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Fundamentals of Aerodynamics - John D. Anderson, Jr. - Insructor's Solution Manual PDF
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics - John D. Anderson, Jr. - Insructor's Solution Manual PDF
28.7°. When a=0= 28.7°, B = 64.5°. M,, =MisinB=24 sin 64.5°=2.17 From Table A2, for M,, = 2.17: 2 =5.327 7 B Poe = 22 py =5.327 (1 atm) = S327 atm) Py and the maxinmum pressure occurs when a= 28.74 97 2 /m \ (es) ae From the 0-B-M diagram: B = 48° M,, =M, sin B=3.5 sin 48°= 60 Pu. = 0.4601, M,, = 0.5039, Po, From Table A2:™, 0.5039 Mor Sin 8) 1.648 ‘Sin(48- 302) — From Table AZ, for Mp = 1.648; 2& =0.876 Po From Table A.1, forM=3.5: 2 =76.27 U po * (0.876)(0.4601)76.27)(0.5) 98 Hence, p,, = 2& py = 151.8 (1 atm) =151.8 atm, PB a) M=4 From Table A.2, for Mi = 4: 0.1388, —- Pe, Pe. Po, p,, = Pe p,, = 0.1388 (151.8)= 21.07 am Pe ‘Loss in total pressure = p,, - p,, = 151.8 -21.07 = [130:7 atm] b) 6From the @-B-M diagram, p=38.7° M,, =M; sin B= 4 sin 38.7°=2.5 =0.499, M,, = 0.513 From Table A.2, for M,, M, 0513 sin(B~ 6) sin(38.7—253) a: 28 =0.6036 Poy From Table A.2, for Mo P Po, Pi Pov 5 = (0.6236)(0-499)(151.8)(1 atm) = 47.24 atm Po Po Loss in total pressure = p,, - p,, = 151.8 ~47.24= [1046 atm] ace ee wal z0% a Pa n * {2830 , 2a 0.499 Po, 2) From part (6) above, Mz From the B-O-M diagram: By = 47.3° ”For the second shock: M,, =Mo sin B2=2.21 sin 47.3°= 1.624 1.624: 2. = 0.8877, M,, = 0.6625 Po, From Table 4.2, for M, Ms From Table A.2, for My= 1.444: 2 0,947 Po, i= (0.947)(0.8877)(0.499\151.8) 151.8 ~ 63.68 = B81 at CONCLUSION: To decrease a supersonic flow to subsonic speeds via a shock system, a series of oblique shocks followed by a normal shock yields a smaller total pressure loss than ‘anormal shock by itself. Hence, a system of oblique shocks, followed by a normal shock is a more efficient means of slowing a supersonic flow to subsonic speeds than a single normal shock itself, Loss in total pressure p,, - 99 78From the 6-8-M diagram, By = 34.2° M,, =Mrsin By 2) sin 34.2°= 18 From Table A.2; for M,, =1.8: P =3.613, 2 =15%, Py 1 M,, = 0.6165 M, 6 ne 0616s ees ~ Sin(B, 8) sinG42-82) — For the Reflected Shock: ‘From the 0-B-M diagram, for Mp = 2.24 and = 18.2°: fi =44° M,, = Mz sin By =2.24 sin 44° = 1.56 From Table A.2, for M,, = 1.56: 23 =2.673, : = 1.361, M,, = 0.6809 Pe 5 M., 0.46809 sin(B,—@) sin(44—-182) = [L5q Note: The fact that My and M,, are equal is just a coincidence, @=Bp-0=44-18.2 = Pa Pa 5, (2.673)(.613)(1 atm) =B.66 atl Pe Pr = BB n= c.3610.5324820) = 108ER Ts @From Table A3: For M; =2, v1 =26.38° V2 O + yy = 23.389 + 26.38° = 49.76" ‘From Table A.1, for Mi = 2: ForM;=3: Pe =36.73, Pr T However: p,, _ and T,, = T,, . Thus a Ps Po a ae -bidal me 2 Ba ny=(s20) casny0r= DIBA = Ti = (4) (1.8)(630) = 05°R] po Pe OMDONS _ Fea7 TT Sa — (1716)(405) Par p= (7.8240.7) = BATT amd P, Po, = Po = 80Ty = (1.8)(630) ~ [11349 From Table A3: for My=2, y= 30° For M;=3, j2= 19.47 Referenced to the upstream direction: Angle of forward Mach line =p = BO} Angle of rearward Mach line = yp -@= 19.47 -23.38°= [3.914 Note: The rearward Mach line is below the upstream direction for this problem. 9.11 From Table A.1, for My = 1.58: 22 = 4.127 Pr Pa = Pa Pa Basan (= PoP OP 04: Pes From Table A.1, for =31.6,M2=29 Py From Table A.3, for My = 1.58; vi = 14.27, for Mp =2.9: y= 47.79 = 47.79 14.27 ~ B3.52! O=v2 8From the 0-8-M diagram: For Mi =3 and 0=30.6°, B = 53.1° M,, =Mr sin B=3 sin 53.1=2.4 From Table A2, for M,, =2.4: 22 0.s31 P _ 05231 sin(f— 0) sin(531- 306) From Table A.3: For My = 1.37, v2 = 8.128 v5™ 8.128 + 30.6 =38,73" From Table A.3: For vs =38.73°, Ms = 2.49 T From Table A.l: For My=3, 2 =36.73, fn P, h Po, 4, For Ma=2.48,: = =16.56, 1, Ps b a (0)(0.5401)G6.73)(1 atm) = [120 att 1 7 : (4) omesess Clearly, ps # pi, Ts # Th, and Ms#M. Why? Because there is an entropy increase across the shock wave, which permanently alters the thermodynamic state of the original flow, even after it is brought back to its original direction, 829.13 (@) — ForM,=2.6 and @= 5°, B=26.5° M,, =M: sin B = 2.6 sin 26.5° = 1.16 From Table A.2: 2 = 1.403 P, From Table A.1, for My =2.6: 2. = 19.95 ay From Table A.3, for M; =2.6: v:=41.41° Vos vy + O= 4141 +5° = 46.419 > Ma =2.83 P. From Table A.1, for Mz =2.83: =284 Po Pr = Px Pa Pou — @ 93529(1)(19,95) = 0.7022 (PsP 2) cosy Go > 7 PAY? 7 Wy PMp 27P, 2 at 2 832 (1.403 - 0.7022) cos $°= 14 ~ GaNQeF 2 (=-*) sina, “2% -o.148 2 - pong Fm aan cose cos (&) ForMy=2.6 and 0 = 15°, B = 35.9° M,, =Mj sin B= 2.6 sin 35.9°= 1.525 From Table A2; 22 =2.529 Bh From Table A.1, for My =2.6: 2 = 19.95 Bi From Table A3, for M; = 2.6: 4141.41? vat vi t= 41.4] +15 =56.41°—> M;=3.37 From Table A.1, for Mz=3.37: 2. = 63.33 Ps Pa = Pa Po Po ( as 5) (1y(19.95) = 0.315 Py Po, Pe, Pr 46333 2 é = 2. 2.529-0.315) cos 15° = 0.45) 58 Hear d Sine oo 459 SIS 55 cose costs? (©) For Mj = 2.6 and 6 = 30°, B = 59.3° M,, +Mj sin B =2.6 sin 59.3° = 2.24 4Ps 5.687, 2% = 19.95, y= 4141° B Pi vee +0=4141 +30=7141° > Ma= 4.46 1 = (Fx (219.95) = 0.0725 Pa 2 ——— > (5.687 — 0.07: 2) owe 25) a5Forregion 2. vi = 49.76" Vane Vi +0 = 49.76? + 5° = 54.76° > My = 3.27 ForM, =3: P& = 36.73: PB Forregion 3 = v2 + 0 = 54.76? + 20° = 74.76? -> Ms = 4.78 P For My = 4.78: = = 407.83 Forregion 4 My = 3 and 9 = 25°-> B= 44° M,,=Mb sin B =3 sin 44=2.08 Pe 4.881, M,, =0.5643, and 2 P Pe, 0.6835 M,, 05643 a = = 1.733. TaG_0 saaa—i5y Thus, vs~ 18.69, 2 = 5.165 Pe : For region 5: Vs = va +0 = 18.69° + 20° = 38.69° > Ms = 2.48 86Pa 216.56 Ps Pressure ratios Pos Po © Py Po, Poy Pr (154.76) = 0.09 Be 4.881 PB Bs Ps Po, Pes Pas _ (ae )ene 6835)(36.73) = 1.516 Pr Pa, Po, Po, Pr S165 Let € = length of each face of the diamond wedge. L=py £ cos 25°+ps £ cos 5°~ pz £ cos 5° - ps cos 25° = (pips) £ 00s 25° + (ps—pa) £ cos 5° t =0.823 4 : e However, ol 1. 0507 t © 2eos le = (0.823)(0.5077) = Dalg 37D'= py ¢ sin 25°+ ps € sin 5°-pp £ sin 5°- ps £ sin 25° = (pa—ps) £ sin 25° +(ps—py) £ sin 5° a “la $881 — 0.09) sin 25° + (1.516 ~ 0.6707) sin 5°] a= ae a 333 4 =o: c =2.277 rad = 130.45° Since, for My = 1, v1 = 0, then O=v2- vi = 130.45~0= [150-454 max, 889.16 For the cylinder, with ca based on frontal area, Dt = Ge S ca = Ge A(1(4/3) = = (d) Qe 3 For the dimensional wedge airfoil, referring to Figure 9.27. (w= r—pa)t Hence, 4 Og 3% (D'), —Ps)t However, t= dand qo= 5 pi Mi? To calculate pa/py, we have, for My = 5 and @ = 5°, B= 15.1°. Magi = Mi sin B =5 sin (15.1°)= 1.303 From Appendix B, for M,,) = 1.302, = = 1.805. Also, PB My _ 0786 _ gag snl) © sin(151—5) M= To calculate 22, the flow is expanded through an angle of 10°. From Table C, for Mz = Pr 4.48, v2 = 71.83 (nearest entry) v3 = v2 + 0=71.83 +10= 81.38" Hence, M; 5.6 (nearest entry) 89From Appendix A: For Mr =5, For Ms =5.6, 2 = 1037 Ps P, From Appendix B: For M,,= 1.303, ~% = 0.9794 Po, Thus, Ps _ Ps Poy Ps Pay Pi Pa, Poy Po Pr 1 = = Gas)oe 9794)(529.1) = 0.5 Hence, : This is why we try to avoid blunt leading edges on supersonic vehicles. (However, at hypersonic speeds, blunt leading edges are necessary to reduce the aerodynamic heating:) 9.17 The supersonic flow over a flat plate at a given angle of attack in a freestream with a given Mach number, Mu, is sketched below.‘The flow direction downstream of the leading edge is given by line ab. The flow direction is below the horizontal (below the direction of Ma) because lift is produced on the flat plate, and due to overall momentum considerations, the downstream flow must be inclined slightly downward. Also, line ab is a slip line; the entropy in region 4 is different than in region 5 ‘because the flows over the top and bottom of the plste have gone through shock waves of different strengths. The boundary condition that must hold across the slip line is constant pressure, Le., paps. Itis this boundary condition that fixes the strengths of the expansion ‘wave and the shock wave at the trailing edge. To calculate the trailing edge shock and expansion waves, and the flow direction downstream, use the following iterative approach: J. Assume a value for §- 2 Calculate the strength of the trailing edge shock for the local deflection angle («- 4). This gives, among other quantities, a value of ps 3. Calculate the strength of the trailing edge expansion wave for a local expansion angle of (a-4). This gives a value for ps. 4. Compare ps and ps from steps 3 and 4. If they are different, assume a new value of. 5. Repeat steps 2-4 until py = ps. When this condition is satisfied, the iteration has converged. and the trailing edge flow is now determined. 2CHAPTER 10 10.1 From Table A.1, for AJA* = 2.193, M,=2.3) io = 125, 2 =2.058. Pe T For isentropic flow, T, = constant and p, = constant. Hence, P,, = Po = Bata}, and T,, ~T.~ 520] 2 p~(4) Gam) =D amy Po, neh (saa) (520) = 852.79 eee 205) — = Pe __(04)(2116) RE (1716)(252.7) )0195 slugift] Pe a= RT, = JUAN ATAGGSZT) = 779.2 fsee = Me a = (2.3)(779.2) = 1792 filsed 102 Be -— 1 _ 3.199. From Table A.1, we see that Mz =14 and AJA* ~[Li13, Pe 03143 103 Ahead of the normal shock in front of the Pitot tube, = po™ 2.02 x 10° Nin? aX = 0.4416 P., 2.02 * 10 2From Table A.2: M, From Table A.l: AdA* =B.038 104 ta =pturAt;p,= Be = ONG 0118628. RY, (716520) ft pt = 2 9. =(0.634)(0.01186) = 0.007519 shag/ft® (0.833)(520) = 433.2°R ut =at = J(4)0716)(4332) = 1020 fuse mn = ptutA* = (0.007519)(1020) (4) loz 288 \n4a) sec 10.5 m=ptutA* ut = 9RT* and p*or, mG 10580 Ib/ft” 106 py=Satm=5@11 At = 4/144 = 0.02778 f sfozrs 28 see ae (105809}(0,02778) 520 which is the same as obtained in Problem 10.4 10.7 = Nee = 0.997 at, > ' Jatm oaFirst, check to see if the flow is sonic at the throat. Be = 1 = 1.056 Pe. 0947 From Table A., for 1.056: Me = 0.28 and AA* = 2.166 Pe Since “ =1.616< a =2.166, then Ay>A*. The throat size is larger than that for sonic flow, hence the throat Mach number, Mi, is subsonic. A, A, 1 " 2 = 1 2.166)=134 ae alae ise ON From Table A1, for St = 1.34; BR Py Pe 1 7 (Ge) (1.056)(0.947) = 0.843 atm} 10.8 Note: The équation for m given in Problem 10.5 can pot be used here because the flow is not choked, i-e., the throat Mach number is not sonic. m= peAete From Table A.1, for P= Pe 1.056: Me= 0.28, ‘Te= Te/].016 = 288/1.016 = 283.5°K = (0.94T)(L.01 x 10°) _ (287)(2835) 1.176 kg/m? ae = (PRT, = (.4)287)(2835) = 337.5 m/sec p= My ae = (0.28)(337.5) = 94.5 misec 95A=A (25) = (0.3(1.616) = 0.4848 m? ee = (1.176)(0.4848)(94.5) = 53.88 ke/sed amp 109 @ 1 = 1.064 P, 094 Av Ar Ae ( 5) (2.035) = 1.33 ata, a* (iss Since Ar> A*, then the flow is completely subsonic. No shock wave exists. Hence, from Pe 1.064, Me=0a) Pe From Table A.1: M,=0.3 and AVA* =2.035. Table A.1, for . 1 Fi by Pe = —_ = 1,129, Oo. taKe From Table A.1, for Pe = 1.129: Me= 0.42 and A = 1.539. Pe = in) (1.529) = 0.999 = 1. AL At M153 Hence, Ai = A*, and the flow i: Hence rom the above (©) From the above results, clearly when pe is reduced below 0.866 atm, sonic flow will occur at the throat, and the nozzle will be choked. Since p, = 0.75 atm is far above the supersonic exit pressure, we suspect that a normal shock wave exists within the nozzle. Note ‘that, if we rum the same calculation as in parts (a) and (b) above, we find: Au As A, Ay cisely sonic at the throat. It is subsonic everywhere else. 96ALL AL Ae = (3 } (1.127) = 0.7366. Since itis impossible for Ay Art = which comes from the shock wave theory discussed in the text, Key equation: 372. pew Be Pa Po, Pe a) To find the values of the ratios in Eq. (1): From Table A.1 for Ao/Ai* = 1.204: My = 1.54 Pos Po, From Table A.2 for My = 1.54: Mz = 0.6874, = 0.9166 From Table A.1, for Mp = 0.6874: a = 11018 (ta (1.1018) = 14 Returning to Eq. (1): Pe Pop a= (4) 9t66xt n9 =0.788 am, Poy Py A116: Pe= This is slightly higher than the given p. = 0.75. Hence, move the shock wave slightly downstream, Assume Ag/Ar= 1.301 From Table A.l: My = 1.66 From Table A.1, for My = 1.66: 2%. = 0.872, My = 0.6512 Po, Ay = 1.1356 From Table A.1, for Mp = 0.6512: AL AA AL og so( Ja 1356)= 1.335 Aly A, Ay Ay sou 9B= 1335: M.=0.50, 2 = 1.1862 Pe From Table A.1, for From Eq. (1): 1 —_) (0.87290 atm) = 0.735 (a) EQ atm) = 0.735 wt. 0.75- 0.735 1.301 ~ (1.301 - 1.204) > = 1.274 A ‘ ) ones 0735 Interpolate: ‘Thus, Assume A/A,= 1.274 From Table Al: My =1.63, Poy From Table A.2: M;=0.6596, P= = 0.8838 P,, Ar From Table A: 29; =1.1265 1 ) — | (1.1265) = 1.353 1274) From Table A.]: M.= 0.49, E 1.178 Pp Pe Pony = {1 \eo.ggay(1 atm) =075 atm Pepe) Te ee - atm “0154 atm A From Table A.1 5 153, whichis precisely the given area ratio of the nozzle. Hence, for this case, we have a completely isentropic expansion, where, 99M=188 10.10 From the 6-®-M diagram, for @ = 20° and = 41.8°, we have M; = 2.6. From Table Al, A 10.1 From Table At for We =6.79, My=3.5 From Table A.2, for Me=3.5: 2% = 0.2129 P,, (1.448) = 68 atl 1, 10.12 From Table AL, for Me 2.8: Pe 2714, 202.568 Pe At standard sea level: p= 2116 Ib/f?, T=519°R pow Pp, = 27.14)2116) = 67,430 IDE = 27.14 atm = (2.568)(519) = 13339 PB _57430 - me = 0.251 slug/fe RT, (17161333) 2 p* =(0.6339)(0.0251) = 0.0159 slug/fe- T*=0.833 (1333)=1110°R RT VGA)ANIE\ATIO) = 1633 fi/sec = ut 100in=prutat 7 pear (0.0159)(163: (0.0385 #7) From Table AJ: A/A*=3.5 Ae AL ‘A* = (3.5)(0.0385) = [1.1348 7} Ay At LP. From Eq, (10.38) in text: —“+ = — a en a From Table A.2: forMe=2.8: 2 = 0.3895 Ps, 1 = (0.0385) = poser (se ee 1013 m= ptutat ® ‘Also, R= RM = £244 . 519,612 16 kg kK P, 7 2 — =3.319 107 pp G19.6)(3600) alt = {ODGI9.63273) = 1428.6 m/sec 837.2 XB, see Hence, from Eq. (1), with m 287.2 = (3.319 x 107 p.)(1428.6)(0.2) 101= 872s nx 108 N 319x107 \14286)(02) m Po or, FF 101 x 10" 10.14 We assume the flow velocity is low at the diffuser exit; hence the total pressure at the Poy Po, exitis 1 atm. From Appendix B, for M=3, == 0.3283, no= Pa/Pe 19 Po, /Poy pow Pt = —1_ =P S4aial 0394 0394 102CHAPTER 11 == 1400 erie sin (nx) ae = VpRT = fA)A716)519) = 1116.6 f'sec Mo= Ye = 00_ = 9.6269 a, 11166 ‘Thus, at (x,y) = (0.2, 0.2) 22(70) 290-77902) aes = 700+ = cos [2n(.2)] = 765.6 fu/sec 7 0779 a V=-140 1 679M) sin [2(.2)] = -157.2 fe'sec ve Vubav® = (7656) ~ (1572)? = 781.6 flsec From Table A.1, for Me = 0.6269, 1,079 To = 1.079 To = a= RT, = {OAVA7IGV(S60) = 1160 f/see 079 (519) = 560°R (V4) = 1345 x 10 = (2)(7814 a= 1106 fi/sec Vv _ 7816 a 1106 p-7067From Table A.1, for M= 0.6269: 2 Pe Tt =1101 For M=0.7067 = 2 =1.400, 2 P T (2) ose my BiH -fi eR To (Ade 079519) = 508.6°R) 11.2 The results of Fig. 4.5 are for low-speed, incompressible flow. Hence, from Fig. 4.5, at a=5°, ata=5°, -054_ 054 (387 08146 ~054 (08146 + [03364(1.067) /1.6292}(-054) & 108[0.7763] Note the differences: There is a 17% discrepancy between the three compressibility corrections. Of the three, experience has shown the Karman-Tsien rule to be more accurate, 11.4. For the pressure coefficient on the airfoil: Me 03 04 05 06 G 0.43 0.447 -0.473 0.513 wos 07 08 0.574 -0.683-O.2 \ frond t)- Glaser? 10611.5 When M= Ma, then p at the minimum pressure point is clearly pe. = (0.528)(1.524) = P03 Evaluated Evaluated atM=1 atM=08 11.6 Prom Appendix A: ForM.=0.5, Pe = 1.186 Pa For M=0.86, P* = 1.621 P c= aajos” Check: Using Eg. (11.58) _2 -l( 1402(05)? (1405) | 1 + 02086) It checks! \o711.7 First, calculate Cy» at point A from the information in Figure 11.5(a). The actual pressure coefficient is where Pa = Pa Po Po Pe Pw From Appendix A (interpolating between entries for more accuracy for this problem), ForM,=03: Pe =1.064 ForM,=0435: Pe = 1.139 ‘Thus, 2 Cham or ) = 1.045 8 CHO" (its From the Prandil-Glauert rule, Cyo= Coa Ji-ME = (-1045),/1- 03)" =- 0.9969 For the case of part (c) where Ma,“ 0.61, again using the Prandtl-Glauert rule, 1.258 or, 108GAY(0.61)" 1.258) , 2 1= 06723 pens os Po Thus, Po Pa From Appendix A, for 2» = 1.912, Mx =[L.01] Pa This is close enough. Hence, given the numbers in Figure 11.5(a), the numbers in Figure 11.15(@) are consistent with the laws of physics. 11.8 There is a three-dimensional relieving effect for the flow over a sphere. The flow over a cylinder is two-dimensional ~ in order to get out of the way of the cylinder, the flow can move only upwards or downwards. This means it must greatly accelerate to get out of the way of the cylinder. In contrast, the flow over a sphere is three-dimensional — it can move not only upward or dowaward but also sideways. This extra degree of freedom means that the flow does not have to speed up so much in flowing over the sphere. Hence, the freestream Mach number of the sphere is higher in order to achieve sonic flow on the sphere ~ice,, the critical Mach number is higher. 10912.1 Consider a= 5° = 0.0873 rad. From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): ¢, = 0.148 erxor= PMB 01455 199 — 1.69% 0148 dat o¢ = (0.1455)(0.0873 baa From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): ¢, = 0.452 0452-0426 0.452, % exro1 x 100=3.47% ca ©, = (0.436)(0.2618) = 0.114 From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): ca= 0.121 M2014 100% 5.7% 021 %error= (©) @=30° = 0.5236 rad no% error 229873 5 190 =26.7% 119 ca= c, a= (0.873)(0.5236) = 9.459 From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): og = 0.687 %eror= 25870457 _ 33.59 0.687 Conclusion: At low a, linear theory is reasonably accurate, However, its accuracy deteriorates rapidly at high a. This is no surprise; we do not expect linear theory to hold for large perturbations. It appears that linear theory is reasonable to at least 5°, and that itis acceptable as high as 15°. At30° it is unacceptable. Keep in mind that the above comments pertain to the lift and wave drag coefficients only. They say nothing about the accuracy of the pressure distributions themselves. 122 C2 es wy26 26 +28 (2.67 -1 24 C= 0.83338 y MC, 2 pL? MIG, ON2.6* (08333) | Pe 2 2 P= 23943041 Pe Hence: Examining the physical picture: recalling a= = 0.873 rad. Pe Po 3.943 (.0873) + 1 = 1.6551 From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): P2. = 0.7022 Pe _ 0.7022— 0.6558 0.7022 % exror x 100=6.6% + 3.9430 + 1 = 3.943 (0873) +1 Pa From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): P2 % eror= A3=134 109 = 4.2% 1403 nz(b) For = 15° = 0.2618 rad 3.9434 -3.943 (2618) + 1= -0.0322 (physically impossible) ‘The result from exact theory (Prob. 9.13) is 22. = 0.315 Ps, = 3.9430 + 1= 3.943 (2618) + 1 = 2.05: Pe From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): 22 =2.529 % error = 7522=2.032 x 199 = 19.7% 2.529 (©) For a= 30° = 0.5236 rad Pa 23,9438 + 1=-3.943 (0.5236) +1= Po 064 (physically impossible) The result from exact theory (Prob. 9.13) is 22 ~ 0.0725 9430 + 1 =3.943 (0.5236) + From exact theory (Prob. 9.13): P% 5.687 9% error = 5587=3985 x 199 = 46% 5687 Conclusions: (1) Pressures predicted by linear theory rapidly become inaccurate as o. increases. (2) Pressures predicted by linear theory are reasonable only at low values of o, say below 5°. (3) At each value of a, the % error is much greater for pressure than for lift and wave drag coefficients. (See Prob. 12.1). Hence, linear theory works better for ¢, and cca than it does for p. What happens is that the inaccuracies in p on the top and bottom surfaces tend to compensate, yielding a more accurate aerodynamic force coefficient. 430.70716 P G4) O707O , 5 =5°= 0.08727 rad, 4.455 (.08727) + 1 = 0.6112 Surface 3: @ = 25° = 0.4663 rad Pa = 4.455 (4363) +1 = Po 1.9439 ‘Note: Although a negative pressure is not physically possible, in order to calculate the net force, we must carry itas such, 4363 rad Pe = 4.455 (4363) +1=2.944 ng08727 rad Surface 5: Ps 24.455 (08727) + 1 =1.3888 Pe 2 : £ (m2) con2se Be 2: cass (rom Prob. 9.14) yM? cll. py Pe Pe. J “3 ee £ (2.944 + 0.9439) cos 25° + (1 3888 — 0.6112) c0s 5 ee £ é c, = 0.682 =. However, “ = 0.5077 (From Prob. 9.14) e c = (0-682(5077) = 0.348 — £[[2-B)ame-( 22) sas y Mi clip. Pe Pe Po 4d (5077) [(2.944 + 0.9439) sin 25° + (1.3888 — 0.6112) sin 5°] 2 ca .4)@)" co= D108 Comparison Exact (Prob, 9.14) LinearTheory % Error cr ois 0346 172% on 0.169 0.1089 35.6% us(0.012/,0) At point 1 7 ay = JPRT, ~ J(4\(287\(288) = 340 m/sec Vi= Jat ev? = (639) 4232.6" = 680 msec ¥, _ 680 M = a, 340 6, = Tan! YY = Tan? (22 ) u, 639 vi = Mi) = 26.38" K= 20+ 26.31 46.38° At point 2: a= RT, = (14) @87)28 = 340 m/sec ‘V2= 680 m/sec 6v2 = 26.38" Ky.=6-v=-26.38° At point 3: = 2K) + (Ky) Va (46.38 26.38) = 10° va= Ve [Kh + Ke)a] = Ye (46.38 -26.38 M3=2.4 To obtain the other flow variables at point 3, note that: Po 27.824 and 2. = 1462 Ps Ps Pr PoP. Po, Po, Ps pia ( : (1)(7.824)(1 atm) = 9.535 ate 14.62) (2)(1.8)(288) = 240.99 a5 RT, = {UASTEAD) = 211.1 msec V3 = Msas = 2.4 (311-1) = 746.6 misec us = V3 cos 63 = 746.6 cos 10° ‘v3 = V3 sin 03 = 746.6 sin 10°= To locate point 3: Along the C, Characteristic: nyBave = V2 (82 + 83) = V2 (0+ 10) Have = V2 (2+ Hs) = ¥2 (30° + 24.62°) = 27.31° 4 = = Tan ave + Have) = Tan (5° + 27.31°) = 0.6324 Thus: y= 0.6324 x ~0.00765 o Along the C. characteristic: Gwe = Vo (Or + 83) = Yo (20° + 10°) = 15° Have = V2 (hay + ts) = V2 (30 + 24.62) = 27.312 ay 7 TaP One Hoe) = Tan (15° - 27.31") = -0.2182 y= 0.2182 x + 0.0684 @ Point 3 lies at the intersection of Eqs. (1) and (2) y= 0.6324 x -0.00765 y= -0.2182 x + 0.0684 Solving simultaneously: x= 0.0894 y= 0.0489 xs, Ys) = (0.0894, 0.0489) 18CHAPTER 14 JE —— 2 ™, XN ex (Cy, -C,,) cosa 141 = (C,,-C,,) sine (@) Using straight Newtonian theory: C= 2 sin? a For a= 5°; ¢, sin? 5° = 0.0152 c, = 0.0152 cos 5° = [0151] cq 0.0152 sin 5° = .00132) For a= 15°: sin? 19° = 0.1340, C,, c, = 0.1340 cos 15°= (3.129) cq = 0.1340 sin 15° = 9.0347] usFor a= 30° pp = 2sin? 30° = 0.5 c, = 0.5 cos 30° = 9.433) ca= 0.5 sin 35° = 0.25} (b) Using modified Newtonian: sino o PemPe 2 (2 1) Yip, 7 Moir. M Mp. 2 C= ae 181-1) = 1.729 m= (1ay2.6)" ¢, = 0.0131 cos 5° ca= 0.0131 sin 5° =f.00114) For a= 15° oy = 1.729 sin? 15° = 0.1158 €, = 0.1158 cos 15° = P1119 ca= 0.1158 sin 15° = 9.030) For «= 30° C,, = 1.729 sin® 30° = 0.4323 ¢, = 0.4323 cos 30°= 0.374) c= 0.4323 sin 30° = P.214 v0Comparison; Mod. Exact c, Newtonian Newtonian « (rob. 9.13) & % exror ce % error ° 0.148 0.0151 90 0.0131 a 15° 0.452 0.129 n O19 2 752 30° 119 0.433 63.6 0.374 68.6 Mod. Exact c, Newtonian ‘Newtonian (Prob. 9.13) & % error ce % error 0.0129 0.00132 90 0.00114 a1 1s? 0.121 0.0347 n 0.03 152 30° 0.687 0.25 636 0216 68.6 Conclusion: Newtonian theory gives terrible results for a flat plate a moderate o at low ‘Supersonic Mach numbers. 142 M,=20 e 3 From Newtonian theory: Cy =2 sin? a =2 sin® 20° = 0.234 121c, =0.234 cosa= aq ca = 0.234 sin a= 0.0 2 ( From shock-expansion theory: nthe top surface: v2 — vy +9 = 1162 +20= 136.20 This is beyond the maximum expansion angle. Hence, a “void” exists on the top surface, ie, =O. On the bottom surface: From the 0-B-M diagram, B=24.9° M,, = M1 sin B= 20 sin 24.9° = 8.4 Bs Pr 82.15 From Prob. 9.13: ene dy (2-2) ove “Me Mp PD and sing camo, cosa 2 954 = (82.15 ~0) cos 20°= 0.2757 Gayo es= 0.2757 Tan 20°=0.100 For og: % error = 92757-0220 _ 29% 027 For cy: %error= 2100-008 «2994 010 Note: Newtonian theory works much better for blunt bodies, i.e, for large values of 8.(®) Use Bq, (14.7) to estimate the pressure at point A. We first need to obtain ‘Cyax Which is a function of po2/px. From Appendix B for Me = 20, po2/Po = 0.5155 x 10°. Hence, 2 -} = *__. (6153-1) = 1.837 (14207 From Eq, (14.7), at point A on the surface Cy, = Cama sin” 0 = (1.837) sin? 20°= 0.2149 Since c= (2s i) * ¥ MU \Pe then, M2C, ? Pa 7 MC 4 = CANE 02149) 1 6147 Po 2 2 Hence, Pa=61.17 3.06 (®) The stagnation temperatuié is found from Eq. (8.40) a +o [P= 140.220) 81 7 ‘Assuming an isentropic flow from the stagnation point to point A, 13Pa _ Palo -( Poo Poa /Pa or, any? 02857 5 Set)" = = 0.5439 e=(Sig) “OnE TAT, o Tax gt] Ton © 5439)(81)(500) = B2,028°R] (Please note. Relative to our discussion in Problems 8.17 and 8.18, we know this estimate of Ta to be too large because we are not taking into account the effect of chemically reacting flow.) (©) At point A, for an isentropic flow, po. = Po2 f = Poa — (uS Ay) Pa 2 i _ Pop /Pe _ 5155 Pa/Pa OLI7 =8.427 (8.42787 = 1.8385 ‘My? = (1.8385 ~ 1) —=— = (0.8385)(5) = 4.1925 @ an= PRT, = YONA E2,028) = 7275 fsec [Ad x 10" ise Va =a Ma = (7275)(2.05) Note: Once again, this estimate of Va is t90 high because Ta, hence aa, is too high. Also note: The purpose of this problem is to illustrate that, from the Newtonian sine- «law for pressure variations, the other flow field quantities can also be obtained. squé 1aCHAPTER 15 15.1 (@) Since the plates are infinite in length, u= u(y) only. Also, v= 0, ic. the flow is in the x-direction only. The governing equation is Eq. (15.18a), which reduces to the following u = u(y), v= 0 and p= const. a gy au ( y Integrating: pusayter Aty™0,u=0: o=0 Atyshusue pue=crh Thus: ‘The velocity variation is linear between the plates. en eth OF t 125( r) it -( 320)" 28816+110 _ | ogg T) Trio \osgi6/ “3204110 p= 1.084 jlo = 1.084 (1.7894 x 10°) = 1.94 x 10° Ks wm see 30 -c.9ta105 (22) = EST F=(L94x 109 (55 im’ ‘The shear stress is constant, and hence is the same on the top and bottom walls. 152 u=n(y), v= 0, p=pX) 0 2,4 (a) ae” dy ay Aty=0,u=0. Thus 0 126(B3 The velocity profile is parabolic. (2 an 2u On the bottom plate, y= 0: r=p 2 dy (2) 2, (#) Vad a” Ve) 2p du . On the top plate, y=h: x=} (5) since dy is negative, ie. the distance away fiom the top ly plate is in the downward (negative direction) -wie(22)® (8) 2) oe Lax) 2, h (2) 2 Vax For both the top and bottom walls, Shear stress varies linearly with the magnitude of the pressure gradient. Note: Due to the content of chapters 16, 17, and 18, no homework problems are required. 12719.1 1 mishr= 0.4471 mm/sec Vom (14128) 04471 _m/see} - 63.04 m/sec fr) mi/ hr Rep= PaNe® _ (123X600) _ 6 93 5 196 Be 1.7894 x 10° 2 _ 1328 rae Re, 693 x 10° ‘Notting that drag exists on both the bottom and top surfaces, we have Dy=2 qu S Cr 2(¥2)(1.23)(63.04)°(9.75)(1.6)(5.04 x 10°) = 58.4 074-0074 Wo 3.17x 107 Re, (693x10°)' ) = Couns. 59.4) = 317 X10" 59.4) = BTS Dr 3 (Coie 504 x 10 Note that turbulent skin friction is 6.28 times larger than the laminar value. 5.0x (5.0)(1.6) ce 19.2 = a = 3.04 x 10 m= 1.304 em) . VRe, 693 x 10° ae 037s 037009) o> 545 10%m= Estee © Re,” (6.93x10°)* a Bs 193 Transition 128Qo ™ V2 (1.23)(63.04)' = 2444 Nim? VuG% Re.= 5x 108 PaVe C= %e) He Sx 10H, _ (Sx10°)(17894 x 10%) PAV, (1.23)(6304) (1 Xe) =0.1154m Dr= Qe S Ce= (2444)(0.1154)(9.75)(1.878 x 10°) =5.16N Turbulent drag on (x1 - x0): Cr tas ys 75.36 x 107 (5 x 10°)! de= (2382107) 55-1425 1878 x 10°) From Prob. 19.1, the turbulent drag on (%— x.) was 241.5. Hence, Turbulent drag on (2 - x1) = 241.5 — 14.73 = 226.8 N Total skin friction drag = [Laminar drag on (Xt —x.)] + (Turbulént drag on (x2~ x1)] = 5.16 +2268 = 232 19.4 Atstandard sea level: p= 0.002377 slug/ft To=519°R awa RT = (OAATIGVSIS) = 1117 ft/sec Voo= Me de #4 (1117) * 4468 filsec 129£002377)(5868)5/12) _ 1 9 5 49? 3.7373 x 107 TIncompressible Cr= C,, = 7228 - 1378 __ = 3.36610" Re. From Fig, 18.8 CHC, = 0.85; Cr= 3.286 x 10 Dy= qu S$ Cr= (YoX.002377)(4468)'(5/12)G.286 x 10°) Dr= 8.24819 on one side of the plate. 19.5 For incompressible flow: 0.074 0.074 c 7 w Re, (18 x 10°) =2.85 x 107 From Fig. 19.1: Cr~ 16x 10? (The effect of Mach number is to reduce Cy by about 44% in this case.) From Prob. 19.4, the laminar value of Dy is 3.248 for a value of Cr= 3.286 x 10*. Hence, the turbulent value is Dre (2800) 6.248) = E215 3286 x 10% 19.6 FromEq, (18.32): a aia a =< = — 1) mae 2 («8 ® From Eq. (18.41) with Pr= 1 @) Eqs. (1) and (2) are identical. Hence 130hho= e+ cp u, where cy and cp are constants. Atthe wall, u=0 and hy= 2. by. Hence, he= C1 +0, oF ¢)=By At the boundary layer edge: by, =c1+ eo Ue hy +670, Thus: hy= ey ep = byt Since =p T, then 2 Tt (1, Te) 19.7 From Eq, (18.70), .763 Pr (Dette) ow —by) qQ) where, from Eq. (18.82), the velocity gradient is given by da, 1 [Ped & R Q) The subscript ¢ denotes properties at the Outer edge of the stagnation point boundary layer, i.e., pe and pe are the inviscid stagnation point values of pressure and density. The speed of sound it the ambient atmosphere is ae PRT, = (COBY 314.5 m/sec (@) For Vs = 1500 m/sec, we have 131__ 1500 Me= a, 314, 477 From Appendix B (nearest entry), Po2 39.59 Pe and from Appendix A (nearest entry), Pe = (29.52)(583.59) = 1.723 x 10¢ Nin? Tos Te= (5.512)(246.1) = 1357 K 1.723 x 10 (287)(1357) = 0.044 kg/m* From Southerland’s law, Eq. (15.3), using the standard sea level value of jty = 1.7894 x 10° kg/(an)(sec) at Ty = 288K, we have (2)"s +110 (3)"( 288-110) ay (n) Ten" Vase) 13574110 he = (2.7T)(1.789 x 10°) = 4.957 x 10° ke/(mm)(sec) From Eq. (2) above 1 {20.723 x 10‘ —58359) (0.0254) V 0044 =3.42x 10/sec Pe ‘Assuming a recovery factor r= 1, then lew = ho. io y, (1500)? = cp To + —2— = (1008)(246.1) + 7? eae 8)(246.1) + “=F Baw = Bo = bio = 2.48 x 10° + 11.25 x 10° = 13.73 x 10° joule/kg, Baw = ¢p Tw = (1008)(400) = 4.032 x 108 joule/kg ° 132The “rho-mu” product is (kg)? m* sec Pelle = (1.044)(4.957 x 10°) = 2.18 x 10°° From Eq. (1) above qa = 0.763 Pro (Patt) Ge Ber Be) = 0.763 (0.72)? (2.18-x 103.42 x 108)” (13.73 — 4.032) x 10° Joules 693 =3693 2S seo(m®) m () For Vx. = 4500 m/sec, we have Ve _ 4500 Mo= —* =~ = 1431 a, 3145 From Appendix B (interpolated) Pea. 264.0 Pe From Appendix A (interpolated) t, sen ai94 xray Pe * (264)(583.59) = 1.54 x 10° Nim? 1.94 (246.1) = 10,321 K Pe __154 x 10° RT, ds/doszy | °°? Kem @) T.+10 (10223)"( 248110) . T, T,+110 288 10321+110- 133He = (8.186)(1.7894 x 10%) = 1.465 x 10° ke/(m)(sec) From Eq. (2) 1 (0.0254) fos x 107 58559) 0.052 v2 Baw = at = 2.48 x 10 + ao = 1.037 x 107 jouleske patie = (0.052)(1.465 x 104) =7.62x 106 8) mi sec ay = 0.763 PF (pa) PE Chay) i = 0.763 (0.72)? (7.62 x 10°)(9.56 x 10°)” (1.037 x 10” - 4.032 x 10°) 2.218 x 10% SAS mi Comparing the results from parts (a) and (b), we note AM) soy _ 2218 x 10" ( 3693 ‘When the velocity increased from 1500 m/sec to 4500 m/sec, a factor of 3, the heat transfer increased by a factor of 60. This illustrates the rapid growth of the importance of acrodynamic heating as vehicles fly faster, well into the hypersonic flight regime. A simple, approximate analysis for aerodynamic heating which assumes very high Mach numbers (s0 that hyy >> hy) indicates that aerodynamic heating is proportional to V..". (See for example, Anderson, Introduction of Flight, 4" ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000, page 570.) For the present example, in going from a relatively low, not quite hypersonic condition (Mz. 4.77) 10 a relatively high Mach number of Ma, = 14.31, the increase was even faster. 134