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Telephone :( +27) 011 027 0394

Cell :( +27) 73 158 9951
SAAMA No. SAAMA 2017199
Email: admin@brazenmind.co.za
Web: www.brazenmind.co.za CSD Number MAAA062188

This programme is designed for

 Engineers Venue: Birchwood Hotel O.R
 Engineering Technologists,
 Technicians
Tambo Conference Centre
 Electrical Design Engineers
 Technical Directors/Managers Date: 14th – 15th March 2019
 Construction Managers
 Programme Managers: PSP
 people in power industries more
specifically in Power System Protection
 General Managers
The aim of the course is to provide concepts of power system protection which includes understanding
the principle of operation of protection system components, i.e. fuses, relays, circuit breakers,
instrument transformers and their applications for the design of protection systems for transmission
lines, reactors, SVCs, Generators, transformers. It also aims to briefly overvoltage and system
protection.

After successfully completion of this course participants should be able to:

 Understand the principle of operation of protective devices, i.e. fuses, relays, circuit breakers and
instrument transformers.
 Understand the applications of protection devices in the design of protection systems for
transmission lines, bus bars, SVC and reactors.
 Understand and design protection systems for transformers and generators.
 Understand the power quality problems and their mitigating techniques.
DAY 1
Fundamentals of protections systems:
 Why Protection? Main Reasons for Protection, salient
features of power system protection, Earthing
protection
Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults:
 Review of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, Short
Circuit of a Synchronous Generator (SG) on No load,
Short Circuit of a Loaded synchronous machine,
analysis through unsymmetrical components, Single
line to ground (L-G) fault, L-L fault on an
unloaded/loaded generator, LL-G fault on an
unloaded/loaded generator, examples on symmetrical
and unsymmetrical faults.
Protective Devices:
 Fuses, Circuit Breakers: OCB, ACB, VCB, SF6, Rating of
circuit breakers
Instrument Transformers (CTs and PTs):
 CTs: Operating principle and construction, Equivalent
circuit and corresponding vector diagram,
Performance parameters: current error, rated knee
point emf, Composite error, Symbols and three- phase
connection, Types of CTs, Transient performance,
Name plate ratings, CT ratio, CT selections
 PTs: Types of VTs: Electromagnetic and capacitor type,
Vector diagram, Design, Accuracy, Connections,
Protection of VTs, Voltage Drop, Selection of VTs
Relays:
 operating principles of over current relays: induction &
microprocessor type; Directional relays; Impedance
(distance) relays or modified impedance relays;
Differential relays: Bucholz Relay; Pilot relays, relay
settings and coordination
Protection of Transmission Lines:
 Protection of sub transmission lines, Example on sub
transmission lines, Protection of HV/EHV transmission
lines, Line protection with pilot relays, Distance
protection: principle, characteristics, Application of
impedance relay on power line: Effect of load
current, Effect of arc resistance, Distance protection
Schemes; Example on transmission lines
DAY 2
 Protection of reactors and Static VAR Compensator
(SVCs): Shunt Reactor Protection, Dry-type reactors,
Oil Immersed reactors, Failure Models of Shunt
Reactors, Protection practices for shunt reactors,
SVC protection, A typical SVC system, SVC
protection requirements.
Bus Protection and Feeder Protection
 General considerations of bus protection, Bus
Faults, Bus Protection Requirements, Bus
Protection, CTs for differential protection, Bus
Differential Protection, Bus Protection with
Percent Differential Relays, Basic principles of
high-impedance circulating current busbar
protection
Overcurrent Protection:
 Protection of Parallel feeders, Distance
Protection, Principle of Operation of Differential
Relay (voltage balance system), Pilot relays,
Basic types of protection information channels
Transformer Protection:
 transformer internal and external faults,
protection against internal and external faults,
Bucholz relay protection, over current, earth
fault and differential protection
Generator Protection:
 types of generator protection, stator
protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation
protection, other protection systems
Overvoltage Protection:
 Overvoltage in power system: external
(lightning) and internal, Types of Internal
Overvoltages, Insulation co-ordination,
Protection against external overvoltages,
Protection against internal overvoltages
Power Quality & Equipment Protection
 Power line disturbances, Types of power line
disturbances, Sources of Disturbances,
Disturbances effect on sensitive equipment,
Power Systems Harmonics, Causes of Harmonic
distortion, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD),
Harmonic impacts
System Protection:
 Disturbances: Causes and Remedial Measures,
Transient Stability and Out-of-Step Protection,
Overload and Under frequency Load
Shedding, Voltage Stability and Undervoltage
Load Shedding, Special Protection Schemes,
Modern Perspective: Technology Infrastructure,
Phasor Measurement Technology,
Communication Technology, Future
Improvements in Control and Protection