Bernoulli’s Equation Application

Weirs
“Weirs”

Lecture 16
 Flow over notches and weirs
Notch
ƒ iis an opening
i iin th
the side
id off a ttank
k or reservoir,
i
which extends above the surface of the liquid.
ƒ It is usually a device for measuring discharge.
ƒ A weir is a notch on a larger
g scale – usuallyy
found in rivers.
ƒ It may be sharp crested but also may have a
substantial width in the direction of flow – it is
used as both a flow measuring device and a
device to raise water levels.
 Weir Assumptions
ƒ The velocity of the fluid approaching the weir
is small so that kinetic energy can be
neglected.
ƒ The
Th velocity
l it th
through
gh any elemental
l t l strip
ti
depends only on the depth below the free
surface.
surface
ƒ These are acceptable assumptions for tanks
with
ith notches
t h or reservoirs i with
ith weirs,
i b t for
but f
flows where the velocity approaching the weir
is substantial the kinetic energy must be taken
into account (e.g. a fast moving river).
 A General Weir Equation
To determine an expression for the theoretical flow through a notch
we will consider a horizontal strip of width b and depth h below the
free surface, as shown in the figure
velocity through the strip
V = 2 gh
discharge through the strip,
δQ = AV = b δh 2 gh
•Integrating
g g ffrom the ffree surface,
f , h = 0,, to the weir crest,, h = H
gives the expression for the total theoretical discharge,
H
2 g ∫ bh 2 dh
1
• Qtheoretical
h l =
0
 Rectangular
g Weir
For a rectangular weir the width
does not change with depth so
there is no relationship between b
and depth h. We have the
equation, b = constant = B.
Figure 4.11 :
Substituting this with the general H A rectangular weir
weir equation gives: Qtheoretical = B 2 g ∫ h 1
2
dh
O
2
= B 2g H 2
3

3
To calculate the actual discharge we introduce a coefficient of discharge,
Cd, which accounts for losses at the edges of the weir and contractions in
the area of flow,
flow giving : 2
Qactual = C d
3
B 2g H 2

3
 Weirs
1. Rectangular weir ( U - notch )

x
T. E
T E. L
v0
2
B
2g H. G. L
v0 h
H dh H
crest crest or apex
y1

dQ = Cd dA v
 Weirs (cont.)
dQ = Cd dA v
If we neglect the velocity of water in the canal
dQ = Cd B dh 2 gh
2
(h )
H 3
Q = Cd B 2 g ∫
0
h dh = Cd B 2 g
3
2

If we consider the velocity of approach

H + va2 / 2 g

h dh = Cd B (h )2
H 2 3
Q = Cd B 2 g ∫
0 3 va2 / 2 g
 Weirs – U-notch (cont.)
⎡ 3
2 2⎤
3
2 ⎢⎛ va ⎞ ⎛ va ⎞ ⎥
2 2
Q = Cd B 2 g ⎜⎜ H + ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
3 ⎢⎝ 2g ⎠ ⎝ 2g ⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
This equation can be solved by trial and error
3
2
Let va = 0.0
00 Qo = Cd B 2g H 2
3
Qo
va1 = *
A
where
h A* = cross sectional
i l area off channel
h l
Weirs – U-notch (cont.)
⎡ 3 3
⎤
⎢⎛⎜ va1 ⎞ ⎛ va1 ⎞ ⎥
2 2 2 2
2 ⎟ −⎜ ⎟
Q1 = Cd B 2 g ⎢ H +
3 ⎜ 2 g ⎟ ⎜ 2g ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
⎦
Q1
va 2 = * and so on until Q is constant
A
 Example
ƒ Water flows over a sharp-crested weir 600 mm
wide The measured head (relative to the
wide.
crest) is 155 mm at a point where the cross-
sectional area of the stream is 0.26 m2.
C l l t the
Calculate th di
discharge,
h assuming
i th
thatt Cd =
0.61.
2
Qactual = Cd B 2g H 2
3
H = 155 mm
3
Cross sectional
2
= 0.61× × 0.6 m× 19.62m / s 2 (0.155m) 2
3
Area = 0.26 m2

3
= 0.0660 m3/s

ƒ As first approximation,
 Example (cont)
0.0660 m 3 / s
∴Velocity of approach = 0.26 m 2
= 0.254 m/s
V 2 (0.254 m / s ) 2 −3
= 2
= 3 . 28 × 10 m
2g 19 .62 m / s

∴H + V12/2g = (0.155 + 0.00328) m = 0.1583 m

∴Second approximation:
Q=
2
3
[
0.61 19 .62 × 0 .6 (0.1583 ) − (3.28 × 10 − 3 ) 3 / 2
3/ 2
]m 3
/ s = 0 .0681 m 3 / s
∴Further refinement of the value could be obtained by a
new calculation of V1 (0.0681 m3/s ÷ 0.26 m2), a new
calculation of H + V12/2g
g and so on. One correction is
usually sufficient, however, to give a value of Q
acceptable to three significant figures.
 Weirs (cont.)
2. Triangular Weir ( V - notch )

dQ = Cd dA 2 gh h
dh H
= Cd b dh 2 gh
θ b/2 apex
tan =
2 ( H − h)
θ
b = 2(H − h ) tan
2
 Weirs – V-notch (cont.)
θ
∫ (H − h )
H
Q = 2 Cd 2 g tan h dh
2 0

⎡
θ 2 ⎛ 2⎞ 3 H 5 H⎤
2⎛ 2 ⎞
Q = 2Cd 2 g tan ⎢ H ⎜⎜ h ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ h ⎟⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢ 3 ⎝ ⎠0 5 ⎝ ⎠0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
8 5
θ
Q = Cd 2 g H tan
2
15 2
 Sluice gate
g
Applying B.E. between points 1 , 2
p1v12 p 2 v 22 T.E.L
z1 + + = z2 + +
γ 2g γ 2g 1 H.G.L
G
2 2 v1
v v
y1 + 1
= y2 + 2
y1
2g 2g v2
2
b y2
v 22 = 2 g ( y1 − y 2 ) + v12

Q = Cd A v2 = Cd A 2 g ( y1 − y2 ) + v12