SCIENTISTS/ CONTIBUTORS Significant Contributions

HIPPOCRATES dse caused by imbalance in 4 humors

father of medicine
PLATO 2 kinds of madness: appetitive & divine madness
described affection of desire, anger, fear, courage, envy, joy,
ARISTOTLE hatred and pity
consolidated the thought of H, P & A, depression is caused by
GALEN black bile
AVICENNA certain dse were caused by emotional upsets
CONSTANTIUS AFRICANUS delusional thinking
BARTHOLOMEUS ANGLICUS localize mental dse and fnxs of the diff parts of the brain
H. KRAMER & J. SPRENGER persecution of persons for witchcraft
PARACELSUS dse not caused by demons but are natural dse
JUAN LUIS VIVES psychological assn % their influence in forming emotions
PRE- SPANISH ERA rituals & ceremonies, babaylans
TIMOTHY BRIGHT divided melancholy
FELIX PLATER 1st physician to separate medicine from philo
mental ilnesses were perceived to be caused by supernatural
SPANISH ERA dieties
ROBERT BURTON herbelarios
WILLIAM HARVEY 1st book in psychiatry
PAOLO ZACCHIA forensic psych
GEORGE ERNST STAHL theory of animism
GEORGE CHYNE depression caused by gluttony and intemperance
SIMON ANDRE TISSOT marturbation
FRANZ ANTON MESMER hypnosis
VINCENZO CHIARUGI 1st attempt to treat insane without restraints
WILLIAM CULLEN neurotic and neurosis
PHILIPPE PINEL moral tx of morality
JOHANN REIL founder rational psychotherapy
BENJAMIN RUSH 1st gen. book in psych.
THOMAS SUTTON 1st description of alcoholic delirium tremens
JOHANN CHRISTIAN HEINROTH 1st systemic textbook in psych. Word psychosomatic
ROBERT GOOCH social psych
JEAN ETIENNE AND DOMINIQUE
ESQUIROL coined the term hallucination
ISAAC RAY founded american forensic psych
J. MOREAU DE TOURS 1st psychiatrist to experience drug- induced psychosis
JEAN CHARCOT hysterical symptoms in men and women
KARL KALBAUM catatonia
GEORGE MILLER BEARD neurasthenia
RICHARD VON KRAFFT- EBING homosexuality, sadism and masochism
HERMAN EMMINGHAUS 1st textbook child psychiatry
divided major psychosis into groups: dementia, praecox, manic-
EMIL KRAEPELIN depressive pscyhosis
SIGMOND FREUD founder psychoanalysis
AMERICAN REGIME biomedical phenomenon
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
EUGEN BLEULER coined the term schizoprhenia
ALFRED ADLER coined the terms "life style and inferiority complex
HERMAN RORSCHACH inkblot test
KAREN HORNEY opposes freud theory
FRANZ KALLMAN heridditary factor of schizophrenia
LIBERATION PERIOD
HELEN DEUTSCH life cycle of the women
MELANIE KLEIN psychoanalysis for children
ERIK ERICSON concepts of infantile sexuality and concept of adult identity
DONALD WINNICOT devt of creativity and cultural life in general
JEAN DELAY 1st drug, chlorpromazine
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN not only overt and covert rxn, but also therapists'own rxn
CARL GUSTAV JUNG tx and concepts of the unconscious
ADOLF MEYER viewed px as biological and psychological unity
MARGARET MAHLER separation- individuation process
DANIEL LEVINSON mid- life transition for men
BEHAVIORAL MED AND applications of principles of behavior therapy
BIOFEEDBACK
JOHN BOWLBY mother and son and the asociated depression during separation
ERIC KANDEL connections bet the psychiatry and neurobiology
AARON BECK cognitive therapy

ANCIENT GREEK:
1st civilization in Egypt and Near East:
Mental Illness: due to magical forces of malevolent deities (demons) and the main therapists were
the priest and magical rites; psychological or somatic or both

HIPPOCRATES- 5 humors of human body

 Phlegm- high means dementia
 Yellow bile- high means maniac
 Black bile- high means melancholic
 Blood
- Secreted by various organs with different qualities at different times.
Brain- the seat of life

ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD:

PLATO
 3 parts of soul; rational, appetitive, spirit- affective (mnemonic: RAS)
 verbal dialective to treat diseases

ARISTOTLE
 mental illness occurred when soul is subjected to changes in temperature, black bile and
emotions
 first to describe the affections of desire, anger, fear, envy, joy, hatred and pity.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TX:
 inducing sleep
 interpreting dreams
 words to encourage, console and gain knowledge of an illness

STOICISM AND EPICURIANISM

- passion and unsatisfied desires act on the soul to produce mental illness

GALEN- greatest roman physician

- humor exist in normal and abnormal forms with 4 qualities: HOT, COLD DRY AND
MOIST
- insane were kept at homes, Greeks kept them in Aesculapian sanctuaries,
Roman soldiers in military hospital

MIDDLE AGES
CHRISTIAN WESTERN EUROPE
- evil astrological influence and demons entering the body and possessing the
soul
- illness: 1. symptoms of possession of the devil 2. Dance mania and 3. acedia
- tx: exorcism and medicinal tx

ISLAM
- society is responsible for the kind care of the insane
- hospitals with psychiatry division
- insane asylums in Damascus
- Madmen’s Tower

Valencia Spain, 1409- the first Christian Europian Asylum

THE RENAISSANCE
Witches
- women who were hysterical and psychotic and with sexual delusions
- tx: inquisitorial tortures
- witch hunting craze

JOHN WEYER- disprove the witches and pioneered the MODERN PSYCHIATRY
17TH CENTURY
 THJOMAS WILLIS and THOMAS SYDENHAM- comprehensive account of the symptoms of
hysteria
- incarceration of the insane in 1656
- in 1660 in England, most insane were kept at homes or left to roam, few were
sent to madhouses or asylums

18TH CENTURY
- diseases were more classified:
- insane inmates were viewed having incurable dse and was restrained and
beaten and constantly threatened.

PHILLIPPE PINEL- classified mental illness as mania, melancholy, idiocy and dementia
- “moral tx of insanity”- reading, reasoning, persuasion in cell
- Part of the bicetre health facility outside paris in 1798.
- Realistically attempted to help mentally ill against horrible doctors
understanding illness

EARLY 19TH CENTURY

JEAN ETIENNE ESQUIROL- theory of practice of moral therapy and saw asylums as one of the
powerful weapons against mental illness.

WILLIAM TUKE – abolished mechanical restraints and introduced chemical restraints (bromide and
chloral hydrate
BENJAMIN RUSH- father of American Psychiatry
- somatic causation of illness

OTTO LOEWI and SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE- linked biology and psychiatry
- discovered the first neurotransmitter; acetylcholine

LATE 19TH CENTURY

Classification of Functional Psychoses:
EMIL KRAEPELIN- manic depressive and dementia precox
EUGENE BLEULER- coined the term schizophrenia, autism and ambivalence
SIGMUND FREUD- psychoanalysis
 HUMAN SEXUALITY
- important part of the history of psychiatry
- concepts of psychoanalysis and repression were made widely heralded at the
time and are still in use in some forms today
- one of his greatest contributions to the filed was opening a private practice

EUGO CERLETTI and LUCIO BENI- ECT

SERGEI KORSAKOFF- korsakoff’s psychosis
ALOIS ALZHEIMER- alzheimers dementia

CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROSES
1. NEURASTHENIA- physical and mental exhaustion, previously called as hypochondriasis
2. HYSTERIA

LATE 20TH CENTURY

- Lobotomies- surgical opening of the lobe of the brain
- Psychotropic drugs;
 Chlorpromazine- 1ST psychotic drug
 Benzodiazepines
 TCA’s
 SSRI
 Lithium

- deinstitutionalization
- community care

EGAS MONIZ- performed the first lobotomy or leucotomy