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Group3 CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature
Group3 CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature
Group3 CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature
As one of the most widely consumed citrus fruits, Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.
Ponkan is known to have a number of dietary and medicinal values. In this work, we
developed a new method using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with
With this method, the elution and separation of chemical components in Ponkan peel
could be easily completed within seven minutes. The method was much faster than
other analytical methods previously used with citrus fruits. According to the
chromatography retention time, UV spectrum, and exact molecular weight and high
5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone were characterized for the first time in Ponkan peel to our
analyze the structures of chemical compounds in Ponkan peel. And our data will
provide useful information for further evaluating the bioactivity of Ponkan peel and
making a mosquito coil. 20g of starch and 10g of charcoal is also needed to make it.
The ingredient is needed to be cut and grind using scissors, knife or mortar and pestle.
The ground ingredients is sundried for 2 days. Then, the 20g of starch, 10g of
charcoal and 100ml of water are mixed to the ground ingredients. The mixture is
heated. The entire mixture needs to thicken and will be cooled afterwards. 6x6 inches
of metal sheet like the usual mosquito coils. After the mixture is poured into the
mould, the molded mixture is sundried for 1 1/2 days. After drying, the coil will be
metabolites found mostly in the seeds, fruits and peel tissues of citrus fruits such as
Represented by limonin, the aglycones and glycosides of CLs have shown to display
antidiabetic and insecticidal among others. In this review, the chemistry and
other structurally-related limonoids from other sources are include in the analysis.
With the focus on literature in the past decade, the chemical classification of CLs,
modifications, their ligand efficiency metrics and systematic graphical radar plot
analysis to assess their developability as drugs are among those discussed in detail
(Gualdani, 2016).
A central composite experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of pH,
extraction time and liquid:solid ratio on the yield and uronic acid content of the pectin
from ponkan peel. The response surface methodology showed that the yield is
positively influenced by lower pHs, longer extraction times and higher liquid:solid
ratio, whereas the uronic acid content decreases with increasing extraction time. The
conditions that resulted in the highest yield and highest uronic acid content were
defined as pH 1.6, extraction time of 100 min and liquid:solid ratio of 36 mL/g. The
pectin obtained under these conditions (PPOP) had an experimental yield of 25.6%,
below the predicted theoretical value despite the good fit of the model (R2 = 0.96) and
the galacturonic acid content was 84.5%, in close agreement with the predicted
by galactans. In addition, PPOP had a very low degree of acetylation (0.1%) and
showed that ponkan peel may be used as a source of citrus pectin in the regions where
Mosquito coils contain a mix of substances. Along with the products that deter
mosquito biting, there are also products that hold the coil together and enable it to
smoulder slowly.Mosquito coils work in one of two ways. Those that contain
insecticides will kill (or at least “knock down”) mosquitoes, while those that contain
aromatic substances (such as citronella) will repel mosquitoes or reduce the likelihood
they’ll bite.Mosquito coils and their role in killing or repelling mosquitoes has been
well studied. Despite differences between the chemical constituents of products and the
ways in which they are tested, they will generally reduce the ability of mosquitoes to
burning of mosquito coils and sticks indoors. The insecticide products used are
generally considered safe, but it’s the particulate matter produced from a smouldering
mosquito coil that poses the greatest risk. One study estimated the particulate matter
produced from burning one mosquito coil was equivalent to burning 75-137 cigarettes.
This amount of exposure poses a health risk, but there is a lack of clear evidence that
the long-term exposure to mosquito coil smoke increases the risk of more serious health
impacts such as lung cancer. In the face of this uncertainty, the key message should be
Dengue is an acute viral illness caused by RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae and
spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Presenting features may range from asymptomatic fever
fever, muscle and joint pain, myalgia, cutaneous rash, hemorrhagic episodes, and
circulatory shock are the commonly seen symptoms. Oral manifestations are rare in
dengue infection; however, some cases may have oral features as the only presenting
dengue virus infections are usually self-limiting, dengue infection has come up as a
public health challenge in the tropical and subtropical nations. This article provide a
differential diagnosis, and prevention and treatment. Dengue virus gains entry into the
host organism through the skin following an infected mosquito bite. Humoral, cellular,
and innate host immune responses are implicated in the progression of the illness and
the more severe clinical signs occur following the rapid clearance of the virus from the
host organism. Hence, the most severe clinical presentation during the infection course
does not correlate with a high viral load. Alterations in endothelial microvascular
permeability and thromboregulatory mechanisms lead to an increased loss of protein
and plasma. Proposed theories suggest that endothelial cell activation caused by
compromised progenitor cell growth. This may cause platelet dysfunction, damage, or