = = 36 = Rs (100 - 4) = Rs 96
24  Profit = SP - CP = 96 - 84 = Rs 12
Hence, 36 ball-pens should be sold for Rs
96 to earn a profit of 20%. 12  100 100 2
 % profit =   14 %
Ex. 41: Rajeshwar bought 16 dozen ball-point 84 7 7
pens and sold them by and by. Due to a For (b), selling price of 840 gm
calculation mistake in fixing selling = Rs (100 + 4) = Rs 104
price, he lost an amount equal to SP of  Profit = SP - CP = 104 - 84 = Rs 20
4 dozen pens. Find the loss per cent.
20  100 17
Find the SP of one dozen pens, if he  % profit =  23 %
purchased these 16 dozen pens for Rs 84 21
240. Ex. 44: A dealer sold a radio at a loss of 2.5%.
Soln: Let the SP of one dozen pens be Rs x. Had he sol d it for Rs 100 more, he
Then SP of 16 dozen pens = Rs 16x woul d hav e gained 7.5%. For what

K KUNDAN
Loss = SP of 4 dozen pens = Rs 4x value should he sell it in order to gain
 CP = SP + Loss = Rs 16x + Rs 4x
1
= Rs 20x 12 %?
2
 4x 
 Loss per cent =  100  = 20% Soln: Suppose he bought t he r adio f or
 20 x 
Rs x.
Now, CP of 16 dozen pens = Rs 240
Then selling price at 2.5% loss
 CP of one dozen pens = Rs 15
Loss = 20%  100  2.5  97.5x
 Loss on one dozen pens = Rs x   = Rs
 100  100
 20  and selling price at 7.5% gain
= Rs  15  = Rs 3
 100   100  7.5  107.5x
Hence, SP of one dozen pens = CP – Loss = Rs x   = Rs
 100  100
= Rs 15 – Rs 3 = Rs 12.
Now, according to the question,
Ex. 42: A grocer sells rice at a profit of 10%
and uses a weight which is 20% less. 107 .5x 97 .5x
 = Rs 100
Find his total percentage gain. 100 100
Soln: Suppose the grocer bought at Rs x per kg. or, 10x = 100 × 100
 110x  80  x = Rs 1000
Then he sells at Rs   per kg Therefore to gain 12.5% , he should sell
 100  100
for
110x 100
or, at Rs  per kg  100  12 .5 
100 80 Rs 1000   = Rs 1125
 100 
11x
or, at Rs per kg Ex. 45: An article is sold at a profit of 20%. If
8 both the cost price and selling price are
11x Rs 100 less, the profit would be 4%
x more. Find the cost price.
8 300
Now, % profit =  100 = Soln: Suppose the cost price of that article is
x 8 Rs x.
= 37.5%
286 Concept of Arithmetic

 120   225  100 

The selling price = Rs x   or, T   = 1250
 100   36 
 T = 360
New cost price and selling pr ice is  Price of a table = Rs 360
Rs (x - 100) Ex. 47: An article is sold at 20% profit. If its
  120   cost price is increased by Rs 50 and at
and Rs  x    100 respectively. the same time if its selling price is also
  100  
increased by Rs 30, the percentage of
New profit
1
  120   profit decreases by 3 % . Find the cost
3
= Rs  x   100   (x  100)
  100   price.
Soln: Suppose the cost price = Rs x
 120   20 
= Rs  x  1 = Rs x   120
x = Rs
6
x
 100   100  Then SP = Rs
100 5
 New percentage profit Now, new CP = Rs (x + 50)
 20  120 
x  new SP = Rs  x  30 
 100   100  20 x % 100 
=
x  100 x  100 6 
We are also given that the new percentage = Rs  x  30 
5 
of profit = (20 + 4 =) 24%
Now, the new per cent profit
20x
or,  24  1  2 50
x  100 =  20  3   16 %  %
 3  3 3
or, 4x = 2400

K KUNDAN
 x = 600 Thus,
Thus cost of the article = Rs 600  50  6
Ex. 46: A person sells his table at a profit of 100  % of (x + 50) = (x + 30)
 3  5
1 1
12 % and the chair at a loss of 8 %  350  6
2 3 or,  ( x  50 )  x  30
 300  5
but on the whole he gains Rs 25. On
the other hand if he sells the table at 7 175 6
or, x  x  30
1 6 3 5
a loss of 8 % and the chair at a profit
3 6 7 175
or,    x   30
1 5 6 3
of 12 % then he neither gains nor 1 85
2
or, x 
loses. Find the cost price of the table. 30 3
Soln: Suppose the cost price of a table = Rs T  x = Rs 850.
and cost price of a chair = Rs C. Then,
1
1  1  Ex. 48: rd of a commodity is sold at 15%
12 % of T +   8 %  of C = 25 and 3
2  3 
1
1  1 profit, th is sold at 20% profit and
 4
  8 %  of T + 12 % of C = 0
 3  2 the rest at 24% profit. If a total profit
of Rs 62 is earned, then find the value
25 25 of the commodity.
or, T – C = 2500 ...(1)
2 3 Soln: Suppose the value of the commodity was
25 25 x x
T + C = 0 ...(2) Rs x. Then was sold at 15% profit,
3 2 3 4
(1)  2 + (2)  3 gives was sold at 20% pr of it and

25 25   x x   5x
T - T = 1250  x   3  4   12 was sold at 25% profit.
4 9    
Profit and Loss 287

Now, profit B gains Rs 810 (the same as A loses) and

his investment in this transaction is Rs
x  15  x  20  5x  24 
      = Rs 62 8100.
3  100  4  100  12  100 
810
 B’s per cent gain =  100  10%
x x x 8100
or,   = 62
20 20 10 Ex. 51: A fruit merchant makes a profit of 25%
by selling mangoes at a certain price. If
4x
or, = 62 he charges Re 1 more on each mango,
20 he would gain 50%. Find what price
62  20 per mango did he sell at first. Also find
 x = = Rs 310. the cost price per mango.
4 Soln: Suppose the cost price of a mango be Rs
Ex. 49: A person bought some oranges at the x.
rate of 5 per rupee. He bought the same Then, first selling price
number of oranges at the rate of 4 per
rupee. He mixes both the types and sells  100  25  5x
= Rs x   = Rs
at 9 for rupees 2. In this business he  100  4
bears a loss of Rs 3. Find out how many If he charges Re 1 more and gets 50%
oranges he bought in all? profit then there exists a relationship:
Soln: Suppose he bought x oranges of each
quality. 5x  100  50 
1  x 
Then his total investment 4  100 
x x 9x 5x 3x
= = Rs or, 1 
5 4 20 4 2
Total selling price
3x 5 x
2x  2 4x or,  = 1

K KUNDAN
= Rs = Rs 2 4
9 9  x = Rs 4
 total loss  Cost price per mango = Rs 4 and
9x 4x 81x  80 x x  125 
=    first selling price = 4   = Rs 5
20 9 180 180  100 
x Ex. 52: A man sells two horses for Rs 1710.
then Rs = Rs 3 The cost price of the first is equal to
180
the selling price of the second. If the
 x  180  3  540 first is sold at 10% loss and the second
Ther ef or e he bought 2 × 540 = 1080 at 25% gain, what is his total gain or
oranges in total. loss (in rupees)?
Ex. 50: A horse worth Rs 9000 is sold by A to Soln: Let the cost price of the first horse be Rs
B at 10% loss. B sells the horse back x.
to A at 10% gain. Who gains and who  Cost price of the second horse
loses? Find also the values. = Rs (1710 – x)
 First horse is sold at 10% loss.
 90 
Soln: A sells to B for Rs 9000   = Rs 8100  Selling price of the first horse
 100 
 100  10   9 
 110  = x  = Rs  x
 100   10 
Again, B sells to A for Rs 8100  
 100  Again, second horse is sold at 25% gain.
= Rs 8910  Selling price of the second horse
Thus, A loses Rs (8910 - 8100) = Rs 810.
In this whole transaction, A’s investment  100  25 
= (1710  x )  
is only Rs 9000 (the cost of the horse)  100 
because the horse returned to his hand.
 A’s per cent loss  (1710  x ) 5 
= Rs  
 4 
810
=  100  9% Now, according to the question,
9000 Cost price of the first horse is equal to the
selling price of the second horse.
288 Concept of Arithmetic

(1710  x ) 5 1
x= There is a loss of 12 % when selling
4 2
or, 4x = 1710 × 5 – 5x
x
or, 9x = 1710 × 5 price =
2
1710  5
 x = = 950 x 100 
9  
 cost price =
 Cost price of the first horse and the 2  100  12.5 
selling price of the second horse = Rs 950
100 x 4x
Now, selling price of the first horse =
175 7
9 9
= x =  950 = Rs 855 Now, when selling price is Rs x, % profit
10 10
 Total selling price = Rs (950 + 855) 4x
x
= Rs 1805  7  100  7x  4x  100
 Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price 4x 4x
= Rs 1805 – Rs 1710 = Rs 95 7
Ex. 53: Rakesh calculates his profit percentage
on the selling price whereas Ramesh 3
  100  75%
calculates his profit on the cost price. 4
They find that the difference of their Ex. 55: Ramesh sold his goat for Rs 31.25, and
profits is Rs 100. If the selling price of got a percentage of profit equal to the
both of them are the same and both of cost price. Find the cost of the goat.
them get 25% profit, find their selling Soln: Let the cost price of the goat be Rs x.
price.  percentage profit = x%
Soln: Suppose the selling price for both of them  profit = x% of Rs x

K KUNDAN
is Rs x.
Now, cost price of Rakesh x x2
= x
= Rs
 100  25  3 100 100
= x  x
But, Profit = Selling price – Cost price
 100  4
and cost price of Ramesh = (31.25 – x)
Now, according to the question,
 100  4
= x  x
x2
 100  25  5 = 31.25 – x
100
3 x
Rakesh’s profit = x  x  or, x2 = 3125 – 100x
4 4 or, x2 + 100x – 3125 = 0 ....(*)
or, x2 + 125x – 25x – 3125 = 0
4 x
Ramesh’s profit = x  x  or, x(x + 125) – 25(x + 125) = 0
5 5 or, (x – 25) (x + 125) = 0
Now, difference of their profits is given.  x = 25 or –125
x x Now, value of x ie cost price cannot be
  = Rs 100 negative, threfore, value of x cannot be
4 5
–125.
x  x = 25 ie cost price of goat = Rs 25.
or, = 100 Note: (*) Quadratic equation can be solved
20
with the help of formula given below. If a
 x = Rs 2000 quadratic equation is in the form of ax2 +
Thus selling price = Rs 2000. bx + c = 0, then
Ex. 54: What will be the percentage profit after
selling an article at a certain price if  b  b 2  4ac
1 x =
ther e is a loss of 12 % when the 2a
2 In the above equation (*),
article is sold at half of the previous a = 1, b = 100 and c = –3125
selling price?
Soln: Suppose the previous selling price = Rs x
 100  (100 )2  4  1  ( 3125 )
 x =
x 2 1
Now, the later selling price = Rs
2
Profit and Loss 289

or, (x – 40) (x + 240) = 0

=
1
2
 100  10000  12500   x = 40 or –240
 Cost price of watch = Rs 40.
Ex. 58: A man sold a chair and a table together
=
1
2

 100  22500  for Rs 1520 thereby making a profit of
25% on chair and 10% on table. By
1 selling them together for Rs 1535 he
=  100  150 would have made a profit of 10% on
2
the chair and 25% on the table. Find
1 the cost price of each.
=  100  150 or 1  100  150 Soln: Let the cost price of one chair be Rs x and
2 2
that of one table be Rs y.
= 25 or –125 Profit on a chair = 25%
For detail see the chapter “Elementary  selling price of one chair
Algebra”.
Ex. 56: A person sold an article for Rs 9 and 25 125
= x x  x
got a percentage of loss equal to the 100 100
cost price. Find the cost price of the Profit on a table = 10%
article.  selling price of one table
Soln: Let the cost price of the article be Rs x.
 percentage loss = x% 10y 110
= y  y
 loss = x% of Rs x 100 100
According to the given condition, we have
x x2
=x = Rs 125 110
100 100 x y = 1520
But, Loss = Cost price – Selling price 100 100
= (x – 9) or, 125x + 110y = 152000
Now, according to the question, or, 25x + 22y = 30400 ....(i)

K KUNDAN
If profit on a chair is 10% and on a table
x2 is 25%, then total selling price is Rs 1535.
= x – 9
100
 10   25 
or, x2 = 100x – 900  x  x   y  y  = 1535
 100   100 
or, x2 – 100x + 900 = 0
or, x2 – 90x – 10x + 900 = 0 110 125
or, x(x – 90) – 10(x – 90) = 0 or, x y  1535
or, (x – 10) (x – 90) = 0 100 100
 x = 90 or 10 or, 110 x  125 y  153500
 Cost price of the article = Rs 90 or Rs 10. or, 22x + 25y = 30700 ....(ii)
Ex. 57: A person sold his watch for Rs 48, and Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
got a percentage of profit equal to the 3x - 3y = –300
half of the cost price. Find the cost or, x – y = –100 ....(iii)
price of watch. Adding (ii) to (i), we get
Soln: Suppose cost price of the watch = Rs x. 47x + 47y = 61100
x = x + y = 1300 ....(iv)
 percentage profit = % Solving (iii) and (iv), we get
2
x = 600 and y = 700.
x Hence, the cost price of a chair is Rs 600
x x 2 and that of a table is Rs 700.
 profit = % of Rs x  2  x
2 100 200 Ex. 59: On selling a tea-set at 5% loss and a
lemon-set at 15% gain, a crockery seller
But, Profit = Selling price – Cost price gains Rs 7. If he sells the tea-set at 5%
= (48 – x) gain and the lemon-set at 10% gain, he
Now, according to the question, gains Rs 13. Find the actual price of
x2 the tea-set and the lemon-set.
= 48 – x Soln: Let the cost prices of the tea-set and the
200
lemon-set be Rs x and Rs y respectively
or, x2 = 9600 – 200x Case-I: When tea-set is sold at 5% loss
or, x2 + 200x – 9600 = 0 and lemon-set at 15% gain.
or, x2 + 240x – 40x – 9600 = 0
or, x(x + 240) – 40(x + 240) = 0
290 Concept of Arithmetic

Now, if the difference is Rs 15, CP of the

 5x   x 
Loss on tea-set = Rs   = Rs   horse = Rs 100
 100   20  If the difference is Rs 600, CP of the horse
 15y   3y   100 
Gain on lemon-set = Rs   = Rs   =   600  = Rs 4000
 100   20   15 
 CP of the tonga = Rs 7500 – Rs 4000
 3y x 
 Net gain = Rs    = Rs 3500
 20 20   CP of the horse = Rs 4000 and the CP
of the tonga = Rs 3500
3y x
or,  = 7 Alternative Method:
20 20 CP of tonga + CP of horse = Rs 7500
or, 3y – x = 140 Total selling price at a profit of 19%
or, x – 3y + 140 = 0 .... (i)
119
Case II: When tea-set is sold at 5% gain = Rs 7500 
and the lemon-set at 10% gain. 100
Let the CP of tonga be Rs x.
 5x   x 
Gain on tea-set = Rs   = Rs   Then the CP of horse = Rs (7500 – x)
 100   20   SP of tonga at 11% profit
 10y   y   100  11  111x
Gain on lemon-set = Rs   = Rs   = x  = Rs
 100   10   100  100
SP of horse at 26% profit
 x y 
 Total gain = Rs   
 20 10   100  26 
= (7500  x )   
 100 
x y
or,   13 Now according to the question,

K KUNDAN
20 10
or, x + 2y = 260 111x 126 119
 (7500  x ) = 7500 
or, x + 2y – 260 = 0 ....(ii) 100 100 100
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get or, 111x + (7500 – x)126 = 7500 × 119
–5y + 400 = 0 or, 111x –126x
or, y = 80 = –7500 × 126 + 7500 × 119
Putting y = 80 in (i), we get or, –15x = 7500 (–7)
x – 240 + 140 = 0
7500  7
or, x = 100  x = = Rs 3500
Hence, cost prices of tea-set and lemon- 15
set are Rs 100 and Rs 80 respectively.  CP of tonga = Rs 3500 and the
Ex. 60: A man bought a tonga and a horse for CP of horse = Rs (7500 – 3500)
Rs 7500. He sold the t onga at 11% = Rs 4000
profit and the horse at 26% profit, Ex. 61: A scooter dealer bought two scooters
making 19% profit on the whole. Find for Rs 13000. By selling one at a profit
the cost price of the tonga and the of 20% and the other at a loss of 25%,
horse separately. he found that selling prices of the two
Soln: CP of tonga + CP of horse = Rs 7500 are same. Find the cost price of each
Gain on the whole transaction = 19% scooter.
Soln: Let the cost price of the first scooter be Rs
7500  119
 total SP = Rs = Rs 8925 x.
100 Then the cost price of the second scooter
If he had sold both at a profit of 11% , = Rs (13000 – x)
then SP of both would have been Profit of first scooter = 20%
Selling price of the first scooter
7500  111
Rs = Rs 8325 x  120
100
= Rs
Difference in two SP’s 100
= Rs 8925 – Rs 8325 = Rs 600
6x
This difference is due to the SP of the = Rs ....(i)
horse at 26% prof it inst ead of 11% 5
(26 – 11)% or 15% higher profit. Loss on second scooter = 25%
Profit and Loss
 SP of the second scooter
 (13000  x )75 
= Rs   or, 39x = 195000
 100 
 39000  3x 
= Rs   ...(ii)
 4 
As the two SP’s are equal, we have from
equations (i) and (ii)
6x 39000  3x

5 4
Practice Exercise
1. A shopkeeper buys a cycle for Rs 450 and
sells it for Rs 495. Find his profit per cent.
2. A man bought a scooter for Rs 8500 and sold
it for Rs 8720. Find his loss per cent.
3. Sohan bought a house for Rs 65000. He spent
Rs 10000 on its repairs. Then he sold it for
Rs 90000. Find his gain per cent.
4. A man buys a colour TV for Rs 6800. For how
much should he sell it so as t o
(i) gain 10% (ii) lose 5% on it.
5. A shopkeeper sold a fridge for Rs 4850 at a
K KUNDAN
loss of 3%. Find his cost price.
6. By selling a radio for Rs 528, Ramesh gains
10% . Find his cost price.
7. A shopkeeper buys 144 eggs at Rs 3 each. On
the way 20 eggs are spoiled. He sells the
remainder at Rs 4 each. Find his gain or loss
per cent.
8. Subramaniam bought 100 eggs for Rs 50. Out
of these, 4 eggs were found to be broken and
he sold the remaining eggs at the rate of Rs
8.50 per dozen. Find his gain or loss per cent.
9. A grocer buys eggs at 10 for Rs 8 and sells at
8 for Rs 10. Find his gain or loss per cent.
10. Toffees are bought at the rate of 6 for Re 1
and sold at the rate of 5 for Re 1. What is the
gain per cent?
11. Selling price of 9 articles is equal to the cost
price of 15 articles. Find the gain or loss per
cent in the transaction.
12. Shashi sold a radio to Kanta at gain of 10%
and Kanta sold it to Shama at a gain of 15%.
Shashi had bought it for Rs 500, what did it
cost to Shama?
13. A sells a goods to B at a profit of 20% and B
sells it to C at a profit of 25%. If C pays Rs
225 for it, what was the cost price of A?
14. A shopkeeper loses 20% by selling tea at Rs
32 per kg. How should he sell it to gain 10%?
15. A television manufacturer earns 20% profit
by selling each TV set for Rs 14400. If the
production cost is increased by 15% , what
should be the new selling price of a set so as
to gain 15% .
291
or, 24x = 195000 – 15x
or, 24x + 15x = 195000
195000
 x = = 5000
39
 CP of the first scooter = Rs 5000 and
the CP of the second scooter
= Rs 13000 – Rs 5000
= Rs 8000.
16. Rama sells an article at a loss of 10%. If she
had sold it for Rs 30 more, she would have
gained 5%. Find the cost price of the article.
17. A machine was sold at a profit of 10%. Had it
been sold for Rs 400 less, there would have
been a loss of 10%. Find the cost price of the
machine.
18. The expenditure on transportation of goods
is 5% of the cost price. Find the cost price of
the goods sold for Rs 9450 at a gain of 20%.
19. A manufacturer sells a battery to a wholesaler
at a profit of 18%, the wholesaler sells it to a
retailer at a profit of 20%. The retailer sells it
to a customer at a profit of 25%. If the customer
pays Rs 30.09 for it, find the cost of the
manufacturer.
2 0 . A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods
at cost price but uses a false weight of 800
gm instead of 1 kg. Find his profit per cent.
21. Kundan sold a watch at a profit of 15%. Had
he bought it at 10% less and sold it for Rs 28
less, he would have gained 20% . Find the
cost price of the watch.
2 2 . An article is sold at a profit of 20% . If both
the cost price and the selling price were to
be Rs 20 less, the profit would be 10% more.
Find the cost price of the article.
23. On selling a watch for Rs 280, a man earns
1
of the cost price. Determine the cost price
3
of the watch and his gain per cent.
24. A man sold two articles at Rs 375 each. On
one he gains 25% and on the other he loses
25% . How much does he gain or lose in the
whole transaction? Also find his gain or loss%
in the whole transaction.
25. A t r adesman by means of f alse balance
defrauds to the extent of 8% in buying goods
and also defrauds to the extent of 8% in
selling. Find his gain per cent.
26. A person sells a table at a profit of 25% and a
2
chair at a loss of 16 % and on the whole he
3
292
gains Rs 50. On the other hand, if he sells
2
the table at a loss of 16 % and the chair at
3 2000. He sold the table at a profit of 20% and
a profit of 25% , he neither gains nor loses.
Find the cost price of the table and that of
the chair.
27. A man purchases 5 horses and 10 cows for
Rs 10000. He sells the horses at 15% profit
and the cows at 10% loss. Thus he gets Rs
375 as profit. Find the cost of 1 horse and 1
cow separately.
28. Two articles were purchased for Rs 1000. One
was sold at a loss of 12% and the other at a
gain of 8% . If there was no loss or gain in
the transaction, find the selling price of the
two articles separately.
29. A person bought a horse and a carriage for Rs
10000. He sold the horse at a gain of 20%
and the carriage at a loss of 10%, thus gaining
2% on the whole transaction. Find the cost
price of the horse.
30. A shopkeeper sells 100 kg of sugar partly at
10% profit and the remaining at 20% profit.
If he gains 12% on the whole transaction,
how much sugar does he sell at 20% profit?
31. A owned an article worth Rs 10000. He sold
K KUNDAN
it to B at a profit of 10% based on the worth
of the article. B sold the article back to A at a
loss of 10% . How much did A make in these
transactions?
32. By selling an article for Rs 144, a merchant
gains such that gain per cent equals the cost
price. Find the cost price of the article.
33. A shopkeeper has two varieties of tea. One
quality costs him Rs 24 per kg and the other
Rs 28 per kg. He mixes them in the ratio of 3
: 2 and sells the blended tea at Rs 26.88 per
kg. Find his gain per cent.
34. 450 pens each of the same cost were classified
into three categories for the purpose of sale.
They were sold at 9% , 10% and 12% profit
respectively. The first two categories gave an
3 5% more. Find the original cost price of the
overall profit of 9 % . All the three categories
7 wat ch.
gave an overall profit of 10%. Determine the
number of pens put in the first category.
35. A dealer bought 80 cricket bats for Rs 50 each.
He sells 20 of them at a gain of 5%. At what
Concept of Arithmetic
gain% must he sell the remainder so as to
gain 10% of the whole?
36. A man purchased a table and a chair for Rs
the chair at a profit of 30%. His total profit
was 23% . Find the cost price of the table.
1
37. A person purchased some goods. He sold rd
3
3
goods at 14% profit, th goods at 17.5%
5
profit and rest at 20% profit. Find his gain in
this transaction.
38. Three tables are purchasd for Rs 2500 each.
First is sold at a profit of 8%, the second is
sold at a loss of 3%. If their average selling
price is Rs 2575, find the profit per cent on
the third.
39. A sells his goods 20% cheaper than B and
20% dearer than C. A man buys goods worth
Rs 9600 from A. Would it have been more
profitable or less profitable and by how much
to have bought half the goods from B and half
from C?
40. A man sells a TV at a profit of 25% of the
cost. Had he sold it at a profit of 25% of the
selling price, his profit would have increased
by 5% of the cost price plus Rs 100. Find the
cost of TV.
41. A bought an article X for Rs 8000 and an
article Y for Rs 2000. He sold them to B and
B sold them to C, each making a profit of
25% on X and each incurring a loss of 10%
on Y. If A were to sell them to C directly at
the same selling price as that at which B had
sold to C, what per cent would A have gained
on the whole?
42. A man sold an article at a loss of 5%. Had he
sold it at a gain of 10%, he would have fetched
Rs 525 more. Find the cost of the article.
43. A watch is sold at a profit of 20%. If both the
cost price and the selling price of the watch
are decreased by Rs 100, the profit would be
44. A sells his goods 10% cheaper than B and
10% dear er t han C. How much would a
customer of B save by purchasing an article
of worth Rs 100 from C?
Profit and Loss 293

Answers and explanations

1. Cost price of the cycle = Rs 450  If selling pirce is Rs 97, then cost price is
Selling price of the cycle = Rs 495 Rs 100.
Profit = Selling price – Cost price  If selling price is Rs 4850, then cost price
= Rs 495 – Rs 450 = Rs 45
 100 
45 = Rs   4850  = Rs 5000
Profit per cent =  100 = 10%  97 
450
6. Let the cost price of radio be Rs 100
2. Cost price of the scooter = Rs 8500 Gain = 10%
Selling price of the scooter = Rs 7820 Selling price = Rs 100 + Rs 10 = Rs 110
Loss = Cost price – Selling price
 When selling price is Rs 110, cost price is
= Rs 8500 – Rs 7820 = Rs 680
Rs 100.
680  When selling price is Rs 528, cost price is
Loss per cent =  100 = 8%
8500 100
3. Cost price of the house Rs  528 = Rs 480
110
= Rs 65000 + Rs 10000 = Rs 75000
7. Cost price of 144 eggs = Rs 144 × 3 = Rs 432
Selling price of the house = Rs 90000
Selling price of (144 – 20 =) 124 eggs
 Gain = Rs 90000 – Rs 75000 = Rs 15000
= Rs 124 × 4 = Rs 496
15000 Gain = Rs 496 – Rs 432 = Rs 64
 Gain per cent =  100 = 20%
75000 64
4. ( i ) Cost price of TV = Rs 6800 Gain per cent =  100 = 14.8%
432
Gain = 10% of Rs 6800
8. We have, CP of 100 eggs = Rs 50.
 10  It is given that 4 eggs were found to be broken.
= Rs   6800  = Rs 680

K KUNDAN
So, the number of remaining eggs which were
 100 
sold in the market = 100 – 4 = 96.
 Selling price = Rs 6800 + Rs 680 It is given that the remaining eggs were sold
= Rs 7480 at the rate of Rs 8.50 per dozen.
( i i) Loss = 5% of Rs 6800 Therefore, SP of 12 eggs = Rs 8.50
6800  5 8.50
= Rs = Rs 340  SP of 1 egg = Re
100 12
 Selling price in this case
= Rs 6800 – Rs 340 = Rs 6460  8.50 
Hence, SP of 96 eggs = Rs   96 
Alternative Method:  12 
( i ) Let the cost price be Rs 100
= Rs 68.
Gain = Rs 10
Clearly, SP > CP. So, there is gain given by
Selling price = Cost price + Gain (profit)
Gain = SP - CP = Rs 68 - Rs 50 = Rs 18.
= Rs 100 + Rs 10 = Rs 110
If the cost price is Rs 100, then the selling  Gain 
price of TV is Rs 110. Hence, gain per cent =   100 %
 CP 
If the cost pr ice is Rs 6800, then the
110  18 
selling price of TV =  6800 = Rs 7480 =   100 % = 36%
100  50 
( i i) Let the cost price be Rs 100. 9. We have, LCM of 10 and 8 = 40. So, let the
 Loss is Rs 5. number of eggs bought be 40.
Selling price = Rs (100 – 5) = Rs 95 Now, CP of 10 eggs = Rs 8.
 If cost price is Rs 100, then the selling
price is Rs 95.  8 
 CP of 40 eggs = Rs   40  = Rs 32.
 If cost price is Rs 6800, then the selling  10 
95 Again, SP of 8 eggs = Rs 10
price is Rs  6800 = Rs 6460
100  10 
5. Suppose cost price of the TV = Rs 100  SP of 40 eggs = Rs   40  = Rs 50.
 8 
Loss = 3%
 Selling price = Rs 100 – Rs 3 = Rs 97 Now, CP = Rs 32 and SP = Rs 50.
294 Concept of Arithmetic

Clearly, SP > CP. So, there is gain given by 13. CP of the goods for C = 225
Gain = SP - CP = Rs 50 - Rs 32 = Rs 18. SP of the goods for B = CP of the goods for C
= Rs 225
 Gain 
Hence, Gain per cent =   100 %  100 
 CP  CP of the goods for B = Rs    225
 100  25 
 18  225 1
=   100 % = % = 56 %  100 
 32  4 4 = Rs   225 
 125 
10. See the solution of Q.No. 9. This question
= Rs 180
can also be solved by the above mentioned
CP of the goods for B = SP of the goods for A
method. Let us see how?
= Rs 180
100 50
Cost price of 1 toffee = = paise  100 
6 3  CP of the goods for A = Rs    180
 100  20 
100
Selling price of the 1 toffee = = 20 paise  100 
5 = Rs  180 
 120 
 50   60  50  10 = Rs 150
Profit =  20   =   = paise 14. Selling Price = Rs 32 per kg
 3   3  3
Loss = 20%
10  100 
10 3  Cost price = Rs   32  per kg
3  100  20 
 Profit per cent = 50  100    100
3 50
3 100
= Rs  32 = Rs 40 per kg
= 20% 80

K KUNDAN
11. Let the cost price of each article be Rs x. Again,
Then, cost price of 9 articles = Rs 9x. Gain = 10%
Selling price of 9 articles = Cost price of 15
 100  10 
articles = Rs 15x Selling price = Rs   40  per kg
 Gain on the purchase of 15 articles  100 
= Rs 15x – Rs 9x = Rs 6x
110
= Rs  40 = Rs 44 per kg
 Gain  100
Hence, Gain per cent =   100 %
 CP   He should sell tea at Rs 44 per kg to gain
10% .
 6x  200 2 15. SP of TV set = Rs 14400
=   100 %  %  66 % Profit = 20%
 9x  3 3
 CP of the TV set
12. CP of the radio set for Shashi = Rs 500
Gain = 10% of Rs 500  100 
=   14400  = Rs 12000
 100  20 
 10 
= Rs   500  = Rs 50 Now, accor ding t o t he quest ion, t he
 100  production cost is increased by 15%
SP of the radio set for Shashi  New CP = 115% of Rs 12000
= CP + Gain = Rs 500 + Rs 50 = Rs 550
 115 
 CP of the radio set for Kanta = Rs  12000  = Rs 13800
= SP of the radio set for Shashi  100 
= Rs 550  Selling price of the TV set to gain 15%
Since Kanta sold the radio to Shama at a gain
 100  15 
of 15% =   13800 
 Gain = 15% of Rs 550  100 

 15   115 
= Rs   550  = Rs 82.5 =  13800 
 100   100 
SP of radio set for Kanta = Rs 15870
= CP + Gain = Rs 550 + Rs 82.5 16. Let the cost price of the article be Rs 100.
= Rs 632.50 Loss = 10% = Rs 10
 CP of the radio set for Shama = Rs 632.50
Profit and Loss 295

 Selling price of the article
= Rs 100 – Rs 10 = Rs 90
Selling price of the article to gain 5%
= Rs 100 + Rs 5 = Rs 105
Difference in two selling prices
= Rs 105 – Rs 90 = Rs 15
 When difference in SP is Rs 15, CP of the
article is Rs 100.
When difference in SP is Rs 30, CP of the
article
100
=  30 = Rs 200
15
 Cost price of the article = Rs 200
17. Let the cost price of the machine be Rs 100.
Profit = 10% = Rs 10
 Selling price of the machine
= Rs 100 + Rs 10 = Rs 110
Selling price of the machine at a loss of 10%
= Rs 100 – Rs 10 = Rs 90
Difference in two selling prices
= Rs 110 – Rs 90 = Rs 20
 When difference in SP is Rs 20, CP of the
machine is Rs 100.
 When difference in SP is Rs 400, CP of the
100
machine =  400 = Rs 2000
25
 If the customer pays Rs 177, the cost of
the manufacturer is Rs 100.
 If the customer pays Rs 30.09, the cost of
100
the manufacturer =  30.09 = Rs 17
177
2 0 . Suppose goods costs the dealer Re 1 per kg.
He sells for Re 1 what costs him Re 0.80.
 Gain on Re 0.80 = Re 1 – Re 0.80 = Re 0.2
0.2
 Gain on Rs 100 =  100 = Rs 25
0.80
 Gain per cent = 25%
21. Let the actual cost price of watch be Rs 100.
Actual selling price of watch at the profit of
15%
= Rs 100 + Rs 15 = Rs 115
Supposed cost price of the watch at 10% loss
= Rs 100 – Rs 10 = Rs 90
Supposed selling price of the watch at 20%
gain
 120 
= Rs  90   = Rs 108
 100 
 the difference in selling prices
= Rs 115 – Rs 108 = Rs 7
 If the difference is Rs 7, the CP is Rs 100.
 If the difference is Rs 28 the CP is Rs

K KUNDAN
 Cost price of the machine = Rs 2000.
18. Let the cost price of goods be Rs x.  100 
  28  = Rs 400
 effective cost price = x + 5% of x  7 
5x x 21x  Cost price of the watch = Rs 400
= x x = Rs 2 2 . Suppose the cost price (CP) of the article is
100 20 20
Rs x.
Selling price = Rs 9450 To get a profit of 20%, selling price (SP) must
Now, according to the question,
 100  20 
21x  100  20  be Rs   x = 1.2x.
  = 9450  100 
20  100 
New cost price = Rs (x – 20)
21x 120 Also, the new selling price = Rs (1.2x – 20)
or,  = 9450 Now, according to the question
20 100
(x – 20) × 130% = (1.2x – 20)
9450  20  100 130
or, x = = Rs 7500 or, (x – 20) × = (1.2x – 20)
21  120 100
19. Let the cost of the manufacturer be Rs 100.
or, (x – 20)1.3 = 1.2x – 20
Gain of the manufacturer = 18%
or, 1.3x – 1.2x = –20 + 26
Then CP of the wholesaler
or, x = 60
= Rs 100 + Rs 18 = Rs 118
Thus, the required cost price of the article is
Gain of the wholesaler = 20%
Rs 60.
New, SP of the wholesaler = CP of the retailer
23. Let the cost price of the watch be Rs 100.
 120 
= Rs 118   = Rs 141.60 1 100
 100  Profit = rd of the cost price = Rs
3 3
Gain of the retailer = 25%
 CP of the customer 100 400
Selling price = Rs 100 + Rs = Rs
3 3
 125 
= Rs 141 .60   = Rs 177 400
 100 
 If selling price is Rs , cost price is Rs
3
100.
296 Concept of Arithmetic

 If selling price is Rs 280, cost price is 26. Let the cost price of table and chair be Rs T
and C respectively.
 100  3 
Rs   280  = Rs 210 Total CP of a table and a chair = Rs (T + C)
 400  In First Case:
Proft = Selling Price – Cost Price
= Rs (280 – 210) = Rs 70  25  5T
SP of a table = T 1   = Rs
 100  4
70 1
Profit per cent =  100 = 33 %
210 3  50  5C
24. For the first article, we have SP of a chair = C 1   = Rs
 100  6
SP = Rs 375 and Gain = 25%
100 5 T 5C
 SP Total SP of a table and chair = 
 CP = 4 6
100  Gain%
On the whole, there is a gain of Rs 50,
 100 
or, CP = Rs   375  = Rs 300  5 T 5C 
 100  25  ie     (T  C)  50
For the second article, we have,  4 6 
SP = Rs 375 and Loss = 25%
T C
or,   50
100 4 6
 CP =  SP
100  Loss% or, 3T – 2C = 600 ....(i)
In Second Case:
 100 
or, CP = Rs   375  = Rs 500
 100  25   50  5T
SP of a table = T 1   = Rs
 Total cost paid in buying the two articles  300  6
= Rs (300 + 500) = Rs 800.
 25  5C

K KUNDAN
Total SP = Rs 375 + Rs 375 = Rs 750. SP of a chair = C 1   = Rs
 100  4
 CP > SP. So, there is a loss
 Total loss = CP – SP 5 T 5C
= Rs 800 – Rs 750 = Rs 50 Total SP of a table and chair = 
Hence, loss per cent 6 4

 Loss   50  1 5 T 5C
=   100 % =   100   6 % Also,   TC
 CP   800  4 6 4
25. In normal case, suppose the tradesman buys 5C 5T
x kg of the goods in Rs x. or, C  T
4 6
By using f alse balance t r adesman buys,
according to the question, (x + 8% of x) kg of C T
goods in Rs x. or, 
4 6
1
 Cost price per kg = Rs 3C
1.08 or, T 
2
Again, from the question
Selling price per kg of goods Now, putting the value of ‘T’ in equation (i),
we get,
x 1
= Rs x  8% of x = Rs 3  3C
0.92  2C  600
2

 1 1  9C  4C
   or,  600
 0.92 1.08   100 2
Profit % = 1
 
  5C
 1.08   600
or,
2
 1.08  0.92  16
   100   100 600  2
 0.92  92 or, C = = Rs 140 and
5
400 9 3C 3  240
  17 % T =  = Rs 360
23 23 2 2
Profit and Loss 297

27. Let the cost of 1 horse be Rs x, then total

120x  900000  90x  1000000
selling price =
100
 115   90 
= 5x    ( 10000  5 x)   30 x  100000
 100   100   ..... (ii)
100
Now, according to the question,
From equations (i) and (ii), we have,
 115   90  30x  100000
5x    (10000  5x )   = 10375  200
 100   100  100
or, 575x + 90 × 10000 – 450x = 10375 × 100 or, 30x  100000  20000
or, 125x
or, 30x  120000
137500
 x = = Rs 1100 120000
125
or, x = = Rs 4000
Therefore, the cost of one horse = Rs 1100 30
 The CP of the horse = Rs 4000 and CP of
10000  5  1100
and the cost of one cow = the carriage = Rs (10000 – 4000) = Rs 6000.
10 30. Let the shopkeeper sell x kg of sugar at 20%
= Rs 450 profit.
28. Let the CP of first article be Rs x. Then, the shopkeeper sold (100 – x) kg of
 the CP of second article be Rs (1000 – x). sugar at 10% profit.
Loss on first article = 12% of x SP of x kg of sugar at 20% profit
12 3x  20  6x
=  x = Rs
100 25 = x 1  
 100  5
Profit on second article = 8% of (1000 – x)
SP of (100 – x) kg of sugar at 10% profit
8 2

K KUNDAN
=  (1000  x )  (1000  x ) 10 
100 25
= 100  x  1  
As there is no loss or gain in the transaction,  100 
 Loss on first article = Profit on second
article 10
= 100  x  10  x 
3x 2 100
 (1000  x )
25 25 11x
or, 3x = 2(1000 – x) = 110 
10
or, 3x = 2000 - 2x SP on the whole transaction
or, 5x = 2000
or, x = Rs 400  12 
 CP of first article = Rs 400 = 1001    112
 100 
CP of second article = Rs (1000 – 400)
= Rs 600 6x 11x
SP of first article = 88% of 400 = Rs 352 Then,  110   112
5 10
SP of second article = 108% of 600 = Rs 648.
29. Let the CP of the horse be Rs x 6x 11x
or,  = 112 - 110 = 2
 The CP of the carriage be Rs (10000 – x) 5 10
120x 12x  11x
SP of the horse = or, 2
100 10
9010000  x  x
SP of the carriage = or, 2
100 10
Total gain in the transaction or, x = 20 kg
= 2% of Rs 10000 = Rs 200 ... (i) 31. Worth of article = Rs 10000
But total gain CP for B = 110% of Rs 10000
= SP of both things – CP of both things
 110  10000 
120 x 9010000  x  = Rs   = Rs 11000
=   10000  100 
100 100
B sells the article back to A at a loss of 10%.
298 Concept of Arithmetic

 CP for A = 90% of Rs 11000 From equation (i),

 90  3x
= Rs  11000  = Rs 9900 3x   900
 100  2
 Gain for A = Rs 11000 – Rs 9900 = Rs 1100
9x
32. Let the cost price of the the article be Rs x. or,  900
 gain per cent = x% 2
 x = 200
 x2  Hence, t he number of pens in t he f ir st
 
 gain = x% of x = Rs  100  category = 200
 
35. We have CP of one bat = Rs 50
Gain = Selling Price – Cost Price  CP of 20 bats = Rs (50 × 20) = Rs 1000
= Rs (144 – x) Gain on these bats = 5%
Now, according to the question,
 100  Gain% 
x2  SP of 20 bats = Rs    CP
= 144 – x  100 
100
2
or, x = 14400 – 100x  100  5 
= Rs   1000 
or, x2 + 100x – 14400 = 0  100 
or, x(x + 180) – 80(x + 180) = 0 = Rs 1050
or, x2 + 180x – 80x – 14400 = 0 Now, CP of 80 bats = Rs (80 × 50) = Rs 4000.
or, (x – 80) (x + 180) = 0 Desired gain = 10%
or, x = –180 or 80
Value of x cannot be negative, hence x = 80.  100  Gain% 
 Required SP = Rs    CP
Hence, cost price of the article is Rs 80.  100 
33. Suppose he buys 3x kg of tea of first quality
and 2x kg of tea of second quality.  100  10 
= Rs   4000 

K KUNDAN
Then, CP of 5 kg of tea  100 
= Rs 24 × 3x + Rs 28 × 2x = Rs 4400
= Rs 72x + Rs 56x = Rs 128x Thus, desired SP of 60 bats
SP of 5x kg of tea = Rs 26.88 × 5x = Rs 134.40x = Rs 4400 – Rs 1050 = Rs 3350.
 Profit = Rs 134.40x – Rs 128x = Rs 6.40x CP of 60 bats = Rs (60 × 50) = Rs 3000.
6.40x Desired gain on 60 bats
 Profit per cent =  100% = 5% = Rs 3350 – Rs 3000 = Rs 350.
128x
Hence, desired gain%
34. Let the number of pens in the first and the
second categories be x and y respectively.  350  2
=   100 % = 11 %
 Number of pens in third category  3000  3
= (450 – x – y) 36. Let the cost price of the table be Rs x
Let the cost of each pen be Re 1. Cost price of the chair will be Rs (2000 – x)
According to the question, Selling price of the table at 20% profit
x  109 y  110  66  x (100  20) 6x
  x  y  1  % 
100 100  7  =
100 5
109 x 110y  66  Selling price of the chair at 30% profit
or,   x  y  1  
100 100  700  100  30
= 2000  x 
109 x 110 y  766  100
or,   x  y   
100 100  700 
130
or, 7(109x + 110y) = 766x + 766y = 2000  x  
100
or, 763x + 770y = 766x + 766y
or, 3x = 4y ...(i) 13
Again, = 2600  x
10
109x 110y 112 450  110 His total SP at the total profit of 23% is
  450  x  y   
100 100 100 100 100  23
or, 109x + 110y + 450 × 112 – 112x – 112y = 2000 
100
= 450 × 110
or, 3x + 2y = 450(112 – 110) 123
or, 3x + 2y = 900 = 2000  = Rs 2460
100
Profit and Loss 299

Now, accroding to the question, Second Case:

He purchased goods worth Rs 4800 from B.
6  13x 
x   2600    2460 As A sells his goods 20% cheaper than B.
5  10  If the cost price of A is Rs 80, CP of B is Rs
100.
6x 13x
  2460  2600 Now if the cost of A is Re 1, the CP of B is
5 10
100
12x  13x Rs
or,  140 80
10 If the cost price of A is 4800, the CP of B is
or, –x = –140 × 10
or, x = 1400 100  4800
= = Rs 6000
The cost price of the table is Rs 1400. 80
37. Suppose the value of the commodity was Rs He purchases goods worth Rs 4800 from C
x. As A sells his goods 20% dearer than C.
x 3x
Then, was sold at 14% profit, was If the CP of A is Rs 120, the CP of C is 100
3 5
100
 x 3x  x If the CP of A is Re 1, the CP of C is
120
sold at 17.5% profit and x    
3 5  15 If the CP of A is Rs 4800, the CP of C is
was sold at 20% profit.
 100  4800 
Now, profit =    Rs 4000
 120 
x  14  3x  17 .5  x  20 
=       Total cost price of man when he purchases
3  100  5  100  15  100  half from B and half from C
= Rs 6000 + Rs 4000 = Rs 10000.
14x 10.5x 4x
=   Thus it can be seen that it is profitable for a

K KUNDAN
300 100 300 person to buy the whole amount from A as it
will cost him. Rs 400 cheaper in comparison
14x  31.5x  4x 49.5 x
= = to second case.
300 300 40. Let the cost price be Rs x
49.5x 25 x
300  100 = 16.5% Profit = of x = Rs
Gain per cent = 100 4
x
x 5x
38. The cost price of each table = Rs 2500 Selling price = x  = Rs
4 4
 100  8 
 Selling price of first table = 2500    5x 1
 100  25% profit on selling price = Rs 
= Rs 2700 4 4
 Selling price of second table 5x
= Rs
 100  3  16
= 2500    = Rs 2425
 100  According to the question,
Selling price of three tables Profit in second case – Profit on first case
= Rs 2575 × 3 = Rs 7725 = 5% of cost price + 100
Selling price of third table 5x x 5
= Rs (7725 – 2700 – 2425) or,  x  100
16 4 100
= Rs 2600
Profit on third table = Rs 2600 – Rs 2500 5 x  4x x
or,   100
= Rs 100 16 20
 % Profit on the third table
x x
or,   100
100 16 20
=  100  4%
2500
x
39. First Case: or,  100
The man purchased goods worth Rs 9600 80
from A. or, x = 8000
 Cost price = Rs 8000.
300 Concept of Arithmetic

41. In case of A Case I:

Cost price of article X = Rs 8000 Cost price = Rs (x – 100)
Cost price of article Y = Rs 2000
 6x 
Now, according to the question in case of B Selling price = Rs  100 
Cost price of article X  5 
8000  125 Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price
= Rs = Rs 10000
100  6x 
Cost price of article Y =   100  x  100 
 5 
2000  90
= Rs = Rs 1800  6x  x
100 = Rs   x  = Rs
 5  5
Also in case of C
Cost price of article X According to the question,

10000  125  x 
= Rs = Rs 12500  
100  5   100
Cost price of article Y  100  = 25
 
 
1800  90
= Rs = Rs 1620
100 20x
Total cost price of X and Y for A or, = 25
x  100
= Rs 8000 + Rs 2000 = Rs 10000
Total selling price of B to C 4x
= Rs 12500 + Rs 1620 = Rs 14120 or, = 5
x  100
Profit for A in case he sells to C at the same or, 5x – 500 = 4x
price as B = Rs 14120 – Rs 10000 = Rs 4120 or, x = 500

K KUNDAN
4120  CP of the watch = Rs 500
Profit % =  100  41.2% 44. Let B sell an article for Rs 100.
10000
 SP of A = Rs (100 – 10) = Rs 90 and
Hence, the required answer is 41.2% .
42. Let the cost price of the article be Rs x then,  100   100 
SP of C =   90  =   90 
according to the question,  100  10   110 
 100  10   100  5  900
 x   x = Rs 525
 100   100  = Rs
11
110 95
or, x x = Rs 525 900
100 100  When C sells an article for Rs , B
11
22 19
or, x x = Rs 525 sells it for Rs 100.
20 20  If C sells an article for Rs 100, B will sell it
22x  19 x 100  11 1100
or, = Rs 525 for Rs  100 = Rs
20 900 9

 525  20  1100
 x = Rs   = Rs 175 × 20 = Rs 3500  Required savings =  100
 3  9
43. See the solution of Q.No. 22.
1100  900
Let the CP of the watch be Rs x. =
Case I: 9

 100  20  120 x 6x 200

Selling price =  x  = Rs = Rs
 100  100 5 9