CHEMISTRY

- It is the study of matter and its composition structure and properties

BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

1.)Analytical Chemistry
- uses qualitative and quantitative observation to identify and measure the physical and chemical properties
of substances

2.)Physical Chemistry
- combines chemistry with physics

- It is how matter, force, velocity, speed interacts.

3.)Organic Chemistry
- specifically studies compounds that contains elements carbon. " chemistry of life"

4.)Inoganic Chemistry
- studies materials such as metals and gases that do not have carbon.

5.)Biochemistry
- the study of chemical process that occur within living organisms.

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

1.)Food Production
- chemistry defines the food we consume as carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

- by chemistry, we can identify the nature of colors, flavors of foods.

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2.)Clothing
- due to the knowledge of chemistry, clothing made of polyesters

- this helps to choose the colors and dyes

3.)Home Material
- by the used of chemical technology humans started to make cement, tiles, concrete and paints

4.)Automobile
-we use like cars, airplanes use some chemical knowledge in technologies. The fuels, engine oils and
acid in batteries.

5.)Health
- it plays a vital role in health care. It knowledge is employed in disease, diagnosis and medicine.

6.)Electronic Technology
- technology gadgets

- cellphone, laptops, computers

7.)Sanitation and Cleaning

- alcohols, acids, moisturizers

8.)Agriculture
- pesticides

- insecticides

- fertilizers

9.)Industry
- soap, beauty products

- papers, plastic bottle

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 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

Ancient Philosopher Main Principle of Leucippus and

-made of particles
Democritus
1.)All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to
Greek Philosopher be seen by the naked eye.
-made of elements 2.)Atoms are completely solid.

Anaximines 3.)Atoms are uniform w/ no internal structure

-primal element was air. 4.)Atoms comes from different shape and size

Thales of Miletus Empiricus of Sanos

-water -he popularized the term atomism (means matter is
made of atom)
Heroclitus
Aristotle
-fire
-5th fundamental element
Empedocles -aether, matter is made up of found particles outside
the earth and moon
-air, water, fire and earth (4 fundamental elements)

Law of Constant Production

-states that all things of the same type have the same
proportions of elements compose them.

440 BCE
-Leucippus and Democritus

-'atomos' means uncuttable

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 STATE OF MATTER

Matter 5.)Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

-anything that occupy spaceand has mass and -produced when a cloud of bosons is cooled to the
volume temperature absolute zero(0).

Mass
-amount of matter

Volume
-space it occupies

1.)Solid
-It has definite shape and definite volume

-particles are packed together

2.)Liquid
-it has no definite shape but has definite volume

-particles are close to each other, but not as solid

3.)Gases
-have no definite shape and no definite volume

-particles are farther from each other

4.)Plasma
-has no definite shape and no definite volume

-it is produced by heating and ionizing gas

-formed of negative and positive ions

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 ROPERTIES OF MATTER (CHARACTERISTICS)

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
- A property of matter that can be observe or - A property of matter that can be observe
measured without changing the composition with an accompanying changes in the chemical
or identity of substance substance

EXTRINSIC INTRINSIC CHEMICAL INERT

REACTIVITY

- measurable - when - unreactive

- color, freezing
substance reacts with other
- length, mass, point and boiling
with another substance
volume, density point
substances

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

MATTER

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

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HOMOGENOUS HETEROGENOUS ELEMENT COMPOUND

Pure Substance Solutions

-is a type of homogenous mixture formed when one
Element
substance dissolves in another
- simple type of matter
-best mixed of.all mixtures

Compound Solute -substance that is dissolved

- composed of 2 or more elemwnts in a fixed ratio
Solvent -substance that is dissolving

Mixture
Heterogenous Mixture
- variable combination of two or more pure
substance -large particles

- can be seperated into their components through -see the mixtures in different parts
simple physical means
Colloids
Hetero = different
-small particles that can be seen
Homo = same

Suspension
- large particles that can be seen
Homogenous Mixture
- very small particles

- evenly mixed cannot see different parts

- particles dont settle

Example:
air (nitrogen and oxygen)

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MAGNETISM -attracted

SUBLIMATION - solid to gas

EVAPORATION - liquid to gas

CRYSTALLIZATION -

FILTRATION - seperation of solid to fluids

DISTILLATION -

SENDIMATION - there is division of substance

DECANTATION-

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY - seperate outcome of color from a mixture

of color

ACCURACY AND PRECISION

ACCURACY
-Indicates how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

PRECISION
-how close two or more measurement are to each other, regardless of whether those measurements are
accurate or not

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
-is a simple way to write and keep track of very large or very small numbers without having to deal with

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 EXPRESSING MEASUREMENT IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
-For numbers larger than 10, the decimal point must be moved to left and the exponent that will be used in
the notation is a positive number

EXAMPLE:

1.)=6022

=6.022X10³

MATHEMATICIAN OPERATIONS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL NUMBERS:

- IN ADDING AND SUBTRACTING NUMBERS

First it is expressed in scientific notation.The numbers are then added or subtracted, and the exponent is
rerained.

example:

1.) 1.4 x 10² + 2.30 x 10² = 3.70 x 10²

2.) 1.4 x 10³ + 2.30 x 10² = 1.4 x 10² + 23.0 x 10² = 24.4 x 10² = 2.44 x 10³

-IN MULTIPLICATION
the numerical parts are simply multiplied, and the exponent are added

exanple:

(6.0 x 10)(2.0 x 10) = 12.0 x 10² = 1.2 x 10³

-IN DIVISION
the numerical parts are simply divided, and the exponent are subtracted

example:

1.)(6 x 10³) / (3.1 x 10²) = 2 x 10

-TO RAISE A NUMBER WRITTEN IN EXPONENTIAL FORM TO APOWER

the such as the second power (or squared) or the third power ( or the cubed), the exponent is multiplied
by the power

1.)(3 x 10)³ = 3 x 10³

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 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

THREE KIND OF NUMBERS

1.)COUNTED ITEMS
- are expressed as exact whole numbers

- 5 test tubes, 12 books, 55 stem- a students

2.)DEFINE RELATIONS
- are exact numbers but are not always whole numbers

- 12 inches per foot, 2.54 centimeters in one inch.

3.)MEASURED NUMBERS
- are obtained from reading measuring devices; these numbers are never exact

- 2.2ml in a breaker, 6.3 ml in a graduated cylinder

RULES TO DETERMINES: SIGNIFICANTS FIGURES

1.)Every nonzero digit in a reported measurements is significant

example:

791.22m has 5 significant digits

553cm has 3 significant digits

2.)Left most zeros before the first nonzero digut are not significant, they only act as place holders to show the
position of the decimal point

example:

0.089 g has 2 significant digits

0.0009 g has 1 significant digits

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3.)Zeros in between nonzero digits are significant

example:

0.005005 m has 4 significant digits

46 073 m has 5 significant digits

4.)Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit and to the right of the decimal point are significant

example:

36.00 m has 4 significant digits

0.350 s has 3 significant digits

310.009 ml has 6 significant digits

SIGNIFICANTS FIGURES IN MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

-IN ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION

problem, the number with the least number of decimal places will dictate the number of places in the answer

example:

14.7 g

+ 2.028 g

______________

= 16.728 g

= 16.7g

-IN MULTIPLYING OR DIVIDING

measurement the answer should not have more significants digits than the measurement having the fewest
significant digits

example:

(10.40m )(2.83m) = 29.432m = 29.4m

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MASS
-the amount of matter TEMPERATURE
WEIGHT -the measure of hotness or coldness of matter. It
indicates the energy of the particles of a substance.
-the pull of gravity of an object depends on the
-the measure of the average heat or thermal energy
objects location
of the particles.

VOLUME HEAT
-amount of space that occupy
- total energy that results from the molecular motion
FORMULA: V = LWH inside an object

DENSITY (p) KELVIN

-mass (m) per unit of volume(v) -the base unit of temperature in International system
of unit
FORMULA: P = m/v
CELCIUS
-scale of temperature in w/c water freezes at 0°

FARENHEIT
-a temperature scale that bases the boiling point of
water at 212°

°F to °C = °C = °F - 32 / 1.8

°C to °F = °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32

°C to °K = °K = °C t 273.15

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