History of the motorcycle

The history of the motorcycle begins in the second half
of the 19th century. Motorcycles are descended from the
"safety bicycle,” a bicycle with front and rear wheels of
the same size and a pedal crank mechanism to drive the
rear wheel.[1] Despite some early landmarks in its devel-
opment, the motorcycle lacks a rigid pedigree that can
be traced back to a single idea or machine. Instead, the
idea seems to have occurred to numerous engineers and
inventors around Europe at around the same time.
1 Early steam-powered cycles
Sylvester H. Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts developed
a twin-cylinder steam velocipede, with a coal-fired boiler
between the wheels. Roper’s contribution to motorcycle
development ended suddenly when he died demonstrat-
ing one of his machines in Cambridge, Massachusetts on
June 1, 1896.[3]
Also in 1868, a French engineer Louis-Guillaume Per-
reaux patented a similar steam powered single cylinder
machine, the Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede, with
an alcohol burner and twin belt drives, which was pos-
sibly invented independently of Roper’s. Although the
patent is dated 1868, nothing indicates the invention had
been operable before 1871.[3]
In 1881, Lucius Copeland of Phoenix, Arizona designed
a much smaller steam boiler which could drive the large
rear wheel of an American Star high-wheeler at 12 mph.
In 1887 Copeland formed the Northrop Manufacturing
Co. to produce the first successful 'Moto-Cycle' (actually
a three-wheeler).[3]

2 Experimentation and invention

Lucius Copeland 1894

In the 1860s Pierre Michaux, a blacksmith in Paris, Butler’s Patent Velocycle

founded 'Michaux et Cie' (“Michaux and company”), the
first company to construct bicycles with pedals called The very first commercial design for a self-propelled
a velocipede at the time, or “Michauline”.[2] The first bicycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol
steam powered motorcycle, the Michaux-Perreaux steam Cycle, conceived of and built by Edward Butler in
velocipede, can be traced to 1867, when Pierre’s son England in 1884.[5] He exhibited his plans for the vehicle
Ernest Michaux fitted a small steam engine to one of the at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, two years
'velocipedes’.[3] earlier than Karl Benz invented his first automobile who
The design went to America when Pierre Lallement, a is generally recognized as the inventor of the modern au-
Michaux employee who also claimed to have developed tomobile. Butler’s vehicle was also the first design to be
the prototype in 1863, filed for the first bicycle patent with shown at the 1885 International Inventions Exhibition in
the US patent office in 1866.[4] In 1868 an American, London.

1
2 3 FIRST COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

The vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine 3 First commercial products
company in Greenwich, in 1888.[6] the Butler Petrol Cy-
cle (first recorded use of the term)[6] It was a three- In the decade from the late 1880s, dozens of designs and
wheeled vehicle, with the rear wheel directly driven by machines emerged, particularly in Germany and England,
a 5 /8 hp (466W) 600 cc (40 in3 ; 2¼×5-inch {57×127- and soon spread to America.[12] During this early period
mm})[6] flat twin four stroke engine (with magneto ig- of motorcycle history, there were many manufacturers
nition replaced by coil and battery),[6] equipped with since bicycle makers were adapting their designs for the
rotary valves and a float-fed carburettor (five years be- new internal combustion engine.
fore Maybach),[6] and Ackermann steering,[7] all of which
were state of the art at the time. Starting was by
compressed air.[6] The engine was liquid-cooled, with a
radiator over the rear driving wheel. Speed was controlled
by means of a throttle valve lever. No braking system
was fitted; the vehicle was stopped by raising and low-
ering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever;
the weight of the machine was then borne by two small
castor wheels. The driver was seated between the front
wheels.[6] It wasn't, however, a commercial success, as
Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing.

Diagram of 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmüller.

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series

production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motor-
cycle (German: Motorrad).[10][11][13][14] However, only a
few hundred examples of this motorcycle were ever built.
The first instance of the term “motor cycle” also appears
in English the same year in materials promoting machines
developed by E.J. Pennington,[15] although Pennington’s
motorcycles never progress past the prototype stage.[16]
Excelsior Motor Company, originally a bicycle manufac-
turing company based in Coventry, England, began pro-
duction of their first motorcycle model in 1896, available
for purchase by the public. The first production motorcy-
cle in the US was the Orient-Aster, built by Charles Metz
in 1898 at his factory in Waltham, Massachusetts.
In the early period of motorcycle history, many produc-
Replica of the 1885 Daimler-Maybach Reitwagen ers of bicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the
new internal combustion engine. As the engines became
more powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins,
the number of motorcycle producers increased. Many
of the nineteenth century inventors who worked on early
Another early internal combustion, petroleum fueled mo- motorcycles often moved on to other inventions. Daimler
torcycle was the Petroleum Reitwagen. It was designed and Roper, for example, both went on to develop automo-
and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and biles.
Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, Germany in 1885.[8]
This vehicle was unlike either the safety bicycles or the At the turn of the century the first major mass-production
boneshaker bicycles of the era in that it had zero degrees firms were set up.
of steering axis angle and no fork offset, and thus did In 1901 English quadricycle and bicycle maker Royal En-
not use the principles of bicycle and motorcycle dynam- field introduced its first motorcycle, with a 239 cc engine
ics developed nearly 70 years earlier. Instead, it relied on mounted in the front and driving the rear wheel through
two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning.[9] a belt. In 1898, English bicycle maker Triumph decided
The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen (“rid- to extend its focus to include motorcycles, and by 1902,
ing car”). It was designed as an expedient testbed for their the company had produced its first motorcycle—a bicycle
new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.[10][11] fitted with a Belgian-built engine. A year later, it was the
 3

A 1913 FN (Fabrique National), Belgium, 4cylinders and shaft

drive

Triumph Motorcycles Model H, was mass-produced for the war

largest motorcycle manufacturer with an annual produc- effort and notable for its reliability.
tion of over 500 units. Other British firms were Norton
and Birmingham Small Arms Company who began mo-
torbike production in 1902 and 1910, respectively.[17] Model H was fitted with a 499 cc air-cooled four-stroke
single-cylinder engine. It was also the first Triumph not
In 1901, the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company, to be fitted with pedals, so was a true motorcycle.[22]
which had been founded by two former bicycle racers,
designed the so-called “diamond framed” Indian Single, The Model H in particular, is regarded[23] by many as hav-
whose engine was built by the Aurora Firm in Illinois per ing been the first “modern motorcycle”. Introduced in
Indian’s specifications. The Single was made available in 1915 it had a 550cc side-valve four-stroke engine with
the deep blue. Indian’s production was up to over 500 a three-speed gearbox and belt transmission. It was so
bikes by 1902, and would rise to 32,000, its best ever, popular with its users that it was nicknamed the “Trusty
[24]
in 1913.[18][19] producing over 20,000 bikes per year.[20] Triumph.”
The American company Harley-Davidson started pro-
ducing motorcycles in 1903.
During this period, experimentation and innovation were 5 Postwar
driven by the popular new sport of motorcycle racing,
with its powerful incentive to produce tough, fast, reli-
able machines. These enhancements quickly found their
way to the public’s machines.[12]
Chief August Vollmer of the Berkeley, California Police
Department is credited with organizing the first official
police motorcycle patrol in the United States in 1911.[21]
By 1914, motorcycles were no longer just bicycles with
engines; they had their own technologies, although many
still maintained bicycle elements, like the seats and sus-
pension.

4 The First World War

During the First World War, motorbike production was
greatly ramped up for the war effort to supply effective
communications with front line troops. Messengers on
horses were replaced with despatch riders on motorcy-
cles carrying messages, performing reconnaissance per-
sonnel and acting as a military police. American com-
pany Harley-Davidson was devoting over 50% of its fac-
tory output toward military contract by the end of the war.
The British company Triumph Motorcycles sold more
than 30,000 of its Triumph Type H model to allied forces
during the war. With the rear wheel driven by a belt, the
A pre-war Polish Sokół 1000
5.1 Postwar
By 1920, Harley-Davidson became the largest
manufacturer,[25] with their motorcycles being sold
by dealers in 67 countries.[26][27] By the late 1920s or
early 1930s, DKW in Germany took over as the largest
manufacturer.[28][29][30] BMW motorcycles came on the
scene in 1923 with a shaft drive and an opposed-twin or
4 5 POSTWAR

An historic V-twin American motorcycle — a 1941 Crocker

“boxer” engine enclosed with the transmission in a single

An original Vespa with sidecar
aluminum housing.
By 1931, Indian and Harley-Davidson were the only
two American manufacturers producing commercial widespread popularity. Imports from the UK, Italy and
motorcycles.[31] This two-company rivalry in the United Germany, thus found a niche in US markets that Ameri-
States remained until 1953, when the Indian Motorcy- can bikes did not fill.
cle factory in Springfield, Massachusetts closed and Royal
The BSA Group purchased Triumph Motorcycles in
Enfield took over the Indian name.[32] 1951 to become the largest producer of motorcycles in
There were over 80 different makes of motorcycle avail- the world claiming “one in four”. The German NSU
able in Britain in the 1930s, from the familiar marques was the largest manufacturer from 1955 until 1959 when
[35][36]
like Norton, Triumph and AJS to the obscure, with names Honda became the largest manufacturer.
like New Gerrard, NUT, SOS, Chell and Whitwood,[33]
about twice as many motorcycle makes competing in the
world market during the early 21st century.
In 1937, Joe Petrali set a new land speed record of
136.183 mph (219.165 km/h) on a modified Harley-
Davidson 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc) overhead valve-driven
motorcycle.[31] The same day, Petrali also broke the speed
record for 45 cubic inch (737 cc) engine motorcycles.
In Europe, production demands, driven by the buildup
to World War II, included motorcycles for military use,
and BSA supplied 126,000 BSA M20 motorcycles to the
British armed forces, starting in 1937 and continuing un-
til 1950. Royal Enfield also produced motorcycles for the
military, including a 125 cc lightweight motorcycle that A 1962 Triumph Bonneville represents the popularity of British
motorcycles at that time
could be dropped (in a parachute-fitted tube cage) from
an aircraft.
British manufacturers Triumph, BSA, and Norton re-
tained a dominant position in some markets until the rise
5.2 After World War II of the Japanese manufacturers, led by Honda, in the late
1960s and early 1970s. The role of the motorcycle shifted
After the World War II, some American veterans found a in the 1960s, from the tool of a life to a toy of a lifestyle.
replacement for the camaraderie, excitement, danger and It became part of an image, of status, a cultural [12]
icon for
speed of life at war in motorcycles. Grouped into loosely individualism, a prop in Hollywood B-movies.
organized clubs, motorcycle riders in the US created a The motorcycle also became a recreational machine for
new social institution—the motorcyclists or “bikers”— sport and leisure, a vehicle for carefree youth, not essen-
which was later skewed by the “outlaw” persona Marlon tial transportation for the mature family man or woman,
Brando portrayed in the 1954 film The Wild One.[34] and the Japanese were able to produce modern designs
In Europe, on the other hand, post-war motorcycle pro- more quickly, more cheaply, and of better quality than
ducers were more concerned with designing practical, their competitors. Their motorbikes were more stylish
economical transportation than the social aspects, or and more reliable, so the British manufacturers fell be-
“biker” image.[34] Italian designer Piaggio introduced hind as mass-market producers.
the Vespa in 1946, which experienced immediate and Honda, which was officially founded in Japan on Septem-
 5

ber 24, 1948, introduced their SOHC inline-four engine
CB750 in 1969, which was inexpensive and immediately
successful. It established the across-the-frame-four en-
gine configuration as a design with huge potential for
power and performance. Shortly after the introduction of
the SOHC, Kawasaki demonstrated the potential of the
four-stroke four-cylinder engine with the introduction of
the KZ900.
Suzuki, Kawasaki and the Yamaha each started produc-
ing motorcycles in the 1950s. Meanwhile, the sun was
setting on British dominion over the big-displacement
motorbike market.
A factory full fairing was introduced by BMW motorcy-
cle in the R100RS of 1977, the first factory fairing pro-
duced in quantity.[37] In 1980, BMW stimulated the “ad-
venture touring” category of motorcycling with its dual-
sport model, the R80G/S. In 1988, BMW was the first
motorcycle manufacturer to introduce anti-lock-brakes
(ABS) on its sporting K100RS-SE and K1 models.
6 The present

5.3 Japanese dominance

A 2004 Kawasaki ZX-7RR

Today the Japanese manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki,

Suzuki, and Yamaha dominate the large motorcycle in-
dustry, although Harley-Davidson still maintains a high
The Honda CB750 revolutionized motorcycle marketing and was
emblematic of Japanese dominance degree of popularity, particularly in the United States.
Recent years have seen a resurgence in the popularity
The excellence of Japanese motorcycles caused similar around the world of many other motorcycle brands, in-
effects in all Western markets: many Italian bike firms cluding BMW, Triumph and Ducati, and the emergence
either went bust or only just managed to survive. As a of Victory as a second successful mass-builder of big-
result, BMW’s worldwide sales sagged in the 1960s, but twin American cruisers.
came back strongly with the introduction of a completely
In November 2006, the Dutch company E.V.A. Products
redesigned “slash-5” series for model year 1970.
BV Holland announced that the first commercially avail-
From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke mo- able diesel-powered motorcycle, its Track T-800CDI,
torcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result of achieved production status.[38] The Track T-800CDI uses
the pioneering work of the East German Daniel Zim- an 800 cc three-cylinder Daimler Chrysler diesel engine.
mermann (rotary disc valve) and MZ's Walter Kaaden However, other manufacturers, including Royal Enfield,
who developed the two-stroke expansion chamber in the had been producing diesel-powered bikes since at least
1950s. These ideas were taken up by Suzuki when Ernst 1965.[39]
Degner, the MZ engineer and rider, defected to the West
on 13 September 1961 after retiring from the 125cc
Swedish Grand Prix at Kristianstad. Degner, an excellent 6.1 In the developing world
engineer, immediately joined Suzuki and his knowledge
became their technology springboard. There is a large demand for small, cheap motorcycles in
Harley-Davidson in the US at the time suffered from the developing world, and many of the firms meeting that
the same problems as the European firms, but its unique demand now also compete in mature markets, such as
product range, American tariff laws and nationalism- China’s Hongdou [40]
which makes a version of Honda’s ven-
driven customer loyalty allowed it to survive. One alleged erable CG125.
flaw, however, was retaining the characteristic Harley- Motorcycle taxis are commonplace in the developing
Davidson 45° engine vee-angle, which causes excess vi- world. Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles offer a fast,
bration as well as the loping Harley-Davidson sound. cheap and risky way around snarled traffic and scarce
6 8 FURTHER READING
Motorcycle traffic in Bangkok
8.2 Early history and use in the United
mass transit, as they can easily squeeze through jams.[41]
The first ethanol flex fuel motorcycle in the world was
States
launched to the Brazilian market by Honda in March
2009, the CG 150 Titan Mix.[42][43][44] During the first
eight months after its market launch the CG 150 Ti-
tan Mix had captured a 10.6% market share, and rank-
ing second in sales of new motorcycles in the Brazilian
market in 2009.[45] In September 2009, Honda launched
a second flexible-fuel motorcycle,[46] and by December
2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reached
cumulative production of 515,726 units, representing an
18.1% market share of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales
in that year.[47][48] As of January 2011 there were four
flex-fuel motorcycle models available in the market,[49]
and production reached the one million milestone in June
2011.[47][48][50]
7 See also
• List of motorcycle manufacturers
• Motorcycle land-speed record
• List of fastest production motorcycles
• Electric motorcycles and scooters
• Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
8 Further reading
8.1 Early history and use in the United
Kingdom
• Pennell, Joseph (February 8, 1901). “Some Experi-
ences Of Motor Bicycles”. Journal of the Society of
Arts. XLIX (2,516). Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1902). The Automobile:
A Practical Treatise On The Construction Of Mod-
ern Motor Cars Steam, Petrol, Electric And Petrol-
Electric: Chapter XXI. Motor Bicycles (1903 ed.).
London: Cassell And Company, Limited. pp. 751–
763. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Lavergne, Gerard (1902). The Automobile: Its Con-
struction And Management (Various Chapters). Lon-
don: Cassell And Company, Limited. Retrieved
2009-08-15.
• Wilson, A. J. (1903). Motor Cycles And How To
Manage Them, 6th ed. London: Iliffe & Sons Lim-
ited. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Lockert, Louis (1899). Petroleum Motor-Cars:
Chapter VIII “Motor Bicycles”. New York: D. Van
Nostrand Company. pp. 64–75. Retrieved 2009-
08-15.
• “The Automobile Bicycle”. The Literary Digest.
XIX (16): 463–464. October 14, 1899. Retrieved
2009-08-15.
• Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1900). Horseless Vehi-
cles, Automobiles, Motor Cycles Operated By Steam,
Petrol, Electric And Petrol-Electric: Chapter XI. Au-
tomobile Bicycles And Tricycles. New York: Munn
& COmpany. pp. 175–215. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• “Interesting Notes. Single Motor Bicycles”. The
School Journal. LX (22): 632. June 2, 1900. Re-
trieved 2009-08-15.
• Krarup, M.C. (November 1900). “The Field
For Motorcycles: Motorcycling Vs. Motoring”.
XXXVII (2): 207–212. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Bill, L. H. (August 1902). “The Poor Man’s Auto-
mobile”. Overland Monthly, and Out West Maga-
zine. XL (2): 197–198. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Burr, H. Walter (December 1902). “Up Mount
Hamilton On A Motor Cycle”. XL (6): 556–561.
• “Possibilities of the Motorcycle”. The Automobile.
XIII (4): 123. July 27, 1903. Retrieved 2009-08-
15.
• Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1904). Mechanical Ap-
pliances, Mechanical Movements And Novelties Of
Construction: Road And Vehicle Devices, Types Of
Motor Bicycles. New York: The Norman W. Hen-
ley Publishing Company. pp. 215–216. Retrieved
2009-08-15.

• “Motor Bicycles for Medical Men”. The Medical
World. XXIII (10). October 1905. Retrieved 2009-
08-15.
• Cummings, C. E. (February 1906). “An Idyl Of The
Tireless Bike”. Recreation. XXIV (2): 127–130.
Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• Bashore, S. D. (July 1906). “The Motor Cycle For
Physicians”. The Texas State Journal of Medicine.
II (3): 92–93. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
• “Mail Collection By Motor Van”. The Commercial
Vehicle. III (7). July 1908. Retrieved 2009-08-
15. An experiment is being conducted by the Post-
office ... with the use of a motorcycle van ... of the
“Indian” type
• “Development Of The Motor Cycle Van: Increasing
Use Of This Type Of Light Package Delivery Motor
Vehicle Noted Both Here And Abroad”. The Com-
mercial Vehicle. III (10): 227–228. October 1908.
Retrieved 2009-08-15.
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 9

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
• History of the motorcycle Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle?oldid=748226490 Contributors: William
Avery, Greglocock, Lumos3, Calmypal, Gadfium, Kusunose, Discospinster, Brianhe, Bobo192, Smalljim, Anthony Appleyard, Dennis
Bratland, Stardust8212, Bruce1ee, Bgwhite, RussBot, KGasso, Eaefremov, SmackBot, HeartofaDog, Cheesy mike, Hmains, Chris the
speller, SchfiftyThree, CSWarren, Ww2censor, Pickle UK, SamBlob, Hu12, ShelfSkewed, Pi3832, Alaibot, Casliber, AndrewDressel,
The Transhumanist, MegX, VoABot II, Jeff dean, A75, Anaxial, Trusilver, Shawn in Montreal, Evb-wiki, Pullin, M-72, Jeff G., Barneca,
Insanity Incarnate, Nagy, Motorrad-67, Lucasbfrbot, Aelius28, Mygerardromance, Martarius, ClueBot, Mariordo, Gtstricky, Eddaido,
Bücherwürmlein, DumZiBoT, TimTay, PL290, Red1001802, Some jerk on the Internet, Fieldday-sunday, Thruxton, Chamal N, Tide
rolls, Yobot, Raybattersby, Johnthomastaylor, Keithbob, LilHelpa, Amaury, Oldironnut, JuniperisCommunis, Citation bot 1, Biker Biker,
Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Tom.Reding, Serols, Vrenator, Jeffrd10, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, John of Reading, Dewritech, K6ka,
Fma543, H3llBot, L Kensington, Noodleki, Donner60, Rangoon11, ClueBot NG, Wdchk, Helpful Pixie Bot, Krontach, MusikAnimal,
BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Zanglazor, Dschslava, Epicgenius, Alan, EvergreenFir, Monkbot, SWMeister, Ochunter, Tbeast35, CAPTAIN
RAJU, The Quixotic Potato, Brianhe.public, 786nisarlol, Pizaruls, GreenC bot, Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 134

10.2 Images
• File:1894_Hildebrand_&_Wolfmüller_diagram.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/1894_
Hildebrand_%26_Wolfm%C3%BCller_diagram.png License: Public domain Contributors: Pagé, Victor Wilfred (originally published
1914, 2004 reprint of 1924 ed.), Early Motorcycles: Construction, Operation and Repair, Dover Publications, p. 24, ISBN 0486436713
Original artist: Victor Wilfred Pagé
• File:Butler’{}s_Patent_Velocycle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Butler%27s_Patent_Velocycle.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.isee.gateshead.gov.uk Original artist: Edward Butler (inventor)
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Copeland_stoomfiets_1894.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Copeland_stoomfiets_1894.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Crocker-right.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Crocker-right.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Con-
tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Jeff dean at English Wikipedia Later
versions were uploaded by Evb-wiki at en.wikipedia.
• File:Daimler-1-motorcycle-1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Daimler-1-motorcycle-1.jpg Li-
cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Fn-1913.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Fn-1913.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Jeff dean at English Wikipedia
• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Honda_CB750a.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Honda_CB750a.JPG License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Off2riorob using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Evb-wiki at English
Wikipedia
• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Scooters_Bangkok_Nana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Scooters_Bangkok_Nana.jpg Li-
cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Khaosaming
• File:Sokół1000.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Sok%C3%B3%C5%821000.jpg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_
with_red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svg
from the Tango project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)
• File:Triumph_1922_H_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Triumph_1922_H_1.jpg License: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Originally from nl.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Piero at
nl.wikipedia
• File:Vespasidecar.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Vespasidecar.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:ZX-7RR_Wikepedia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/ZX-7RR_Wikepedia.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Liftarn using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Del Breingan at English
Wikipedia
• File:ZweiRadMuseumNSU_Triumph_Bonneville.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/
ZweiRadMuseumNSU_Triumph_Bonneville.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Joachim Köh-
ler

10.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0