UNIT 3

Past Progressive and Simple Past

When, While, and As Soon As
Present Perfect
Since and For

Focus 1
Past Progressive vs. Simple Past

Form of the Past Progressive: was/were + verb + -ing

Statement negative question

I I I
She She was not sleeping. she
He
was sleeping.
He (wasn’t)
Was he
sleeping?
It It it
We We we
were not sleeping.
You were sleeping. You
(weren’t)
Were you sleeping?
They They they

The past progressive refers to an action that was in progress when something
else happened. It started before this time and possibly continued after it.
examples Explanations
When talking about actions or events that
Sue left the party at 9:00 last night. started and finished in the past, we usually
use the simple past:
Sue was leaving the party at 9:00 last When talking about an action that was in
night.: progress at a specific time in the past, we
use the past progressive
Sue was leaving the party when I arrived. We use the past progressive with the simple
past to describe two actions in the past

Focus 2
When, While, and As Soon as
explanations examples
While, when, and as soon as are time adverbials.
While I was reading the newspaper,
While is associated with an action in progress. It
Diane called.. means “during that time”.
When is associated with a completed action. It
When Diane called, I was reading means “at that time”. However, when and while are
the newspaper. often used in the same way. When is common and
often used in place of while, in informal situations.
As soon as we heard the good news, As soon as is also associated with a completed
we started to celebrate. action. It means “immediately after”.

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Exercise 3.2.1
A. Make meaningful statements about Mr. Jones’s murder by matching
information from column A with information from B.

A B
1. Mrs. James called the police she insisted she was innocent.
2. While she was waiting for the police to arrive as soon as he arrived.
3. As soon as Mark Sutton, the detective, heard
when her husband died.
about the murder
4. Mrs. James took him to the scene of the crime while the police were taking her to jail.

5. While Mark was searching the bathroom for clues while he was brushing his teeth.

6. He saw that Mr. James died she placed a bar of soap on the bathroom floor.
7. When Mark charged Mrs. James with murder he rushed to the James's house.
8. Reporters tried to interview Mrs. James he became suspicious of Mrs. James's story.

B. For each sentence you created in A. underline the part that gives
information about time. This is the part of the sentence that answers “When?”
Example: He saw that Mr. James died while he was brushing his teeth.

Focus 3
Time Clauses with When, While And As Soon as
examples explanations
While Renee was crossing the street, she Time clauses answer the question “When?” by
ran into her friend. giving information about the time an action or
We left as soon as we got your phone call. event happened. They contain a subject and a
When Pit arrived home, everyone rushed verb and are introduced by time terms like
out to greet him. when, while, and as soon as.

Dependent time clause Main clause
When Pit arrived home, everybody
rushed
to greet him.
While Mom was cooking the dinner, the
guests arrived.
The guests arrived while Mom was
cooking the dinner.
When _________ , _________.
(time clause; comma; main clause)
While _________ , _________.
(time clause; comma; main clause)
As soon as _________ , _________.
(time clause; comma; main clause)
_____________ when _____________.
(main clause) (time clause)
_____________ while _____________.
A time clause is a dependent clause (not
complete by itself). E.g. in order to fully
understand, When Pit arrived home, we need
more information. A time clause depends on
the rest of the sentence to complete the
meaning.
A time clause can come at the beginning of a
sentence.
A time clause can also come at the end.
If the time clause comes at the beginning of
the sentence, use a comma between the time
clause and the main clause:
If the main clause comes at the beginning of
the sentence and the time clause comes last,
do not use a comma between the two clauses:

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 (main clause) (time clause)
_____________ as soon as __________.
(main clause) (time clause)

Exercise 3.3.2
Now write the sentences down and add punctuation, as necessary.

Exercise 3.3.3
Here is some information about John Lennon’s life. The wavy line indicates an
action in progress. X indicates a completed action.

1. attends high school 2. attends high school

X X
his mother dies meet Paul McCartney
3. studies at art school 4. performs in clubs in Liverpool

X X
form the Beatles signs his first recording contract
5. lives in London 6. works for peace and writes new songs

X X
falls in love with Yoko Ono die
7. leaves his apartment

X
one of his fans shoots him
Fill in the blanks, using simple past or past progressive.
John Lennon was born in Liverpool in 1940, but his childhood was not happy. (1) His
mother died while he was attending high school. Life was difficult for John, but after a time
things got better. (2) ___ while ___. Soon Paul introduced him to George Harrison, and they
began to play together. After that, John left high school and became an art student. (3) While
___. Soon after John formed the Beatles, he married his first wife, Cynthia, and they had a
son, Julian. (4) ____ when ____. John and the Beatles moved to London and became famous
throughout the world. (5) ___ while ___. A couple of years later, the Beatles split up. John
and Yoko got married and moved to the US. John (6) ____ when ____. On Dec 8, 1980, (7)
___ while ___. John died many years ago, but he still has many fans all over the world.

Exercise 3.3.4
Complete the sentences in the story below using the word in parentheses.
Decide whether you should use simple past or past progressive.
NOTE: After and before also introduce time clauses, but we use them with the
simple past tense only, in contrast with while and when.
1. Yesterday morning at 10:00, Marie ________________ (go) to see the dentist.
2. While she ______ (wait) for the appointment, her old friend Monica _____ (come)
into the dentist’s waiting room.

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3. Before Marie ___ (get) her new job, she and Monica ____ (work) together at the bank.
4. When Marie and Monica _______ (see) each other in the waiting room, they ____ (be)
surprised and delighted.
5. They ____________ (realize) that they had not seen each other for several months.
6. While they ___ (wait), they ___ (talk and laugh) about old times.
7. When it __ (be) time for Marie to see the dentist, they ___ (not + want) to stop talking.
8. Just before Marie _____ (leave), they ____ (make) a date to see each other again.
9. While Marie ___ (leave), Monica ____ (say), “I hope you don’t have any cavities!”

Exercise 3.3.5
Combine the two sentences below into one sentence. Use the time word on
the left to make a time clause and put the verb into simple past or past progressive.
1. (as soon as) Event #1: I (finish) shopping for groceries.
Event #2: I (drive) home.
As soon as I finished shopping for groceries, I drove home.
OR
I drove home as soon as I finished shopping for groceries.
2. (when) Event #1: I (get) home.
Event #2: I (put) the groceries away.
3. (as soon as) Event #1: I (finish) my homework.
Event #2: I (make) dinner.
4. (while) Event #1: I (make) dinner.
Event #2: My brother (come) home.
5. (when) Event #1: I (ask) my brother if he was hungry.
Event #2: He got upset.
6. (while) Event #1: My brother (explain) why he was upset.
Event #2: I (load) his plate with food.
7. (when) Event #1: He (look) down at the food on his plate.
Event #2: He (calm) down.
8. (as soon as) Event #1: He (start) to eat.
Event #2: He (apologize) to me.

Focus 4
Present Perfect: Connecting Past and Present
Medical History
NAME: Michael James Harris SEX: Male
MARITAL STATUS: Single DATE OF BIRTH: 5/13/76
SERIOUS ILLNESS(ES): None HEIGHT: 5 ft 11in
SMOKING: Stopped 10 years ago WEIGHT: 185 lbs
EYESIGHT: Wears glasses for reading; started in TIME IN HOSPITAL: May 2007. Broke both
2007 legs in traffic accident
PRESENT PROBLEM: Headaches DRINKING: 1 glass of wine with dinner
ALLERGIES: None
WHEN PROBLEM STARTED: 2 months ago
Now try to find details from Michael Harris’s medical history to complete the
following list. Find two things that relate to the past, two things that relate to the
present, and two things that started in the past and continue to the present.

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 PAST PRESENT
1. He broke his legs 1. _________________________________
2. ___________________________________ 2. __________________________________
FROM PAST TO PRESENT
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________

We use the present perfect to show a connection between something in the

past and something in the present. The present perfect shows the result or relevance
now of a past action, event, or experience.

PAST PRESENT
February: September:
I moved to Iaşi. (simple past) I live in Iaşi now. (simple present)

FROM PAST TO PRESENT

I have lived in Iaşi since February.
I have lived in Iaşi for seven months. (present perfect)

In this situation, the simple past tells us only about the past; the present tells
us only about the present. One use of the present perfect is to tell us about
something which began in the past and continues in the present.

Exercise 3.4.6
These events in Carmen’s life are not in the order in which they happened.
Write the numbers of the events in the correct order on the time line. If it began in the
past and continues into the present, write it out on the lines below the time line.

1. She has volunteered at a hospital for one year.
2. She will go to medical school.
3. She was born in Suceava, Romania, in 1994.
4. She learned at "Ştefan cel Mare" High School.
5. She hasn’t become a doctor yet.
6. She has lived and studied in Iaşi, since 2013.
7. She is studying biology and chemistry.
8. Since she was a child, she has dreamed of
becoming a doctor.
9. She learned how to take a blood sample.
10. She graduated from high school in 2013.
11. She will be a pediatrician.

Past Present Future

Focus 5
Present Perfect: Form

Form: have/has + past participle

statement Negative question
I I I
You have gone. You have not gone. you
Have gone?
We (‘ve) We (haven’t) we
They They they

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 She She she
has gone. has not gone.
He He Has he gone?
(‘s) (hasn’t)
It It it

Exercise 3.5.7
Use the words below to write sentences with the present perfect.
I/ not meet a famous person. I haven’t met a famous person.
1. John / not eat ants 6.Loren / not shoot a gun
2. Helena / be to Hong Kong? 7.I / have a pet snake
3.Adam and Kristen / see a penguin 8. you / go to the Galapagos Islands?
4. you / ride a camel? 9. Larisa and Dora / stand in line for over an hour
5. I / not catch any fish 10.you / do something crazy?

Exercise 3.5.8
Use the information about Michael Harris in Focus 4 to complete the doctor’s
report. Use the simple past, simple present, or present perfect of the verbs.
Report on Michael Harris
Michael Harris spoke with me yesterday about serious headaches. He (1) __ (have)
these headaches for two months. His medical history is good. He (2) __ (not have) any serious
illnesses. In 2007, he (3) __(be) in the hospital for three weeks, when he (4) __ (break) both
legs in an accident. He (5) __ (not smoke) now; he (6) __ (stop) ten years ago, and he (7) __
(not smoke) since that time. He (8) ___ (wear) reading glasses, and he (9) ___ (wear) them
since 2007. He (10) __ (drink) a little wine with dinner every night. I examined Mr. Harris
and took several tests. I asked him to return next week.

Exercise 3.5.9
Write the questions the doctor asked Mr. Harris to get these responses.
1. Do you drink? Yes, a little. I drink a glass of wine with dinner every night.
2. Yes, I do. I wear them for reading. 6. I stopped ten years ago.
3. I started wearing them in 2007. 7. No, I haven’t smoked since that time.
4. Yes, I’ve worn them since 2007. 8. Yes, I have had these headaches for two months.
5. No, I don’t smoke now.

Exercise 3.5.10
In order to donate blood, you must answer several questions about your
medical history. Complete the following dialogue between a blood donor and the
interviewer using the correct form of the verb in the present perfect.
1. Interviewer: How long has it been (it be) since you ate?
Donor: I ____________________ (not eat) anything since breakfast.
2. Interviewer: ____________________ (you give) blood before?
Donor: Yes, I ____________________ (give) blood many times.
Interviewer: Really? How long ____________________ (it be) since you last
donated blood?
Donor: I ____________________ (not donate) blood for a year.
3. Interviewer: ____________________ (you have) any serious illnesses?
Donor: No, I ____________________ (have) any illnesses.
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4. Interviewer: ____________________ (you be) in the hospital in the past five years?
Donor: No, I ____________________ (not be) hospitalized.
5. Interviewer: ____________________ (you travel) abroad?
Donor: Yes, ____________________ (go) to Italy.
Interviewer: How long ago was that?
Donor: In 2010, but I ____________________ (live) in Romania since then.
Interviewer: Ok, please roll up your sleeve and we’ll take your blood.

Exercise 3.5.11
Go back to exercises 3.5.8 and 3.5.9. Look for the words since and for. In the
boxes below, write down the word or words that directly follow them.
since for
two months

What does this tell you about the use of since and for?

Focus 6
For vs. Since
examples explanations
for two weeks for ten years You can use for to talk about the length of a period of
for five minutes time.
since 2005 since my birthday You can use since to talk about when a period of
since Monday since April time began.

Exercise 3.6.12
Complete the following dialogue by writing since or for in the blanks.
Count Dracula Blood Bank
Count Dracula: Good evening, Mr. Stoker. Welcome to the Count Dracula Blood Bank.
So nice of you to come. We would like to take your blood, but first we
want to see if you’re our type. Would you answer a few questions?
Stoker: Well, uh, I guess so.
Count Dracula: How long ago has it been (1) ________ you arrived in Transylvania?
Stoker: I just arrived. I’ve only been here (2) ________ two hours.
Count Dracula: Oh! Have you had time to explore the castle?
Stoker: Well, I’ve walked around a little (3) ________ I got here. The castle is
interesting, but that back room is full of bats.
Count Dracula: Yes, we’ve had that problem (4) ________ the castle was built. That
reminds me, how long has it been (5) ________ you flew last night?
Stoker: I haven’t flown at night (6) ___ the last year. I’m afraid of the dark.
Count Dracula: Well, perhaps we can help you with that problem. How long has it been
(7) ________ you’ve been in a cemetery?
Stoker: The strangest questions I have ever heard! I guess the last time was in
March. Yes, it’s been three months (8) ________ I was in a cemetery.
Count Dracula: Very good. Finally, Mr. Stoker, have you given blood before?
Stoker: Yes, but I haven’t donated (9) ________ the last six months.
Count Dracula: Wonderful! Because you’ve answered our questions, we’ve decided
you’re a perfect victim – I mean candidate. Roll down your collar.
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 Using for and since in sentences:
examples explanations
Main clause Time clause
(from past to (past) You can use since to introduce a time clause.
present) since he graduated
He has worked here from high school.
He has worked here since April.
He has worked here since the beginning of You can use since to introduce a time clause.
the month.
You can also use since with a phrase referring
He has worked here for several years.
to a specific time.
I’ve lived here five months. You can use for with a phrase that refers to a
I’ve lived here for five months. quantity of time, but not with a time clause.
It is possible to omit for. Both examples are
(For) how long have you lived here?
correct, but the first one is more informal.
I’ve lived here since January. It is also possible to omit for in questions.
NOT: *I’ve lived here January.
Since when have you lived here? It is not possible to omit since.
NOT: *When have you lived here?

Exercise 3.6.13
Read the following statements and decide if they are referring to an action that
is finished or unfinished. If it is finished, write F beside it; write U for unfinished.
1. He has lived here 20 years. 4. My friends worked there for six months.
2. We have studied English for a few months. 5. He’s worn glasses since he was a child.
3. I saw him last week. 6. She slept ten hours.

Focus 7
Actions Continuing up to Now
examples
They have studied martial arts for a
long time.
Carrie has been a member of the
tennis club since May.
Andrew started to smoke on his
eighteenth birthday, so he as smoked
for three years.
NOT: *He has started to
smoke for three years.
start, arrive, begin, leave, meet, stop
explanations
When you talk about the duration of an action or
situation that began in the past and that continues
to the present, you can use present perfect + for
or since + time word or phrase.
Some verbs are not used in this way because the
actions they describe cannot continue from past to
present. Thus, in the first example, we understand
that it is the smoking that continues, not the starting.
Start refers to something that happens at one time
only, or at several times, but not to an action that
continues over time.
Similarly, other verbs (including those on the left)
are not usually used with present perfect + for or
since to express the duration of an action or
situation that continues from past to present.

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 Exercise 3.7.14
Rewrite these sentences using the present perfect and since or for.
Example: Karen wears glasses. She started to wear glasses when she was a child.
Karen has worn glasses since she was a child.
1. He works for the TV station. He started working there eight years ago.
2. They are married. They got married in 1962.
3. She knows how to fix a car. She learned how to do it a long time ago.
4. Tom rides his bike to work. He started to do it when his car broke down.
5. I wanted to go to China several years ago. I still want to go now.
6. My brother stopped smoking when he was in college, and he doesn’t smoke now.
7. I was afraid of bats when I was a child, and I am afraid of them now.
8. My mother is in France. She went there last week.
9. My sister runs two miles before breakfast. She started to do it when she was 15.
10. They go to Spain every summer. They started to do this 12 years ago.

Exercise 3.7.15
Rewrite these sentences using the present perfect and since or for.
Example: Does she work for Tarom? Did she begin to work there six years ago?
Has she worked for Tarom for six years?
1. Do you like ice cream? Did you like it when you were a child?
2. She sings with the Milan Opera. She started singing there three years ago.
3. He is an accountant. He became an accountant in 1985.
4. Our parents enjoy playing tennis. They began playing tennis when we went to college.
5. Grandma doesn’t drive anymore. She stopped driving when she turned 85.
6. Are your aunt and uncle in Italy? Did they go there last week?
7. Nick plays baseball every day. He started playing two years ago.
8. Their house is a wreck. It was destroyed when the hurricane struck.
9. She is in the library. She started to study three hours ago.
10. It isn’t raining; it stopped raining at 5:00 am.

Exercise 3.7.16
Insert since or for or the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.

Leroy and Paula are having a party. Two of their guests, Lee and Bob, have just met.
Lee: (1) Have you known (know) Leroy and Paula (2) for a long time?
Bob: I (3) __________ (know) Paula (4) ________________ my senior year in college. I
first (5) _______ (meet) Leroy at their wedding two years ago. What about you?
Lee: I’m a colleague of Leroy’s. We (6) _______ (work) together (7) ______ several years.
Bob: Oh, Leroy (8) _____________ (show) me some of your work last week. It’s great.
Lee: Thanks. What do you do?
Bob: I (9) ____ (teach) French (10) ___ ten years, but I (11) ___ (quit). Now I’m an actor.
Lee: An actor! I thought you looked familiar.
Bob: Well, not really. I (12) ________ (not work) as an actor (13) _______ last October. In
fact, last night I (14) ________________ (start) to work as a waiter at the Pizza Hut.
Lee: Really? I (15) ____________ (eat) there last night. That’s why you look familiar.

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 Reading 3
The Man Who Broke the Pound

Read the text and do the exercises that follow.

When George Soros was a child, he thought he was god. Today he is a legend: the
man who broke the pound, the ultimate gambler who bet $10 billion on black Wednesday and
won. Soros has also made his name as the billionaire benefactor of the Eastern bloc.
At 5.30 p.m. (10.30 p.m. in London) on Sept.15, 1992, Soros was sitting in his Manhattan
office. Confident that sterling could not stay in the Exchange Rate Mechanism, Soros
instructed his trader to sell $10 billion-worth of sterling, taking a giant gamble that the
sterling would have to be devalued overnight. Next morning he was woken at 7 a.m. by a call
telling him he had just made $958m. Later he learned that he had made further gains by siding
with the French authorities against speculators attacking the franc. All in all, from the events
of what became known as 'Black Wednesday', he had made close to $2 billion.
Attractive, with wavy grey hair, apple cheeks and appraising eyes behind aviator
glasses, Soros bears none of the accoutrements of a tycoon. 'I have a very abstract mind,' he
says, 'and as a result I don't really take pleasure in material possessions. If I were a different
person I'd buy old masters, but I don’t like to collect.’ Born in 1930 in Budapest he was the
son of a Hungarian Jewish lawyer who had been a prisoner of war in Siberia between 1917
and 1921.
Soros often credits his success as a trader to the inflated sense of self his father gave
him. In 1947 Soros, aged 17, escaped the communist regime, leaving his parents behind in
Hungary and emigrating to London. His only source of income was the money given to him
by an aunt who had already fled to Florida. It was a lonely period: he made few friends, partly
because he couldn't speak the language properly, partly because he had no money. In 1949 he
became a student of economics at the London School of Economics and then, later, in 1956,
aged 26, he moved to New York with $5000, his share of the profit he had made on £1000
given to him by a relative to invest. He was still poor and when his father developed cancer in
the early 1960s George was forced to ask the husband of a friend to help him find a surgeon
who would treat him free of charge. The turning point came in 1963 when he set up the Soros
Fund which, by the late 1970s, was beginning to make large profits.
Since 1979, Soros, a native Hungarian, has ploughed more than $100m of his
speculation profits into funding an 18-strong network of foundations in Central and Eastern
Europe and Russia. In 'The Man Who Broke The Pound', a Thames Television documentary,
Soros said the money he had made represented the equivalent of £12 for every man, woman
and child in Britain, who, he said, really ought to have contributed it to the transformation of
Eastern Europe. 'But I am happy to do it for them.'

Exercise 3.1
Match each words with its definition on the right.
1. benefactor a. to employ someone
2. speculator b. a businessman with great wealth and power
3. to devalue c. a person who helps other people by giving money
4. to hire someone d. a person who buys and sells goods
5. to gamble e. someone who tries to make money by taking business risks
6. trader f. to reduce the value of something (especially money)
7. tycoon g. to take a risk in the hope of gaining something

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 Tutor-Assessed Task 2
Look at the following and choose the sentences that you think are correct.
My sister is very good at languages.
1. She studies Italian; she started studying Italian in 1991, so…
a) she has studied Italian for several years.
b) she studies Italian several years.
c) she studied Italian for several years.
d) she is studying Italian since 1991.
2. When she was a child, she wanted to learn Russian; she still wants to learn it.
a) She wanted to learn Russian when she was a child.
b) She wants to learn Russian since she has been a child.
c) She has wanted to learn Russian for she was a child.
d) She has wanted to learn Russian since she was a child.
3. Two years ago she started taking courses at the local community college.
Unfortunately, she doesn’t have a car, so…
a) she takes the bus to school for two years.
b) she have taken the bus to school for two years.
c) she has taken the bus to school since two years.
d) she has taken the bus to school for two years.

Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for
the sentence to be grammatically correct.
4. The native people of Northern Canada and Alaska have participated in dog sled races
A B
since more than 500 years.
A B
5. The Inuit people has used dog sleds as their main source of transportation since
A B C D
settling in the northern parts of North America.
6. The sled dogs have working as faithful beasts of burden, carrying people and
A B C
equipment from place to place.
D
7. In the past, every Inuit family wants a dog sled team because this was the only source
A B C
of transportation over the frozen land.
D
8. The use of sled dogs as the primary means of transportation have declined since the
A B C D
invention of the snowmobile.
9. One of the most famous sled dog races, the Iditarod Trail, covers more than 1,000
A
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 miles of Alaskan wilderness; it have challenged competitors and their dogs for many
B C D
years.
10. I have wanted seeing this race for a long time, but I never had the opportunity.
A B C D
11. Last year, I have seen this great race for the first time. I was there at the finish line in
A B C D
Nome, Alaska.
12. Have you never eaten Indian food? No, I haven’t.
A B C D
13. I have had Indian food several times, but I didn’t had it in a long time. I think you
A B C D
would like it.
14. Yes, I think I would. I’ve always wanted to try Indian food, but not ever had the
A B C D
chance.
15. Indian food is famous for its curried vegetables. I have ate curried eggplant and
A B C D
curried beans.
16. That sounds great. Let’s go eat now. I need some lunch; I haven’t have anything to eat
A B C D
all day.
17. I need to look up the address of the Indian restaurant. I haven’t being there in a while.
A B C D
18. I think I’ll enjoy this. I haven’t eaten out since a while and I want a new taste
A B C D
experience.

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
19. ________ to Smoky Mountain National Park since it has been improved?
(A) You been (C) Have you been
(B) Were you (D) Did you go
20. No, but I want ________ back there.
(A) going (C) go
(B) to go (D) went
21. I ________ camped in such a beautiful national park since I was in Yellowstone
National Park in Wyoming.
(A) no (C) haven’t
(B) didn’t (D) don’t
22. The wilderness is breathtakingly beautiful, but the campsites are rough; they
________ few of the amenities of home.
(A) have had (C) haven’t
(B) have (D) has
23. There are wild animals in the park, and campers ________ be aware of the bears, who
like to steal the camper’s food.
(A) have (C) had
(B) have had (D) have to
24. Park rangers ________ many hiking trails since the park opened.
(A) have developed (C) are developing
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 (B) will develop (D) develop
25. Rangers have protected the natural beauty of the Great Smokies National Park
________ it was created
(A) for (C) when
(B) since (D) that
26. In the last decade, computers ________ an important part of everyday life.
(A) have become (C) have became
(B) will become (D) has became
27. ________ computers have been readily available for home use, it has become more
important to become computer literate.
(A) For (C) When
(B) Since (D) At the time
28. Schools are teaching all children to be computer literate because in the future everyone
will need ________ these skills.
(A) to have (C) have
(B) having (D) can have
29. Almost every part of our lives ________ computerised – work, school, the
government, and even the grocery store over the past few decades.
(A) had (C) was
(B) have been (D) had been
30. Since I ________ college, I ________ a computer to help me write my papers.
(A) ‘ve been … ‘ve using (C) ‘ve been … ‘ve used
(B) was … ‘ve used (D) ‘ve been … used
31, Yesterdays, I ________ a computer to write my term paper.
(A) have used (C) has used
(B) used (D) have been using

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