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Ocran
Ocran
Ocran
Nonlinear Analysis
Solution
Let
.
xy (1)
.
y x a (y x 2 ) (2)
Therefore y = 0
.
From equation (2), at equilibrium y 0
.
0 x a (y x 2 )
x a y ax 2
x a (0) ax 2
x ax 2
x x
ax 1
1
x
a
1
The coordinate of the x and y is , 0 and fixed point
a
.
.
x
Let vector variable V, V f (V) where V .
y
.
x 0 1
f(V) = f . = 1 D(V)
2ax
y
0 1 1
1 x
2ax
but
a
0 1
1 1
2a
a
0 1
1 2
0 1
1 2
2 (11) 0
2 2 1 0
2 1 0
( 1) 1( 1) 0
( 1) ( 1) 0
1, 2 1
0 1 1 x1
1 2 1 x
2
x1 x 2 0 (3)
x1 x 2 0 (4)
x 2 x1
x1 1, then x 2 1
x1 1
Hence
x2 1
Q.1 (2)
.
x yz (1)
.
y xy (2)
.
z 1 x 2 (3)
0 1 x 2
x2 1
x 1
x 1; x 1, x 1
.
From equation (2), at equilibrium y 0
0 xy
x y
but y =1 or y = -1
z=0
but y = 1 and z = 0
.
xy 0 (6)
0 1 0
1 1 0 D f
2x 0 0
0 1 0
Df y = 1 1 0
2 1
0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
2 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 2 0 2 0
0 1 0 0 11 0 2 0 0 1 0 (2 1)
0+0+0=0
1 2 1 0 0
2 0 0
2 3 0 0
2 1 0
1, 2 0 and 3 1
00 1 0 x1 0
1 1 0 0 x 0
2
2 0 0 0 x 3 0
x1 x 2 0 7
2x1 0 8
From equation (8), x1 0
x1 x 2
x1 0 and x 2 0
It follows that x 3 0
0
The eigenvector is 0
0
The condition is that if some of the Real () < = 0 or some of the Real () = 0 we cannot decide
x '' x ' x 3 x 0
It follows that ( x y1 )
y2 0
Hence y2 0
y*
Let V = 1* we have the matrix of the form y ' = AV
y 2
0 y2
3
y1 y1 y2
0 1 y1*
* 0
3y1 1 1
2
y 2
y*2 0
3y 2
1 1 y1* y*2 0
But y*2 0
3y2
1 1 y1* 0 0
0
y1*
3y12 1
y1* 0
Therefore (0, 0) is the equilibrium point and therefore globally asymptotically stable
Since x '' y'2 it the derivative y 2 of which is the point of inflection of the first differential of
y1' y
Question 3
Show that the van der Pol equation
d2 y dy
2
(y 2 ) 2 y 0
dt dt
undergoes a Hopf bifurcation of the steady state (0, 0) as the parameter is increased from -1 to
1. At what value of does the bifurcation occurs? Sketch the bifurcation diagram
Solution
dy
Let y y1 , y2 (1)
dt
y2 2 y1 y12 y2
d
(2)
dt
dy 2
0
dt
0 2 y1 y12 y 2
but y 2 0
0 2 y1 y12 0
0
y1 , y1 0
2
Bifurcation occurs at 1 where the phase plane shows a limit cycle and the two trajectories
approaching it.
Question 4
x n 1 a x n2 byn
yn 1 x n
Solution
x n 1 2xx n by
y n 1 x n
x n 1 2x b x n
y n 1 1 0 y n
b = 0.4
Point 2
2 0.5 0.4
1 0
1 0.4
1 0
1 0.4
1
1 0.4 1
2 0.4 0
1 12 4 0.4
2
1 1 1.6
2
1 0.775i
2
Point (1, 1)
2 1 0.4
1 0
2 0.4
1 0
2 0.4
1
2 1 0.4
2 2 0.4 0
2 22 4(0.4)
2
2 4 1.6
2
2 2.6
2
2 1.612
1 0.194
2
2 1.612
2 1.806
2
dx n 1
a x 2n by n
dt
dx n 1
0
dt
a x 2n byn 0
dx n 1
f 2 x f1 x
dt
dx n 1
At equilibrium 0
dt
f2 x f1 x
f 2 x a 1.25
a > 0 no fixed points but saddle node bifurcation occurs at bifurcation value of a = 0