Pharmacognosy

SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AJMAL SHAH

SUBMITTED BY: 16956 SAVAIRA TARIQ

16952 RUMAN ISHAQ

TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF FIBER FROM ANIMAL SOURCES

PROGRAM: PHARM. D

SEMESTER: 4TH

SESSION: 2017-2022

DEPARTMENT: FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

INSTITUTE: GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSTY FSD.

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Classification of fibers from animal origin

Fiber:

A fiber is a thin thread like structure that combine to form animal and plant tissues or may be made
synthetically from animal sources

Classification of natural fibers:

Natural fibers are classified into three main types derived from the sources they are obtain

 Animal
 Plant
 Mineral

Fibers obtain from animal sources:

They are classified as

1. Silk
 Wild silk
 Cultivated silk
2. Wool
 Marino
 cross band
3. Hair
 Llama
 Alpaca
 Vicuna
 Camel
 Rabbit

Fibers obtain from plant sources include

1. Fruits
 Coir
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 2. Seed
 Cotton
 Kapok
3. Bast
 Jute
 Hump
 Ramie
4. Leaf
 Manila
 Sisal

Fibers can also be obtain from minerals:

 Asbestos (rock)

Animal fibers:
Animal fibers differ from plant fibers as they mainly composed of proteins these fibers are
obtain from animals or insects and play an important role in building block of life

1. Silk:
Silk is obtain mainly from silkworm bombyx mori which lives on mulberry leaves it is
produced mainly in India, Indonesia, Brazil, Argentina, China, Japan etc.

Types

There are many types of silk

1. Mulberry silk:
It is high quality silk obtain from larva live on mulberry leaves
2. Tasar silk:

Produce by several species of silk worm belonging to moth genus Antheraea

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 3. Eri silk:
Also known as “endi” or “erandi” means castor as the silk worm live and feed on castor
plants
4. Muga silk:
It is known for its extreme durability and yellowish golden tint
5. Spider silk:
It is a protein fiber spun by spider they use it to make their webs and other structures
which are use to catch other structure
6. Mussel silk:
It is secreted by the gland in the foot of pen shell in particular Pinna nobilis
7. Anaphe silk

8. Coan silk
Produced by silk worm raised in captivity it is mainly use in textile industry

How silk is prod

Silk worm live on mulberry leave, after 4 6 weeks they convert to larvae and after 3-8 days they
convert to cocoons.

These cocoons if further processed they change to moth in 16 days, then healthy cocoons are
selected and they are boiled in water ,unwind and produce thread of 300-900m which then twist
and weave and dyed if required.

Silk fiber

 A silk filament a continuous thread of tensile strength measuring from 500-

1500m in length with a diameter of 10-13micron
 In woven silk the fiber triangular structure act as a prism that reflect light ,giving
silk a natural shimmer

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Chemical structures

Silk contain two imp protein

A. sericin
B. fibroin
A. Sericin
It is a sticky material surrounding the fibroin
It is used as
 Antioxidant
 Coagulant
 Moisturizer
 Nutrient
 Chemo protective
B. Fibroin

Structural center of silk made up of long chain of amino acid Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala

They form beta pleated sheet, beta keratin

Uses

1. silk fiber use in surgical dressing have

2. good biocompatibility and biodegradability
3. Show adherence and flexibility to wound and minimal inflammatory response
4. Use in contact lenses
5. Hepatoprotective in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity

Products

1. Silk dressing
2. Wound dressing
3. Transdermal patch
4. Adhesive tape

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Wool
Wool and hair fiber are natural hair of certain animal and compose of protein.

Protein consist of complex organic compound containing amino acid.

It is obtained from fleece sheep(Ovis aries) which belong to family Bovidae.

Types

1. Yak wool
Yak fiber is the term commonly used to refer yak fiber wool produced from the coat hair
of yaks, a long-haired bovine mainly found in the Himalayan region.
2. Alpaca wool
Alpaca fleece is the natural fiber harvested from an alpaca. It is light or heavy in weight,
depending on how it is spun. It is a soft, durable, luxurious and silky natural fiber
3. Llama wool
Llama wool has been used for hundreds of years . Two types of yarn are made using llama
fleece. The fibers from the animal’s undercoat are extremely soft and fine, which means
they are ideal for making all kinds of clothes.
4. Camel hair
Camel hair specifically refers to the fur from the body of a camel, but more generally refers
to the fiber that may be made from either pure camel hair or a blend of camel hair and
another fiber. Camel hair has two components: guard hair and undercoat
5. Cashmere wool

It is a fiber obtained from cashmere goats or pashmina goats and other types of goat. The
word cashmere is an old spelling of Kashmir.

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 6. Angora wool
Angora hair or Angora fiber refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. While
the names of the source animals are similar, Angora fiber is distinct from mohair, which
comes from the Angora goat.
7. Mohair wool
Mohair is usually a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. Both
durable and resilient, mohair is notable for its high luster and sheen, which has helped gain
it the nickname the "Diamond Fiber", and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities
to a textile

Processing:

There are different steps involve in process of wool from sheep to form fabric

1. Shearing:

In this process, wool is cut off from the sheep body and further processes occur.

2. Scouring and cleaning :

In this process, wool is washed with water and detergent to remove all impurities.

3. Grading and sorting:

In this process wool is separated according to grades, length and colour .Good quality wool
is separated from low quality wool.

4. Carding :

In carding process, wool fibers are intermixes to form a network or web.

5. Spinning :

In this process, carded web is twisted together to form yarn. web is passed through spinner
of different number so produce different type of yarn.

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 6. Weaving:

In this process, yarn is further processed to convert into fabric

7. Finishing:

Fabric is treated with chemical and other physical processes to make them soft,water
resistant and then dyed to give them different colours..

Wool fiber :

These are extremely complex ,highly cross linked keratin, made up of seventeen different amino
acids. The amino acid content in wool varies with variety of wool. Fiber diameter is 16 micron

Fibrous keratin molecule supercoil to form stable lefthanded. Consist of multiple copies of keratin
monomer

Uses :

1. as fire proof material

2. as insulating material for sound
3. manufacturing of surgical dressing
4. in the formation of bandages which absorb body fluid
5. wool adhesive tapes are use in covering wounds which cannot move from their place.

Products

1. Plasters
2. Wound dressing
3. Adhesive tapes
4. Cotton adhesive elastic bandage

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