Chap:-2] Rank of a Matrix

Definition:-A positive integer ‘r’ is said to be rank of non-zero matrix A.

If
1. There exist atleast one non-zero minor of order r.
2. Every minor of order (𝑟 + 1) is zero and is denoted by 𝜚(𝐴)

Normal form or Canonical Form:-

𝐼𝑟 𝐼𝑟 0
A matrix 'A’ of rank ‘r’ can be reduced to the form 𝐼𝑟 𝐼𝑟 0 ,
, by a finite
0 0 0
Sequence of elementary transformation is called Normal Form or Canonical Form.
Ex:-1] Reduce the following matrix to the normal form or canonical form.Hence
determine it’s rank where,
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑨= 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟎
SolLet
1 2 3
𝐴= 3 4 5
6 8 10
𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 6𝑅1
1 2 3
~ 0 −2 −4
0 −4 −8
𝐶2 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶3 − 3𝐶1
1 0 0
~ 0 −2 −4
0 −4 −8
1
− 𝑅
2 2
1 0 0
~ 0 1 2
0 −4 −8
𝑅3 + 4𝑅2
1 0 0
~ 0 1 2
0 0 0
𝐶3 − 2𝐶2

1
 1 0 ⋮ 0
0 1 ⋮ 0
~
⋯ ⋯ ⋮ ⋯
0 0 ⋮ 0
𝐼2 0
=
0 0
𝜚 𝐴 =2
Ex:-2] Reduce the following matrix to the normal form or canonical form. Hence
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟐
determine it’s rank , where 𝑨= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟓
3 2 5 7 12
Sol 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴= 1 1 2 3 5
3 3 6 9 15
𝑅12
1 1 2 3 5
 3 2 5 7 12
3 3 6 9 15
𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 1 2 3 5
0 −1 −1 −2 −3
0 0 0 0 0
𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶4 − 3𝐶1 , 𝐶5 − 5𝐶1
1 0 0 0 0
 0 −1 −1 −2 −3
0 0 0 0 0
−𝑅2
1 0 0 0 0
 0 1 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0
𝐶3 − 𝐶2 , 𝐶4 − 2𝐶2 , 𝐶5 − 3𝐶2
1 0 ⋮ 0 0 0
0 1 ⋮ 0 0 0

⋯ ⋯ ⋮ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
0 0 ⋮ 0 0 0
𝐼2 0
=
0 0
𝜚 𝐴 =2

2
Ex:-3]Reduce the following matrix to the normal form or canonical form.Hence
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
determine it’s rank , where 𝑨= 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟐 𝟔 𝟕 𝟓
SolLet,
1 2 3 2
𝐴= 1 2 3 4
2 6 7 5
𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 2 3 2
~ 0 0 0 2
0 2 1 1
𝐶2 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶3 − 3𝐶1 , 𝐶4 − 2𝐶1
1 0 0 0
~ 0 0 0 2
0 2 1 1
𝑅23
1 0 0 0
~ 0 2 1 1
0 0 0 2
𝐶23
1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 2
𝐶3 − 2𝐶2 , 𝐶4 − 𝐶2
1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 2
1
𝑅3
2

1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
𝐶34
1 0 0 ¦ 0
~ 0 1 0 ¦ 0
0 0 1 ¦ 0
= 𝐼3 0

3
𝜚 𝐴 = 3
Ex:-4] Reduce the following matrix to the normal Form.Hence determine it’s rank ,
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟔
where 𝑨= 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Sol Let,
2 1 −3 −6
𝐴= 3 −3 1 2
1 1 1 2
𝑅13
1 1 1 2
~ 3 −3 1 2
2 1 −3 −6
𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 1 1 2
~ 0 −6 −2 −4
0 −1 −5 −10
𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶4 − 2𝐶1
1 0 0 0
~ 0 −6 −2 −4
0 −1 −5 −10
𝑅23
1 0 0 0
~ 0 −1 −5 −10
0 −6 −2 −4
−1 𝑅2
1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 5 10
0 −6 −2 −4
𝑅3 + 6𝑅2
1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 5 10
0 0 28 56
𝐶3 − 5𝐶2 , 𝐶4 − 10𝐶2
1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 0 0
0 0 28 56

4
 1
𝐶
28 3
1 0 0 0
~ 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 56
𝐶4 − 56𝐶3
1 0 0 ¦ 0
~ 0 1 0 ¦ 0
0 0 1 ¦ 0
= 𝐼3 0
𝜚 𝐴 = 3
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Ex:-5] Reduce the following matrix to the normal form where 𝑨 = Hence
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
find 𝝔 𝑨
Sol Let,
1 2 3
𝐴=
3 1 2
𝑅2 -3R1
1 2 3
~
0 −5 −7
𝐶2 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶3 − 3𝐶1
1 0 0
~
0 −5 −7
−1 −1
𝐶2 , 𝐶3
5 7

1 0 0
~
0 1 1
𝐶3 − 𝐶2
1 0¦ 0
~
0 1¦ 0
= 𝐼2 0
𝜚 𝐴 =2
 Note:-If A is a matrix of order 𝐦  𝐧 then 𝐀 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐀 𝐈𝐧
If A is a matrix of rank ‘r’ then their exist a non-singular matrix P & Q such that
𝑰𝒓 𝟎
𝑷𝑨𝑸 = (normal form)
𝟎 𝟎

5
Ex:-1]Find the non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is a normal form where
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
𝑨 = −𝟏 𝟑 𝟎
𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
SolLet,
1 2 −2
𝐴 = −1 3 0
0 −2 1
Since A is a matrix of order 3 × 3
 𝐴 = 𝐼3 . 𝐴 . 𝐼3
1 2 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0
−1 3 0 = 0 1 0 . 𝐴. 0 1 0
0 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅2 + 𝑅1
1 2 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 5 −2 = 1 1 0 . 𝐴. 0 1 0
0 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝐶2 − 2𝐶1 , 𝐶3 + 2𝐶1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −2 2
0 5 −2 = 1 1 0 . 𝐴. 0 1 0
0 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅2 + 2𝑅3
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −2 2
0 1 0 = 1 1 2 . 𝐴. 0 1 0
0 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝑅3 + 2𝑅2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −2 2
0 1 0 = 1 1 2 . A. 0 1 0
0 0 1 2 2 5 0 0 1
i.e. I3 = 𝑃𝐴𝑄
1 0 0 1 −2 2
where 𝑃 = 1 1 2 & 𝑄= 0 1 0
2 2 5 0 0 1
Ex:-2] Find the non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in normal form
𝟐 𝟔
where 𝑨 = 𝟏 𝟑
𝟑 𝟗

6
Sol Let
2 6
𝐴= 1 3
3 9
Since A is a matrix of order 3 × 2
 𝐴 = 𝐼3 . 𝐴. 𝐼2
2 6 1 0 0
1 0
1 3 = 0 1 0 . 𝐴.
0 1
3 9 0 0 1
𝑅12
1 3 0 1 0
1 0
2 6 = 1 0 0 . 𝐴.
0 1
3 9 0 0 1
𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 3 0 1 0
1 0
0 0 = 1 −2 0 . 𝐴.
0 1
0 0 0 −3 1
𝐶2 − 3𝐶1
1 ⋮ 0
0 1 0
⋯ ⋯ ⋮ ⋯ ⋯ 1 −3
= 1 −2 0 . 𝐴.
0 ⋮ 0 0 1
0 −3 1
0 ⋮ 0
𝐼1 0
i.e. = 𝑃𝐴𝑄
0 0
0 1 0
1 −3
where 𝑃 = 1 −2 0 𝑄=
0 1
0 −3 1
and ϱ(A) = 1
 Elementary Matrix:-A matrix obtained from unit matrix by performing single
elementary transformations is called Elementary matrix or E-matrix.
 Notation :-
𝐈
1. 𝐄𝐢𝐣 𝑹𝒊𝒋
𝐈
2. 𝐄𝐢 𝐤 𝐊𝐑 𝐢
𝐈
3. 𝐄𝐢𝐣 𝐤 𝑹𝒊 + 𝑲𝑹𝒋
𝐈
4. 𝐄′𝐢𝐣 𝐂𝐢𝐣
𝑰
5. 𝐄′𝐢 (𝒌) 𝑲𝑪𝒊
𝐈
6. 𝐄′𝐢𝐣 (𝐤) 𝐂𝐢 + 𝐊𝐂𝐣

7
Ex:-1]Compute the following E- matrix E12. E12(3).E1'(2) of order three.
1 0 0
Sol Let 𝐼 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
𝑅12 0 1 0
Now,𝐼 1 0 0 = 𝐸12
0 0 1
𝑅1 +3𝑅2 1 3 0
𝐼 0 1 0 = 𝐸12 (3)
0 0 1
2𝐶1 2 0 0
𝐼 0 1 0 = E1 ′ (2)
0 0 1
 E12 . E12 3 . E1 ′ (2)
0 1 0 1 3 0 2 0 0
= 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2 0 0
= 1 3 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0
= 2 3 0
0 0 1
Ex:-2]Compute E23(-2).E'12.E12(2) of order 3
1 0 0
Sol Let I= 0 1 0
0 0 1
𝑅2 −2𝑅3 1 0 0
𝐼 0 1 −2 = 𝐸23 (−2)
0 0 1
𝐶12 0 1 0
𝐼 1 0 0 = 𝐸 ′ 12
0 0 1
R 1 +2R 2 1 2 0
I 0 1 0 = E12 (2)
0 0 1

E23 −2 . E ′ 12 . E12 (2)

8
 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0
= 0 1 −2 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 2 0
= 1 0 −2 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0
= 1 2 −2
0 0 1
Ex:-3] Compute E'23.E12(3).E'12(3) of order 3
1 0 0
SolLet 𝐼 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
C 23 1 0 0
I 0 0 1 = 𝐸 ′ 23
0 1 0
𝑅1 +3𝑅2 1 3 0
𝐼 0 1 0 = 𝐸12 (3)
0 0 1
𝐶1 +3𝐶2 1 0 0
𝐼 3 1 0 = 𝐸 ′ 12 3
0 0 1
𝐸 ′ 23 . 𝐸12 3 . 𝐸 ′ 12 3
1 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0
= 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 3 0 1 0 0
= 0 0 1 3 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
10 3 0
= 0 0 1
3 1 0
 Formulae:-
−𝟏
1. 𝑬𝒊𝒋 = 𝑬𝒊𝒋
−𝟏 𝟏
2. 𝑬𝒊 (𝑲) = 𝑬𝒊
𝒌
−𝟏
3. 𝑬𝒊𝒋 (𝑲) = 𝑬𝒊𝒋 (−𝒌)
−𝟏
4. 𝐄 ̍ 𝐢𝐣 = 𝑬 ̍ 𝒊𝒋
−𝟏 𝟏
5. 𝐄 ̍ 𝐢 (𝐊) = 𝐄 ̍𝐢
𝒌
−𝟏
̍ ̍
6. 𝐄 𝐢𝐣 (𝐊) = 𝑬 𝒊𝒋 (−𝑲)

9
 −𝟏
Ex:-1] Compute 𝐄𝟐𝟑 . 𝐄𝟏𝟐 −𝟐 . 𝐄 ̍ 𝟏 (𝟐) of order 3.
1 0 0
Sol Let 𝐼= 0 1 0
0 0 1
𝑅23 1 0 0
Now, 𝐼 0 0 1 = 𝐸23
0 1 0
𝑅1 +2𝑅2 1 2 0
−1
𝐼 0 1 0 = 𝐸12 (−2) = E12 (2)
0 0 1
2𝐶1 2 0 0
𝐼 0 1 0 = E ̍1 (2)
0 0 1
−1
∴ E23 . E12 −2 . E ̍1 (2)
1 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0
= 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 2 0 2 0 0
= 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
2 2 0
= 0 0 1
0 1 0
−𝟏
Ex:-2]Compute 𝐄𝟏 𝟐 . 𝐄𝟏𝟐 𝟑 . 𝐄 ̍ 𝟏 (𝟐) of order 3 .
1 0 0
Sol Let 𝐼 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
2𝑅1 2 0 0
Now, 𝐼 0 1 0 = E1 2
0 0 1
𝑅1 −3𝑅2 1 −3 0
−1
𝐼 0 1 0 = 𝐸12 (3) = E12 (−3)
0 0 1
2𝐶1 1 0 0
𝐼 0 2 0 = E ̍1 (2)
0 0 1

−1
∴ E1 2 . E12 3 . E ̍1 (2)

10
 2 0 0 1 −3 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2 −6 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 0 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
2 −12 0
= 0 2 0
0 0 1
−𝟏
Ex:-3]Compute 𝐄𝟐𝟑 𝟐 . 𝐄𝟏 𝟐 . 𝐄 ̍ 𝟏𝟐 of order 3.
1 0 0
Sol Let 𝐼= 0 1 0
0 0 1
𝑅2 +2𝑅3 1 0 0
Now, 𝐼 0 1 2 = 𝐸23 (2)
0 0 1
1
𝑅 1/2 0 0
2 1 −1
𝐼 0 1 0 = 𝐸1 (2) = E1 (1/2)
0 0 1
𝐶12 0 1 0
𝐼 1 0 0 = E ̍12
0 0 1
−1
∴ E23 2 . E1 2 . E ̍12
1 0 0 1/2 0 0 0 1 0
= 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1/2 0 0 0 1 0
= 0 1 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1/2 0
= 1 0 2
0 0 1
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
Ex:-1] Find the rank of the following matrix 𝑨 = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
1 2 −1
SolLet 𝐴 = 0 1 1
2 1 3
= 1 3 − 1 − 2 −2 − 1(−2)
= 1 2 − 2 −2 − 1(−2)

11
 =2+4+2
A =8≠0
∴𝜚 𝐴 =3
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
Ex:-2] Find the rank of the following matrix 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
1 1 −1
Sol Let A = 2 1 0
−1 1 3
= 1 3 − 1 6 − 1(2 + 1)
=3−6−3
A = −6 ≠ 0
∴ 𝜚 𝐴 =3
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
Ex:-3] Find the rank of the following matrix 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟓 𝟔
𝟐 𝟓 𝟔
1 3 4
Sol Let A = 2 5 6
2 5 6
= 1 30 − 30 − 3 12 − 12 + 4(10 − 10)
A =0
∴ 𝜚 𝐴 ≠3
Consider the determinant of order 2 .
1 3
i.e. =5−6
2 5
= −1 ≠ 0
∴ 𝜚 𝐴 =2
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
Ex:-4] Find the rank of the following matrix 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
3 6 3
Sol 𝐿𝑒𝑡 A = 2 4 6
2 4 6
= 3 24 − 24 − 6 12 − 12 + 3 8 − 8
=0

12
 ∴ 𝜚 𝐴 ≠3
Consider the determinant of order 2 .
3 6
i.e. = 12 − 12
2 4
=0
2 4
=8−8
2 4
=0
4 6
= 24 − 24
4 6
=0
6 3
= 36 − 12
4 6
= 24 ≠ 0
∴ 𝜚 A = 2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Ex:5] Find the rank of the following matrix 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝟑 𝟔 𝟗
1 2 3
Sol 𝐿𝑒𝑡 A = 2 4 6
3 6 9
= 1 36 − 36 − 2 18 − 18 + 3(12 − 12)
= 1 0 − 2 0 + 3(0)
A =0
∴ 𝜚 𝐴 ≠3
Consider the determinant of order 2 .
1 2
i.e. =4−4
2 4
=0
2 4
= 12 − 12
3 6
=0
4 6
= 36 − 36
6 9
=0

13
 2 3
= 12 − 12
4 6
=0
∴ 𝜚 A ≠2
∴ 𝜚 A =1
𝟐 𝟔
Ex:-6] Find the rank of the following matrix 𝑨 = 𝟏 𝟑
𝟑 𝟗
Sol Consider the determinant of order 2 .
2 6
i.e. =6−6
1 3
=0
1 3
=9−9
3 9
=0
2 6
= 18 − 18
3 9
=0
∴ 𝜚 A ≠2
∴ 𝜚 A =1
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
Ex:-7] Find the rank of A when 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝑨 = 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Sol Let 𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
A = 1 1 1
1 1 1
=0
∴ 𝜚 𝐴 ≠3
Consider the determinant of order 2 .
1 1
i.e.
1 1
=0
∴ 𝜚 A ≠2

14
 ∴ 𝜚 A =1
Theorem 4:- Show that the inverse of an elementary matrix is an elementary is an
elementary matrix of the same type.
Proof:- Let I be the unit matrix of order n.
1. Consider n-rowed elementary row matrices Eij , Ei K and Eij K , where K ≠ 0 .
a) We have Eij = 𝐼 Eij .

By performing R ij on both sides,we get,

𝐼 = Eij . Eij
−1
∴ Eij = Eij

b) We have Ei K = I Ei K , K ≠ 0.
1
By performing R i on both sides , we get,
K
1
𝐼 = Ei Ei K .
K
1
∴ Ei (K)−1 = Ei
K

c) We have Eij K = I Eij K .

By performing R ij (−𝐾) on both sides, we get,

𝐼 = Eij −K Eij (K)

∴ (Eij K )−1 =Eij (−K)

2. Similarly we can prove that

1
(E ̍ ij )−1 = E ̍ ij , (E ̍ i (K))−1 = E ̍ i and
K
(E ̍ ij (K))−1 = E ̍ ij (−K)

Theorem:-2] If A is a matrix of rank r then there exists non singular matrices P and Q
𝑰 𝟎
such that 𝑷𝑨𝑸 = 𝒓 (i.e. PAQ is the normal form of A) .
𝟎 𝟎
Proof:- Let A be a matrix of rank r .
𝐼𝑟 0
∴ 𝐴 can be reduced to normal form by performing a finite sequence of
0 0
elementary transformations on A.
Let E1 , E2 , … … … . , EK be an elementary row matrices corresponding to the row
transformations which are applied on A in order and E ̍1 , E ̍ 2 , … … … , E ̍ t be the
elementary column matrices corresponding to the column transformations which are
applied on A in order .

15
 𝐼𝑟 0
∴ (EK EK−1……….. E2 E1 ) 𝐴 E ̍1 , E ̍ 2 , … … … , E ̍ t =
0 0
Denote 𝑃 = EK EK−1………….. E2 E1 and 𝑄 = E ̍1 E ̍ 2 … … … E ̍ t
∴ P = EK EK−1………….. E2 E1
= EK EK−1 … … … E2 E1

≠ 0 ∵ Each Ei ≠ 0 as Ei is an elementary matrix.

Similarly Q ≠ 0 .
𝐼𝑟 0
Now P and Q are non-singular matrices such that 𝑃𝐴𝑄 =
0 0
Ex:-1] Determine the value of x (if any) that will make the matrix A given below of
a) Rank 3
b) Rank 1
c) Rank 2 .
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏
𝑨= 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙
𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
𝑥 𝑥 1
Sol Let 𝐴 = 1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 1(1 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 − 1) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
= 𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 − 1)2 2𝑥 + 1
a) 𝜚 A = 3⬄ 𝐴 ≠ 0
⬄(𝑥 − 1)2 (2x + 1) ≠ 0
1
⬄ 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −
2
−1
⬄ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 1,
2
1
∴ 𝜚 A = 3, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 1,
2

1 1 1
b) If 𝑥 = 1 then 𝐴 = 0 and 𝐴 = 1 1 1
1 1 1

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We see that every deeterminant of order 2 is zero
1 1
i.e. =0
1 1
∴ 𝜚 A = 1 i.e. 𝜚 A = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 .
−1 −1
1
2 2
1 −1 −1
c) If 𝑥 = − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 0 and 𝐴 = 1 2 2
2
−1 −1
1
2 2
−1 −1
2 2 1 1
Here −1 = +
4 2
1
2

3
= ≠0
4
−1
∴ 𝜚 A = 2 i.e. 𝜚 A = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = .
2

𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
Ex:-2] If 𝑨 = 𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 , Show that 𝝔 𝐀 = 𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝐱 ∈ ℝ − 𝟏
−𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙
Sol Let
2 0 2
𝐴 = 0 𝑥 1
−2 −1 𝑥
= 2 𝑥 2 + 1 − 0 2 + 2(0 + 2𝑥)
= 2𝑥 2 + 2 + 4𝑥
= 2(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)
= 2(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 , 𝜚 A = 3⬄ 𝐴 ≠ 0
⇒ 2(𝑥 + 1)2 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝑥 ≠ −1
∴ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝐱 ∈ ℝ − 𝟏 , 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝜚 A = 3

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