Verbals

Infinitive, Participles and Gerunds

Verbals
 A verbal is a word formed from a verb
but functioning as a different part of
speech.
 Verbals include:
◦ Infinitives: “to love”
◦ Gerund: “loving”
◦ Participles: “loved”
Verbals:
Infinitives
Mr. Jet Hokin Paclar
Infinitives
 An infinitive is a verbal usually
formed by placing “to” before the
simple present form or base form of a
verb.
 EXCEPT: when the infinitive follows
these special verbs in a sentence;
 fear, hear, help, let, make, see and watch
 “to” is dropped and the pattern will be like
this:
 Special Verb + Direct Object + Infinitive – to
 the Infinitive is called a “bare infinitive”
Examples of Bare Infinitives
 Although Ms. Legaspi spent an extra
class period helping us understand
logarithms, we still failed the test.
◦ Helping (SV) + us (DO) + understand (I)
 Since Jose had destroyed Sylvia's
artwork while running and fooling
around, she made him take her out
for an expensive dinner.
◦ made (SV) + him (DO) + take (I)
Functions of Infinitives
 Infinitives can act as:
 NOUN:
 To act like that is childish.

 ADJECTIVE:
 The clothes to iron are on my bed.

 ADVERB:
 You came here to study.
INFINITIVES
AS
NOUNS
Noun- Subject
 To climb Mt. Everest is my greatest
ambition.

 To sleep is the only thing Eli wants

after his long trip.

 To go, even after all that trouble, didn’t

seem worthwhile anymore.
Noun- Direct Object
 Direct Objects are the receiver of
action of the main verb. They answer
the questions “What? Who? and
Which?”
 We all want to see. (what do we all
want?)
 I want to know the answer. (what do
you want?)
 He always refuses to look up. (what
does he refuse to do?)
 Barbara decided to leave. (what is the
Noun- Subject Complement
 Subject Complement is a noun that
appears with a linking verb and tells
something about the subject.

 My greatest ambition is to climb Mt.

Everest.
 My goal is to write.
 My plan is to travel.
INFINITIVES
AS
ADJECTIVES
Adjective
 A word or group of words that modifies
and/or describes a noun or a pronoun.
 Answers the question “what kind?”

 General Rule:
“Adjectival Infinitives always follow the
noun they modify.”

 Noun + Adjectival Infinitive

Examples
 She didn’t have permission to go.
(modifies- permission)
 The doctor gave me some vitamins to
take. (modifies- vitamins)
 That is not the way to speak to your
elders. (modifies- way)
 The clothes to iron are on my bed.
(modifies- clothes)
INFINITIVES
AS
ADVERBS
Adverbs
 A word or group of words that modifies
a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Answers the questions “why?” and
“what extent?”.
 You can always identify an adverbial
infinitive by inserting the test words in
order in front of infinitive. If the
words in order make sense, the
infinitive is adverbial.
Examples
 You came here to study.
(why did you come here? You came
here in order to study.)
 Mother went to the store to buy fruit.
(why did mother go to the store?
Mother went to the store in order to
buy fruits.
 He took the psychology class to
understand human behaviour.
(why did he take the psych class? He…
in order to understand…)
OTHER FUNCTIONS
OF
INFINITIVES
Appositive

 My ambition to climb Mt. Everest has

directed by whole life.

 Our good intention to diet disappeared

quickly.
Object of the Preposition

 I was about to tell you my secret.

 I was about to speak when he

interrupted.
ACTIVITY
ON
INFINITIVES
 Answer directly
Presentation A, 1-10 on
page 168 of your Global
Village book.
Verbals:
Participles
Mr. Jet Hokin Paclar
What is a
participle?
A participle is a
verbal that
functions as an
Adjective. It is also
called Verbal
Adjective.
Review:
What is a
verbal?
A verbal is a word formed
from a verb but functioning
as a different part of
speech.
What is an
Adjective?
An adjective is a word
or group of words that
modifies/describes a
noun, pronoun or noun
equivalents.
What are the usual
forms of the
Participle?
 Present Participle
◦ Verb “-ing” such as loving
 Past Participle
◦ Regular Verbs: Verb “-ed” or “-d”
 loved
◦ Irregular Verbs: often Verb “-en” or “-
n”
 spoken
Which is the Verb,
Participle or Gerund?
My friends are traveling
in India.
A traveling salesperson
came to the door.
Traveling tires me out.
What is the difference
between a Present
Participle and a
Gerund?
 Present Participle acts as an
Adjective, a modifier.
◦ Sen. 2; traveling salesperson (traveling
describes the noun salesperson.)
 Gerund acts as a noun or pronoun.
◦ Sen. 3; Traveling tires me out. (traveling
serves as the Subject of the sentence,
thus functioning as a Noun Subject)
Where is a one word
Participle located in a
sentence?
A one word participle is an
adjective that precedes the
noun, pronoun or noun
equivalent it modifies.
◦ The burning sun is so beautiful.
(“burning” modifies the word
“sun”)
Aparticipial phrase is a group
of words that is started by a
participle and acts as an
adjective.
◦ They like the film shown during
the program.
What is a dangling
participle?
 A dangling participle is a phrase that
does not have a subject inside a
sentence. The subject used in
dangling participles is not the doer of
the action expressed by the participle.
◦ Hiking the trail, the birds chirped loudly.
◦ Hiking the trail, K and L heard birds
chirping loudly.
What is a
Nominative
Absolute?
Anominative absolute is a noun
or pronoun followed by a
participle or participial phrase that
functions independently of the
rest of the sentence.
 Usually they express time;
◦ Three hours having passed, I decided to
wait no longer.
 Reason
◦ My stomach growling with hunger, I made
a sandwich.
 Circumstance
◦ Many students missed final exams, the flu
epidemic having struck at the end of the
semester.
Verbal:
Gerunds
Mr. Jet Hokin Paclar
Gerund
 A gerund is a verbal that ends in “-
ing” and acts as a noun in a sentence.
It is also called Verbal Noun.
 Example:
◦ Getting
◦ Eating
◦ Running
◦ Understanding
◦ Napping
◦ Drinking
While Watching
 Make 5 Review Questions
from the video and write
them on your group’s 1
whole sheet of paper.
 (Note: Review Questions- are
questions whose answers are found in
the video.)
Functions of Gerunds
 ..\..\English Grammar - 6 Ways to Use
Gerunds.mp4
Functions
 Subject
◦ Reading is my hobby.
 Direct Object
◦ He likes reading a lot. (likes what?)
 Object of a Preposition
◦ He is prohibited from reading. (prep.
from)
 Object of a Possessive
◦ I don’t like your reading. (poss. your)
Functions cont.
 Subject Complement
◦ My friends favorite pastime is reading.

 Object Complement
◦ I heard Tom reading. (heard Tom what?)

 Appositive
◦ His favorite pastime, reading, is so cool.
Gerund Quiz Bee
 ..\..\..\GERUNDS QUIZ BEE.pptx
Seatwork
 Submit your papers.
 Go back to your seats.
 Get ¼ piece of paper
 Open your books on page 192.
 Answer Practice Activity 1-10
Assignment
 In a ½ crosswise, construct 7
sentences with gerunds functioning
differently in each sentence.
 Function as a:
◦ Subject
◦ Direct Object
◦ Object of a Preposition
◦ Object of a Possessive
◦ Object Complement
◦ Subject Complement
◦ Appositive
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING 