12th Maths Unit 6 Study Material English Medium PDF

s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.
O saasla
d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P .P.P
ww ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w
ww w wwww w w w w
Chapter6 Applications of Vector Algebra Applying dot w w
product of 𝑎⃗ on both sides, ww
Examplela6.1 i .O . Orgrg formulae)
(Cosine i .O . Orgrg i .=O . rg⃗r⃗g
O i .O . rgrg
O
a i l a a i 𝑎
⃗.l a
𝑎⃗ a i −𝑏 . 𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗. 𝑎
⃗ l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a usual notations, in.P
.P.With a atriangle ABC, a a 𝑎⃗2 = −|𝑏⃗⃗||𝑎⃗| cos(𝜋
.P.P .P.Pa−a 𝐶) − |𝑐⃗||𝑎⃗| cos(𝜋 −.𝐵) aa
w ww
w
P
w wwany
w
.P wwww w ww
w w wwP.P
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2
prove the following 𝑎 = −𝑏𝑎[−cos(𝐶)] − −𝑐𝑎[−cos(𝐵)]
i . O . Orgrg by vector method. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
asla𝑏l2a+ 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 asaaslala a i a i a i
saas𝑎lala= 𝑏𝑎 cos(𝐶) + 𝑐𝑎dcos(𝐵) saaslala saasla
2
a2s a a a a
(i)
a d𝑎 d = a d d a d d a d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa .P.Pa Dividing by a, ww
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww www w wwww w w
w w w w
w w
Solution:
𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 Hence Proved.
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i (ii) l a a i
as𝑏al= 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 cos 𝐶asaasal l a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.Pcos
.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w (iii) 𝑐 = 𝑎 cos 𝐵w w
+ w
𝑏 𝐴 w w w
www www www www www
………………………………………………………………………
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa 6.3 By vector method,
Example
d a
d
l
saasa prove that d a
d saasla
a aany triangle ABC, .P.P
.P.InP aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w cos(α +β) = coswα wcos
w w β − sin α sin β w ww
w
ww ww
𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗
ww ww ww
Solution:
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ⃗⃗ −l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l 𝑎⃗ =
d
−𝑏
a
d saasa 𝑐l⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
Paa
.P.Applying dot product,ww .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗ = (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala 𝑎⃗2 = 𝑏⃗⃗2 + 𝑐⃗2 +dad2𝑏sa⃗⃗a.s𝑐⃗lala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Take two points Awand .PPaa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww 𝑎2 =w𝑏w w
w2w+w𝑐 2 + 2𝑏𝑐 cos(𝜋 − 𝐴) ww
ww
ww
ww www. B on the unit circle wwwwww
with
2
𝑎rg g= 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos.O 𝐴 rgrg centre as rorigin grg O. rgrg
i . O
i . O r i i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
l a a l a a l a a l a a asla
(ii)da𝑏d2saasa𝑐l2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎 cos 𝐵dadsaasal
= d a s
So,
a as|𝑂𝐴 l | = |𝑂𝐵
a⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1
d a saasal
d a sa
.P.P aa .P.Paa a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www (iii) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 w w cos 𝐶
−w2𝑎𝑏 www ∠𝐴𝑂𝑋 = 𝛼w ww∠𝐵𝑂𝑋 = 𝛽
and www
………………………………………………………………………
O ∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 =
i .O . rgr𝛼g+ 𝛽
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
d a
Exampled saasa6.2l
d a
d saasa l
d a
Let
d
l
saas𝑖⃗aand 𝑗⃗ be the unit vectors d a
d
l
saasaalong 𝑥 , 𝑦 axis. dadsaasla
l
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w Draw AL and BM w w
w w
perpendicular to 𝑥 w
axis. ww
w
ww With usual notations, ww in any triangle ABC, ww ww ww
prove the following
i .O . Orgrg by vector method. i .O . rgrg
O Then 𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼,
i .O . rgrg −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) and 𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽,
O i .O . Ogrg are
r𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)
(i) d𝑎ad=
l
saas𝑏acos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 dadsaasa l
d a
the
d
l
saasco-ordinates.
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Solution: ww ww ww ww
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐿
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐿𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala = cos 𝛼𝑖⃗ − sind𝛼𝑗ad⃗saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww w w⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝑀w w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑀𝐵 w w
O i . O . rgcos
O rg 𝛽𝑖⃗ + sin 𝛽𝑗⃗ i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i = l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d triangle ABC, .PP d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.InP
a aany .a a a ad
w w w w w w w w w By definition www w w w
www w𝑏w
𝑎⃗w+ ⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗ www www www
rgrg rgrg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =rg|𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O 𝑎⃗ = −𝑏⃗⃗ − l a𝑐l⃗ia.Oi . O 𝑂𝐴
l a ia.Oi . Org ||𝑂𝐵| cos(𝛼 + l𝛽) a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
.P.1P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l a l a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s a s laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
ww cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) ww w w w w
ww by vector method that www w
= (1)(1) Example 6.5 Prove
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
ad saasa
. 𝑂𝐵 l
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) .
d
. .
a
d saasa
. . . . l
(1)
d
sin(α
a
d saasa l
−β) = sin α cos β
d
−
ad
cos
saasa β αl sin
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w By value w www w ww
w Solution: w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 . 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗i.=O O grg 𝛼𝑖⃗ − sin 𝛼𝑗⃗). (cos 𝛽𝑖
r(cos . O⃗i.+Orgsin
rg 𝛽𝑗⃗) . O O rgrg . O rgrg
O
a i . a i a i i . a i i .
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.−a
Pasin α sin β .. . . . (2)ww a
.PPa .P.Pa a .P.Paa
ww .
ww = cos α cos ww β ww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
From (1) andr(2) grg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
cos(αa saa s
+β) al = cos α cos β − sinasαaassin al β a s
Take
aasatwo l points A and B onsathe
a a s al unit circle with asaasla
d
a ad a add d
a ad d
a ad adad
w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w . P. P w . P.P
ww ………………………………………………………………………
ww ww ww ww ww centre as origin ww wO.ww wwwww
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| r=g |𝑂𝐵
Example 6.4
i . O
i . Orgrg usual notations, ini.O
With any
i . rgrg
O
So, |𝑂𝐴
i . O
i . O rg⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = 1 i .Oi . rgrg
O
saasa l a l a saasa l a l a l
saa∠𝐴𝑂𝑋a l a asal al a saasla
d ad d a
d d a
d sa = 𝛼 and ∠𝐵𝑂𝑋dad =sa𝛽 d a
d
a a ABC, prove by vector
.P.triangle
P .P.Pa a method that aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w ∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼 − w 𝛽 www w ww
w
ww 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
ww ww ww ww
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
.O O grg𝐶
rsin .O rgrg
O Let 𝑖⃗ and
.O 𝑗⃗rg
O bergthe unit vectors along .O rg𝑥rg, 𝑦 axis.
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
Solution:
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
Draw
d
l
saasa AL and BM perpendicular d ad
l
saasa to 𝑥 axis. d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w Then 𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, w
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) www and 𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽) w
arewthe
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
O co-ordinates.
i . O . O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a
.P.P⃗⃗ a a
.P.Pa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.PPaa .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww Let 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐⃗, 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =w 𝑎⃗,w w
𝐶𝐴ww
w⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝑏 ww wwww 𝑂𝐿 + w
ww ww𝐿𝐴w. wwwwww
rgrABC
g = rgrg = rgrcos
g 𝛼𝑖⃗ + sin 𝛼𝑗⃗ rgrg
Area of triangle i . O
i . O i . O i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
s asall a a s l
asal a a s l a l
asa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗a s l
asal a a s asla
d a
a ad1 |𝐴𝐵 a a𝐵𝐴 d a a
ad| = 1 |𝐶𝐵 d
a ada a 𝑂𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐵 d
a ad a a d
a ada a
w .P.P ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 |𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.P×
w .P ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐶𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| w.P.P w .P.P w .P.P
w
www w 2
www w
2 w 2
www w w www w w w
www w
= cos 𝛽𝑖⃗ + sin 𝛽𝑗⃗
So, |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
i .O . Org|rg= |𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × r𝐶𝐴
i .O . Ogrg|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d
By
a
d
l
saasdefinition
a
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
a asin(𝜋 − 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑎 sin(𝜋
.P.𝑐𝑏
P .P.−a a𝐵) = 𝑎𝑏 sin(𝜋 − 𝐶) .P.P
P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ w ww
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ w w
w
̂ w
ww ww ww 𝑂𝐵 × ww 𝑂𝐴 = |𝑂𝐵 ||𝑂𝐴| sin(𝛼 −w𝛽) w𝑘
𝑐𝑏 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
O i .O . O rgrg = (1)(1) sin(𝛼 i .O . rgr𝛽)
O g 𝑘̂
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i −
Dividing
d ad
l
saasaby abc d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.sin(𝛼
P .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww w w ww
w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴
w www = − 𝛽) 𝑘̂ . . . . .w ww
. (1)
w
ww 𝑐𝑏 sin 𝐴w= w 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵
=
𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 ww ww ww
𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂Orgr𝑘̂g
a i . i . O
lala sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin a i . i . O a i . i . O
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ alai𝛽.O 0|
i .
s a s s as𝐶lala Bys as lala 𝑂𝐵 × 𝑂𝐴 = |cos 𝛽saslasin
value saasla
a d ad a = a = d a
d a a d a
d a a d ad a a d a
d
ww .P.Pa 𝑎 w𝑏w .P.Pa 𝑐 ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pcos a 𝛼 sin 𝛼 0
ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = ± 𝑘̂(sin α cos β − cos α sin β ) . . . . . . (2)
Inverting, r g r g = = r g r g rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 i.O
l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal a sa asal a s
From
aasal(1) and (2) a sa asal a s aasla
d
a ad proved. a add d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.Hence
P w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www ……………………………………………………………………… www w www w sin(α −β) = sin w
wwαwcos β − cos α sin β www w
O i .O . O rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
a aManisekaran SRKMHSS
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page .P.2Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww Example 6.7 Provewby w w w
ww w w w ww
w vector method that the respectively. w w vector method, show
Using wwthat
i .O . rgrg
O i O Orgrg
.vertices
. i .O . Orgrg 1 aia .O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i i
perpendiculars
d a
d saasa l (attitudes) from
d a
d
the
saasa l
d
the
a
d saasarea l
a of ∆ DEF is equalato
d d
l
saas4a(area of ∆ABC). dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.toP aa
.aP.triangle
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w the opposite sides w ww
of
w are w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww Solution: ww ww
concurrent..OO
i . rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa
Solution: .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
rgrg rgrg In Triangle rgrABC,
g consider A as the origin.
rgrg
l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O
a sa asal a saasal a sa asal a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a adD,E,F are the midpoints dof
a ad BC,CA and AB. d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www Let ABC be the given w w
wwtriangle. w
www w
wwwvectors of D,E,F are www w
Then the position
Let the altitudes
i .O . rgrgAD and BE intersecting
O i .O . rgat
O rgO i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
andd a
l
saasait as the origin. dadsaasa
take
d
l
d
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
a
d
l
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
+𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
saasa , , and . dadsaasa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa 2
.P.P 2 2 .PP
.a a aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w w ww w wwww
ww To prove that CO w is w perpendicular to AB. ww ww ww
Considering AB and Ac as the adjacent sides ,
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴= 𝑎⃗,i.𝑂𝐵 . rg=rg𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
O O ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasAD a l
⊥ 𝑟 BC d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasaof triangle ABC = 2d|𝐴𝐵
area
1
a
d saas×a𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www wwww
ww ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 ⊥ 𝑟 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ww ww w
Area ΔwDEF = 2 |𝐷𝐸
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐷𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ww
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ i . O
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
. rg=0
O rg i . O . rgrg
𝑂𝐴 a . 𝐵𝐶i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala = d
1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a
|
d
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶a
saas×lal⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | d a
d saasla
a
.P.P⇒ a ⃗⃗⃗⃗.
𝑎 (𝑐⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗)= 0…………. .P.P a
(1)a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa2 2 2 a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
BE ⊥ 𝑟 CA 1 1
= ( |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
i . O . r
O g r g
i . O . r
Ogr g
i . O . Or grg 2 2
i . O . Orgr|) g
l a a
asal⊥ 𝑟 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⇒ s𝑂𝐵 i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.=P
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | a ad
.P.P
w w w ∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴 =0 w w w w w w w w w 4
w ww
www www www www www
1
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏.( 𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗)r= gr0..........(2)
g rgrg rgrg = 4 (Area Δ ABC) rgrg
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.O i . O
(1)d+ad a asa⇒
s(2) l
d adsaasa l
d a saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
d d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ w www w ww
w Example 6.9 A w www
particle acted upon by wwww
constant
ww 𝑎⃗. (𝑐⃗ − 𝑏) + 𝑏.(ww 𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗) = 0 ww ww ww
𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ −𝑎⃗.la𝑏⃗⃗lia.+ O . rg g
𝑏⃗⃗ .r𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0
O i .O . rgrg
O forcesi2𝑖 .O⃗.O +rgr5𝑗g⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ and −𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗i.− O . Or⃗⃗grisg
𝑘
i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a 0a
𝑐.⃗P.=P a a displaced from the .point
.P.P aa aa
w ww
w 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ −𝑏 w
⃗⃗w
w .w w ww
w w wwwP.P (4, −3, −2) to the wwww.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
(𝑎 ⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗) . 𝑐⃗ = 0 point (6,1, −3). Find the total work done by the
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala(𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) . 𝑐⃗ = 0 asaslala
d d a d d saaslala
forces.
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 w.w w w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 =0 ww ww w www ⃗ ⃗⃗ wwww
ww ww ww Solution: Givenw w Force 𝐹1 = 2𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 w w
. O . rgr⇒
O g OC ⊥ 𝑟 AB . O . rgrg
O . O . Orgrg . O . Orgr⃗⃗g
l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i Force ⃗2 = −𝑖⃗la
𝐹 asal − 𝑘
− ia 2𝑗i⃗ asla
Hence a sa athe
s alaltitudes of a triangle a sa al concurrent.
asare a sa asal a sa a s a
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.………………………………………………………………………
w P w w.P.P w .P.P
w Hence resultant w
force .P.P
w 𝐹⃗ = ⃗
𝐹 + 𝐹 ⃗ ww.P.P
w
www Example 6.8 In triangle w
www ABC , the points D, E, w
wwF w wwww 1 2 wwww
ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg

O i .O . Orgrg = 2𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ +i.O 6𝑘 . rg−𝑖
⃗⃗O rg⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
are theamidpoints
d a
d sasa l of the sides
d ad
BC,
saasa l
CA, and AB
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
.P.3P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l a la i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w w w
𝐹⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗ = 4𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + λ𝑘 ⃗⃗ − 𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ +w ⃗⃗w
𝑘
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Let A sand
d ad a
l
asaB be the points (4, −3,
d ad saas−2) l
a and
d a
d saasa l = 3𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ +
d ad saλ𝑘asa+ 𝑘
⃗⃗ l ⃗⃗
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
w ww
w (6, 1, −3) respectively. w ww
w w www w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww ww 𝑑⃗w=w3𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + (λ + 1)𝑘⃗⃗ ww
i . O
Then theladisplacement. rgrg
O ⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i ⃗ ⃗ a i
d a
d saasala d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala
Work done W = 𝐹 . 𝑑
d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
P.P3𝑘a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa⃗⃗ a
.⃗⃗P.Pa
ww = (6𝑖⃗w+w w𝑗⃗.− ⃗⃗ ) − (4𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ )ww w−w w
ww
ww ww w ww w w =(5𝑖
ww w⃗w 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘). [3𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + (λ ww ww
+ w
1)𝑘 ]
. O Ogrg6𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ − 4𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗

r= . ⃗+
O rg2𝑘
O rg⃗⃗ . O rgrg= 15+ 4 +λ + 1 i.O.O
O rgrg
l
asala ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . asall a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa
.P.P a ad 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + w 4𝑗⃗.P a𝑘⃗⃗ad
−.P a ad
.P.P =λ+ P.P
.20 a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
Work done Wr= ⃗ ⃗ Given Work done W = 16 units.
. O Ogrg𝐹 . 𝑑 .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
=(𝑖 ⃗ + 3𝑗
⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗
d a
).d (2𝑖
l
saas⃗a+ 4𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗) d a
d saasa l ∴ λ + 20 = 16 d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww λ = 16 − 20 ww
= 2 + 12 – 5
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i λ=4 l a a i
d a
d saasa l = 14 – 5
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P a a ………………………………………………………………………
w ww
w Work done W = 9 w ww
w
units. w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww Example 6.11ww ww
………………………………………………………………………
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrgcosines of
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O Find the
a i . O
i .magnitude
O and the direction
a i . O
i . O
Example la A particle is actedsasupon
saasla6.10 lala by the saaslala saaslala saasla
a d a
d a d ad a a d a
d
the torque about the a d
point ad (2,0, −1) of a force a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w⃗⃗ w w
forces 3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 wand 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 is displaced ⃗⃗ w w
w w w
⃗⃗ , whose
w w
w line of action passes through w w
w w
2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘
i . O . rg(1,3,
O rg −1) to the pointi.(4, O . rg
O rg λ) the i .
origin. O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
from thelapoint
asal a i l
asal a a i −1, l
asala a i asall a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa
ad work done by the .forces
athe
.P.IfP a adis 16units, find .P.P
P.P a adSolution: Let A be the .P.P ad (2,0, −1)
apoint .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
the value of λ.rgrg
i . O . O i . O . rgrg
O
Then its position
i . O . rgrg vector 𝑂𝐴
O
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖⃗ +g0𝑗
i . O . r rg⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
O
i i i i
d a
d saaslaaGiven
Solution:
la
Force ⃗
𝐹 = d
3𝑖⃗ ad−
saa 2𝑗
a
s⃗la+la2𝑘⃗⃗ d a
d saaslaala Given Force d ad 𝐹
s⃗aa= a
sla2𝑖la⃗ + 𝑗
⃗ − ⃗⃗
𝑘 d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .a a
1.PP aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Force 𝐹⃗2 = 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 ⃗⃗ So torque 𝑡⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Hence
d a
d
l
saaresultant
sa force 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗d 1a +
d sa𝐹a⃗s2a l
d a
d saasa l
d ad
l
saasa𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P a a = |−2 0 1 | .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww= 3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ +2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗w−w𝑘⃗⃗ ww 2 1 −1 ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg= 𝑖̂(0 − 1) − 𝑗̂(2 −i.2)
O O . r+gr𝑘̂g(−2 − 0)
O
a i ⃗⃗ a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala 𝐹 = 5𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ +s𝑘aslala
⃗
d ad a d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.Let a
Pa
.P.(1,3, a
.P.Pa = −𝑖̂w−.P a
.P̂ a .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww A and B be thewpoints w ww
w −1) and w w www
w w w w2𝑘 w w ww
w
w w w w
Magnitude |𝑡̂| = √1 + 4 = √5
(4, −1, λ)respectively.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l a
al a i
asdirection l a a i
a1sa, 0l , − 2 asla
d a sa d a sa d a s
thea cosines are
d a− s a d a s a
a ad the displacement .𝑑P
.P.Then
P a
⃗.P=a𝑂𝐵
d − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad √5 √5 .P.P a ad
www www www www
……………………………………………………………………… www
. O Ogrg(4𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + λ𝑘⃗⃗) − (𝑖⃗ +.O
r= 3𝑗⃗rg
O
−rg𝑘⃗⃗ )
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa Page .P.4Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w wwww w w
ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ www w
EXERCISE 6.1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
1. Prove by.O
i . rgrg method that if a line
vector
O i .O . Orisgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
ddrawn
a
d
l
saasafrom the centre ofdaadcircle l
saasa to the d a
d saasa l = 𝑏⃗
⃗ − 𝑎⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa amidpoint of a chord, then .P.P a athe line is aa
.P.P .P⃗⃗.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www wwww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ w ww w
𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏
⃗
⃗ w w
w w
ww perpendicular to wwthe chord. ww Now 𝑂𝐶 . 𝐴𝐵w= w( 2 ) . (𝑏 − 𝑎⃗) ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 1
O ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i = (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏 ). (𝑏 −
a 𝑎 i
⃗)
d d saaslala AB is the chord.dadsaaslala
Solution:
a d a
d saaslala 2
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P⃗⃗.P2a a
.P.Pa
wwww ww wofw wwww w12w w[(𝑏 w ) − (𝑎⃗)2 ] ww ww
ww C is the midpoint ww AB. ww w=w ww
O is the
i . O . rgrg of the circle. i.O.O
centre
O rgrg i . O . rgrg 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗i.O2.O
O rgrg
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i = [(𝑂𝐵 ) − (𝑂𝐴
asall a a )i ] asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa 2
d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa adThen OA= OB [Radius] .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P 1w.P.Pa2
a d .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w ww =w w
[(𝑂𝐵) − (𝑂𝐴) 2]
w w w
www Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎⃗ and
www ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
www ww2w www
i O
.⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
. rgrg ⃗⃗
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg = 0
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
l 𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏 l l l
d a
d saasa 𝑂𝐶 = 2
Then
d a
d saasa d a
d saas⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d a
d saasa d a
d
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a ∴ 𝑂𝐶 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ to 𝐴𝐵. Hence
.P.P .P.P a a proved. .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww w wwww w ww w w w
w w
ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ww− 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ww ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww
.O Ogrg⃗⃗
r= .O rgrg
O 3. ProveOby
. i.O rgrvector
g method that anOangle
. i.O rgrg in a
l a ia i . 𝑏 − 𝑎⃗ l a ia i . l a ia l a ia
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasemi-circle
sa is a right angle.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏⃗⃗ .P⃗⃗.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w Now 𝑂𝐶 . 𝐴𝐵 = ( 2ww )w.w (𝑏 − 𝑎⃗) wwww Solution: w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
. O Ogrg1 (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) .OO
r= rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
2
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa 1
= 2 [(𝑏 ⃗⃗w)w
2
.−P.P(𝑎a
⃗)2 ] ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
2 2
. O Ogrg1 [(𝑂𝐵
r= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − (𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ] OO
. rgrg Let .
ABO rbe
O grgthe diameter of the.O rgrgwith
O
circle
l
asal a ia i . 2 l
asala ia i . l
asal a ia i . asall a ia i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad 1
= 2 [(𝑂𝐵) .P2 P
.−
d 2]
a a(𝑂𝐴) a ad centre at O.
.P.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
Let P be any point on the circle.
i . O . r=
Ogrg0
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i 0
l a a i
∴d a
𝑂𝐶
d
l
saas𝑖𝑠a ⊥ to 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . Hence proved. d a
d saasa l
d a
d
To
saasa lprove ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 90
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.=P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www wwww We know that w wwOA w OB = OP (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑖) ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
2. Prove by vector method that the median to Now 𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗g= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . r rg 𝑃𝑂
O i .O . rgrg
O
the base l a aof i an isosceles triangle l is
a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗da
𝑂𝐵 d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paaperpendicular to the base.
.P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www wwww w www w ww
w
ww Solution: Let OAB wwbe an isosceles triangleww =w⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑂w − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝐵 w⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑂𝐴w)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
with OA a
aslala = i OB a
aslala i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a
aslala i
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a
aslala ) i
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa
𝑃𝐴 . 𝑃𝐵 = (𝑃𝑂 + 𝑂𝐴
d
).
a
d
(𝑃𝑂
sa
− 𝑂𝐴
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa OC be the medianww .PAB a
Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 a
.P.Pa
ww .
ww to ww w)2w ww
ww
ww ww wwww =w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑃𝑂w w − (𝑂𝐴 ) w w w
w w
C is the midpoint of AB.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr=g (𝑃𝑂)2 − (𝑂𝐴)2 i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i
asalO as the origin. asaasal
Take l a a i l
asal a a i asall a a i asla
d a sa d d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad 𝑃𝐴
.P.P ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑃𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ w w w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ w ww w w w w w w
www Let 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎⃗ and www 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏 www ww⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
www
That is 𝑃𝐴 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ 𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝐵
.O
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Ogrg𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏⃗⃗
r= .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Then l a i𝑂𝐶
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a0 ia i .
d a
d saasa l 2
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l This gives ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵
d a
d
= 90
saasa l
d adsaasla
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS
.P.By .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page
aa
.P.5P
w ww
w w www wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i ala
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww 4. Prove by vectorwmethod ww w w
wwofw w w
ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ww w w
that the diagonals = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐴𝐵
a rhombus .O O grg each other at right
rbisect .O O grg
rangles. .O Orgrg 2 .O rgrg
O
l a i
a i . l a ia i. l a ia i . 2
l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa But (𝐴𝐶 ) = (𝐵𝐷d)adsaasa
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaSolution:
a .P.P aa aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 2 ww
w w 2 w w
w w
ww ww ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗w)w= (𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ww
O 2 OO
i . . rgrg 2 i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala
(𝐴𝐵 ) + (𝐵𝐶 ) + 2(𝐴𝐵
d
).
a
d saaslala
(𝐵𝐶 )
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa .P.P a2a 2 .P.Paa
wwww ww ww wwww w(𝐵𝐶ww⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − 2(𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ w⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
w(𝐴𝐵
w w
ww ww ww w=w ) + (𝐴𝐵 ww ). )
Let ABCD be g
i . O . Or the
r g Rhombus.
i . O . rgrg
O 2(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).
i . O(𝐵𝐶
. Orgrg) = −2(𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). (𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) .OO
i . rgrg
l a a i
asa=l 𝑎⃗ and 𝐴𝐷 l a a i l a a i l a a i asla
Leta s⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ asaasal a sa asal a sa asal a sa
d
a ad a add d
a ad4(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). (𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 0 .P.P a add d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w w w.P.P
w
www We have AB = BC ww w
=w CD = DA w
www www w www w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝐴𝐵 ). (𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )=0
That is a |𝑎⃗|
i . O=. Org|𝑏r⃗⃗g| …….. (1) i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d a
l
asa is 𝐴𝐵
sThat ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ 𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaNow
a 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗w.P.P aa aa
w ww
w w w w w ww
w w ww w w w
w w
ww ww ww That is ABCD w iswa rectangle. ww
= 𝑎⃗ + ⃗⃗
i . O . Orgrg𝑏 and
i . O . rgrg
O
………………………………………………………………………
O
l a l a i l al a i l a l a i l a a i
asa the area of the asaasla
l
d a saa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
sa = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐷 d a saasa d a a asa by vector method
6.sProve
d a sathat
.P.Paa d .P.P aa d .P.P d
a a quadrilateral ABCD .P.P ahaving
a d diagonals ACwand .P.P adad
www w w w w www w ww w w ww w
ww = 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗www ww BD is 2 |𝐴𝐶
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗w ×w𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. ww
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ i . O . Or⃗gr+g 𝑏⃗⃗) . (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
𝐵𝐷 a = i (𝑎 a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d
lala
saasSolution: d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a a a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.Paa
ww = (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗)w.w w (𝑏⃗⃗.P −.P𝑎⃗) ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w wwww ww ww ww ww
2
= (𝑏 r⃗⃗g
)r g− (𝑎⃗)2 rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa asal a saasal a s asal area of quadrilateral
Vector
a a sa al
asABCD a s aasla
d
a ad = 0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝑎 d
a=a|𝑏d⃗⃗|) d
a ad a add d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.⃗|P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P
w
www www w w
www = Vector area ww w
ofw∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶+ Vector area w w
ofw∆w𝐴𝐶𝐷
Thus ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = 0
O i .O =. Org1r(𝐴𝐵 g⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐴𝐶 ) + 2 (𝐴𝐶
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ i× .O 𝐴𝐷
. rgr)g
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
O
Thatais
d d saas𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗l
a 𝑖𝑠 ⊥ 𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 2
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a a 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
.×P.⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
P .P.P aa
w ww
w Hence the diagonals w waw
w
of rhombus are at w
right ww
w = − 2 (𝐴𝐶 w www 𝐴𝐵 ) + 2 (𝐴𝐶 × 𝐴𝐷 )ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
1
angles.
.O rgrg .O rgrg .O =O rg2r(𝐴𝐶 g⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) × (−𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) rgrg
a laa lia i .
………………………………………………………………………
s
O
s a laalia i . O
s a laa lia i .
s a laalia.O i.O
saasla
d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d ad
aa
.P.5.P P.P aa aa
.P.P
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ×.(𝐵𝐴 a a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ aa
w ww
w Using vector method, w ww
w
.prove that if the w ww
w
= 2 (𝐴𝐶
w wwwP.P + 𝐴𝐷) w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then 1
=rg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 × 𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
it is a rectangle.
O i . O . O 2rg
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ dadsaasla
a
.P.Pa Solution: Let ABCD be .P.Pa
a a parallelogram. a
.P.Pa Vector area of quadrilateral a
.P.Pa ABCD = 2 𝐴𝐶 ×w𝐵𝐷 .P.P aa
www w ww w w www w ww w w ww w
ww ww
To prove ABCD is a rectangle if the diagonals
ww ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww
O 7. Prove
i . O by
. Orgrvector
g method that the
i .O . rgrg
O
are equal.
asall a a i l
asala a i l a
al a i
aparallelograms l a
asabase a
l andi asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a s on the a
d s
samea d a s a
.P.Pa ad ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗w+ .P.𝐵𝐶 a ad
P
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a ad between the same
.P.P a ad are equal in area.
.P.parallels
P .P.P a ad
w w w Now 𝐴𝐶 w w and w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 rgrg= 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐶𝐷 rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page .P.6Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aa l a l a i aa l a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
ww and 𝐴𝐵𝐶 / 𝐷/ be two ww w w w w ww
Solution: Let ABCD Similarlywwe w can prove other results. ww
O i .O . rgrg
O
……………………………………………………………………… i .O . rgrg
O
l a
parallelograms a i on the same base l a aAB i and l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
9.
asa
saUsing l
vector method, d a
d
prove
l
saasathat d a
d saasla
.P.Pa abetween the same parallel .P.P a a lines. .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)w= w cos α cos β + sin α sinwβ.w
/ /
To prove Area of ABCD = Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐷
O Solution: i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la / 𝐷/ = |𝐴𝐵 a i a i a i
a
Area
d d saasofla𝐴𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷
d a
d
/s|a
a slala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww ww ww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww w=w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × (𝐴𝐷
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐷/ )|
w w w w ww
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l a a i
l⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝐷
asa(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗/ )| l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa = |(𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷
d a )sa+ d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
www ww
= |(𝐴𝐵
w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)| + 0 www Take two points wwAwand B on the unit circle wwwwith
.O rgrg rgrg grg O.
rorigin rgrg
l a ia i . O = Area of ABCD lalia.O i . O centre
l a ia O
.as
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l
……………………………………………………………………… d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P a a So, |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =.1 aa aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w wwP.P
w wwww.P.P
ww 8. If G is the centroid wwof a ABC Δ, prove thatww ww ww
∠𝐴𝑂𝑋 = 𝛼 and ∠𝐵𝑂𝑋 = 𝛽
(area of ΔO
i . iGAB
. Orgrg) = (area of ΔGBC) i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a l a a i ∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
l a a i = 𝛼 − 𝛽 l a a i
d ad
l
saasa= (area of ΔGCA) =dad3(area 1 l
saasa of Δ ABC) d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P a a Let 𝑖⃗ and 𝑗⃗ be the unit .P.P avectors
a along 𝑥 , 𝑦 axis. .P.P aa
w ww
w Solution: w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Draw AL and BM perpendicular to 𝑥 axis.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala i a
aslala i Then a
aslala i
𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) and 𝐵 a
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽,
aslala i 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽) are the
d ad sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa co-ordinates. ww .PPa a .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww ww
ww ww ww
ww ww . wwwwww
1
Area of ΔGAB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
i . O . Or r 2 (𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐺 ) i.O.O
g g = rgrg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
i . O . rgr⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=
O g + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐿 𝐿𝐴
i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa 1 d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad = 2 [(𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗P
. −.P a𝑂𝐴ad) × (𝑂𝐺
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)] Pa ad
. .P = cos 𝛼𝑖⃗ +.P a a𝛼𝑗d⃗
sin
.P .P.P a ad
www www www www www
1 𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏⃗⃗+𝑐⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑀
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑀𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
. O O grg2 [(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × ( 3 .−
r= O O grg
r𝑎⃗)] .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa = cos 𝛽𝑖⃗ + sin d𝛽𝑗a⃗dsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 1
⃗⃗w−w .P𝑎⃗)
.Pa a 𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏⃗⃗+𝑐⃗−3𝑎⃗⃗ .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w = 2 [(𝑏 w w ×( )] ww ww w ww
w wwww
ww ww 3 ww By definition ww ww
.O grg1 ⃗⃗
r= 𝑏⃗⃗+𝑐⃗−2𝑎⃗⃗ rgrg rgr⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
g rgrg
l a ia i . O [(𝑏 − 𝑎⃗) × ( l3alia.O i .
)] O ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l.a𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 i .O
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a i .=O |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(𝛼 − l𝛽)
||𝑂𝐵 a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l 2
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a1a
.P.=P aa
.−P.𝑎⃗P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w [𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ × w ww⃗w
2𝑎 × 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ × 2𝑎⃗] w ww
w = w ww
(1)(1)
w cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) wwww
ww 6 ww ww ww ww
1 rgrg r−gr𝑎g⃗ × 𝑐⃗] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .O rgr=
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ g cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) . . . . ...O..O rgrg
(1)
a i .
= O
i . O [𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎⃗a×i.O 𝑏⃗⃗i.O 𝑂𝐴
a i . i𝑂𝐵
. O a i i
d ad saaslala 6
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 1 a
P⃗.P×a𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗]ww
.2𝑎 a
.P.Pa By value .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww = [𝑏 ⃗⃗ × w𝑐⃗ +
www w w w ww
w wwww
ww 6 w w w w w w ww
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (cos 𝛼𝑖⃗ + sin 𝛼𝑗⃗). (cos 𝛽𝑖⃗ + sin 𝛽𝑗⃗)
𝑂𝐵
1 rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.
= O
i . O [𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎
l a i
a .
⃗] O i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal 6 a sa asal a sa asal = cos α cos β a
+ sa s alα sin β .. . . . (2) asaasla
asin
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad adad
w .wP.P 1 1 w
×w
. P . P w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww = × w[𝑏
3 2 w
⃗⃗ w
w 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗] ww www From (1) andw(2)
www
w wwwww
1rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.=O
i . O (area of Δ ABC ) l a i
a .O i . O cos l a
(α ia.−O
i . O
β) = cos α cos β + sin
l a iα
a.Oi .
sinO β
d ad saasa 3 l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa Page .P.7Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww
ww 10. Prove by vector w w
wwmethod that wwww w w w w
11. A particlew w on by constant forces
acted ww
sin(α +β) i .O . r=grsin
O g α sin β + cos α cos
i .O . β
Orgrg 8𝑖⃗li+.O .
2𝑗
r⃗g−
O rg6𝑘⃗⃗ and 6𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 i .⃗⃗O . rgrg
isOdisplaced
d a
d saasa
Solution:
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P from the point (1,
.P.Paa
2,3) to the point (5, 4,1).P.P.aa
w ww
w w www wwww w w
w w w ww w
ww ww ww Find the total ww work done by the forces. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O Solution:
i . O . rgrGiven
O g Force 𝐹⃗1 = 8𝑖 ⃗i.+ O . Org⃗r−g 6𝑘⃗⃗
2𝑗
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa𝐹⃗2 = 6𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ ww .PPa a
ww
ww
ww
ww ww ww
wwwwww
wwww wForce
w ww ww .
ila.O .Orgrg i . O . rgrg

O Hence resultant
i . O . rgrg force 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗1 + i𝐹.⃗2O.O
O rgrg
Takeatwo laa ipoints A and B on the l
asal a
unit
a i circle l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa s
d centre as origin .O. d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa awith P.P a ad a ad
.P.P = ad2𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘⃗⃗ +6𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ −.2𝑘
a⃗ +
.P.8𝑖P a ad
P.⃗⃗P
www www www www www
So, |𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = |𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 𝐹⃗ = 14𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 8𝑘 ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
d
∠𝐴𝑂𝑋
a
d
l
saasa= 𝛼 and ∠𝐵𝑂𝑋 = d𝛽adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasAaand B be the points
Let d ad
l
saasa3) and
(1,2, d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w ∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 www
w wwww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww (5, 4, 1)respectively. ww ww
Let 𝑖⃗ and 𝑗⃗ be the unit vectors along 𝑥 , 𝑦 axis.
i .O . rgrg
O i O
.axis.
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .−O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i ⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
l a a i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DrawsAL
d a
d a asa l
and BM perpendicular
d a
d saasa
to 𝑥l
d
Then
a
d saasa the
l displacement
d
𝑑
adsaasa l 𝑂𝐴
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Then
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w 𝐴(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) w wwand
w 𝐵 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽) areww ww =w ww
w
(5𝑖 ⃗ + 4𝑗
⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) − (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ +
𝑘 w ww⃗⃗w
3𝑘 )
ww ww ww ww ww
the co-ordinates.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg = 5𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ − 𝑖⃗i.−O.2𝑗
O Org⃗r− g 3𝑘⃗⃗
d a
d
asa= 𝑂𝐿
sa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d ad
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐿𝐴 .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
P⃗a− 2𝑘⃗⃗ .P.Paa
ww ww ww 𝑑⃗ =w4𝑖w⃗ .+P.2𝑗 ww
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww
= cos 𝛼𝑖⃗ − sin 𝛼𝑗⃗
. O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O Work done
. O . rgrW
O g = 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑⃗ . O . Orgrg
l a ia
asa=l ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
i l
asal a ia i l
asala ia i l
asal a ia i asla
a s
𝑂𝐵
a 𝑂𝑀 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝐵 a sa a sa a sa a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad da⃗d− 8𝑘⃗⃗). (4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘
a 4𝑗 d d
w w .P.P
w w w w.P.P
w ww.P.P =(14𝑖
w w w
⃗ .+
.P P
w w w.P .a a
⃗⃗ )P
www = cos 𝛽𝑖⃗ w +w w 𝛽𝑗⃗
sin www www www
= 56 + 8 +16
By definition i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 80 da dsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
.P.||𝑂𝐴
P a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴 = w ww⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑂𝐵w | sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑘̂ ww ww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww Work done Ww=w80 units. ww
i . O . rgrg = (1)(1) sin(𝛼 +i.𝛽)
O O . r𝑘̂grg
O i .O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
12.
d
l
saasForces
a of magnitudes d a5√2
d
l
saasaand 10√2 units dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = sin(𝛼 .P.P a+a 𝛽) 𝑘̂ . . . . . . (1) .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww acting in the wwdirections (3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 w⃗⃗w
) and
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘
g
r 𝑂𝐴rg = |cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽i.O g
r0|rg g
r rg g
r rg
By valuela 𝑂𝐵 ia.O
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ i .×O ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
l a a i .O l a ia.⃗O
i .+O ⃗⃗ ), respectively,l a ia.O i O
.act
d a
d sasaa l
cos 𝛼 d a
d −
a
sasin l
sa 𝛼 0 d a
d
a
sasa(10𝑖
l 6𝑗
⃗ − 8𝑘
d ad
a
sasa l on a
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa particle whichww a
Pa
.P.displaced .P.Paa
wwww w www wwww w w is from the point w www
ww w
= ± 𝑘̂(sin α coswβ + cos α sin β ) . . . . . . (2) ww w w w w
rgrg rgrg rgrg vector (4𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗i⃗.O
with position − r2𝑘 ⃗⃗
grg) to the
From (1) l a andia. Oi . O(2) l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O
a sa asal a saasal a saasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad point with position dad (6𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘). .P.P
avector ⃗⃗ d
a ad
w .P.sin(α
w P −β) = sin α cos wβ w.−P.P cos α sin β w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w
w
www www w w
www w
wwwdone by the forces. www w
Find the work
………………………………………………………………………
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa Page .P.8Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w w
ww ⃗⃗ w
Solution: =(13𝑖⃗ + 10𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ). (2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 𝑘)
r gr g r grg r gr g r g r g
s l alia.O
Given
a a
.O 𝐹⃗1 = 3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ +al5𝑘
iForce
s aa⃗⃗lia.O i.O
s a laalia.O i.O = 26 + 40 +3alaalia.O
s
i.O
saasla
d ad a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d
.P.Paa P.P
.√ aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w |𝐹 w
⃗⃗⃗⃗1w| w
= w 3 2 + 42 + 52
w ww
w =w w
w
69w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg = √9 + 16 + 25
O i . O . O rgrg Work idone . O . rgrW
O g = 69 units.
i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala
……………………………………………………………………… d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa = .P.Pa
√50 a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww 13. Find the magnitude ww and direction cosines ww of
= √25 × 2
rgrg rgrg the torque rgrg of a force represented rgrby g
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O i . O l a ia. Oi . O a ia . O
i . O
a saasal = 5√2 sasal
a a a saas3𝑖a⃗l+ 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 about theasapoint
⃗⃗ l
asal with position asaasla
d
a ad a add d
a ad vector 2𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ +.P4𝑘 a
⃗⃗ a
d d adad
w .wP.P w . P . P w . P.P w . P acting through a point
w . P.P
=w|𝐹⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| www www www
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
ww
ww ∴ Unit Forcew𝐹 w w
̂1w 1
ww ww w⃗⃗w
1 whose position vector is 4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 .
r gr g ⃗i.Or r g g r g g r g g
l a ia.Oi.O5√2 ̂1 = 5√2 (3𝑖⃗+4𝑗 l ⃗+5𝑘
a ia.⃗O l a ia.O i.Or Given Force 𝐹⃗ a=laa3𝑖 ia⃗.Oi.O4𝑗r⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗
d a
d
a
sas a l 𝐹
d a
d
a a
sas5√2 l )
d a
d
a
sas l
Solution:
a
d a
d sas l +
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
P .P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w ⃗⃗ w w
w w 𝑟⃗ = (𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ w w
w w
𝑡ℎ𝑒 − 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 w w
w w
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡)
ww First Force ww = 3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 ww ww ww
Given i .O . rgrg 𝐹⃗2 = 10𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ − 8𝑘
O
Force i .⃗⃗O . O rgrg 𝑟⃗i.O = . O grg⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗) − (2𝑖⃗ −.O
r(4𝑖 i 3𝑗. ⃗rg
O +rg4𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 | =.P
|𝐹 .Pa a2 + 62 + 82 .P.P aa .−P.Pa3𝑘⃗⃗a− 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘⃗⃗ .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww√10
w w ww
w
𝑟⃗ = 4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗
w w⃗w
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= √ 100 + 36 + 64 𝑟⃗ r=gr2𝑖 ⃗⃗
. O . rgrg
O . O . O rgrg . O . O g⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 7𝑘 . O . Orgrg
a i i a i i a i i a i i
d a
d saaslala = √200 d a
d saaslala d a
d
la
slatorque
saaSo 𝑡⃗ = 𝑟
⃗ × 𝐹 ⃗ d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww ww ww ww ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww = √100 × 2 ww 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂
w w 𝑘̂ w w
i . O . rgrg = 10√2
O i . O . O rgrg =O
i . |2rgrg
. O 5 −7| i . O . Orgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a i l a a
asal 3 4 −5 i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad ∴ Unit Force ̂ 𝐹2 w =w
𝐹2a ad
.P⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
.P| .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w ̂ w w w
www www 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐹 www = 𝑖̂ ( −25 www
+ 28) − 𝑗̂ ( −10 + 21) + 𝑘 www
(8 − 15)
i . O rgrg 𝐹̂2 = 10√2 (10𝑖⃗+6𝑗i⃗−8𝑘

O
10√2
. . O .
⃗⃗rg g
O )r =i.𝑖̂O (.3)rgr−g𝑗̂(11) + 𝑘̂ (−7) i.O.O
O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa
10√2 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa P.P
.10𝑖 aa ⃗⃗ .P.P aa = 3𝑖̂ − 11𝑗̂ − 7𝑘 .̂P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w Second Force w w
=w
w ⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ − 8𝑘 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Hence resultant Magnitude |𝑡 ̂ | = √ 9 + 121 + 49 = √179
i . O . rgrg force
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d
l
saasa 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ +d5𝑘 a
d⃗⃗sa+ l
asa10𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ − 8𝑘⃗⃗
d a
the
d
a l
saasdirection cosines are d a
d saasa
3
, −
l 11
, −
7
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P a a √179 √179 √179.PP aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww.
w
ww 𝐹⃗ =w13𝑖 w⃗ + 10𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ ww ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ i .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ O . O rgrg 14. Find i . O . rgrgtorque of the resultant
O
the i . O . O grgthe three
rof
Then the a i
displacement 𝑑 = 𝑂𝐵 − a𝑂𝐴 i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala ⃗⃗ d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .− a
P.P3𝑘a .P.Paa forces represented .P.Paa by −3𝑖 ⃗ + 6𝑗 ⃗ − 3𝑘 , .P.Paa
ww = (6𝑖 w𝑗⃗w ⃗⃗ ) − (4𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ww
⃗⃗ )w ww ww
ww
ww w⃗w w+w www
4𝑖⃗ − 10𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘 w w w
w ⃗⃗ and 4𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ acting at the w w
w w
. O r=
O grg6𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ − 4𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗 . O⃗i.+ O rg2𝑘
rg⃗⃗ point . O rgrg position vector 8𝑖i⃗.O
O
with − Or6𝑗g⃗rg− 4𝑘⃗⃗,
l
asala ia i . l
asala ia l
asal a ia i . l
asala a i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + w .P
4𝑗⃗w −.P
a𝑘⃗⃗ad .P.P a ad about the point with
.P.P a ad position vector
.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www 18𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ −w9𝑘 w⃗⃗.w www
Work done Wr=
. O O grg𝐹⃗ . 𝑑⃗ .O O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa Page .P.9Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
aal al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aal a l a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s a slaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w w w w w w w
Solution: Given Force ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹1 = −3𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ww Example 6.13ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg Find theOvolume
i . i.O rgrg of the parallelepiped i O
.the. rgrgwhose
O
l a a i l a a i l a a l a a i
d ad saasa l ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Force 𝐹2 = 4𝑖
d a
d
−as10𝑗
⃗sa l
a ⃗ + 12𝑘 ⃗⃗
d a
d saasa
coterminous l edges are
d a
d saasa
given by l vectors
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P a⃗⃗a aa
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w 2𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗ , 𝑖⃗ +w
w w ⃗.P
2𝑗w −.P𝑘 and 3𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ . ww
w w
.P.P
ww Force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
ww 𝐹3 = 4𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ ww ww ww
rgrgForce 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐹⃗⃗⃗⃗ i+ rgrg Solution: Volume rgrg of the parallelepiped rgrgwith
a i .
Resultant Oi . O a . O
i 𝐹 O
⃗⃗⃗⃗
. a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala ala
sa𝑏⃗⃗asl𝑎𝑛𝑑 saaslalais |[𝑎⃗⃗, ⃗𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗]| saasla
1 2 3
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗ as coterminous a d a
d edges a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww𝐹.⃗P.=Pa5𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 9𝑘⃗⃗ ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww w w
w w
2 −3 4
(𝑎𝑡
𝑟⃗ = rgr𝑡ℎ𝑒 g 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡)
rgrg [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗O
⃗, 𝑐r⃗]gr= g |1 2 −1| .O.O rgrg
i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia i
a sa asal ⃗⃗ a sa asal ⃗⃗ a sa asal 3 −1
a 2
sa asal a saasla
d
a ad 𝑟⃗ = (8𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 d
a−ad(18𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 9𝑘) .P.P d
a ad d
ad3(2 + 3) + 4(−1 −.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.)P w w = 2(4w−w .P1)a+
.P w w .P
6)
w
www w
www ⃗⃗ www w www w www w
𝑟⃗ = 8𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 − 18𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 9𝑘 ⃗⃗ = 2(3) + 3(5) + 4(−7)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saas𝑟⃗a= −10𝑖⃗ − 9𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l = 6 + 15 − 28
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P = 21 w −w P.P
.28 aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w w w w w
w w
ww So torque 𝑡⃗ = 𝑟⃗ ×w𝐹⃗w ww ww ww
= −7
i .O . rgrg𝑖̂
O 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasa = |−10 −9 5d| adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasa of the parallelepiped
Volume
d a
d saasa l ⃗⃗
|[𝑎⃗, 𝑏 , 𝑐⃗]|= |−7|
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 5 ww w3w 9 w ww
w w ww
w ww
= 7 cubicwunits.
w
ww ww ww ………………………………………………………………………
ww ww
= 𝑖̂(−81 − 15) ̂
i . O . rgrg− 𝑗̂(−90 − 25) + 𝑘i(−30
O . O . rgr+
O g 45) ExampleO
i . . rgrg
6.14
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala i a i a i a i
d
= ad sa(−96)
𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ ( −115) + 𝑘 a
̂ (15)
d d saaslala d a
d saaslalthat
Show
a
the vectors 𝑖
⃗ d
+ a
d2𝑗
la⃗⃗
sa⃗as−la3𝑘 , 2𝑖
⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ da d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w ⃗⃗ w ww
w w ww
w
ww = −96𝑖̂ + 115𝑗̂ +w15𝑘̂
w w w and 3𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 are w w coplanar. w w
i . O
………………………………………………………………………
. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O Solution:
i . O . rgr[g𝑎⃗⃗, ⃗𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 0, then thei.vectors
If
O O . rgrg are
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i asall a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a
Example sa 6.12 d a sa d a sa
coplanar. d a sa d a sa
w w w ⃗⃗w ⃗
⃗w w ⃗⃗ w ww w w w w w w
www If 𝑎⃗ = −3𝑖 ⃗ − 𝑗
⃗ + www
5𝑘 , 𝑏 = 𝑖
⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 , www www1 2 −3 www
𝑐⃗ = 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗ , find 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗). [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = |2 −1 2|
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg 3 1 −1 i.O.O
O rgrg
d ad
l
saasa 𝑎⃗ = −3𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗d, adsaasa
Solution: l
d a
d saasa l
= 1(1 − 2) d
− a
d2(−2
l
saasa − 6) − 3(2 + 3) dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa aa
.𝑘⃗⃗P,.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗 w ⃗ww
+w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ⃗⃗ ww =w1(−1)
w − 2(−8) − 3(5) ww
𝑐⃗ = 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘
ia.O rgrg
.=O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgr=g −1 + 16 − 15 i.O.O
O rgrg
𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗a× l a i ⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad sasa l
𝑐⃗) [𝑎 ⃗, 𝑏
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
= −16 + 16 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa −3 −1 .P.P a a5 aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww = | 1ww−2 1| ww =w0w ww
i . O . rgrg0 4 −5
O i . O . rgrg
O So, thei.given O . rgrgvectors are coplanar.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saasla=la−3(10 − 4) + 1(−5 d a
d sa−asla0)la+ 5(4 + 0) d d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.P+a5(4) a
.P.Pa Example 6.15 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww = −3(6) +w ww ww ww ww
ww
ww ww1(−5) w ww ww w w w
w⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑖⃗ + 𝑚𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ are
⃗⃗ , 3𝑖 w w
w w
If 2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘
= −18 rgrg − 5 + 20 rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O coplanar,l a ia. O
i . Ofind the value of 𝑚 .
l a ia. O
i . O
a sa asa=l −23 + 20 a sa asal a sa asal a sa asal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w = −3 w w.P.P ww.P.P Solution: Givenw the w w P.P
.vectors are coplanar.www .P.P
w
www www w www w www www
……………………………………………………………………… ∴ [𝑎 ⃗, ⃗
⃗
𝑏 , 𝑐⃗] = 0
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.10
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w w w w w w w
2 −1 3 ww ww =w0w (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 + ww 𝑅3 )
|3 2 rgr1g | = 0 rgrg rgrg ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ i.O.O rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O4 l a ia.Oi. O ∴ The
l a ia.Oi . O
vectors 𝐴𝐵 , 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 arel a a i
coplanar.
d a
d
1
saasa l 𝑚
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a2(8 − 𝑚) + 1(12 − 1).P.+P aa aa
w ww
w w www 3(3𝑚 − 2) = 0 ww ww Hence the given w wwpointsw are lie on a plane. w www
ww ww ww ww ww
16 − 2𝑚 + 11 + 9𝑚 − 6 = 0 ………………………………………………………………………
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O Example i . O . rgrg
O
6.17 i . O . Orgrg
a i 27 − 6 + a
7𝑚 i = 0 a i a i
d a
d
If
aslala
sathe vectors 𝑎⃗, ⃗𝑏,
⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ are d a
d saaslala then prove dadsaasla
coplanar,
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa21 + 7𝑚 = 0 a
.P.Pa a
.P⃗⃗⃗.P⃗⃗a .P.P aa
www w ww w w www w that the vectors w w
w𝑎⃗w+ 𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑐, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ arewalso ww w w
ww ww ww ww w
7𝑚 = − 21 coplanar.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a
𝑚 i = − 3 Solution:
l
asala a i Given the vectors are
asall a a i
coplanar. asla
a ad
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.Pa ad a ad ∴ [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 0 .P.P
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad
www Example 6.16 www www www www
Show that the four Now, [𝑎 ⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏, ⃗
⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑐, 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎
⃗]
i . O . rgrg points
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
(6, −7,0), l a (16,
a i −19, −4), (0,3, −6),la (2,a i
−5,10) lie l a a i l a a i
on daa
dsame
l
saasa plane. d adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasa = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗] a
d +sa[𝑏,
d
l
a⃗s⃗⃗a𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗]
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
w ww
w Solution: Let A (6, w
−7,0),www B (16, −19, −4) w ww
w ⃗
⃗ w ww w
⃗⃗⃗⃗] + [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎 w ww w
ww ww ww = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏,w 𝑐⃗w +𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗] ww
C (0,3, −6)i.and O . rgrDg(2, −5,10) be the points.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg +[𝑏,
O ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗] +[𝑏,
i .O⃗⃗⃗O
. r𝑐g⃗,rg𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗]
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a ashow the points lie on
.P.To a a same plane, we .P.P
.P.the aa ⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗ aa aa
w ww
w
P
w www P
w ww
w
= [𝑎⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗]+[𝑎⃗,.𝑏P,.P
w www 𝑎⃗] + [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗,w𝑎⃗] www.P.P
ww ww ww ww ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ww⃗⃗⃗⃗
have to prove that the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 are +[𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑏, 𝑏, 𝑎⃗] + [𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑏, 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗]
r g r g r g r g r g r g r g r g
coplanar.
s aslaalia.O i.O
s aslaalia.Oi.O
s aslaa=lia.O i.⃗,O𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑏,
[𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗] salaalia. i.
s
OO
saasla
a d a
d a a d ad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −w⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa w .P⃗.⃗Pa
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww𝑂𝐴 w wwww = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] ww w
+w [𝑎,⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏, 𝑐⃗] ww ww
i . O=O
. r(gr16𝑖g⃗ − 19𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘⃗⃗) − (6𝑖⃗.O
i − r7𝑗
. O g⃗r)g =.O
i 2O
. rg
[𝑎 ⃗,rg𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]
i . O . Orgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asall a a i asla
.P.Pa ad = 16𝑖⃗ − 19𝑗⃗.− P.Pa4𝑘⃗⃗a−d 6𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ a ad
.P.P
= 0
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad
www www www Hence, 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗w𝑏⃗w⃗+ w𝑐, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ are coplanar. www
= 10𝑖⃗ − 12𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘⃗⃗
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d
l
saasa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 d adsaasa l
d
Example
a
d saasa l 6.18
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa a a If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏,
.P.P ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ are threewvectors, .P.P a a prove that .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w w w w www
ww = (3𝑗⃗w−w6𝑘 ⃗⃗) − (6𝑖⃗ − 7𝑗⃗) ww ww ww
[𝑎⃗ + 𝑐, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏, 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗⃗⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗].
i .O . rgrg ⃗⃗
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l a a i= − l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l 3𝑗 ⃗ − 6𝑘 6𝑖⃗ +
d
7𝑗
ad
⃗
saasa l
d
Solution:
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa Pa6𝑘a⃗⃗ aa
.P.P .P.P aa 1 0 1 .P.P aa
w ww
w = −6𝑖⃗ +w10𝑗 www ⃗. −.P w ww
w ⃗⃗⃗ w ww w
⃗⃗ w⃗⃗ww w
ww ww ww [𝑎⃗ + 𝑐, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏,w𝑎⃗w+ 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗⃗]= |1 1 0| [𝑎 w⃗,w𝑏, 𝑐⃗]
1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷.O=O
i . rg⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷rg − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d
=s[𝑎
a as⃗,la𝑏la, 𝑐⃗]
⃗⃗
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa ⃗
= (2𝑖 − 5𝑗 +.P10𝑘 ⃗ a ⃗ ⃗a) − (6𝑖 − 7𝑗)
⃗ ⃗ a
.P.Pa ……………………………………………………………………… .P.Pa a .P.Paa
wwww ww ww.P wwww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
= 2𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 10𝑘⃗⃗ − 6𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l a a i
asal = −4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 10𝑘⃗⃗ asaasal l a a i l
asala a i EXERCISE 6.2
asall a a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗.P
.P.P a ad
, .𝑏⃗⃗P= 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ , .P.P a ad
www www 10 −12 −4 www www www
Now, [𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ] = |−6 10 g −6 | ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
rgrg r rg10 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ +rg2𝑗 rg⃗ + 𝑘 , find 𝑎⃗. (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗). rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O −4 l a ia.2O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.O i . O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page P.P
.11 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
aal a l a i aal al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s a slaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww ⃗⃗ w ww w w w w ww
Solution: 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 , 7(17) −wλ(2) w − 3(13) = 90 ww
i .⃗⃗O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg 119−2λ − 39 = 90
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ⃗⃗ l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l 𝑏 = 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ,
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ +.P𝑘.P ⃗⃗ aa aa
.P.P .P80
.P a a−2λ = 90 aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww −2λ = 90 − 80ww
𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]
O i . O . rgrg
O −2λ = i
10 . O . rgrg
O
a i 1 −2 3 a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala = |2 1 −2d| adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.P a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa λ = −5 a
.P.Pa
wwww 3 ww2w ww 1 w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww w w w ……………………………………………………………………… w w w w
= 1(1 + 4) + 2(2 + 6) + 3(4 − 3)
O 4. If 𝑎⃗, ⃗𝑏,
i .
⃗⃗ 𝑐r⃗gare
O . O rg three non-coplanar i . O . rgrg
vectors
O
l a a i
asal = 1(5) + 2(8) + a3(1) l
asala a i l a
al a
asrepresentedi l a l
asaedges a i asla
d a sa d sa d a sa by concurrent
d a sa of a
d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P .P a ad a ad parallelepiped of.P
.P.P .P a ad 4 cubic units, find.P.P
volume
a ad
w w w = 5 + 16
w w+w 3 w w w w w w w ww
www www www the value ofww
w www
= 24
i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O (𝑎⃗ +i.𝑏O rg(𝑏
⃗⃗.).O r⃗⃗g× 𝑐⃗) + (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗). (𝑐⃗ i×.O . rgrg
O
𝑎⃗)
l a i
………………………………………………………………………
a l a a i l a a i l a a i
2.adFinda
d saasthe l
a volume of the parallelepiped
d a
d saasa l
whose d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pacoterminous edgesware aa
.P.represented
P aa
.P.P .P.P a a +(𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗). (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). .P.P aa
w ww
w w w w by the w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
vectors −6𝑖⃗ + 14𝑗⃗ + 10𝑘⃗⃗, 14𝑖⃗ − 10𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘⃗⃗ and Solution:
i .O rg g
⃗⃗..Or i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗 ⃗l a
− a2𝑘 i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saaGiven l
sa Volume of the d a
d saasa
parallelepiped l with
d a
d saasla
.P.PaSolution:
a Volume of w aa
.P.parallelepiped
the P with ww aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w w w ⃗⃗ w ww
w ⃗
⃗ wwww
ww ww ww 𝑎⃗, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ as wwedges is |[𝑎⃗⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗]| = 4 ww
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ as rcoterminous grg edges is |[𝑎 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗, r𝑏g,r𝑐⃗g]|
i . O . O i . O . O Now i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala −6 14 10 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = | 14 −10 .P.P−6 a a| a
.P.Pa (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)w=w a
.P.𝑎⃗.P(𝑏 a⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + 𝑏⃗⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) .P.Pa a
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w w wwww
ww w
2 w 4 −2 w w w w ww
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ , 𝑐g
= −6(20 i . O+. O grg − 14(−28 + 12) + 10(56
r24) i . O . rgrg+ 20)
O i . O . rgrg = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑏i.,O𝑏.O
O r ⃗]rg
a saaslaalai a sa aslaalai a saaslaalai ⃗⃗ a sa aslaalai a saasla
d
a ad = −6(44) − 14(−16) + d
a ad
10(76) d
a ad = [𝑎 ⃗,
a add
𝑏 , 𝑐⃗] + 0 d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
www = −264 + 224 w +ww760w www w w
www= [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] wwww
= −264 + 984
O i .𝑐O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i ⃗⃗
l a a i ⃗⃗ l a a i
d =s
a
d a
l
asacubic units.
720
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
(𝑏
saasa + l ⃗). (𝑐 ⃗ × 𝑎
⃗) = 𝑏 . (𝑐
d
⃗
a
d
× 𝑎⃗)
saasa +l 𝑐
⃗. (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗)
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.⃗⃗Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w=w
w [𝑏 , 𝑐 ⃗, 𝑎
⃗] + [𝑐 ⃗, 𝑐
⃗, 𝑎
⃗] wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3. The volume of the parallelepiped whose
coterminous i .O . Orgedges
rg are 7𝑖⃗ + 𝜆𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘i⃗⃗.,O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg = [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗] + 0i.O.O
O rgrg
d
𝑖
⃗ + a
d aasa⃗⃗
s2𝑗
⃗ −
l
𝑘 , −3𝑖 ⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗ is d 90a
d
asa
sacubic l
units. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P a, 𝑐a⃗, 𝑎⃗]
.⃗⃗P
.P[𝑏 aa
.P.P
w ww
w Find the value of w
λ .ww
w w ww
w w w=w
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
= [𝑎 ⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗]
Solution: Volume
i . O . Orgrg of the parallelepiped i . O . rgrwith
O g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
⃗⃗
saaslala d a
d saaslala ⃗⃗ d a
d
as⃗la+la𝑎⃗). (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) = 𝑐⃗. (𝑎⃗a×saa𝑏s⃗⃗l)a+
sa(𝑐 d d
la
𝑎⃗. (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝑎⃗, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ as coterminous .P.Pa a edges is |[ ⃗
𝑎⃗ , 𝑏 , ⃗
𝑐 ]| a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww = [𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗] + [𝑎⃗, 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗] w w
Given |[𝑎 ⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]|=90 cubic units.
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l a
al a i l
asal a a i = [𝑐 ⃗, 𝑎⃗, ⃗
𝑏⃗ ] +l
asal a0 a i asla
a sa 7 aλsaas−3 a s a a sa a s a
d
a ad [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗] =
d
a ad2 −1| = 90 d
a ad a add d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.|P.P 1 w .P.P
w w=w.P[𝑐.⃗,P 𝑎⃗, ⃗
𝑏⃗ ] ww.P.P
w
www w
www −3 7 5 www w w
www wwww
7(10 + O
. 7) O grgλ(5 − 3) − 3(7 + 6).O
r− =O grg
r90 .O rgrg = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] i.O.O
O rgrg
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.12
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l a l a i aa l a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a s laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww w w www w
(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗). (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) 12 = 10√3 × Height
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
l ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ l l 12 l
d ad saasa+(𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗). (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏)=3 d ad sa⃗,as𝑏a, 𝑐⃗]
[𝑎
d a
d saasa Height = 10 3 dadsaasa d a
d
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P √
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w =3 × 4 w www w w ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 6 √3
ww
rgrg =12 rgrg =
rgrg 5 √3 √3 i.O.O × rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i
d d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a a the altitude of a .parallelepiped
.P.5.PFind a a a
.P.Pa 6
.P.Pa
√ 3 a a
.P.Pa
wwww ww wwP.P ww ww =
w w w5w w ww
w
ww ww ww ⃗⃗ ,
w w ×3 w w
determined by the vectors 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘
. O rgr⃗⃗g
O . O rgrg
⃗⃗O . O rgrg 2√3
O . O rgrg
O
𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ +la3𝑗 ia⃗ i
− . 2𝑘 and 𝑐
⃗ = −3𝑖 ⃗ + 𝑗
⃗
l a+ia i
4𝑘. if the l a ia i . = l a ia i .
a saasal a sa asal a sa asal 5 a saasal a saasla
d
abasead is taken as the parallelogram d
a ad d
a ad……………………………………………………………………… d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www determined by 𝑏⃗⃗wand w
ww𝑐⃗. w
www www w w
www
6. Determine whether the three vectors
Solution:i.Volume O . rgrg = Base Area × Height.
O i .O . rgrg
O 2𝑖⃗la+ia.O 3𝑗. r+grg𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ and 3𝑖
⃗O i .⃗O+. r𝑗g
O g ⃗⃗ are
⃗r+ 3𝑘
l a a i l a a i i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saacoplanar.
sa d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a Here Volume = [𝑎⃗,.P𝑏⃗⃗.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww , 𝑐⃗] and
w w www w w ww w ww
w
ww ww ww Solution: Ifw[𝑎 ⃗w
⃗, ⃗𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 0, then the vectors ww are
Area = |𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗|
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O
coplanar. . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasTo l
a find height ‘H’
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
2 3 d1 ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.3P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w −2 w5 ww
w w www [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = |1ww w−2w 2| w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = | 1 3 −2| 3 1 3
i . O . rg−3
O rg 1 4 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr=g 2(−6 − 2) − 3(3 i−.O.6)
O rg+
O rg1(1 + 6)
d ad
a l
sasa = −2(12 + 2) − 5(4 d a
d
a
sa−s6) l
a + 3(1 + 9)
d a
d
a
sasa l
d ad
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa = 2(−8) .P.Pa
− a 3(−3) + 1(7) a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w www w w ww w ww
w
ww w
= −2(14)w− 5(−2) + 3(10) ww w
= −16 w +9+7 w w
=.O
i −28
. rgrg+ 10 + 30
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr=g −16 + 16
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa = −28 + 40 d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P =0 .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
www = 12 www www Hence thew ww vectors are coplanar.
given www
i .O . r𝑖̂grg𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
⃗⃗
𝑏as
d a
l
×as𝑐⃗a= | 1 3 −2|
d a
d saasa l
d a
7.
d
l
asa 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗a, and
saLet d d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa −3 1 w4 .P.Paa aa
.P.P .⃗⃗P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w w www 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑐2w 𝑗⃗w w w w w
+ 𝑐3 𝑘. If 𝑐1 = 1 and 𝑐2 = w
2,w
w w
ww ww ww ww
= 𝑖̂(12 + 2) − 𝑗̂(4 − 6) + 𝑘̂(1 + 9)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O find 𝑐3 such
i . O . rgrg that 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ arei.O
O . rgrg
coplanar
O
d ad
l
saasa= 𝑖̂ 14) − 𝑗̂ −2) +d𝑘adsaasa
( ( ̂ (10) l
d a
d
asa l
saSolution: Given the d a
vectorsd saasa l
are coplanar. d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w = 14 𝑖̂ + w
2𝑗̂ w
w
+ w10 ̂
𝑘 w www w w w w w w
w w
ww ww ww ∴ [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]w =w0 ww
∴ |𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗|= i . O
√14. rgr2g+ 22 + 102
O i . O . rgrg
O Substituting
i . O . rgrg 𝑐1 = 1 and 𝑐2 = 2i.O
O in. rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
P.Pa a
.P.Pa 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐1 𝑖⃗ +.𝑐P2.P a a ⃗⃗ a
.P.Pa
wwww = √196 + 4 w
ww +w.100
ww ww ww ww 𝑗⃗ + 𝑐3 𝑘 we get, ww ww
ww ww ww ww ⃗⃗ w w
𝑐⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑐3 𝑘
= √300 rgrg rgrg rgrg 1 1 1 rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a sa asal a s a asal ⃗⃗ a saasal a s aasla
a add = √100 × 3 d
a ad d
a ad [𝑎⃗, 𝑏 , 𝑐
⃗] = | 1 0 d
0
a ad| = 0 d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w 1 w 2w.P.P 𝑐 w .P.P
w
w
www w
w w w
www www w 3 w
www
= 10√3 w
1(0) − 1(𝑐
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr3g− 0) + 1(2 − 0) =i.O
O
0 gg
. rr
O
Volume
d ad saasa =l Base Area × Height
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.13
w ww
w w ww
w w www w w ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s a s laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
w
0 − 𝑐3w+ w2 = 0 ww ww
So, 𝑐⃗ is parallel to 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗
ww
i .O . Orgrg 𝑐 = 2 i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l l l l saasla
3 ⃗
⃗
a saasa
………………………………………………………………………
d d d a
d saasa d a
d saasa [𝑎 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗] = 𝑎⃗.a(𝑏
d d saas×a 𝑐⃗) d a
d
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ w ww w ⃗⃗ w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww 8. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 𝑘 , 𝑏 =ww (1
𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + − 𝑥)𝑘, ww w ⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]| = |𝑎⃗||𝑏 × 𝑐⃗|
|[w
𝑎 ⃗⃗ ww
𝑐⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗r+
. O O grg(1 + 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗⃗, show .that O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgr𝜋g
O
a i
la i . a i
aslala𝑦 . i . a i i . = |𝑎 ⃗||𝑏 ⃗⃗ a
||𝑐 i
⃗| i .
sin
d d
⃗⃗,as𝑐⃗]ladepends
[𝑎⃗,a𝑏sa on neithera𝑥sa𝑛𝑜𝑟
d d d a
d saaslala d ad saaslala 6 d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww Solution: ww ww wwww ww ww = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|(1) (2) ww
1 ww ww
ww ww ww ww
O 1rgrg0 −1 O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O ⃗⃗l a ia.
1 i . O
a
⃗⃗
[𝑎⃗,s𝑏a
a
,s𝑐⃗]al= |𝑥 1 1 − 𝑥 sa
a a
|sal
a sa asal = |𝑎
a
⃗||𝑏
sa asal 2| ( )
a saasla
d
a ad 𝑦 𝑥 1.P+.P d
a𝑥a−d𝑦 d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w w .P2.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w w w w w
[𝑎⃗,w𝑏⃗⃗w, 𝑐⃗] = 4 |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗| Proved.
1 2
www w
= 1(1 + 𝑥w−w𝑦) − 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) − 1(𝑥 2 w −w𝑦) ∴w
= 1ia.O+ . Or𝑥gr−g 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 +i.O 𝑦i.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l a a l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
Example
d
l
saasa 6.19 d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 1 .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w Prove [𝑎⃗ × 𝑏w, w ⃗
⃗ w
⃗⃗ w
w w
𝑏 × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗] w ⃗⃗
2
. ww w
w w
ww ∴ [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 1, thatwdepends w on neither 𝑥 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑦 .
ww
i .O
……………………………………………………………………… . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O Solution:
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d
⃗⃗ a
d saas⃗⃗a l
d a
d[𝑎
l
sa⃗as×a𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗] = (𝑎⃗ d×ad𝑏⃗⃗sa).as{(𝑏 a⃗⃗l
× 𝑐⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗)} d a
d saasla
.P.Paa
9. If the vectors 𝑎𝑖 ⃗ + 𝑎𝑗⃗ +
.P.Paa
𝑐𝑘 , 𝑖
⃗ + 𝑘 and aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ⃗⃗ w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝑐𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑗⃗ + 𝑏𝑘 arewcoplanar, w prove that c iswthe w ww = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). {[𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑏 w⃗⃗w
, 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑎⃗}
geometric mean g
r rg of a and b . g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg
ia.Oi .O ia.O i .O ia.Oi .O = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). {[𝑏 O
⃗⃗l,a𝑐⃗,ia.𝑎⃗]𝑐
i .O
a sa
Solution:a s l a l
a Given the vectorsaare saas laal
coplanar. a sa as laal
a sa a s a ⃗ − 0}
l
a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa =w (𝑎.⃗P×
w .P𝑏⃗⃗a). [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗]𝑐⃗ ww .P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w w w w w w w w w
∴ [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 0 w w w w
= {(𝑎 ⃗ × ⃗⃗). 𝑐⃗}[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]
𝑏
i . O . Org𝑎rg 𝑎 𝑐 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
l = |1 0 1| = 0 sasal
as𝑏⃗⃗a, 𝑐⃗] l a a i l
asal a a i l a l
as𝑏⃗⃗a, 𝑐⃗]a i asla
d a[𝑎s
⃗,
a d a a d a sa = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗][𝑎
d a sa
⃗, d a sa
.P.Pa ad 𝑐 𝑐 w𝑏w .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www ww=w[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] 2
Proved. ww
w
𝑎(𝑜 − 𝑐) − 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) + 𝑐(𝑐 − 0) = 0
i .O . Orgrg 2 i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
……………………………………………………………………… i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐l a =
a i 0 l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a a + 𝑐2 = 0
.P.−𝑎𝑏
P a a Example 6.20
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ (𝑎
Prove thatg(𝑎g
O i . O . r r ⃗. (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗)) 𝑎⃗ = (𝑎⃗ ×i.O
O
𝑏) ×
. rgrg ⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
O
i i i i
d a saaslaala d a saaslaa𝑐la= √𝑎𝑏 d a saaslaala Treating (𝑎⃗ ×d𝑏⃗⃗ad
Solution: )
aalafirst vector on asaasla
saasaslthe
.P.P d
a aThat is c is the geometric .P.P d
a amean of a and b. .P.P aa d .P.P aa adad
.P.P
www w ww w w wwww w w
ww of the given equation w
wand
w w
ww ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww the right handwside w ww
O O grg
rbe O rgsuch
O rg using the O O grg triple product expansion,
rvector O rgrg we
O
10. Let 𝑎⃗,la⃗⃗⃗⃗ i
𝑏, . i
𝑐⃗. three non-zero i
vectors
a . i . a i . i . a i . i .
d ad saasala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala ⃗⃗ d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa that 𝑐⃗ is a unit vector a
perpendicular
.P.Pa to both a
.P.Pa get (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 ) × (𝑎 ⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
.P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w www 𝜋 wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗. If the angle w w between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is ,w w w w w w
6 = ((𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). 𝑐⃗) 𝑎⃗ − ((𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). 𝑎⃗) 𝑐⃗
i . O . Orgrg⃗⃗ 2 1 2 ⃗⃗ 2 i.O.O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
show asal l a
thata i [𝑎 ⃗, 𝑏 , 𝑐
⃗] = |𝑎 ⃗| |𝑏 |
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i a⃗sall a a i asla
d a sa 4
d a sa d a sa = ((𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). d a𝑐⃗)sa𝑎 d a sa
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Solution: Given 𝑐
⃗wiswaw unit vector w ww w w w w w w
www www www www
……………………………………………………………………… www
perpendicular ⃗
⃗
i . O . Orgrg to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏 i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
dadsaasla
.P.By .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.14
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i ala
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww Example 6.21 ww w w w
ww w w w w www w
𝑖̂ w 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
rgrg 𝑎⃗, 𝑏, rgrg 𝑏⃗⃗ × O rgr|g3 −1 3| rgrg
For any four
l a ia. O
i vectors
. O ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗, we have
l a ia . O
i. O l a ia. 𝑐i⃗.O =
l a ia.Oi . O
(𝑎⃗d×a
d
l
sa𝑏⃗⃗a)sa× (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗d]𝑐a⃗d− l
saas[𝑎a⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗ d a
d saasa l 2 −5 1 asasa
d d a
l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
P.P
.2)
w ww
w w ww
w ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ w ww
w = 𝑖̂(−1w +w w15)
w − 𝑗̂(3 − 6) + 𝑘̂(−15 w w
+w
w
ww w=w[𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑]𝑏 − [𝑏, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑]𝑎⃗ ww ww ww
rgrg𝑝⃗ = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) we geti.O.O rgrg =rg 14) − 𝑗̂(−3) + 𝑘̂(−13)rgrg
𝑖̂(rg
Solution: a
lalai . O
Taking
i . O a
lala i a
lala i . Oi . O laalia.O i.O
d a
d sa a s d a
d saas d a
d saas = 14𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 13𝑘d a
̂d sa as d a
d saasla
a
.P.P(𝑎a ⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = w 𝑝⃗ .×P(𝑐 a
P⃗a× 𝑑⃗) a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. ww
ww
ww
wwww ww
w w
w
ww
w
= (𝑝⃗. 𝑑⃗)𝑐⃗ − (𝑝⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑑⃗ 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
O rgrg
O O rgrg
O 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × O rgrg|−2 3 −2 | i.O.O
𝑐O
⃗)= rgrg
l a ia. i . l a ia . i . l a ia. i . l a a i
a sa asal = ((𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). 𝑑⃗d)a𝑐⃗sa− asa((𝑎 l ⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). 𝑐⃗) 𝑑⃗
a saasal 14 3 −13 a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w .P.P w .P.P
w = 𝑖̂ ( −39 + w
6) .−
w P.P 𝑗̂ ( 26 + 28) + ̂ (−6 −w42)
𝑘 .P.P
w
w
www w
w⃗,w𝑏⃗⃗w, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗
= [𝑎 w
www w
www w
www
. O rgrg𝑞⃗ = (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) we geti.O.O
O rgrg = 𝑖̂(r−33)
. O O grg − 𝑗̂(54) + 𝑘̂(−48) .O rgrg
O
Similarly l a ia .
taking
i l a a i l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d â
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a(𝑎a
⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = w (𝑎w ⃗.P .P
× a𝑏⃗⃗a) × 𝑞⃗ aa
.P.P = −33𝑖̂ − 54𝑗̂ −
.P.P a48𝑘a aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= (𝑎⃗. 𝑞⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑞⃗)𝑎⃗ RHS: 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)= −33𝑖̂ − 54𝑗̂ − 48𝑘̂ . . . .(2)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l = (𝑎⃗. (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗ )) d a
d𝑏⃗⃗sa−
l
asa(𝑏⃗⃗. (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗)) 𝑎⃗
d a
d saasa
Therefore, l equations (1) aand
d d saasa l
(2) showed that
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ⃗⃗ w ww w ⃗
⃗ w ww
w
ww w⃗,w𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗
= [𝑎 ww (𝑎 ⃗ × 𝑏 ) ww
× 𝑐
⃗ ≠ 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗) ww
………………………………………………………………………
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la If 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ −sa2𝑘 a i a i a i
Example
d a
d saasla6.22 d a
d a sl⃗⃗a,l𝑏a⃗⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ − d a
d saaslala 6.23 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ −d𝑗⃗ad, s𝑏a⃗⃗as=la𝑖⃗la− 𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ = dadsaasla
Example
a
.P.𝑗⃗P+a3𝑘⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘w .P.Paa a
.P.Pa 3𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖⃗w+w .P5𝑗 . a a ⃗⃗
P aa
.P.P
www w ww ⃗w
www w ww ⃗ + 𝑘 , verify that www w
ww ww ww ww ww
find (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ and 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗). (i) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗
State whether . O O grg are equal.
rthey . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgr⃗⃗g ⃗
O
l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . (ii) (𝑎
asall a⃗ ia× i . ⃗
𝑏 ⃗ ) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗ ) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗,l
asal a
𝑑⃗ i
]𝑏
a⃗
⃗ i .
− [𝑏, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑 ]𝑎⃗ asla
a ad
.P.Solution:
P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .𝑖⃗P.−Pa ad a ad
P.P
.−
w w w w w w w w w Solution: Given w𝑎⃗ w
= w 𝑗
⃗ , ⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝑖
⃗ − 𝑗
⃗ − ⃗⃗
4𝑘 , 𝑐
⃗ w
= w
3𝑗⃗w
www 𝑖̂ ww 𝑗̂
w ̂
𝑘 www www www
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |−2 rgrg 3 −2| rgrg 𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑑⃗ = r2𝑖 g⃗r+g 5𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia . O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l
saasa 3 −1 3 dadsaasa l
d a
LHS
d saasa (𝑎⃗
l
× ⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) da
𝑏 d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa = 𝑖̂(9 − 2)w−w𝑗̂w .(P−6
.Pa a+ 6) + 𝑘̂(2 − 9) .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑖̂ ww 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ ww
= 𝑖̂(r7)
. O O grg− 𝑗̂(0) + 𝑘̂(−7) .OO rgrg 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |r1grg−1
. O O 0|
.O rgrg
O
d a
d
l
saasa= 7 𝑖̂ − 7𝑘̂ d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa 1 −1 −4 dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P = 𝑖̂(4w −w .P−
0) .Pa𝑗̂a(−4 − 0) + 𝑘̂(−1 + 1) aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w w ww
w
ww w
𝑖̂ w𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
ww ww ww
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗= =rgr𝑖̂g (4) − 𝑗̂(−4) + 𝑘(0) rgrg ̂
O r|g7rg 0 −7| O rgrg O
s a s
a i . i . O
lala 2 −5 1 saslala a i . i . O
s as
a
lala i . i . O
s as laalia.O i.O
saasla
a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a = 4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ a d ad a a d a
d
.P.Pa = 𝑖̂(0 − 35) −ww .PPa .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww 𝑗̂(.7 + 14) + 𝑘̂(−35 w −w
w
ww
0)w
w w www
w w ww
w
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂w 𝑘̂ w
= 𝑖̂(−35) rgrg − 𝑗̂(21) + 𝑘(−35)i.O.O ̂ rgrg ⃗
𝑐⃗ × 𝑑 = |r0grg3 −1| rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i l a ia. Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
a sa asal ̂ a saasal a saasal 2 5 1 a sa asal a s aasla
d
a ad = −35𝑖̂ − 21𝑗̂ −.P.35𝑘 d
a ad d
a ad d
a𝑗̂a(0d + 2) + 𝑘̂(0 − 6) .P.P d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w P w .P.P
w = 𝑖̂(3w +w .P−
5)
w .P w w
w
www LHS: ⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗=w−35𝑖̂ w
ww − 21𝑗̂ − 35𝑘̂ . . . .(1) w
www www w
www
(𝑎 )
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr𝑖̂g(8) − 𝑗̂(2) + 𝑘̂(−6)i.O.O
=
O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Bya aManisekaran SRKMHSS
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.15
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i ala
s a s laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
w=w8𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ ww w w ww w w www w
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ̂ l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad s⃗⃗aasa l
⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂
d a
d
𝑘
saasa l
d a
d a asa
issverified. l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa
(𝑎
⃗ × 𝑏 ) × (𝑐 ⃗ × 𝑑 )= |4 .P.P a4 a 0 | aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w 8www−2 −6 w ww
w w
1 w−1
w w 0 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
[𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗] = |0 3 −1|
= 𝑖̂(−24 r−gr0)
. O . O g − 𝑗̂(−24 − 0) + 𝑘̂.(−8 O . Orgr−g 32) . O . rgrg 2 5 1
O . O . rgrg
O
a i
la i a i i a i i a i i
d ad
=
saa𝑖̂s(la−24) − 𝑗̂ ( −24) + ̂
𝑘 d a
d saaslala
(−40) d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa = 1(3 + 5)
.P.Pa a + 1(0 + 2) + 0 a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww w w
= −24𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ − 40𝑘̂ . . . . . . . . (1)
w w w w
= 1(8) + 1(2)
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
RHSa= a[𝑎 l
⃗,a a i
al𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗ asaasal l a a i asall a a i =8+2 l
asal a a i asla
d s a s d d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w = 10 w w w w w w
www 1 www−1 0 www www www
[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑑⃗] = |1 −1 −4|
i .O . rg2rg 5 1
O i .O . Orgrg [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗,i.𝑑O ⃗]𝑏r⃗⃗gr=g10(⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 − 4𝑘
. O ⃗⃗)
i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 1(−1 + 20) a+a1(1 + 8) + 0
.P.P aa
.P.P = 10⃗𝑖w P.P
−.10𝑗 a⃗ −
a 40𝑘⃗⃗ aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= 1(19) + 1(9) 1 −1 −4
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg [𝑏⃗⃗,i𝑐.⃗,O . r]gr=g|0 3 −1| i.O.O
𝑑⃗O rgrg
d ad
l
saasa = 19 + 9 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 2 5 da 1saasa
d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w = 28 w www w ww
w = w
1(3
w+w
w 5) + 1(0 + 2) − 4(0 w−
w6)
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗i.= O O grg3𝑗⃗ − ⃗𝑘⃗)
r28( . O Orgrg . O rgr=g1(8) + 1(2) − 4(−6)
O . O rgrg
O
a i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
24a a
.P.Pa
wwww = 84𝑗⃗ − 28𝑘
ww w⃗⃗w wwww = 8 + 2.+
ww wwP.P ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
1g −1 0 = 34
⃗⃗ O r
O rg O Or g r g O r
O grg O rgrg
O
[𝑎⃗, 𝑏,la 𝑐⃗]ia.=i . |1 −1 −4| l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i .
a s a asal 0 3 −1 asaasal a sa[𝑏as⃗⃗a, 𝑐⃗,l 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗ = 34(𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗) asaasal a saasla
d
a ad a add d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www = 1(1w+w12) w w + 1(−1 − 0) + 0 www w =w 34𝑖w
w⃗w− 34𝑗⃗ w
www
i .=O . rgrg + 1(−1)
O
1(13) i .O . Orgrg i O
⃗⃗.O
⃗a.]𝑏
rgrg⃗⃗ ⃗ i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗,
l a 𝑑 i − [𝑏 , 𝑐
⃗, 𝑑 ]𝑎 ⃗ l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 13 − 1 ww aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P .P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w ww
w = (10 w w−w
⃗𝑖w 10𝑗 ⃗ − 40𝑘 ⃗⃗) − (34𝑖⃗ − w 34𝑗w⃗)w
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= 12
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rg=rg10⃗𝑖 − 10𝑗⃗ − 40𝑘⃗⃗ − i34𝑖
O .O ⃗O
. r+grg34𝑗⃗
[𝑎
d⃗,ad s⃗⃗a,as𝑐⃗]𝑑
𝑏
l
a⃗ = 12(2𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗) asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P = −24𝑖̂ .+P.24𝑗̂ aa ̂ . . (3) aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww P − 40𝑘 . . . . . .w
w ww
w
.P.P
ww = 24𝑖⃗ +w
w 60𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘⃗⃗ ww ww ww
From (1) and (3)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗ a i a i a i
[𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗,s𝑑⃗as
d ad a
]𝑐l⃗a−
d a
d saaslala d a
d saas(𝑎 la⃗la × 𝑏⃗⃗ ) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) =d[𝑎 ⃗,sa𝑐⃗,
a
d
la⃗⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗
asl𝑑a⃗]𝑏
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w28𝑘
ww⃗⃗w w
)w
ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww = (84𝑗⃗w −w ) − (24𝑖⃗ + 60𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘 w⃗⃗w is also verified.w w ww
i . O . rgr⃗g ⃗⃗
O i . O . Org⃗⃗rg i . O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i .O . rgrg
O
asall a a= i 84𝑗 − 28𝑘 − 24𝑖 ⃗ − 60𝑗l
asal ⃗
a − a i12𝑘
asall a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa EXERCISE d a sa 6.3 d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P−a ad̂
.P (2)www
a ad
.P.P .P
⃗⃗w
a ad
.𝑏⃗⃗P ⃗⃗ ,
a ad
.P.P
w w w = −24𝑖̂ +
w w
24𝑗̂w 40𝑘 . . . . . . . . 1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖
⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ +
w w
3𝑘 , = 2𝑖 ⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 w w w
www www www ww⃗⃗w www
𝑐⃗⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 Find (𝑖) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗
From (1) and r(2)
l a ia.Oi . Ogrg l a ia.Oi . Orgrg (𝑖𝑖)a𝑎
l ⃗⃗i.×
a Oi . r⃗𝑏g
(O
g 𝑐⃗⃗).
⃗r×
l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.16
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
ww ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ w w w w w w
Solution:𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 , 𝑏 = 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ , ww 2. For any vector ww 𝑎⃗, prove that ww
i .=O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .⃗O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗ l a a i l a a i ⃗⃗la× a i ⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑎⃗.
d ad saasa 𝑐
⃗
⃗l 3𝑖
d a
d s aasa l
d a
d sa
𝑖⃗
asa× l(𝑎 × 𝑖
⃗ ) + 𝑗
⃗ × (𝑎 ⃗ ×
d
𝑗
⃗
a
d
)
s+
a asa 𝑘 l (𝑎 ⃗ ×𝑘
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.To
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P .P aa .P.P aa
w ww find (𝑖) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) w ×w 𝑐⃗w w ww Solution: 𝑎⃗ = w 𝑎w1 𝑖⃗w + 𝑎 𝑗
⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗
𝑘 w ww
ww w ww w ww w ww w 2 3 ww w
𝑖̂ g g𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗la= i . O
| . Orr | i . O . rgrg
O We .know
i O . rgrg𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐i⃗)𝑏
O . O ⃗⃗ r−
. O grg (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗
i1 −2 3 a i a i a i
d ad saasala 2 1 −2 dadsaaslala d a
d saaslala ∴ 𝑖
⃗ × (𝑎 ⃗ × d
𝑖
⃗ ) a
d=
saas(𝑖l⃗a. 𝑖⃗la)𝑎⃗ − (𝑖⃗. 𝑎⃗)𝑖⃗ d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.Paa
wwww w−w w𝑗̂w (−2 − 6) + 𝑘̂(1 + 4) ww ww ww ww w www
ww = 𝑖̂(4 −w 3)w ww ww 𝑖⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑖⃗) = 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎1 𝑖⃗ w w
=ia.O 𝑖̂.(Or1)grg− 𝑗̂(−8) + 𝑘̂(5) i.O.O rgrg i . O . rgrg 𝑗⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑗⃗) = 𝑎⃗ −i.O
O . r𝑗⃗grg
O
l
asal a i l
asal a a i Similarly
l
asal a a i asall a a 𝑎i 2
asla
d a sa d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad = 𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P ⃗⃗ × w
𝑘 (𝑎w ⃗.P ×.P a𝑘⃗⃗a)d= 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎 𝑘⃗⃗ .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w ww w 3 w w w
www www www www www
̂ ⃗⃗ ×
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) l× i . O . Org|rg𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘| i . O . rgrg
O
Hence 𝑖⃗ ×rg
i . O . O
(𝑎r⃗g× 𝑖⃗) + 𝑗⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑗⃗) i+.O 𝑘
. rgrg(𝑎⃗ × 𝑘⃗⃗ )
O
𝑐⃗ i= i i i
d ad saasaala 13 82 51 dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala = 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎 𝑖
⃗ d
+ a
d 𝑎
saa−
⃗
a
sla𝑎la𝑗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ − 𝑎 𝑘⃗⃗ dadsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P1.P aa 2 3 Pa a
. .P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w www
ww w w
= 𝑖̂(8 − 10) − 𝑗̂(1 − 15) + 𝑘(2 − 24) ̂ ww w w
= 3𝑎⃗ − (𝑎1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎3 𝑘
w
⃗⃗ ) w
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ̂ (−22)
l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l = 𝑖̂ ( −2) − 𝑗̂ ( −14)
d
+
a
d
𝑘
saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 3𝑎 ⃗ − 𝑎⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.22𝑘 aa
P aa
.P.P =w 2𝑎⃗ww
aa
.P.Proved.
P .P.P aa
w ww
w = −2𝑖̂ + 14𝑗̂ w ww
w − ̂ w www w w www
ww ww ww ………………………………………………………………………
ww ww
To find (𝑖𝑖)𝑎 i . O ⃗.O r×gr(𝑏 g⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O ⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗ i . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala i a
aslala i 3. Provea
aslala i that [𝑎 ⃗ − 𝑏 , 𝑏 − 𝑐⃗, 𝑐
⃗
aslala 0.
− a𝑎 ⃗] i=
d ad sa ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ d a
d s a ⃗
⃗ d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝑎
⃗ × (𝑏 × 𝑐
⃗) = (𝑎
⃗. 𝑐.P.Pa
⃗)𝑏 a − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏 )𝑐⃗ a
.P.Pa Solution: .P.Pa a .P.Paa
wwww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = (𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ). (3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗) Now, [𝑎⃗r− ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐,
. O Or g r g . O rgrg
O . O O grg𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗]
. O rgrg
O
l a ia i
asal = 3 − 4 + 3 . l
asal a ia i . l a ia i .
asal= [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐, l a ia
a⃗s⃗⃗a𝑏⃗l⃗ − 𝑐, i . asla
d a sa d a s a d a sa ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎
⃗]d a
− sa[𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] d a sa
.P.P .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
www = 2 www www = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗,w 𝑐⃗w−w ⃗⃗⃗⃗] − [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗] www
⃗i⃗.O O grg
r2(2𝑖 ⃗⃗ ) .O rgrg
O .O rgrg −[𝑏,
O ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] +[𝑏, .O⃗i⃗⃗.Or𝑐g⃗,rg𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗]
(𝑎⃗. 𝑐l⃗)𝑏
a a i
= . ⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P4𝑘 .Paa aa
.P.P = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] − w [𝑎⃗, .P𝑏⃗.⃗P a, 𝑎⃗]
a − [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗].P.P aa
w ww
w = 4𝑖⃗ + w w−w
2𝑗⃗w ⃗⃗ w www w w w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
−[𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] + [𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗] + [𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗] − [𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗]
𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗.O = Or g(𝑖r⃗g− 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗). (2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ .−O2𝑘 r
O g
⃗⃗r)g
O
. i. r
O g r g O r
O gr g
aslaaliai. aslaaliai. aslaa=lia[𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗]asaslaala
i. i.
d ad sa d a
d s a d a
d sa ⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] − [𝑏,
d d a d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 2 − 2 − .6P.P a a−6
= aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www ⃗⃗ w w
w w ⃗
⃗ w ww w
ww ww ww = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗] ww − [𝑎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏, 𝑐⃗] ww
(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ )𝑐⃗ = −6(3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗)
O =i . 0.O
O rgrProved.
g
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala = −18𝑖⃗ − 12𝑗⃗ −da 6𝑘
d
l a
⃗⃗saasal d d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa 4. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ −ww a
.⃗⃗P,.𝑏⃗⃗P= a .P.Paa
wwww w ww
w w www w w 𝑘 3𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ , ww ww
ww 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏 w w⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗ ww w w w w
. O . Orgrg . O . rgrg
O 𝑐⃗ = −𝑖
. O ⃗ r−gr2𝑗
. O g⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗ , verify that .O.O rgrg
l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i asla
a saas= al (4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘) − (−18𝑖 ⃗⃗
a s aasa⃗ l− 12𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘) ⃗⃗
a s aasal a sa asal a s a
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad (i) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏) × 𝑐⃗ =.P ⃗⃗ (𝑎⃗. d
a 𝑐a⃗)𝑏 ⃗
⃗
d − (𝑏. 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗ ⃗⃗ d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w w .P w .P.P
w
w
www = 4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ w w
−w4𝑘 w
⃗⃗ + 18𝑖⃗ + 12𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 ⃗⃗ www w www w www w
(ii) 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗
i .O .⃗O
r+gr14𝑗 g ⃗⃗ i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
=l a 22𝑖
a i ⃗ + 2𝑘 l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page P.P
.17 aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l a la i ala
s a s laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w ww w w
Solution: (ii) 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗
i .O . rgr𝑗̂g 𝑘̂
𝑖̂O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . O rgrg
d
𝑎
ad a
⃗⃗ l
⃗ s×as𝑏a= |2 3 −1|
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa ⃗⃗ l 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂
d a
d
̂
saasa
𝑘 l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 3 5 2w .P.P aa aa
.P.P 𝑏 × 𝑐
⃗ = | 3 .P.P a5a 2 | .P.Paa
w ww
w w w
w w www w ww w w w
w w
ww ww ww ww−1 −2 3 ww
= 𝑖̂(6 + 5) − 𝑗̂(4 + 3) + 𝑘̂(10 − 9)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Org=rg𝑖̂(15 + 4) − 𝑗̂(9 +i2) . O . O+rgr𝑘̂g(−6 + 5)
a i a i a i a i
d ad saasla=la𝑖̂(11) − 𝑗̂(7) + 𝑘̂d(1) a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala ( (d a
d saaslâl(−1) a
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .̂P.Pa a a
.P.Pa = 𝑖̂ 19) −
.P.Paa
𝑗̂ 11) + 𝑘 a
.P.Pa
wwww = 11𝑖̂ −w7𝑗̂ w ww
w
+ 𝑘 w www w www w ww
w
ww w w w w w w w
= 19𝑖̂ − 11𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
i . O . rgrg𝑖̂
O 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . O rgrg
𝑏⃗⃗a)sal a a i
×l 𝑐⃗ = | 11 −7 1|asaasal l a a i l
asal a a i 𝑖̂ asas𝑗̂ al 𝑘l a a i ̂ asla
(𝑎⃗ ×
d a sa d d a sa d a d a sa
.P.Pa ad −1 w −2 .P.P a3ad a ad
.P.P ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗) =.P|.P a2ad 3 −1| .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www 19 −11 −1 www
= 𝑖̂(−21 + 2) − 𝑗̂(33 + 1) + 𝑘̂(−22 − 7)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O = i𝑖̂.(O −3
. Orgr−g 11) − 𝑗̂(−2 + 19)i.+O.O 𝑘̂rgrg − 57)
(−22
d ad
l
saasa = 𝑖̂(−19) − 𝑗̂(34)d+ a
d sa𝑘̂as(−29)
a l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a = 𝑖̂(−14) − 𝑗̂(17)
.P.P .P.P a+a𝑘̂(−79) .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww w w ww w w w
w w
ww = −19𝑖̂w−w34𝑗̂ − 29𝑘̂ . . . . . . (1)ww ww ww
= −14𝑖̂ − 17𝑗̂ − 79𝑘̂ . . . . . . (1)
i .O . rgrg
O i .⃗O . rgr⃗⃗g
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . O rgrg
𝑎
l a
⃗. 𝑐⃗
a i
= (2𝑖 ⃗ + 3𝑗 ⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ ). (−𝑖⃗ − l a2𝑗a i+ 3𝑘 ) l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ d −a d⃗⃗sa).as(−𝑖
𝑘
l
a ⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗)
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w = −2 −w 6ww−w 3.P w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww =w−2 w −6−3 ww
. Ogrg
= r−11
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg . O O rgrg
a i i . a i i . a i i . = −11 a i i .
d ad saaslal⃗⃗a d a
d sa⃗⃗aslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa (𝑎 ⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏 = −11(3𝑖 ⃗ + 5𝑗
.P.Pa a
⃗ + 2𝑘 ) a
.P.Pa a
.P.⃗P+a 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ = −11(3𝑖 ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
= −33𝑖⃗ − 55𝑗⃗ − 22𝑘 ⃗⃗
O r
Ogr g O rgrg
O O Orgrg= −33𝑖⃗ − 55𝑗⃗ − 22𝑘 ⃗⃗Orgrg
s a s laa
⃗⃗
ia. i .
l𝑐⃗ = (3𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗). (−𝑖 s as laa ia. i .
l 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗) s as laa lia. i .
s a s laa l i.O
i
a .
s asla
d
a ada a 𝑏 . d
a ad a a ⃗ − d
a ada a d a a
a⃗a−d𝑘⃗⃗). (3𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) .P.P d
a ada a
w .P.P w .P.P w .P.P 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = (2𝑖 w⃗+ .P.3𝑗P w
w
www w w w+6 w w
www w www w w www w w
= −3w−w10
= 6 + 15 − 2
i .O . rg−7
O rg i .O . rgrg
l a a i= l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 21 − 2 dasaasa
d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a ⃗⃗ P.⃗P
.3𝑗 a a⃗⃗ aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w (𝑏. 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗ = −7(2𝑖 w w
⃗w+w − 𝑘) w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww
= 19 ww
i . O=O
. rg−14𝑖
rg ⃗ − 21𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗ i.O . rgrg
O i .⃗.O .𝑏⃗O
grg
⃗r)𝑐 ⃗⃗i.)O . O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a (𝑎a i ⃗ = 19(−𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + l3𝑘 a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a⃗.a𝑐⃗)𝑏 − (𝑏. 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗
.P.(𝑎
P ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P aa
P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www =w www
−19𝑖 ⃗.− 38𝑗⃗ + 57𝑘 ⃗⃗ w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= (−33𝑖⃗ − 55𝑗 ⃗ − 22𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) − (−14𝑖⃗ − 21𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗.O
i −O
.
gr⃗.g𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗
r(𝑎 i . O . O rgrg
aslalaa i a
lala i a i a i
d a
=d sa
−33𝑖 ⃗ − 55𝑗 ⃗ − 22𝑘 ⃗⃗ + 14𝑖 d a
⃗
d saas21𝑗
+ ⃗ − ⃗⃗
7𝑘 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa = (−33𝑖⃗ − 55𝑗⃗ −w22𝑘 a
.P.P)a− (−19𝑖⃗ − 38𝑗⃗ + 57𝑘
⃗⃗ a
.P).Pa
⃗⃗
wwww w ww
w w www w w w w ww
w
ww w
= −19𝑖̂ − 34𝑗̂ −w29𝑘̂ . . . . . . (2) w w w w w w
= −33𝑖 ⃗ − 55𝑗 ⃗ − 22𝑘 ⃗⃗ + 19𝑖⃗ + 38𝑗⃗ − 57𝑘 ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . O rgrg
From (1) asall a anda i (2) l
asal a a i l a a i
al − 17𝑗̂ − 79𝑘̂ .a. sa. a
as−14𝑖̂ l a l a
a. (2) i asla
d a sa d a sa d a =sa d . s. d a s a
a ad
.P.(𝑎
P P.⃗⃗P
.(𝑏 a ad a ad
w w w ⃗ × ⃗⃗
𝑏 ) × 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐 ⃗
⃗
w
⃗)𝑏 w− w . 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗ is verified. w w w w w w w ww
www www www From (1) andw(2) ww www
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O O Orgrg .O O rgrg
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a⃗⃗lia.× i . ⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐 l a i
a i .
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
𝑎
d
⃗ ×
saasa (𝑏 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐
⃗)𝑏
d a
d saasa ⃗ l is verified.
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.18 aa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i ala
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w wwww w
w⃗⃗w ⃗ w ww w w
5. a⃗⃗ = 2i⃗ + 3j⃗ − ⃗⃗ k, ⃗⃗
b = −i⃗ + 2j⃗ − 4k ⃗⃗, Solution: 𝑎⃗, ⃗𝑏, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑 are coplanar vectors
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d
c⃗ a=sa⃗a
d
is+ l ⃗⃗
a ⃗j + k ,then find the avalue
d d saasaof l
d a
d saasa l ∴ [𝑎 ⃗, ⃗
⃗
𝑏 , 𝑑⃗ ] = 0 =
d
[𝑎
ad saasa
⃗, 𝑏⃗
⃗ , 𝑐 l
⃗]
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w (𝑎 ⃗ × ⃗⃗
𝑏 ) . (𝑎 ⃗ × 𝑐⃗) w ww
w wwww (𝑎 ⃗ × ⃗
𝑏⃗ ) × (𝑐 ⃗ w
× w
w⃗
𝑑 )w = [𝑎 ⃗, 𝑏⃗
⃗ , 𝑑 ⃗ ]𝑐 ⃗ − [𝑎 ⃗, ⃗
⃗
𝑏 , 𝑐w
⃗]𝑑ww
⃗
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Solution: i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O = (0)𝑐⃗ − (0)𝑑 i . O ⃗.O rgrg
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P(𝑎 a⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) . (𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = | .P.Pa | 𝑎 ⃗. 𝑎⃗ a 𝑎⃗. 𝑐
⃗ a
.P.Pa .P =.P0aa⃗⃗ a
.P.Pa
wwww www𝑏⃗⃗w . 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = ⃗0⃗ is proved.
𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗.O = Or gr
(2𝑖g⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − ⃗⃗ ). (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ −rg
𝑘 . O O ⃗⃗r)g
𝑘 . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
asal l a ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i .
……………………………………………………………………… asal l a ia i . asla
.P.Pa ad = 4 + 9 + 1.P.P a ad a ad7. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗.P
.P.P a=ad2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗,
, .𝑏⃗⃗P a ad
.P.P
www www www 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ +w𝑘
w ⃗⃗wand www
= 14
O 𝑎⃗ ×ai(𝑏 .⃗O
⃗.× rg𝑐r⃗)g = 𝑙𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑐⃗ , i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ). a
d d
l
(i⃗sa+as⃗ja+ ⃗⃗ k)
d a
d
l
asa the values of 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛.asaasa
safind d d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww = 2 +w3w− 1 ww Solution: ww ww
i .O =. Org5rg− 1 i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg 𝑖̂
O 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa𝑏 × 𝑐⃗ = |2 −1 1d|adsaasa
⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa =4 .P.P aa aa
.P.P 3 ww .2P.P a1a aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ (−1 − 2) − 𝑗̂(2 − 3) + 𝑘̂(4 + 3)
𝑏. 𝑎⃗ =rg (−i
i . O
i . O rg⃗ + 2j⃗ − 4k). (2𝑖⃗ +i.3𝑗 O
i
⃗−
. rgr𝑘g)
O i . O
i . rgrg
O i . O
i . Orgrg
a
saaslala = −2 + 6 + 4 dadsaaslala a a
saaslala = 𝑖̂(−3) − 𝑗̂(d−1) a
saas+la𝑘l̂a(7) saasla
a d a
d a a d a
d a ad a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww = −2 +w10 w w w wwww = w𝑖̂ (w
w−3)w − 𝑗̂ ( −1) + 𝑘̂ (7) w w
w w
O i . O . rg=rg−3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂
O i . O . Orgrg
asal l a a i= 8 l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asal l a a i asla
.P.Pa ad ⃗⃗ .−P.4ka⃗⃗ad
P ⃗⃗
a ad
.P.P .P.𝑖̂P a ad𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ a ad
.P.P
w w w 𝑏 . 𝑐⃗ = (−i ⃗ +w w
2j
⃗ w ). (i ⃗ + ⃗
j + k ) w ww w w w w w w
www www www 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × w 𝑐⃗)w=w | 1 2 3 | www
=rg rg + 2 − 4
−1 rgrg rgrg −3 1 7 rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l
saasa = −5 + 2 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 𝑖̂(14 − 3) d ad−saa
l
𝑗̂s(a7 + 9) + 𝑘̂(1 + 6) da d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww = −3 w
w ww ww𝑖̂(11) − 𝑗̂(16) + 𝑘̂(7) ww
=
O i .O . rgrg
O ̂alia.O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i = 11𝑖̂ − 16𝑗̂ + 7𝑘 l i
∴ (𝑎
d ⃗a
d × l
saas𝑏⃗⃗a) . (𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = | 𝑎 ⃗. 𝑎⃗
d
𝑎
⃗.
a
d
𝑐⃗
sa|asa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa d a
d saasla
.P.Paa ⃗⃗
𝑏.. P a a𝑏. 𝑐⃗
𝑎⃗.P ⃗⃗
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww 𝑙𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑐⃗ ww ww w ww
w
ww ww 14 4 ww ww ww
=| |
i . O . Orgrg 8 −3
i . O . rgrg
O = 𝑙(𝑖⃗ +O
i . 2𝑗O
. r⃗ g+rg3𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑚(2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗)i.+O.𝑛(3𝑖 Orgrg⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗)
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala = −42 − d32a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d ad saaslala ⃗⃗ d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa = 𝑖
⃗ (𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛) + 𝑗
⃗.P.Pa
(2𝑙 a− 𝑚 + 2𝑛) + 𝑘 (3𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛)a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww w=w −74 ww w w w w
Given 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 𝑙𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑐⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
asal l a
………………………………………………………………………
a i l
asal a a i l a a i
asa𝑙l + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 11 asa. a.s.a. .l . . . . (1) l a a i asla
a ad ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
.P.6.P a ad
.P.vectors,
P .P.Pa ad .P.−16 a ad
P a ad
.P.P
w w w If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑 are w w
coplanar w then w w w 2𝑙 − 𝑚 + w2𝑛 w =w . . . . . . . . . (2) w w w
www www www www www
show that (𝑎
i . O . Or⃗gr×g 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = ⃗0⃗ i..O.O rgrg i .
3𝑙 r+gr𝑚
O . O g +𝑛 =7 . . . . . . . .r.g(3)
i .O . Org
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
dadsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.19
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
aa l a l a i aal a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
ww (2) ww w w ww 1 w w www w
Solving (1) and 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 2
i .𝑙O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 = 11 l a a i l a a i 1
l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
|𝑎
⃗||𝑐 ⃗| cos 𝜃 = 2
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a× 2 4𝑙 − 2𝑚 + 4𝑛.P
.P.(2)
P aa aa
w ww
w w ww=.P−32
w w ww
w 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are unitwvectors, ww
w |𝑎⃗| = 1 = |𝑐⃗| ww ww
ww ww ww ww 1 ww
5𝑙 + 7𝑛 = −21 . . . . . . . . . (4) ∴ cos 𝜃 =
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O 2
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala (2) and (3) dadsaaslala
Solving
d a
d saaslala 𝜃=3
𝜋
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa P.Pa
.= a a
.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww 2𝑙 − 𝑚w+w ww
w2𝑛
w −16 ww ww The angle between ww ww 𝑎̂ and 𝑐̂ is 3
𝜋
wwww
ww ww ww ww
.
3𝑙r+
O O grg𝑚 + 𝑛 = 7 . O rgrg
O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O O . O rgrg
O
l
asal a ia i . l a ia i .
as. .a. l. . . . . . (5) l
asal a ia i . asall a ia i . asla
d a sa 5𝑙 + 3𝑛 = −9
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
w w w w w w w w w w w w
Straight line w w w
www Solving (4) and (5) www www www www
The equation of a straight line passing through
(4) × 3 i.O rgrg+ 21𝑛 = −63
O
15𝑙
. i .O . rgrg
O i O
.point
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d
a
a
d
fixed
saasa l with position
d a
d
vector l
saasa and parallel dadsaasla
l 𝑎⃗
aa × 7
.P.(5) 35𝑙 + 21𝑛 .= a−63
a aa aa aa
w ww
w
P
w wwP.P
w w ww
w
.P.P to a given vector w 𝑏
w
.P.P
⃗⃗ w
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
−10𝑙 = 0 (𝑖) Parametric form is
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l ∴ 𝑙 = 0
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saas𝑟⃗a= 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏, where td∈adRsaasa
⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.Pform
.P aa
.isP.P
w ww
w Substituting 𝑙 = 0 w inww
w w ww
w (𝑖𝑖) Non-parametric w ww
w of vector ww
equation
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
5𝑙 + 3𝑛 = −9
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
(𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗)
i . O . rgr×g 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala 3𝑛 = −9asaaslala
d d d (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
a
d
la
saaslaCartesian form is da d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.P𝑧−𝑧 a .P.Paa
wwww wwww
𝑛 = −3 ww ww 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦
w w1w
w 1 w ww
w
ww ww ww w
= w = w w
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
Substituting
i . O 𝑙O
. r=grg0 and 𝑛 = −3 in i.O.O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asal awhere
a i the point A(𝑥 1 , 𝑥
asal
2l a
, 𝑥 a3 i
)and asla
.P.Pa ad 𝑙 + 2𝑚 + 3𝑛 =
.P.P a ad
11 a ad
.P.P the vectorw𝑏⃗⃗w=w .P𝑏.Pa𝑖⃗a+d𝑏 𝑗⃗ + 𝑏 𝑘⃗⃗ .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w 1 2 3 w w w
www 0 + 2𝑚 + w ww = 11
3(−3) www www www
Straight Line passing through two given points
i .O . rgr2𝑚
O g − 9 = 11
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d
The
a
d saasa l
equation of a straight
d a
d
line
saasa l
passing through
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 2𝑚 .P
=.P a11a + 9 aa
.P.P .P.P aa ⃗.⃗P.P
aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w two given points w w
w w
with position vector 𝑎⃗ and w w𝑏w
w
ww ww ww ww ww
2𝑚 = 20 (𝑖) Parametric form is
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l 𝑚 = 10
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saas𝑟⃗a= 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗), where d a
d saasta∈ R l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa P.P
.= aa aa
w ww
w ∴ 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 w w𝑛w
w −3 w ww
w (𝑖𝑖) Non-parametric w ww
w form of vector w ww
w
equation is
ww ww ww ww ww
………………………………………………………………………
O
̂ ,l𝑐̂aia.are . rgrg
O i . O . rgrĝ
O (𝑟⃗ −O𝑎
i . . rgr×g (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) = ⃗⃗0
⃗)
O i . O . rgrg
O
8. If 𝑎̂, 𝑏a i three unit vectors a
such i that 𝑏 a i a i
d a
d sasal d a
d saaslala d a
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
d
la
saaslaCartesian form is d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Panda 𝑐̂ are non-parallel.Pand a a ̂ 1 a
𝑏̂ w.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Paa
ww ww.P 𝑎̂ × (𝑏 × 𝑐̂ ) = 2 w w−w ww
ww
ww ww ww wwww 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ww
=
w𝑦w 𝑦1
=
𝑧 − 𝑧1 w w
w w
find the angle between 𝑎̂ and 𝑐̂ . 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal Given 𝑎̂ × (𝑏̂ × 𝑐̂ ) a=saas𝑏̂al 1 l a a i l al
asawherea i the points A (𝑥 l a a i
a1s,a𝑦l1 , 𝑧1 ) and asla
d s
Solution:
a a d d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad a ad 1
.P⃗⃗.P
2 a ad
w w w ⃗
⃗ w w w ̂ w w w B(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 w )ww w w w
www [(𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏w− ww(𝑎⃗. 𝑏)𝑐⃗] = 2 𝑏 www 2 2
www 2
www
Equating coeff
i .O . rgofrg𝑏̂ on either sides, i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.20 aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww
ww Angle between two www w www w w w w w
straight lines Example 6.25ww ww
(a) Vector i .O
form. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O The a .O
vector
i . rgrequation
O g in parametric i .O . O grg of a
rform
l al a i l al a i l l a i l a a i
a ⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗).Find asaasla
l
d a saasa d a saasa d a saasais 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗d)ad+saas𝑡(2𝑖
line
.P.P d
a aThe acute angle between .P.P d
a atwo given straight .P.P aa d .P.P aa adad
.P.P
wwww ww w w www w (i) the direction ww w w
cosines of the straight line
ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑑⃗ is same as (ii) Vector equation in non-parametric form
. O r
O grg . O r
O grg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
that
a alathe angle betweena𝑏⃗⃗saand
saaslof aslal𝑑a⃗ . (iii)
a
la
saaslaCartesian equations ofsthe
a a
a
aslalline. a saasla
ww.P.Pa |𝑏⃗⃗w .|P.Pa
.𝑑⃗w ww.P.Pa .P.⃗Pa ⃗⃗
⃗w−w2𝑗 ⃗w
.PPa
⃗)w.
ww
ww So, cos 𝜃 = w⃗⃗ ⃗ w w w www w Solution: 𝑟
⃗ =w (w
w w
3𝑖 + 6𝑘 ) + 𝑡( 2𝑖 ⃗ − ⃗𝑗w + w
w 3𝑘w
|𝑏||𝑑 |
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O Comparing i . O . rgrgwith 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ , the
O i . O . rgrgpasses
O
line
(b) Cartesianl
asal a a i form l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa aIfdtwo lines are given.Pin .P ad
aCartesian form as a ad
.P.P .𝑎P.Pa ad ⃗⃗ and ww
a ad
.P.P
w ww w w w w w w through the point
w w w ⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗 ⃗ + 6𝑘 w
www 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 ww𝑧−𝑧 w1 www www www
= = and
𝑏1 𝑏r2g g 𝑏3 rgrg rgr𝑏⃗⃗g= 2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗ . Hece rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O parallel
i . O
i .to
O i . O
i the
. O
𝑥−𝑥 l al a
saas2a= 𝑦−𝑦2 = 𝑧−𝑧2 , then l al a
asa acute angle
sathe saasa l al a saasal a l a saasla
d a
d
a a 𝑑1 aa d a
d d a
d
a a direction ratios of .the d a
alined
a are (2, −1, 3) .P.P aad a
d
ww.P.P 𝑑2 𝑑3.P.P
w w ww.P.P wwP.P ww
w
ww w www w www w ww w w www w
θ between the two given lines is given by |⃗𝑏⃗| = √4 + 1 + 9 = √14
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
|𝑏1 𝑑1 +𝑏d a
𝑑
d
asa𝑑 |
sa+𝑏 l
d a saasThe
(i)
d
l
a direction cosines aofsathe
d d
l
asa straight line
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa acos 𝜃 = ( .P.Paa 2 2 3 3
) w.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 2ww w w
2 2√ 2 2 2 ww w w ww w w ww w
ww √ 𝑏w
1w +𝑏2 +𝑏3 𝑑1 +𝑑2 +𝑑3 ww
are
2
,
−1ww, 3 ww
√14 √14 √14
i . . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i a i a i a i
Example
d a
d saasla6.24 d a
d saaslala d (ii)
a
d
lala equation in non-parametric
saasVector d ad saaslala form d a
d saasla
a a
.P.APstraight a
.P.Pa the point a
.P.Pa (𝑟 P aa a
.P.Pa
wwww line passes w
w w
through
w w ww
w ⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × ⃗⃗w=w
𝑏 ⃗. .P
w⃗0w w www
ww (1, 2, −3) and parallel
w w to 4𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 7𝑘⃗⃗. ww w w w w
Find (i) vector
i . O . rgequation
O rg in parametricOform
i . . rgrg
O So, (𝑟
i .⃗O−
. rg(3𝑖
O rg⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗)) × (2𝑖i.⃗O −O
. r𝑗⃗gr+g 3𝑘⃗⃗) = ⃗⃗0
l a a i
asal equation in non-parametric l a a
asal form i l
asala a i l a
asa𝑦−𝑦l a i asla
(ii)da s
vector
a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad(iii) Cartesian form.P.P
.P.P a ad =
𝑥−𝑥 1 1
=
𝑧−𝑧 1 a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏w w w
www (iii) Cartesian www
equations of the straight line. www www 1 2
www3
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−6

Solution: .O.O
i rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O = i.O.O r= grg
l a a i l a a i l a a i 2 l a −1a i 3
The d a sa
line
d
as a l
passes through the d a s
point
d a as a l
(1, 2, −3) d a s as a l
………………………………………………………………………
d a d ad sa as a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w Example 6.26 w www w www
ww So, the position vector ww of the point is ww ww ww
Find the vector equation in parametric form
𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗i.− O . rg⃗⃗rgand 𝑏⃗⃗ = 4𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 7𝑘
3𝑘
O i .⃗⃗O..Orgrg and Cartesian
i .O . rgrg equations of the line
O i .O . O grg
rpassing
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa (−4, 2, −3) anddisadsaparallel
through l
asa to the line
d a
d saasla
a aVector eqn in parametric
.P.(i)
P .P.Pa aform 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏 .P.P ⃗⃗ aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww −𝑥−2 = 𝑦+3 =ww
w w2𝑧−6
w . w www
ww ww ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ )ww 4 −2 ww 3 ww
So, 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ) + 𝑡 (4𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 7𝑘
rgrg rgrg Solution: rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala
(ii) vector equation in
d d saaslala
non-parametric
a
form
d The
a
d
la passes through thesaspoint
saaslaline d ad a
lala (−4,2, −3)
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a a0 a
.P.Pa So, the position vector a
.P.Pofa the point is a
.P.Pa
ww (𝑟⃗ −w𝑎⃗) w.×P.P 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ ww ww ww
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww ww wwww
So, (𝑟⃗ − (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗
i . O . r⃗gr−g 3𝑘⃗⃗)) × (4𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ −i.7𝑘
O O
⃗⃗ )g= ⃗0⃗
. r rg
O 𝑎⃗ = −4𝑖
i . ⃗+
O . rgr2𝑗g⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ and rewriting
O i .O . rgrgequation
the
O
l
asal a a i l a a
as1al 𝑧−𝑧1 i l a a i
asal −𝑥−2 𝑦+3 a2𝑧−6 l
asala a i asla
d a sa 𝑥−𝑥1 a𝑦−𝑦
d sa d a sa = = d sa d a s a
a adCartesian form 𝑏.P.P
.P.(iii)
P a=ad 𝑏 = 𝑏 a ad
.P.P 4 −2.P.P a ad 3 as a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w1 2 3
w w w w w w w w w
www www𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+3 www 𝑥+2 ww𝑦+3
w 𝑧 −3 www
= = rgrg = = 3
i . O . rgrg
O 4 5 i . O −7
. O i . O . rgrg −2
−4
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i 2
l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.21
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal a la i ala
s a s laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a s laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww
ww we have 𝑏⃗⃗ = −4𝑖⃗ −w2𝑗 w w
w⃗ + 3 𝑘⃗⃗ ww w w 𝑥+5 w
𝑦w
w
−7
w 𝑧+4 www w
2 Let = = =𝜆
i .O . Or1grg i .O . O rgrg i .O
3 rgrg −2
. O
1
i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
l = − (8𝑖 ⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) l l l
d a
d saasa 2
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa 𝑥+5 = 𝜆 gives dadsaasa d a
d
aa
.P.So,
P aa
.⃗P+.P aa
.P.P 3 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w the parallel vectorwisw w8𝑖w 4𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑥 + 5 = 3𝜆w
w ww
(i) Vector eqnrin ⃗⃗
. O O grgparametric form 𝑟⃗ .=OO 𝑎r⃗g+g𝑡 𝑏
r . O rg=rg3𝜆 − 5
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i .
𝑥 a i i .
d a saa𝑟s⃗la=la(−4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗)d+ad𝑡saa
So,
d sla⃗l+
(8𝑖
a 4𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗)
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P1.Pa𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 a
.P.Pa 𝑦 − 7 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
𝑥−𝑥
w w ww
w = 𝜆wgivesww
w w ww
w
ww (ii) Cartesian form w w = = w w −2 w w ww
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
i . O . Orgrg 𝑥 + 4 𝑦 − 2 i.O 𝑧i.+ Org3rg 𝑦 − 7rg=
i . O . O rg−2𝜆 i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i = asaasa=l l a a l a a i
asal 𝑦 = −2𝜆 + 7 asaasal l a a i asla
d a sa d d a sa d d a sa
a ad
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P
8
.P.P a ad 4 −3 a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w 𝑧+4 w w w w w w
www www www w
= w𝜆wgives www
Example 6.27 Find the vector equation in 1
O
.form Orgrgand Cartesian equations .O Orgrg O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
parametric l a ia i . l a ia i . of a l a𝑧lia.+i .4 =𝜆 l a ia i .
d a
straight
d
a l
saaspassing through the d a
points
d
l
saasa (−5,7, −4) d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.and
P aa
.Ppoint
.P aa
.P.P 𝑧 = 𝜆 −w 4 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w (13, −5, 2). Find w ww
the
w where the w ww
w w w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
straight line crosses the 𝑥𝑦 - plane. Hence (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3𝜆 − 5, −2𝜆 + 7, 𝜆 − 4)
Solution:lalia.O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i l a a i On 𝑥𝑦
l a a– iplane 𝑧 = 0 l a a i
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a equation of a straight
.P.The
P .P.P aline
a passing through .P.P aa ∴ 𝜆 − 4 =w0.P aa 𝜆 = 4
.P
gives aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w w w ww
w
ww two given points with ww position vector ww ww ww
When 𝜆 = 4,
i . O . Orgrg ⃗⃗ i .O . Orgrg⃗⃗ i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
aslalaa i ⃗
⃗ a
aslala i a
aslala i 𝑥 = 3𝜆 − 5 = a
aslala = 7
12 − i 5
𝑎⃗ = −5𝑖
d a
d sa
⃗ + 7𝑗 ⃗ − 4𝑘 and 𝑏 =
d a
d
13𝑖
sa
⃗ − 5𝑗 ⃗ + 2𝑘
d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d saasla
a
.P.P𝑏⃗⃗a− 𝑎⃗ = (13𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ +w2𝑘 .P a
⃗⃗ Pa a
.PPa 𝑦 =ww a
.PPa+ 7 = −8 + 7 = −1ww
−2𝜆 a
.PPa
www.) − (−5𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 ww . ww . ww .
ww ⃗⃗ ) ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
⃗⃗ + 5𝑖⃗ − 7𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗ g 𝑧=0
= 13𝑖⃗ r−g5𝑗 g ⃗ + 2𝑘 r g r g g rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . Oi . O r i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O
s as= l a a
al18𝑖⃗ − 12𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ asaasal l a a The
s l
asala
pointa where the straight
s asall a
line a crosses the
s asla
d
a ad a a a add d a a
a ad𝑥𝑦 – plane is (7, −1,0) d
a ad a a d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www (𝑖) Parametric form w
www is www w w
www w
www
………………………………………………………………………
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ .+ O 𝑡rg
O r⃗⃗g− 𝑎⃗), where t ∈ R i.O
(𝑏 Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a a i . Example
l a ia i .
6.28 l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
⃗⃗ d a
d saasa l
⃗⃗ d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
𝑥+3 d a
d saasla
.P.PaSo,
a 𝑟⃗ = (−5𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 .P).Pa+a𝑡 (18𝑖⃗ − 12𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘) .P.P aa .P.Pa athe straight line aa
P.P
.=
w ww
w w ww
w w ww Find the angle between
w w ww
w w ww
2w
ww 𝑟⃗ = (−5𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘
ww ⃗⃗) + 6𝑡 (3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗w)w 𝑦−1 ww ww
= −𝑧 with coordinate axes.
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg 2
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
(𝑖𝑖) Non-parametric
l a a i form of vector l a i
equation
a is l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a saasa
Solution:
d
l 𝑥+3
=
𝑦−1
=dad−𝑧saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) =.P⃗⃗0.P aa aa
.P.P 2
. .a a 𝑧
2PP aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 𝑥+3 w ww
w 𝑦−1 w ww
w
ww ww ww Rewriting ww = = and comparing ww
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ 2 2 −1
So, (𝑟⃗ − (−5𝑖⃗rg +rg7𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘)) × (3𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ +rg𝑘rg )=0 grg1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 .OO
r𝑥−𝑥 rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . Oi . O a i . O
i . O = = a i i .
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
d a
d saaslala form is
Cartesian d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 𝑏1
with
𝑏2
d a
d saa𝑏s3lala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝑥 − 𝑥 .P.Paa a
.P.Pa we have 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗w+w a
P.⃗P−a𝑘⃗⃗
.2𝑗 a
.P.Pa
wwww 𝑦 −w𝑦ww1 w 𝑧 − 𝑧1 w ww
w w w w ww
w
ww 1
= w = w w w w w ww
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . r|g⃗𝑏⃗r|g= √4 + 4 + 1 = √9 i=.O.3O
O rgrg
l
asal =a
𝑥+5a i 𝑦 − 7 𝑧+4 l a a i l a a i l a a i asla
d a sa = dasaasal d a s aasal
d a saasal
d a s a
.P.Pa ad 3 −2
.P.P a ad
1 a ad So, the direction cosines
.P.P .P.Pa ad of the straight line.P.P a ad
www (𝑖𝑣)To find the point wwwwhere the straight line www www www
2 2 −1
crosses the rgr𝑥𝑦g - plane. rgrg are ,rgrg , rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.O i . O l a ia.3O
i . O3 3 l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.22
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w w w w w ww
2 ww 2 −1 ww Solution: Comparing ww the equation ww
cos 𝛼 = g, cos 𝛽 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝛾 = g
i .O . r rg
3O 3
i .O . Or 3rg 𝑥−4 laia .O rgrg
𝑦.O 𝑧+1 i .O . rgrg𝑧−2
O
l a a i l a a i i 𝑥−1 l a𝑦+1a i
d
wherea
d saa𝛼, l
sa𝛽, 𝛾 are the anglesdmade a
d
l
saasaby the 𝑏⃗⃗ d a
d sa
2
l
asa= =
1 −2
and asa
d4 d
=asa = l
−4 2
with asa
d d a sla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 w𝑧−𝑧 ww
w 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 ww w𝑧−𝑧
w
ww vector with x, y, zw w
axis. ww = w=w 1
and = ww = 2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
O r g r g O r gr g r gr g r gr g
Hencesa 𝛼laa
s =lia.𝑐𝑜𝑠 i.O−1 (2) , 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1a(laa2)lia.and
s s
i.O
wes aslaalia.O
have
i.⃗⃗O
𝑏 = 2𝑖 ⃗ + 𝑗
⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ s
and asla𝑑a⃗lia.Oi.O
4𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ saasla
a d a
d a 3
a d a
d a 3
a d a
d a a d a
d a =
a d a
d
ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww −1 −1
𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) w w
w w w ww w Angle betweenw w w w
the lines w www
i . . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a l
asa6.29 a i l a a i
asal the lines l
asala a i l
as2a+a a i
l 𝑏3 𝑑3 | asla
a
Example
d sa Find the angle d a sa
between d a sa |𝑏1 𝑑1 +a𝑏sa
d 2𝑑 d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a adcos 𝜃 =
.P.P .P2.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w ⃗⃗ w w w ⃗⃗ w w w w w w w w w
www 𝑟
⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗 ⃗ + 4𝑘 )www
+ 𝑡(2𝑖 ⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ) and the www √ w w 2
( 𝑏1 w+ 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 +
2
√ 2 2
ww𝑑w3 ) 2
straight line passing

i . O . rgrg through the points
O i . O . r(5,1,
O grg 4)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
and (9,a2,12).
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l ⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑏 . 𝑑 = (2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗a−
d d
l
saas2𝑘a). (4𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) dadsaasla
⃗⃗ l
aa
.P.Solution:
P 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 a
.P⃗⃗.P
)+a 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗) aa
.P.P .P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w w8w
=w −.P4 − 4 = 0 wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
is parallel to the vector 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg|𝑏⃗⃗| = √4 + 1 + 4 =i.O
O
√9rg=
. O rg3
i i i i
d d saaslaala ratios of the straight
The direction
a d a
d saaslaaline
la passing
d a
d saaslaala |𝑑 ⃗| = √16 + d a
16
d saas+laa4la= √36 = 6 d a
d saasla
aa
.P.through
P the points (5,1, P.P
.4) aand
a (9, 2,12) is aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww cosw𝜃w= (0) ww
(9 − 5, 2 − 1,12 − 4) = (4,1,8)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0) = 𝜋i.O.O
O rgrg
a i a i a i
Hence a i
d a
d saaslala So, 𝑑⃗ = 4𝑖⃗ +d𝑗⃗ad+saas8𝑘 la⃗⃗ la
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla2la d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa The acute angle between a
.P.Pa two given straightww a
.PPa a
.Pa
.Pperpendicular a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww ww
ww ww . The lines are
w w
w
ww
w w wwwww
lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑑⃗ is same as ………………………………………………………………………
.O
ilathe .Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O Example i . O . rgrg
O
6.31 i . O . rgrg
O
thatalofaa i angle between 𝑏⃗⃗ and l
asal a 𝑑a⃗ i
. l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa
Show that the straight d
linea sa
passing through the d a s a
.P.Pa ad So, cos 𝜃 = |𝑏.𝑑| .P.P ⃗⃗ ⃗ a ad a ad
.P.P .P .Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www www
⃗
|𝑏⃗ ||𝑑⃗ |
www points 𝐴(6,7,5) www and 𝐵(8,10,6)is perpendicularwww
to the straight line passing through the points
𝑏⃗⃗ .r𝑑⃗gr=
O g (2𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ). (4𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗rg
O +rg8𝑘⃗⃗ )
O r gr g O r gr g
s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O 𝐶(10,
s aslaal2, .O and 𝐷(8,3, −4).alalia. i.O
ia. i−5)
sasa saasla
aad a
d a = 8 +2 +8 =
aad a
d18 a d ad a
a a Solution: The direction d a
d
a ratios
a d
aa ad
.P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P of the straight .P.P
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w w w
w w www w
ww |𝑏⃗⃗| =w√w 4 + 4 + 1 = √9 = 3 ww line passing through
ww the points 𝐴(6,7,5)ww and
r g r g r gr g r gr g r grg
s a laalia.O i.⃗O| = √16 + 1 + 64 a=laa√81
|𝑑
s lia.Oi.O= 9
s a laalia.O
𝐵(8,10,6) i.Ois (8 − 6, 10 − 7, 6a−
s la ali5)
a.Oi.= O (2, 3, 1)
saasla
d a
d a s 18 d a
d a s d ad a s d a
d a s d ad
.P.Paa cos 𝜃 = (3)(9) .P.P aa aa
.P.P So, .𝑏⃗⃗P.=a a2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
P .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww w2w ww ww ww
= The direction ratios of the straight line passing
i . O . rgrg3
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Hencea i
aslala 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3) asaaslala −1 2 a i through a
aslala i the points 𝐶(10, 2, a i
aslala 𝐷(8,3, −4) asaasla
−5)and
a sa a sa a sa
adad
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.P adad adadis (8 − 10,3 − 2, −4.P
.P.P +.P
dad
a5) = (−2, 1, 1) .P.Padad
www w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Example 6.30 So, 𝑑⃗ = −2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
Find the angle i . O . rg
O rg
between the straight ilines . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
𝑥−4 sa l a
𝑦al a i 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 l
asa= a a
l 𝑧−2i l a a i
al acute angle between
asThe l a
asatwo a i
l given straight sasla
a s a s a s a s
.wP.P
d =
a2ad 1 a =
−2
and
4P.P
.w
=d
a ad −4 a 2
d a
a ad lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗.⃗Pand
.wP.P .
d a
a ad𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑑⃗ is same.P
P .
as adaada
P
w
ww and state whetherwthey w
ww are parallel or ww w wwww w
www
ww w ww ww
that of the angle between 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑑⃗ .
ww
perpendicular i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.23 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aal a l a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
w|𝑏w w www w w
𝑥 w𝑦w1 𝑧1 w w w
⃗⃗.𝑑⃗| 𝑏 𝑏2 w𝑏w3
So, cos 𝜃 = |𝑏⃗⃗||𝑑⃗| Here ( 1 ) and ( 1 )
r gr g r g r g r 4rg 3 −7
g 2 −6 r gr g 7
. O O O
laalia. i. O O
alia. i. O O O
alia. i1. 𝑧−𝑧1
a saaslaalia𝑏i⃗⃗.. 𝑑⃗ = (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ +a𝑘⃗⃗sa).as(−2𝑖 ⃗ + 𝑗
⃗ + ⃗⃗
𝑘 ) a saaslaCartesian
(ii) form
𝑥−𝑥1 sala
a a= s 𝑦−𝑦
= a saasla
aad d d
aa d aad d d
a𝑏a1 d aad d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P 𝑏2 𝑏3
ww .P.P
w
ww w =w−4 w w
w +3+1 www w ww w w www w
𝑥−4 𝑦−3 𝑧+7
= =
O rgr=g 0 O rgrg O rgrg 2 −6 rgrg7
s as
a
lala i . i . O
s as
a
lalai . i . O
s as
a
lalai . i . O
……………………………………………………………………… s as lalia.O
a i.O
saasla
a d a
d a cos 𝜃 = (0) a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa 2. Find the parametric ww
a
.P.Pform ww .P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w −1 (0) = 𝜋 w w
w w w w
w w of vector equation w w
w w
Hence 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 and Cartesian equations of the straight line
2
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
l
The
asala a i
lines are perpendicular l
asal a a i l a a i
asal through the point
passing l a
al a
as(−2,3,4) i and asla
a ad
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.P a ad a ad
w w w w w w w ww w w w 𝑥−1 𝑦+3
w w w
8−𝑧
www Example 6.32 www www parallel to thewstraight ww line −4 = 5 w= ww 6 .
Show that ithe . O O grg 𝑥−1 = 2−𝑦 = 𝑧−4
rlines O
.12 rgand
O rg .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg
l a a i . l a ia i . l a i
Solution:
a i . Given 𝑎 ⃗ = −2 ⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗 l a i
⃗ l+a i . ⃗⃗
saasla
l 4 6 l l 4𝑘
𝑥−3d a
d saas𝑦−3
a 5−𝑧 d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa =
.P.−2
P = are.P aa
parallel.
.P aa
.P.P P.P
.= aa .P.P aa
w ww
w 3 6 ww
w w w www and
w ww𝑏⃗⃗w −4⃗𝑖 + 5𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 ⃗⃗ w ww
w
ww Solution: Comparing wwthe equation ww ww ww
i . O
i . rgrg
O i . O
i . rgrg
O
(i) Vectorreqn
i . O
i . O grg in parametric form
i . O
i . O rg𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑟r⃗g=
a
=saaslala=
aa a sa+asl𝑡aa(−4𝑖
=adsaaslal= slal𝑟⃗a= (−2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 la saasla
𝑥−1 2−𝑦 𝑧−4 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 5−𝑧
d a
d and d with d a
d saaSo, d ⃗⃗a
d) ⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ ) da d
.P.Paa
4 6 12 −2
.P.P aa 3 6 aa
w ww
w w ww w w www w ww w w w
w w
ww 𝑥−𝑥 1
=
𝑦−𝑦 1
= ww1 and
𝑧−𝑧 𝑥−𝑥 2
=
𝑦−𝑦 2
= ww 2
𝑧−𝑧 ww ww
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rg𝑥rg
O 1 𝑦1 𝑧1 𝑏.1OO
i . rg𝑏r2g 𝑏3 )
a i a i Here
a i ( ) and ( a i
we d a saasla𝑏⃗⃗la= 4𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘⃗⃗ and
have
d d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala −2 3 4 dadsaasla−4 la 5 6
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa (ii) Cartesian form a
Pa1 = 𝑦−𝑦1 = 𝑧−𝑧1ww
.P.𝑥−𝑥 .P.Paa
wwww w www w www w www w w
ww 𝑑⃗ = −2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗 w w⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ w w w w 𝑏1 𝑏2 w𝑏w
3
.O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O 𝑥+2 𝑦−3Orgr𝑧−4
. . O g
l a⃗⃗lia i ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ l a ia i l a ia i = l a ia i =
Here
a saasa 𝑏 = −2( −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
a
)
saasal a saasal −4asa
a s al5 6 a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad……………………………………………………………………… d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w ⃗ w .P.P
w ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www = −2𝑑 wwww w
www 3. Find the points
w
wwwwhere the straight line w
www
Hence the givenrg rg are parallel. rgrg passes rgrg (6,7, 4) and (8,i.O
through 4,9) rgrgcuts the
l a ia.Oi . Olines l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a a i . O
d a
d saasa l
……………………………………………………………………… d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
asaand 𝑦𝑧 planes.
sa𝑥𝑧 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
w ww
w w ww w w www w ww w w w
w w
ww ww
EXERCISE 6.4 ww ww𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Solution: Here ( 1 1 1 ) and ( 2 2 2 )
𝑥 𝑦 ww𝑧
1. Find the non-parametric form of vector 6 7 4 8 4 9
O
. and r
O gr g O r
O g
.ofi. the r g O r
O gr g
. i. form is O
. i.O rgrg
l a ia i . l a ia l a ia l a ia
d d saasa
equation
a
l Cartesian
d a
d saasa
equations l
d a
d saasa l
Cartesian
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa astraight line passing.through a a the point with .P.P aa a a 𝑧 − 𝑧1 aa
w ww
w w wwwP.P w www 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= w
𝑦w−.P
w w 𝑦.1P
= w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ⃗⃗ and parallel to w
w 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ww𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ww
position vector 4⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ − 7𝑘
i . O . r⃗grg ⃗ ⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O𝑥O
. r−gr6g 𝑦 − 7 𝑧 − 4 i.O.O rgrg
the vectora i 2 𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 7𝑘 . a i a i = = a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 8 − 6 4 − 7 da 9−
d saas4lala d a
d saasla
a a
.P.PSolution: Given 𝑎⃗ w =w4.⃗𝑖P
a
.P3𝑗a⃗ − 7𝑘⃗⃗ a
.P.Pa a
.P7.Pa 𝑧 − 4 .P.Paa
ww + ww 𝑥−6 w
𝑦w − ww
ww
ww wwww wwww
2
w =w w
w −3 =
5
w w
w w
and ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg𝑏 = 2𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 7𝑘 i.O.O
O rgrg (𝑖) To i . O
find
. rgrthe
O g point where the .straight
i O . Orgrg line
l a a i
asal equation in non-parametric l a a
asal form i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
(ii)
d a s
vector
a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad crosses the 𝑥𝑧 .-Pplane.
.P.P .Pa ad .P.P a ad
www (𝑟⃗w− w𝑎w ⃗) × 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ 0 www 𝑥 − 6 ww𝑦w− 7 𝑧−4 www
Let = = =𝜆
So, (𝑟⃗ − (4𝑖 ⃗. O
+ O gr⃗g− 7𝑘⃗⃗ )) × (2𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗⃗ +
r3𝑗 . O r⃗⃗gr)g= ⃗0⃗
O
7𝑘 . O r2grg −3
O
5
.O Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page P.P
.24 aa
w ww
w w www w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
aal a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l a la i ala
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w wwww w w ww
𝑥−6
= 𝜆 gives (𝑖𝑖)Hence (𝑥,w𝑦, w𝑧) = (2𝜆 + 6, −3𝜆 + 7,w5𝜆 w + 4)
2
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg On i .O𝑦𝑧. rg
O g
–rplane 𝑥 = 0 i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
sa𝑥as−a 6 = 2𝜆 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P ∴ 2𝜆 + 6.P =a0a .P.Paa
w ww
w 𝑥 = 2𝜆 +w6 www wwww w ww.P
w wwww
ww ww ww ww 2𝜆 = − 6 ww
𝑦−7
i . O =O
. rg𝜆rggives i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O 𝜆 = − 3 i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
−3
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa 𝑦 − 7 = −3𝜆 ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa When 𝜆.P
ww=.P−3,
a
ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w ww w w w w ww
𝑦 = −3𝜆 w +7 w w 𝑦 = −3𝜆 + 7 w
𝑧 − i4.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asa5l = 𝜆 gives l
asala a i l
asal a a i = −3(−3) l
asal a +a i7
asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P=.Pa9a+d 7 .P.Pa ad
www 𝑧 − 4 = 5𝜆 www www www = 16 www
Ogrg rgrg rgrWhen rgrg
𝑧 =r5𝜆 +4 g
l a ia.Oi . l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O 𝜆 = −3, lalia.O i . O
Hence
d a
d saas(𝑥, l
a 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝜆 + 6, −3𝜆
d a
d sa+ l
asa7, 5𝜆 + 4)
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P a5𝜆a + 4 .P.Paa
w ww
w On 𝑥𝑧 – plane 𝑦 w
= ww
0 w wwww w w𝑧w
w
=.P
wwww
ww ww ww ww = 5(−3) + 4 ww
∴ −3𝜆rg+ rg7 = 0 rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O = −15 +l4 a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l −3𝜆 = −7 da d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P=.Pa−11
a .P.Paa
w ww
w 3𝜆 w
= ww
7 w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww
The point where the straight line crosses the
ww
7
i . O . rgrg𝜆 = 3
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i 𝑦𝑧 – aplanei is (0 , 16 , −11) a i
d a
d saaslala 7 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa When 𝜆 = 3, .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa ……………………………………………………………………… .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 4. Find the direction ww cosines of the straight ww line
𝑥 = 2𝜆 + 6
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O passing
i . O . rgthrough
O rg the points (5,6,7)
i . O . rgrand
O g
l
asal a a i 7
𝑥 = 2 (3) + 6asasal l a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad (7,9,13) . Also, find
.P.P .P.P adparametric form of.P.P
athe a ad
w w w w 14w w w ww w w w w w w
www w=w3w+ 6 www vector equation www and Cartesian equations wwwof
i .O . rgrg = 14+18
O i .O . rgrg
O i O . rgrg line passing through
O
.straight i .O . rgtwo
O rg given
l a a i l a a i the
l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l 3
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 32 Pa a
𝑥 =w3ww . .P .P.Pa a points. .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
7 Solution: The straight line passing through
When
i . O . rgr𝜆g = 3,
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
𝑧 = 5𝜆 + 4 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saathe l
sa points (5,6,7) andda d
l
saasa The direction dadsaasla
(7,9,13). l
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww7w wwww ratios of the straightw ww
w line passing throughw www
the
ww 𝑧w =w5 ( ) + 4 ww ww ww
3
rgrg 35 rgrg points (5,6,7)rgrg and (7,9,13) is i.O.O rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i
d a
d saaslala = 3 +4
d a
d saaslala d a
d
lala− 5, 9 − 6,13 − 7) =s(2,3,6)
saas(7 d a
d aaslala
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww =w www
w35+12 wwww w w𝑏⃗⃗w
w ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ www
w
ww w 3 ww w
Hence
w − 𝑎⃗ = 2 𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 ww
i . O . rg𝑧rg= 47 and 𝑦 = 0 i.O.O
O rgrg (𝑖) Parametric
i . O . rgrg form is
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i 3 l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a adpoint where the straight
.P.The
P d crosses the .PP
a aline
.P.P .a a
d ⃗
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 (𝑏.P−P ⃗ adwhere t ∈ R
.a𝑎⃗), .P.Pa ad
www 32 ww 47
w www www ⃗⃗ ) + 𝑡 (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗w+w6𝑘
w
⃗⃗ )
𝑥𝑧 – plane is ( 3 , 0, 3 ) So, 𝑟⃗ = (5𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.25
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w 𝑥 𝑦1 𝑧1 ww 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 w w www w 𝑥+4 w𝑦−7 w
w w 𝑧+5 www w
Here ( 1 ) and ( ) (ii) = = ,
5 6 g 7 9 13
i . O . r 7rg
O i . O. Orgrg i .
3 rgrg 4
O . O
5
i .O . rgrg
O
d d
l
saasa form is
Cartesian
a d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa 𝑟⃗ = 4𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝑡(2⃗𝑖 +d⃗𝑗ad+saas⃗𝑘⃗).a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦w .P.Pa𝑧a− 𝑧1 aa
w ww
w = w w1 w
= w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦w w
2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ww Solution: ww ww
𝑥 −.O
i 5O
. rgr𝑦g − 6 𝑧 − 7 i . O . rgrg
O The i . O . rgrg angle between two
O
acute i . O . rgrg straight
O
given
a i = = a i a i a i
d a
d saasl7a−la5 9 − 6 13 −dad7 saaslala d a
d saaslala 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 dads𝑧−𝑧 a asla1 la
⃗ d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.𝑧P−a7 a
.P.Pa lines = a =
.𝑏P2.Pa 𝑏3 and 𝑟
⃗ = 𝑐
⃗ + .P.Pa
𝑠 𝑑 a
wwww 𝑥−5
= ww
𝑦− w6w w=w w ww
w 𝑏1
w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww w w w w
2 3 6 is same as that of the angle between 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑑⃗
i . ⃗⃗O . rg2𝑖
O rg⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O |𝑏 ⃗⃗.𝑑⃗|
i . O . rgrg
O
we have l
asal a a 𝑏 i = l
asala a i l
asala a i
So, cos 𝜃 = l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa |𝑏⃗⃗||𝑑⃗ |
d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad ⃗𝑏⃗| = √4 + 9w .P.Pa ad a ad
w w w | w +w36 = √49 = 7 w w w w
⃗⃗ w w ⃗⃗ w w w
www www www we havew𝑏w= w3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 and www
So, the direction
i .O . rgrg cosines of the straight
O i .O . rgrline
O g
i .O . rgrg 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ i.O.O
O rgrg
d a
d
l
saa2sa 3 6 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
⃗⃗ ⃗ d a
d saasa ⃗⃗ l
⃗⃗ d a
d saasla
.P.Pa aare 7 , 7 , 7 .P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑏 . 𝑑 = (3𝑖
.P.P aa
⃗ + 4𝑗 ⃗ + 5𝑘 ). (2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗
⃗ + 𝑘 )
.P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww ww= 6 + 4 + 5 ww
5. Find the i O
.angle. rgrgbetween the following
O i .O . Ogrg
rlines. i .O . rgrg = 15
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a(i)
a 𝑟⃗ = (4⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗) + 𝑡(⃗𝑖 +.P2𝑗 a a ⃗⃗ aa |𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑑⃗ | = 15 aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w www.P⃗ − 2𝑘), w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑟⃗ = (⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗) + 𝑠(−𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗) |𝑏⃗⃗| = √9 + 16 + 25
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala
Solution:
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala = √50 =
d a
d
aslal×
sa√25 a2
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa P.Pa
.5√2 a .P.Paa
wwww The acute angle w www
between two given straight wwww ww ww
= wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗rg+g𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑠 𝑑⃗ isrsame grg as rgr|𝑑g⃗| = √4 + 1 + 1 = .√6 rgrg
i . Oi . O r i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i O
i . O
that
s l
asof a a
al the angle betweena𝑏saand ⃗⃗ l a
asal𝑑 .a⃗ s l a a
asal cos 𝜃 = 15
s l
asala a s asla
d
a ada a d d d
a ada a d a
ad) a d
a ada a
.a a
(5√2a )(√6
w .P.P
w So, cos 𝜃 =
|𝑏⃗⃗.𝑑⃗| .PP
w w w .P.P
w w w .P.P w .P.P
w
w
www w
⃗||𝑑w
w|𝑏⃗w ⃗| w
www ww w
=w =
3 3 w
www
√12 √4×3
we have i .O . r𝑏⃗⃗gr=
O g 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ and .O.O
i rgrg i .O . rgrg √3×√3
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
⃗ d a
d s⃗⃗aasa l
d a
d saasa l =
2√3 da d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑑 = −𝑖⃗ −.P 2𝑗⃗a+a2𝑘 aa
.P.P .3P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www.P w ww
w w w√w
w w ww
w
ww ww ⃗⃗ ). (−𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ +w2𝑘 w⃗⃗) ww = ww
𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑑⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 2
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O
Hence . rgrg𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√3) = 60
O i .O0O
. rgrg
l a a i = −1 − 4 − 4 l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d
2
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa a a (iii)2𝑥 = 3𝑦 = −𝑧 .and
.P.P a a6𝑥 = −𝑦 = −4𝑧. .P.P aa
w ww
w
= −9ww
w w w ww
w w wwP.P
w w ww
w
ww ww ww Solution: 2𝑥
ww= 3𝑦 = −𝑧 can be written ww
|𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑑⃗| = 9
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 2𝑥 3𝑦 −𝑧
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala |𝑏⃗⃗| = √1 + 4 +d4ad=saas√9 lala= 3
d a
d saaslala 1
= 1 = 1 saslala
d a
d a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .PPa a .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww |𝑑⃗| = w √w w1w +ww4 + 4 = √9 = 3 ww wwww
w1w w=w 𝑦1 .= 𝑧 and
𝑥 ww
w w
w
ww
w
−1
9 2 3
cos 𝜃rg= rg(3)(3) rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia . Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O 6𝑥 = −𝑦 = −4𝑧 l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal 9 a sa asal a s aasal a sa asal a s aasla
d
a ad = d
a ad d
a ad d d
a a−4𝑧 d
a ad
w .P.P
w 9 w.P.P
w w .P.P
w
6𝑥
=w w .P.P
−𝑦
= w .P.P
w
w
www =w 1 www w
www w
w1ww 1 1 w
www
Hence 𝜃r=
i . O . O grg𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) = 00
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 𝑥1 = −1
O
𝑦
= 1
𝑧
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i − l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l 6
d a
d
4
saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.Paa aa
.26 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
Comparing thewequation w with ww ww = −2 + 4 − 2 ww
𝑦−𝑦i.1O . Org𝑧−𝑧 rg1 𝑦−𝑦2 i.O . Org2rg i .O . Orgrg =0 i .O . Orgrg
𝑥−𝑥1
l a a i 𝑥−𝑥2
l a a i𝑧−𝑧
l a a i l a a i
𝑏1 as
d d
=
a asa𝑏2 l = 𝑏3
and
𝑑1
d
=
a
d
l
=
sa𝑑as2 a 𝑑3 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa 𝜋 l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P Hence ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 .=P.𝑐𝑜𝑠 a a (0) =
P −1
.P.P aa
w ww
w 1 1 ww w w w w
w w w ww w 2 w w
w w
ww we have 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ +ww 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 ⃗⃗ and ww ww
……………………………………………………………………… ww
2 3
i . O 1O
. rgrg 1 i . O . rgrg
O 7. If the i . O . Orgrg line joining theipoints
straight . O . Orgrg(2,1,4)
a i a i a i a i
d ad saasla𝑑la= 6 𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ − 4 𝑘 dadsaaslala
⃗ ⃗⃗
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa and (𝑎 − 1,4, −1) .P.Pa
isa parallel to the line .P.Paa
wwww The acute angle w www
between two given straight wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww joining the points
w w (0, 2, 𝑏 − 1) and (5,3, w w−2),
⃗⃗.𝑑⃗|
|𝑏
lines is cos
i . O . Org𝜃rg= |𝑏⃗⃗||𝑑⃗| i . O . rgrg
l a
asal 1 1 a i l a
asal 1 a i find
l
asal a a i
the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 .
asall a a i asla
d a sa
⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ d 1as a ⃗⃗ d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad 𝑏. 𝑑 = (2 𝑖⃗ + 3 𝑗⃗ − .𝑘P).P a. (a6d𝑖⃗ − 1𝑗⃗ − 4 𝑘) a ad Solution: Let the straight
.P.P .P.P a ad line 𝐿 joining the.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w 1
w w w
www w1ww1 1 www www www
= 12 − 3 + 4 points 𝐴(2,1,4) and 𝐵(𝑎 − 1,4, −1)
O i .O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg
l l l
asa ( 1 1 1 ) and (asaas2 a 2 𝑧2 )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 l 𝑦
saasla
1–4 +3
d ad saasa = 12
d a
d saasa d a
d saHere d d d a
d
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P 2 1 4
.P.P aa 𝑎 − 1 4 −1
.P.P aa
w ww
w = 0 w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww Cartesian form ww of AB is ww
𝜋
HenceO 𝜃r=
O grg𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0) = 2 O rgrg
O O 𝑥rg
O
−rg𝑥1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑧 −i.O 𝑧1rgrg
l alai . i . l i
ala . i . l i . i .
ala 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 sa𝑧laa2la −i𝑧1
.O
d d sa a a
………………………………………………………………………
a s d a
d sa as a
d a
d saas a
d a
d a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.6.P P.P
.are aa aa
.P.P 𝑥−2 .P−.P
𝑦
a1a 𝑧 − 4 .P.P aa
w ww
w The vertices of ΔABC w www 𝐴(7, 2,1), 𝐵(6,0,3)ww ww w =
www = w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑎−1 −w2w 4 − 1 −1 − 4 ww
and 𝐶(4, 2, 4).
i . O . OrgrgFind ∠ABC. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Org𝑥rg− 6 𝑦 − 7 𝑧 − 4i.O.O rgrg
a i a i a i = = a i
a saaslalaGiven the vertices
Solution:
d d d a
d of
la are
saasΔlaABC d a
d saaslala 𝑎 − 3 3 asa
d d a s−5lala
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa we have 𝑏⃗⃗ = w .PPa a .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww 𝐴(7, 2,1), ww w www
𝐵(6,0,3) and 𝐶(4, 2, 4). ww wwww
ww ww (𝑎w−. 3)𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗
wwwwww
rgrg rgrg Let the straightrgrg line 𝐿2 joiningi.the rgrg
To find: i∠.O ABC
i . O i . Oi . O i . O
i . O O
i . O
s l
asal a a s l
asal a a s l a a
asal 𝐶(0, 2, 𝑏 − 1) and s l a
asal −2), a s asla
d a a
ad is to find angle between
aThat d a
a ad 𝐵𝐴 a⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d
a ada apoints d
a ad a a𝐷(5,3, d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www www w w
www Here ( 1 w
𝑥 𝑦 w
1 ww 1𝑧
) and ( 2
𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑧 w
2 ww
w )
Now ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 0 2 𝑏−1 5 3 −2
i .O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
l a a i l a a i Cartesian
l a a i form of CD is l a a i
d ad
l
saasa = (7𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘) −d(ad6𝑖s⃗a+ ⃗ ⃗ l
asa0𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘) ⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P 𝑥 − 𝑥 1
=ww
𝑦 − 𝑦
.P.1Pa a= 𝑧 − 𝑧 1
.P.P aa
w ww
w = 7𝑖 ⃗ + 2𝑗 ⃗ w + ww𝑘⃗⃗w − 6𝑖⃗ − 0𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ w ww
w w w w w
w w
ww ww ww 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ww 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 1 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 ww
i=. O .𝑖⃗Or+gr2𝑗 g⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O
𝑥 r−g0g 𝑦 − 2
. O r = =
𝑧 – 𝑏+1 rg g
i .O . Or
d ad saas⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a l
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 5 − 0 3 − 2
d
−2−𝑏+1
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐵 .P.P aa aa
.P.P 𝑦 −.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w
𝑥
= w www7.P= 𝑧 − 4 w ww
w
ww ww ⃗⃗ w
⃗⃗) w
5 ww 1 −1 − 𝑏 ww
= (4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ) − (6𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘
O we have
i . O . Orgr𝑑⃗g= 5𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + (−1 − 𝑏)𝑘 i . O⃗⃗O
. rgrg
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala= 4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ − 6𝑖 d
⃗ −sa
a
d a s⃗la−la3𝑘⃗⃗
0𝑗
d a
d slala the lines are parallel.
saaGiven d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.⃗⃗P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww = −2𝑖⃗ + w ww w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww w2𝑗 w ⃗ + 𝑘 ww w wSo, 𝑎⃗ = 𝑚𝑑⃗ w w
The acuteOangle
i . . Orgrg between ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶
i
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ rgrg
. O . O i . O . Org⃗r+g 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗ = 𝑚[5𝑖⃗ +i.𝑗⃗O.+O rg(−1
rg − 𝑏)𝑘⃗⃗]
l a a i
asal ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ l
asal a a i (𝑎
l
asal a −a i3)𝑖
asall a a i asla
.P.Pa aisdcos 𝜃 = ( 𝐵𝐴 ) .( 𝐵𝐶 )
.PP a ad a ad(𝑎 − 3)𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗.=
.P.P P.P ad⃗ + 𝑚𝑗⃗ + 𝑚(−1 − 𝑏)𝑘
a5𝑚𝑖 a ad
.P⃗⃗.P
w w w ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|www. w w w w w w w w w
www |
www
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗||𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐴
www www www
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)rg=
Org(𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘) . (−2𝑖 Ogr⃗g+ 𝑘) rgrg rgrg
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 ) . (𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗ ⃗ +r2𝑗 ⃗⃗
l a ia.O i . l a ia.O i . l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l Equating 𝑖
⃗
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa aa
.27 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O i .O . O rgrg i .O . Orgrg
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w ww w w w w
𝑎w−w3 = 5𝑚 ww
((5𝑚 + 2)𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
ww ⃗⃗
) . (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑚𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘
w
⃗⃗ ) =w0
i .O . rgrg 𝑎 = 5𝑚 + 3 i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 5𝑚
d
+
a
d
l
saasa + 3 = 0
2 − 10𝑚
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa Equating 𝑗⃗ .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www −5𝑚 + 5 =w0w ww
ww ww3 = 𝑚 ww ww ww
grg grg grg −5𝑚 grg = −5
. O r
O . O Or . O r
O . O r
O
s liai.
aslaaEquating
⃗⃗
𝑘
s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. s aslaaliai. 𝑚 = 1 saasla
a d ad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d
.P.Pa −5w=w Pa − 𝑏)
.P𝑚(−1 .P.Pa ……………………………………………………………………… .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww . ww wwww 9. Show that the ww www
wpoints (2,3, 4), (−1, 4,5) ww
ww
wand
w
Substituting 𝑚 = 3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O (8,1,2)i . O . rgrgcollinear.
are
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i 𝑎 = 5(3) + 3 l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P15
=w a a+d3
.P a ad Solution: Let the straight
.P.P .P.P a ad line 𝐿1 joining the.P.P a ad
w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www points (2,3,w ww (−1,4, 5)
4)and www
𝑎 = 18
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .(O𝑥. rgrg
O
1 𝑦1 𝑧1 𝑥2 𝑦i2.O . r𝑧g2rg
O
l a a i
Substituting 𝑚 = 3 l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
Here l
saasa 2 3 4 ) and
d
(
a
d
l
saasa 4 5 )
−1 d a
d saasla
.P.Paa −5w=w a a − 𝑏)
.P(3)(−1
.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w wwww Cartesian formw wwisw w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
−5 = −3 − 3𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O 𝑥O
. rgr−g𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑧 i−.O𝑧.O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a2lai 1
l 3𝑏 = −3 + 5 l l saasla
2 1 2 1
d adsaasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
.P.Paa 3𝑏w=w .P2.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑥 − 2
=
𝑦 −
.P.P3a= a 𝑧 − 4 aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w wwww w ww4w w ww
w
ww ww ww −1 − ww
2 − 3 5 − 4 ww
2
𝑥 − 2 𝑦 − 3 𝑧 − 4
i . O . rgrg 𝑏 = 3
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg =
O = =i . O𝑚. rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
−3 1 1
………………………………………………………………………
a a a a a
ww.P.8.PIfa the straight lines w𝑥−5 .P.Pa= 2−𝑦 = 1−𝑧 ww
w .P.Pa (𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−3𝑚
ww .P.P+ a 2, 𝑚 + 3, 𝑚 + 4) .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww wwww 5𝑚+2 5 w
−1 w ww w w w
wm = −2, we get the third wwww
2𝑦+1 1−𝑧 Substituting point
and 𝑥 = rgrg = are perpendicular rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O
4𝑚 −3
l a ia. O
i . O i
(8,1,2).
l a a. O
i . O Hence the given points
l a ia. O
i . O
are collinear.
to a s
each
a
l
asaother, find the value a s
of
aas𝑚al. a sa asal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad……………………………………………………………………… d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Solution: w
www wwww The shortestw w
ww between the twowparallel
distance w
ww
𝑥−5
i .2−𝑦
O . rgrg 1−𝑧 𝑥−5
O 𝑦−2
i .O . rgrg𝑧−1
O lines 𝑟⃗.O
i =O
. r𝑎g⃗r+g 𝑠 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗i.isO.given rgrg by
O
l=a a i = = = l a a i = l a a i l a a i
d
5𝑚+2
adsaasa 5l −1 5𝑚+2sa
d a
d a sa−5 l 1
d a
d
l
saasa |(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑏⃗⃗| d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa 1 a a 𝑑 = ⃗⃗ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
.P.P .P.P a|𝑏⃗⃗a| ≠ 0 aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w 𝑦+ wwww |𝑏 |
w ww w w w
w w
ww 𝑥=
2𝑦+1
= ww = = 2 =
1−𝑧 𝑥 𝑧−1 ww ww ww
4𝑚 g −3 1 2𝑚 3g The shortest distance between the two skew
i .O . r rg
O i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasa the equation dadsaasa
Comparing l
d a
d a
l
asa 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠 𝑏 and 𝑟⃗ =a𝑐⃗sa+as𝑡a𝑑 is given by
slines ⃗⃗
d d
l
⃗
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .PP aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w 1 wwww |(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗w
×𝑑w ⃗w )|w. w w
w w
ww 𝑥−5 𝑦−2 ww 𝑥 𝑦+2
𝑧−1 𝑧−1 ww 𝛿= ww , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗| ≠w0w
= = and = = with |𝑏⃗⃗×𝑑⃗ |
5𝑚+2 −5 rgrg1 1 2𝑚 r3grg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
𝑥−𝑥a 1s a ala 1 𝑧−𝑧1
asl𝑦−𝑦 𝑥−𝑥a2sa
la 2 𝑧−𝑧2
asla𝑦−𝑦 a a aslaItlafollows from theorem
s(1) a
lala that two
saas(6.14) a saasla
a d d = = a d d = = a d d a d d a d d
.P.P𝑏1a .PPa
and .PPa straight lines w .P.𝑎⃗P+a𝑠 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ww .PPa
ww
ww
ww 𝑏2
wwww . 𝑑1
𝑏3 ww 𝑑2
ww ww .
𝑑3 ww
ww ww 𝑟⃗ w=
wwww .
intersect each other (that is, coplanar) if
we have 𝑏⃗⃗ = (5𝑚 r gr g + 2)𝑖⃗ − 5𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ and rg g
r rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal a saasal a s a asa(𝑐⃗l − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = 0 asaasal a s aasla
d
a ad 𝑑 = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑚𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘
⃗ ⃗⃗ d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Given the vectorsw w
wwperpendicular wwww wwww w
www
are
(2) If two lines
i . O . rgrg ⃗⃗ ⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ∴ 𝑏 . 𝑑 = 0 l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.28
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal a la i ala
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww
ww 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧 ww1w w 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 w w
w2
𝑧−𝑧w w
ww(2)w www w
= = and = = Solving (1) and
𝑏1 𝑏2 rg g𝑏3 𝑑1 𝑑2 rg g 𝑑3 rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O r i .Oi. Or i .2O
i . O i .Oi . O
l al a
saasa(that is, coplanar),dthen l
saaswe al a
a have (1)
saasal a
× l a 4𝑠 − 10𝑡 = 6
saasal al a saasla
intersect
d a a d a d a d a
.P.Paa d .P.Paa d aa
.P.P d .P.Paa d aa
.P.P d
w ww
w 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 w
− w
w𝑦 w 𝑧 − 𝑧 w ww
w (2) × 5 15𝑠 − w ww
10𝑡w = −5 w ww
w
ww 2 1 ww
2 1 2 1 ww ww ww
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑑 i . O . Orgrg 𝑑 𝑑 i . O . rgrg
O
We have
i . O . Orgrg −11𝑠 = 11 i.O.O rgrg
a i a i a i a i
1 2 3
d a
d
………………………………………………………………………
a a d a
d a d a
d gives 𝑠 a=d a
−1
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Example 6.33 ww ww wwww w w w
w−1 in (2𝑠 + 1, 3𝑠 + 2,4𝑠w+ 3) w w w
Substituting 𝑠 =
Find the point of intersection of the lines
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 i . O . Orgr𝑧−3
g 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 i . O . rgrg
O
l
=sasal =a a i and l a
=sasal = 𝑧 .a i we l
asala
get a i
the point of intersection l
asal a aisi asla
2da a 3 4 5 d a a 2 d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.Solution:
P a ad
.Pthe
.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.+P a ad
.P.P
w w w Every point w wonw line w w w (−2 + 1, −3 + 2,
w w
−4 w 3) = (−1, −1, −1)w w w
www www www www www
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 ………………………………………………………………………
Let rgr=g = = 𝑠 rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . O
2.O
i 3 4
l a ia.Oi . O Examplel a ia.Oi . O
6.34 l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
Then
l
saasa 𝑥−1 = 𝑠 d a
d saasa l
d a
Find
d
l
saasathe equation of a straight d a
d
l
saasaline passing d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 2 .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww 𝑥 − 1 =w w
2𝑠 ww through the point ww of intersection of thewstraight w
.O 𝑥rg=
O rg2𝑠 + 1 .O rgrg
O lines 𝑟⃗i.= O (rg
O ⃗𝑖r+g 3𝑗⃗ − ⃗𝑘⃗) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗i.+ O rg⃗⃗r)and
2𝑘
O g
l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a a i . l a a i .
d a
d
l
saasa 𝑦−2 = 𝑠 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa 𝑦−4
𝑥−2
l
𝑧+3 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 3 .P.Paa aa
.P.P = = ww a a perpendicular to .P.P
.P,.and
P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 1 2 w w4 w ww
w
ww 𝑦 − 2 =w w
3𝑠 ww ww ww
both straight lines.
i . O . 𝑦rg=
O rg3𝑠 + 2 i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala𝑧−3 d a
d saaslala d a saaslala Given 𝑟⃗ = (⃗𝑖 +d3𝑗ad⃗ s−aas⃗𝑘⃗la
Solution:
d
la
) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) da d saasla
a
.P.Pa = 𝑠 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww 4 ww ww ww ww
ww
ww w ww w w w
w w w w w
w3𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ w w w w⃗⃗
𝑧 − 3 = 4𝑠 we have 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + + 2𝑘
i . O
i . 𝑧rg=
O rg4𝑠 + 3 i . O
i . rgrg
O i . O
i . Orgrg 𝑥−1laia . O
i . rgrg 𝑧+1
O
s l a a
asal 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 s l
asal a a Its
s l a
al a
asCartesian equation is asaasa= l 𝑦−3
= s asla
d a a
a ad if 5 = 2 .= d a
a𝑧ad= 𝑡 a d
a ada a d
a ad 2 3 2 d
a ada a
w .P.Similarly
w P w wP.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www 𝑥−4 ww
w w w
www Another equation
w
wwwof the given line is www w
Then =𝑡
5 rgrg rgrg rgrg 𝑧+3 rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O 𝑥−2 ai.O
l a i . O
𝑦−4
l a ia. O
i . O
d a
d
l
saasa𝑥 − 4 = 5𝑡 d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
sa1asa= 2 = 4 . Since d a
d
l
asa lines are
sathe d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑥 = 5𝑡 +w4w .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w ww
w intersecting w
every wwpoint
w on the line w ww
w
ww 𝑦−1 ww ww ww ww
=𝑡
2 rgrg rgrg rg𝑥−1
rg = 𝑦−3 = 𝑧+1 i= rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia O
.Let
i . O l a a.Oi . O
𝑠
d a
d saasa l
𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑡
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 2 3
d a
d saas2a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑦 = 2𝑡w+w1w
aa 𝑧 = 𝑡
.Pand
.P aa
.P.P 𝑥−1 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w ww
w Then w=ww 𝑠w w w
w w
ww ww ww 2ww ww
So, at the point of intersection, for some values 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑠
of s and t, we i . O . rgrg
have
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
(2𝑠
d a
+
d sla3𝑠la+ 2,4𝑠 + 3) = (5𝑡
saa1, d a
d+
lala
saas4,2𝑡 + 1, 𝑡) d a
d saaslala 𝑥 = 2𝑠 + 1 saslala
d a
d a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 𝑦−3 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww There fore 2𝑠 + w 1w w
=ww5𝑡w +4 wwww =w
w w𝑠w w ww
w
ww ww w
3 w w w
2𝑠rg −g5𝑡 = 4 − 1 rgrg 𝑦
rgrg− 3 = 3𝑠 rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i .Oi . O
s l a a
asal 2𝑠 − 5𝑡 = 3 . . . .a. sa. .(1) l
asal a a s l
asala a 𝑦 = 3𝑠 + 3 sasal l a a s asla
d a a
a ad and 3𝑠 + 2 = 2𝑡 d
a a1 d d a
a ad a d a
a ad a d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w .P.+P
w w .P.P
w 𝑧+1
= w𝑠 .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
ww=w1 − 2 w
www 2www
w w
www
3𝑠 − 2𝑡
i . O
3𝑠. Org−rg2𝑡 = −1 . . . . . . .(2) i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Or𝑧gr+g1 = 2𝑠 i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.29
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
w
ww w w w ww w w w w
𝑧 =w w− 1
2𝑠 ww w 12 − 4) − 𝑗̂(8 − 2) + 𝑘̂(4
= 𝑖̂(w
ww− 3)
i O
.𝑥−2. rgrg 𝑦−4
O 𝑧+3
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i = = =l a 𝑡a i l a a i ̂ l a a i
Similarly
d a
d saasa 1 if
l 2
d 4as
d aasa l
d a
d saasa l = 𝑖̂ ( 8) − 𝑗̂ ( 6)
d a
+
d
𝑘
saasa(1) l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
w ww
w Then
𝑥−2
= 𝑡w ww
w wwww = 8𝑖̂ w − w6𝑗̂
w w + ̂ is a vector
𝑘 w ww
w
ww 1 ww ww ww ww
𝑥i.− rgr=g 𝑡
2 rgrg perpendicular rgrg to both the giveni.straight rgrg lines.
a O
i . O a i . Oi . O a i . O
i . O a O
i . O
d a
d saaslala 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 2 d a
d saaslala d d saaslala the requireddstraight
Therefore,
a ad saaslalaline passing dadsaasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a .P.P aa
www w ww w w wwww through (3, 6,w1) ww w w
and perpendicular to w w w
wwthe
both
ww 𝑦−4 ww
=𝑡 ww w w
2 given straight
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg lines is the same as
O i . O the
. rgrgstraight
O
l
asal a𝑦 a i
− 4 = 2𝑡 l
asala a i l a l a
asapassing i l a a i
al parallel to
asand asla
d a sa d a sa d a s
line
a through (3, d6,
a s1)
a d a sa
.P.Pa ad 𝑦 = 2𝑡 +w4w .P.Pa ad a ad
w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www 𝑧+3 www www (8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂).wThus, ww the equation of thewww
= 𝑡
4 rgrg rgrg rgrg line is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ +i.𝑚 r𝑏⃗⃗grthat
g is
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.O i . O required
l a ia .Oi . O
straight l a a O
i . O
d a
d
l
saasa𝑧 + 3 = 4𝑡 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑟⃗ = (3⃗𝑖 + 6𝑗 ⃗w .⃗𝑘P
⃗.)P a+a𝑚(8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) .P.P aa
w ww
w 𝑧 = 4𝑡 − w 3ww
w wwww w w+w
w ww
w
ww ww ww ………………………………………………………………………
ww ww
So, at the pointrgofgintersection, for somerg values rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . Oi . O rg Example i .Oi . O
6.35 i .Oi . O
of s a l a l a
saast,a we have
and l
saasa al a l
saasa a l a l a a
saasofastraight lines dadsaasla
l
aa d d aad a
d aad a
Determine
d whether the aa d a
pair
d aa
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P 𝑟
⃗ = (2𝑖 ⃗ + 6𝑗 ⃗ + 3𝑘 w)w
⃗⃗w .+P.𝑡(2𝑖
P ⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗ ), ww ww.P.P
w
ww w (2𝑠 + 1, 3𝑠 + 3,2𝑠 www
− w
1) = (𝑡 + 2,2𝑡 + 4,4𝑡 −
wwww
3) ww w ww
𝑟
⃗ = (2 ⃗𝑗 − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗) + 𝑠(⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗) are parallel. Find
There forei.2𝑠 O r+
O grg1 = 𝑡 + 2 . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i . a i i . the i
shortest
a i . distance between a i
them. i .
d a
d saaslala2𝑠 − 𝑡 = 2 − 1 dadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Solution: Comparing .P.Pathea given two equations .P.Paa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2𝑠 − 𝑡 = w w1 . . . . . . .(1) ww w w
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗w+ 4𝑘 w ⃗⃗ ),
g g
r r+ 3 = 2𝑡 + 4 r g g rrg g rr g g
i.Or
and.O3𝑠
a l a liai.O a l alia.O a l a lia.O i.O 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑗 ⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) + 𝑠(𝑖 a l
⃗ a+ l
O
i.⃗O
ia.2𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) asla
a sa s a 3𝑠 − 2𝑡 = 4 − 3 a sa s a a sa s a a sa s a a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w w.P ⃗.P
⃗ ⃗ w .P.P
w
w
www 3𝑠 − 2𝑡 w
ww=w1 . . . . . . .(2) w
www with 𝑟⃗ =www 𝑎
⃗w + 𝑡 𝑏 and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑠 𝑑 wwww
Solving (1) and
i .O . rgr(2)
O g
i .O . rgrg
O We have
i .O . r𝑎g⃗rg= 2𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗ i.O.O
O rgrg
d
(1) a
d×
l
saas2a 4𝑠 − 2𝑡 = 2 dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
⃗
⃗ d ad saasa
⃗⃗
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑏 = 2𝑖⃗ +.3𝑗 ⃗a+a4𝑘 aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w wwP.P
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww (2) 3𝑠 − w 2𝑡w= 1 ww ww ⃗⃗
𝑐⃗ = 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘
ww
O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg rgrg
l a ia.have
i . O l a ia i . O l a ia i . O ⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ lalia.O i . O
d a
d
We
saasa l 𝑠 = 1
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 𝑑
d ad saasa d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Substituting
P .P.+aa
P aa
w ww
w 𝑠 = 1 in w w
w w
(2𝑠 1, 3𝑠 + 3,2𝑠 − 1)ww ww Clearly, 𝑏⃗⃗ is notw aw wscalar
w multiple of 𝑑⃗ . ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
we get the point grgof intersection is .OO grg So, the two grg vectors are not parallel grg hence
and
. O r
O r . O r
O . O r
O
a saaslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. the
a sa
laaliailines
astwo .
are not parallel. a sa aslaaliai. a saasla
(2
a d+d 1, 3 + 3,2 − 1) = (3, 6,
a d d
1) a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa The shortest distance ww .P.Pbetweena
ww.P.Pa
ww
ww From the given equation wwww we have wwww ww ww the twowstraight w
w w
⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ +la3𝑗 i .⃗O+. rg
O 2𝑘r⃗⃗gand 𝑑⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + i4𝑘 . ⃗⃗i.,O
O grg
rthen lineslaisia.O rgrgby 𝛿 = |(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗).(𝑏×𝑑
O
given
. i .O
)|rgrg
.O
a a l a i a laal a a a l i |𝑏⃗⃗a l
×𝑑aa
⃗ |l a i asla
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa
.P.Pa ad 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ w .P.P
𝑘̂ w a ad a ad
w w w w w ww w w w ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗w w w
www 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗ = |2 w 3w 2|
w www Now, 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗ =w(2𝑗 ww ⃗ − 3𝑘) − (2𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ww )w
i .O . r1grg2 4
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg= 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ − 2𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗i⃗.O
O −.O r3𝑘 g⃗⃗rg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
dadsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page P.P
.30 aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aal a l a i aal a l a i ala
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w ww w w w w
= −2𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘 ⃗⃗ The shortest distance between the twowparallel w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg .O
𝑟i⃗a . Or𝑎⃗gr+g𝑠 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ iis.O.given Orgrg by
l a a i 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 l a a i lines l a i
= l a a i
d ad
l
sa𝑏⃗⃗as×a 𝑑⃗ = |2 3 4| dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P |(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑏 ⃗⃗|
.P.Pa⃗⃗a aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1 w
2 w3w
w w www 𝑑= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
w www |𝑏| ≠ 0 w ww
w
ww ww ww |𝑏⃗⃗ | ww ww
(
= r𝑖̂g 9 ( ̂ (4
i . O
i . O rg − 8) − 𝑗̂ 6 − 4) +i.𝑘O i . rg−
O rg3) Now,i.𝑐⃗O−
i . Org𝑎⃗rg= (3𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗) −i.(2𝑖 O
i . Or⃗g+rg3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗)
a
saaslala= 𝑖̂(1) − 𝑗̂(2) +d𝑘̂ad(1) saaslalaa a
saaslala a
saaslala saasla
a d ad a a d a
d a d ad ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa = 3𝑖 ⃗ +
ww .P.Pa
0𝑗
⃗ − 2𝑘 − 2𝑖 ⃗ − 3𝑗 ⃗ − 4𝑘
ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w+ 𝑘̂ w w
w w w ww w www w
= 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ = 𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ia. O . rgrg
⃗O ⃗⃗ ). i . O . rgrg ̂
O i . O . Orgrg ̂ laia.O . Orgrg
(𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏l
asala × i 𝑑 ) = (−2𝑖 ⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘 l
asal a (𝑖̂
a i
− 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘 ) l a a i
as−a𝑎l⃗) × 𝑏⃗⃗ = | 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘
as|al i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s
(𝑐a
⃗ d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad = −2 + 8.P − a6ad
.P a ad
.P.P
1
.P.Pa ad
−3 −6 a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w
−2 w w 1 −2 w w w
www = −8
ww+ w
8
www www www
g g g g g=g𝑖̂(6 + 6) − 𝑗̂(−2 − 12)g+g𝑘̂ (1 − 6)
i O r
. i.O= 0 r i O
. i.O r r i . i.Or
O r i .O . Orr
l a a l a a l a a l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
= 𝑖̂ ( 12) − 𝑗̂
d ( a
−14)
d
l
saasa+ 𝑘̂(−5) d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Therefore, the distance .between a a the two given .P.P aa aa aa
w ww
w
P
w wwP.P
w w www w www .P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww straight lines is zero. wwThus, the given lines ww =w12𝑖̂w + 14𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ww
grg
rother. rgrg rg𝑏r⃗⃗g| = √144 + 196 + i25 rg g
intersectaeach
l ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O |(𝑐⃗ −l a i .O
𝑎
⃗)
a i .×O l a a.Oi . O= r√365
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa
……………………………………………………………………… .P.Paa aa
.P.P |𝑏⃗⃗| = √4 a1 a+ 4 = √9 = 3
.+P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww Example 6.36 ww ww ww ww
|(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑏 ⃗⃗|
Find the shortest rgrgdistance between ithe grg
rtwo ∴rg𝑑 rg= |𝑏⃗⃗| rgrg
a i . O
i . O a . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a a aslala lines
givensstraight
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d
a (2⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(−2𝑖 a d d
a ⃗𝑗 − 2𝑘⃗⃗) and a d d a d d a d d
.P.Pa .PPa .P.Pa
√365
ww.P.𝑟P
⃗= ww .P.P⃗+ ww = w 3 w. ww
ww
ww 𝑥−3 𝑦 𝑧+2 ww w w w w
w w w ww w www w
= = . ………………………………………………………………………
2 −1
i . O . rgr2g
O i . O . rgrg
O Example i . O . Orgrg
6.37 i . O . Orgrg
Solution: l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
a adparametric form of.vector
.P.The
P P.Pa adequations of the .P.P a adFind the coordinates .P.of
a athe
P d foot of the a ad
.P.P
www www www perpendicularwdrawn ww from the point (−1,2,3) www
given straight lines are
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O to the i .O . Orgrg line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ +i.O
straight 3𝑘. r)gr+g
⃗⃗O
d ad
l
sa𝑟⃗as=a (2⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(d−2𝑖 a
d
l
sa⃗as+a⃗𝑗 − 2𝑘⃗⃗) d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Pa a 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗). Also,.Pfind aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www.P the shortest distance w ww
w
ww 𝑟⃗ = (3⃗𝑖 + 0𝑗 w
⃗−w 2𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ − ⃗𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗⃗) ww ww ww
from the point to the straight line
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
l a a i ⃗
⃗ l a a i ⃗ l a a i l a a i
Comparing
d adsaasa l with 𝑟
⃗ = 𝑎
⃗ + 𝑠 𝑏
d
and
a
d saasa 𝑟
⃗ l= 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑑
d
Solution:
a
d saasa l Comparing the
d
given
ad saasa l
equation 𝑟⃗ =
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P4𝑘aa
.P .P.Paa ⃗⃗ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖 .⃗P+a a ⃗⃗
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w We have 𝑎 ⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + w3𝑗 w+w
⃗
w ⃗⃗ w www (𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 w www 3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘) with w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑏⃗⃗O=O rg rg⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗
−2𝑖 rgrg 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗r⃗g g get 𝑎⃗ = (𝑖⃗ − 4𝑗⃗ +.O
, rwe 3𝑘 ⃗⃗r),
grg and
a i . i . a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i i . O
d adsaaslal𝑐a⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ dadsaaslala d a
d⃗
⃗ saaslala ⃗⃗ d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 𝑏 = (2𝑖 ⃗ + 3𝑗 ⃗ + 𝑘 ) . We a
.P.Pa denote the given point a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ −w w 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ = −1(−2𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 w w
⃗⃗ ) (−1,2,3) by D, and w w the point (1, −4,3) onwthe w
i . O . rgrg ⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O straight i . O O
line
. rgrgby A . i .O . Orgrg
l
asala a i= −1(𝑏 ) l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad 𝑏⃗⃗ is a scalar multiple
.P.Clearly,
P .P.Pa aof d ⃗
𝑑 . Hence thewww .P.Pa adIf F is the foot of the.Pperpendicular a ad
.P from D to.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www
the straight line, then F is of the form
www
given two lines are parallel.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
l a a i l a a i (2𝑡 l+a a
1,i 3𝑡 − 4, 𝑡 + 3) and l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.31
w ww
w w ww
w w www w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
aal a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s a s laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w w w
w (−4 − 2) − 𝑗̂(4 − 1) + 𝑘w w w
𝐷𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐹 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 = 𝑖̂w w + 2)
̂ (4
i .O . rgrg
O i O
.− . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i= (2𝑡 + 1, 3𝑡 − 4, 𝑡 +l3) a a i (−1,2,3) l a a i l â a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 𝑖̂ ( −6) − 𝑗̂
d
(
a
d
3) saasa+ 𝑘 l(6)
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa = (2𝑡 + 2, .P.− Pa a6, 𝑡) .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww3𝑡w w ww
w = w
−6𝑖̂ ww
w − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘 ̂ w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2𝑡 + 2)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑡 − 6)𝑗⃗ + 𝑡𝑘
𝐷𝐹 ⃗⃗
rgrg rgrg This vectorrg isrgperpendicular to both the rgrgiven
g two
a i . O
i . O
a 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜(𝐷𝐹 a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
Since
a saasla ⃗⃗⃗⃗l𝑖𝑠
𝑏
a asla)la
sa⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ saaslala
vectors.
a a saaslala a saasla
ww.P.Pa 𝑏⃗⃗. (𝐷𝐹 w.P.P
a
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 0ww
ww w wwww (𝑖) Thus, the equation ww ww of the required straight ww ww
𝑏⃗⃗. (𝐷𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = (2𝑖
i . O . r⃗g+rg3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗). [(2𝑡 + 2)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑡
O i . O . O grg⃗ + 𝑡𝑘⃗⃗]
−r6)𝑗 line i . in
O . O grg
rparametric form is i.O.O rgrg
l a
asa2(2𝑡 a i
l + 2) + 3(3𝑡 − 6)s+as𝑡al= 0 l a a i asall a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a a d a sa d a s a d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 (⃗𝑏⃗ × ⃗𝑑⃗.P ).P a adis
that .P.Pa ad
www 4𝑡 + 4 www
+ 9𝑡 − 18 + 𝑡 = 0 www www www
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑟⃗ = (5𝑖g+ 2𝑗 + 8𝑘) + 𝑡(−6𝑖 − 3𝑗 +g6𝑘) ̂ ̂ ̂
i . O . rgrg14𝑡 − 14 = 0
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . r rg
O i .O . r rg
O
d ad saasa l 14𝑡 = 14da d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa 𝑥1 𝑦1w.P aa
𝑧.1P 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3ww .P.Paa
w ww
w w w
𝑡w=w 1 w ww
w Here ( w w w ) and ( w w)
ww ww ww 5 ww2 8 −6 −3ww6
Substitutingrg𝑡rg= 1 in F (2𝑡 + 1, 3𝑡 − 4, rgr𝑡g+ 3) rgrg form 𝑥−𝑥1 = 𝑦−𝑦 1 rgrg 𝑧−𝑧1
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O (ii) i . O
Cartesian
i . O i . O
i . O=
Wea aslaalFa(2 + 1, 3 − 4,1 + a
saget 3)saa=slaa𝐹(3,
la −1, 4)
a saaslaala 𝑏1
a saaslaal𝑏a2 𝑏3
a saasla
aad d aad d aad d d d
a𝑥a− 5 𝑦 − 2 𝑧 − 8 .P.P aad d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P = = ww
w
ww w Hence the distance ww w w www w ww w w −6 −3 ww w
6
w
………………………………………………………………………
DF = √(𝑥
i . O . rg
2O −rg𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 +.O
i (𝑧O
. r2gr−g𝑧1 )2 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala 2 + (−1 −d2) a
d sa2aslala 2 d a
d aaslala that the lines asaaslala
2.sShow
d d d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = √(3 + 1) .P.Pa a + (4 − 3) a
.P.Pa 𝑟⃗ = (6⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗w ⃗).P a a a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
w w www
w w ww
w w w w w+.P𝑠(⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗) and w w ww
w
= √(4)2 + (−3)2 + (1)2
w w 𝑟⃗ = (3⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘
w ⃗⃗) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗) are w skew
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O lines i . O
and
. rgrhence
O g find the shortest i . O . O grg
rdistance
=
asall a√ a
16 i + 9 + 1 l
asal a a i l a
al
abetween a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa s them. d a s a d a sa
.P.P a ad = √26 .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w Solution: Comparing
w w w the given two w
equations
w w
www ……………………………………………………………………… www www www www
i . O . rgrgEXERCISE 6.5
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . r𝑟⃗gr=g (6⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑠(i⃗𝑖.O
O
+ r2𝑗
. O g⃗r−g 3𝑘⃗⃗) and
laala i i
aslaala equation i i
a saasthe parametric formdofa svector a saaslaala 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − a2𝑘 sa⃗⃗as)la+ ala𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗) sala
s
. P
1. d
. aa
P
Findd . P . aa
P d a
.P. aa
P
d d . P . aa
P
d d .P.Padaada
ww and Cartesian equations ww of a straight line ww w ww⃗⃗ ww
ww
ww ww ww ww w with 𝑟⃗ =w𝑎⃗w w+w 𝑠 𝑏 and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑑⃗ ww ww
passing through (5, 2,8) and is perpendicular
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O Weahave i .O . r𝑎g⃗rg= 6𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗
O i .O . rgrg
O
to the
d ad saasa straight
l lines
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a𝑟⃗a= (⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 − ⃗𝑘⃗) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ .−P.2𝑗 aa .P.Paa 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ +w2𝑗 .⃗P.−Pa3𝑘a⃗⃗ .P.Paa
w ww
w w www P⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗) and w ww
w w w w w ww
w
ww ww
⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗).
ww ww ww
𝑟⃗ = (2⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + 3𝑘 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ a i a i a i
d ad saaslala
Solution: Given 𝑏 = ( 2𝑖 − 2𝑗
d a
d
+
saaslala
𝑘 ) and
d a
d saaslala 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ −d5𝑘 a
d
⃗⃗saslala
a d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .+P.P a a a
.P.Pa The shortest distance a a
.P.Pbetween a
.P.Pa
wwww 𝑑w⃗=w ww
(⃗𝑖w 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗) w ww
w w ww
w the two skew w ww
w
ww w ww w w w w
lines ⃗⃗ ⃗ is given
To find the equation
i . O . rgrg of the line passing
O i . O .
grg
rthrough
O i
𝑟⃗
.
=
O . O
𝑎
rgrg⃗ + 𝑠 𝑏 and 𝑟
⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡 𝑑
i . O . rgrg by
O
a sa aslaalai a sa aslaalai ⃗⃗ a saaslaala|(𝑐i ⃗−𝑎⃗⃗).(𝑏⃗⃗×𝑑⃗)| a s a aslaalai a s aasla
the d
a ad point (5, 2,8), hence 𝑎⃗ = d
a ad( ⃗ ⃗ ) d
a ad 𝛿 = d
ad |𝑏 × 𝑑| ≠ 0 .P.P⃗⃗ ⃗ d
a ad
.,P.P
5𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 8𝑘 a𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w |𝑏⃗⃗×𝑑⃗ | ww w w
w
www w w w
www wwww www w
𝑖̂ ww𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ )
𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗ =r|g2rg −2 1| r g g Now, 𝑐⃗ − r𝑎⃗g=g (3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘) − (6𝑖⃗ r+g 𝑗g ⃗ + 2𝑘
O O r O r O r
s as laalia. i.O1 2 2 s as laalia. i.O s a s laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d ad a
a aManisekaran SRKMHSS aad a
d a d
aa ad a aa d a
d a d
aa ad
ww.P.ByP ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P Page ww P.P
.32
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w ww w w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w w w w w w w
= 3𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ − 6𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ ww 𝑧−1ww
=𝑠
ww
i . O . Orgrg i . O. Orgrg i . O . rgrg4
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i ⃗⃗ l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l = −3𝑖 ⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l 𝑧 − 1 = 4𝑠
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P aa aa
.P.P a 1a
.P.+P aa
.P.P
w ww 𝑖̂ w 𝑗̂ ww 𝑘̂.P w ww 𝑧w =w4𝑠
w w ww
ww w 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗ = |1 w2w −3|
w ww w w
ww 𝑦−𝑚 𝑧 ww w
𝑥−3
O Org2rg 4 −5 O rgrg
O
Similarly if
O rgrg1 = 2 = 1 =i.O
O
𝑡 rgrg
s as
a
lalai .
(
i .
( s as
a
l6)
a
i . i .
la+ 𝑘̂ (4 − 4) s as
a i .
lala 𝑥−3i .
s aslala .O
a i
saasla
a d a
d a = 𝑖̂ −10 + 12) − 𝑗̂
a d a
−5d +
a a d a
d a Then = 𝑡 a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa 1 ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww = 𝑖̂(2) w w w w
− 𝑗̂(1) + 𝑘 (0) ̂ w w
w w w w
w w www w
𝑥−3 =𝑡
. O O grg
r2𝑖̂ . O rgrg
O . O rgrg𝑥 = 𝑡 + 3
O . O rgrg
O
l
asal a ia i
= . − 𝑗̂ l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . l
asala ia i . asla
.P.Pa ad|𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗| = √4 + 1 =.P √5 a≠
.P ad0 a ad
.P.P
𝑦−𝑚
=w𝑡w .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www 2 www www
Hence the given lines are skew lines. 𝑦−
O i . O . rgrg𝑚 = 2𝑡
O i . O . rgrg
O
d
(𝑐⃗s−a
a
d a
l ⃗⃗ ⃗
s𝑎a⃗). (𝑏 × 𝑑) = (−3𝑖⃗ +d𝑗⃗ad−saas4𝑘a). (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂)⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasa l 𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 𝑚 sasa
d a
d a
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .−P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑧 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w =w−6ww
w 1 w ww
w =
w w𝑡w
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 1ww ww
= −7
O i .O . rgrg𝑧 = 𝑡
O i .O . rgrg
O
|(𝑐⃗ −s𝑎⃗).
d a
d a
l ⃗⃗
asa(𝑏 × 𝑑)| = 7 ⃗
d adsaasa l
d a
So,
d
l
saasata the point of intersection, d a
d
l
saasafor some values dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa P.P
.the aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w The distance between w ww
w skew lines w ww
w of s and t, we w
have ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
|(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗×𝑑⃗ )|
𝛿 = i.O . Orgrg = 7 i . O . rgrg
O (2𝑠 +i.1,O . rgr−g 1,4𝑠 + 1) = (𝑡 + 3,2𝑡
3𝑠
O i . O . rg+rg𝑚, 𝑡)
O
a i a i a i a i
⃗
|𝑏 ⃗ ×𝑑 ⃗ | √ 5
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww Pa
.P.……………………………………………………………………… ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa There fore 2𝑠 + 1w= w.P.𝑡P+a3 ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w
𝑥−1 w 𝑦+1 𝑧−1 w w
w w w w w
w𝑡 = 3 − 1 www w
3. If the two lines = = and 2𝑠 −
.O .O rgrg 2 3 4 rgrg
. O . O . O . rgr2𝑠
O g − 𝑡 = 2 . . . . . . .(1) . O . rgrg
O
𝑥−3 alali𝑦−𝑚 a i l a lia
asaapoint, i l
asala ia i l
asala ia i asla
a sa =
s a = 𝑧 intersect a s
at
a find a sa a sa a sa
d
a a1d a add d
a ad and 4𝑠 + 1 = d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w
2
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.𝑡P w .P.P
w
w
www the value of 𝑚 . www w w
www 4𝑠w−
w
ww𝑡 = −1 . . . . . . .(2) www
w
Solution:i.Given O . Orgrg 𝑥−1 = 𝑦+1 = 𝑧−1 i .4O . Ogrg
rand Solving i .O(1)
. rgrand
O g (2)
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l 2
d
3
adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa aa 2𝑠 − 𝑡.= aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P 𝑥−3w.P.𝑦−𝑚
w w =w P
=
𝑧
. w ww
w
.P.P
w wwP.P2
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww w1w 2 1 ww ww ww
4𝑠 − 𝑡 = −1
Since lthe i .O . O
linesrgrgare intersecting every i .O . Ogrg
rpoint i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasWe l
a have −2𝑠 = 3 asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paon
a the line. .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 3 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 𝑠 = − 2 ww
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
Let Orgr=g = = 𝑠 OO rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
a i . i2.O 3 4 a i . i . a i . i . O 3
a i . i . O
d a
d saaslala𝑥−1 d adsaaslala d d saaslala
Substituting
a
𝑠 = − 2 in 2𝑠s−al𝑡al=a 2
d a
d a s d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Then = 𝑠 .P.Paa a
.P.Pa 3 .P.Pa
a a
.P.Pa
wwww 2
w ww
w w ww
w 2 (− w w
)
w w− 𝑡 = 2 w ww
w
ww 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑠 w w w w w w2 ww
i . Oi . 𝑥rg=
O rg2𝑠 + 1 i . O
i . rgrg
O i . O
i . rgrg −3 − 𝑡 = 2
O i .Oi . rgrg
O
s l a
asal 𝑦+1a s l
asal a a s l
asala a 𝑡 = a−5 s l
asala a s asla
d
a ada a = 𝑠 .P.P a add a a d a
a ad a d
a a3d a d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w 3 w w ww.P.P w w P.P
.= w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www Substituting wwww 𝑠 − 2
and 𝑡 = −5 w
www
𝑦 + 1 = 3𝑠
.O O grg3𝑠 − 1
𝑦r = .O rgrg
O
in rgrg
.O O
3𝑠 − 1 = 2𝑡 + 𝑚
.O rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.33
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w 3 ww w w www w w w
𝑥2 − 𝑥1ww𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 www w
3 (− 2) − 1 = 2(−5) + 𝑚
r9grg rgrg ∴ | 𝑏rg 1rg 𝑏2 𝑏3 | rgrg
i . O
i . O
ala− − 1 = −10 + 𝑚salaala i . O
i. O i .
ala 𝑑1O
i . O 𝑑laa i.O i.O
s a la s a la 𝑑2
s a 3la saasla
d ad a s 2 d a
d a s d a
d a s d ad a s d a
d
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.6P.−
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w −
9
− 1 + 10 w
= w
w𝑚 w w ww
w w ww
w 3 2 − 3 1 − 1ww ww
ww 2 ww ww ww= | 3 −1 0ww|
9g g g g
ia.−O .O r +rg9 = 𝑚 ia.O .Or rg ia.O .Or rg 2 0 Or r3g
s aslaa l i 2
s aslaa l i
s as laal i
s as laalia. i.O saasla
a d ad a −9+18 da
a d9a
a d a
d a 3 ad a
−1d a 0 a d a
d
ww.P.Pa 𝑚 = .2P.P=
ww
a2
ww.P.Pa =w|w.3P.Pa−1 0| ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w w w
w w w w
w 2w w w
w w
……………………………………………………………………… 0 3
i . O . Orgrg 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
4. Show l a
that
asal a i the lines = l
asala
, 𝑧 a i
− 1 = 0, l
asal a a i = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅l a
asal 2
1 a≡ i 𝑅
asla
d a sa 3
d a s−1
a d a s a d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad 𝑥−6 𝑧−1 .P.P a ad a adSo, the lines are intersecting
.P.P .P.Pa ad lines. a ad
.P.P
w w w and = ,w 𝑦w− w 2 = 0, intersect. w w w w w w w w w
www 2 3www www www www
Also find thegpoint
i . O . Or rg of intersection.i.O.O rgrg Any pointron
i . O . O grgthe line
i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasa 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 dadsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasa= 𝑦−3 = 𝛼, and 𝑧d−adsa1as=a0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1
𝑥−3 l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaSolution:
a = ww ,.P a−a1 = 0
𝑧.P aa 3
.P.P −1 .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3 w w
−1 w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑥−3
ww ww
𝑥−3
rgr=g 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 rgrg = r𝛼grg rgrg
l a ia. O
i .3O
l a ia. O
i . O 3 .OO
l a ia i . l a ia.Oi . O
d ad
l
saasa 𝑦−3 d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
s𝑥aas−a3 = 3𝛼 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝛼 d+ad3saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 0 ⇒w𝑦.P= a3a
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w −1 w w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑦−3 ww ww
𝑧 − 1g= 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1 =𝛼
r rg rgrg −1 rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saasla(𝑥
Hence la1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (3, 3, 1) sand aslala s𝑦aas−la3la= −𝛼 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝛼d+adsa lala
3asand saasla
a d ad a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa w(3,
w .P.Pa ww.P.Pa w w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww (𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏w w=w
3 )w −1, 0) wwww Any point on w w
the
w w
line w w
w w
𝑥−6rg g 𝑧−1 rgrg 𝑥−6 𝑧−1 rgrg= 𝛽, and 𝑦 − 2 = 0i.O r𝑦grg= 2
i . O
i . O r
= , 𝑦 − 2 = 0 aia.O i . O = i . O
i . O ⇒
i . O
s l
asala a 2 3
s l
asal s l a
2a al 3 a s l
asal a a s asla
d a a d a a d a a s d a a d a a
.P.Pa ad 𝑥−6 .P a ad
.P a ad 𝑥−6
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w = 0 w⇒ w 𝑥w = 6 w w w = 𝛽 w w w w w w
www 2 www www 2 www www
𝑦− 2rg=rg0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 rgrg grg⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝛽 + 6
r2𝛽 rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O 𝑥 −a6i.=
l a O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad
l
saasa 𝑧−1 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 0 ⇒ 𝑧.P =a1a a a 𝑧−1 = 𝛽
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3 w ww.P
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 3 ww ww
Hence (𝑥2 , 𝑦g , 𝑧 ) = (6, 2, 1)
i . O . Or2rg2 i .O . rgrg
O 𝑧−1=
i .O . rgrg⇒ 𝑧 = 3𝛽 + 1
3𝛽
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasa(𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 ) = (2, 0,d3)adsaasa l
d a
d
asa l
saEquating 𝑦, −𝛼 + 3 d=adsaasa
2
l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑥−𝑥1 ww𝑦−𝑦
w w 1 𝑧−𝑧1 w ww
w w ww
w −𝛼 = 2 − 3 w ww
w
ww If two lines
𝑏1
ww= 𝑏 = 𝑏 ww ww ww
2 3
rgrg rgrg rgrg −𝛼 = −1 rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala2 = saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 2 𝑧−𝑧 2 𝛼=1
and
d ad = d intersect
a
d d a
d d ad d a
d
a
.P.Pa 𝑑 1 𝑑 2 𝑑
.P.Pa3 a a
.P.Pa Substituting 𝛼 = w 1,w.in a
P.P𝑥 a= 3𝛼 + 3 a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 𝑥 =3+3=6
w w
(that is, coplanar), then we have
O The point i . O . O grgintersection is (6, 2,.O
rof i 1). rgrg
O
𝑥l a− a i
𝑥 𝑦
as2al 1 2 1 2 asaas1 al − 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧 l a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad | 𝑏1 𝑏2 .PP d
.a a𝑏3 | = 0 a ad5. Show that the straight
.P.P .P.P ad 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑦 = −12𝑧.P.P
alines a ad
www 𝑑1 w𝑑w2w 𝑑3 www and 𝑥 = 𝑦 +w
w2w = 6𝑧 − 6 are skew andw
w w
O i .O . rgrg
O i O . rgrg
O
.between
l a a i l a a i hence
l a a i find the shortest distance l a a i them.
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.34
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aal a l a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s a slaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
w
ww w w w w
w 2𝑦 −12𝑧
𝑥+1 www w w
ww1 1 w 1 1
w
ww 1w
Solution: Given 1 = 1 = 1 = 𝑖̂ (12 + 12) − 𝑗̂ (6 + 12) + 𝑘̂ (1 − 2)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l 𝑥+1 𝑦
= 1 = d1 asaasa
𝑧
d
l
d a
d saasa l
= 𝑖̂ (
1
) − 𝑗̂ (
d
1 sa
a)
d a
+ s𝑘a l
̂ (1) d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 1
.P.P a 12
− a aa
.P.P 6 .PP aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww2 w w ww
w w ww. 4
w
2
w ww
w
ww Here (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , w
w𝑧 ) = (−1, 0, 0) and ww w1w 1 1 ww
1 = 6 𝑖̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
i . O . rgrg
O 1 i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i 1
a i a i a i
d adsaaslala(𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (1,d2ad,sa−as12 la)la
d a
d
a⃗⃗la ⃗
saasl|𝑏 × 𝑑 | = √
1
+
1
d
+ a1sa
d a slala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa 36 .P a
.Pa 4 a
.P.Pa
wwww Another line w𝑥w w= w 𝑦 + 2 = 6𝑧 − 6 ww wwww ww ww16 wwww
ww ww ww ww
16+36+144
r g r g 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 = 6(𝑧 − r g
1)r g r gr=g √ rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O 576
l a ia. O
i . O
a sa asal a sa al
as6(𝑧−1) a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad 𝑥
=
𝑦+2d
a ad= d
a ad 196 Pa ad d d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w = √576 w w. .P w .P.P
w
w
www wwww 1 1 1 w
www wwww w
www
𝑥 𝑦+2 (𝑧−1)
i . O . rgrg
O = = 1i.O.O rgrg i . O . rgr=g 14
O = 12
7
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 1 1 l a a i l a a i 24
l a a i
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa6 l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P(0,
.P aa a a The distance between
.P.P .P.Pathea skew lines aa
.P.P
w ww
w Here (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧w 2) ww=w −2, 1) and w ww
w w ww
w w w
w w
ww ww ww ww
|(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗×𝑑⃗ )|
7
7 12
ww
6
r,g𝑑r2g, 𝑑3 ) = (1, 1, 6) i.O.O
1
rgrg 𝛿 = rgrg = 7 = × rgr= 2
(𝑑
. O 1O . O O |𝑏⃗⃗×𝑑⃗ | 6 .OO 7 g
i i . i i i . i i .
sa−asl𝑥aala 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧 − d𝑧 adsaaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saasla
12
aad𝑥ad
2 1 2 1 2 aa 1 aad a
………………………………………………………………………
d aa d ad aad a
d
ww.P.P 𝑏 𝑏 ww .P𝑏.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ∴ | 1 2ww w w 3 | www w 6. Find the ww w
parametric w form of vector www
equation
w
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O of the straight
i . O . rgrg line passing through
O i . O . rgrg(−1,2,1)
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala 0 + 1 −21− d0 adsa1as−la1l0a d a
d slalaparallel to the straight
saaand d ad
la
saaslaline d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww = | 1 ww w.P2.P − 12 | ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w 1 www w 𝑟⃗ = (2⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ w w w
−𝑘
w
⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 w
⃗⃗) and hencew
w w
1 1 6
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgshortest
O rg i . O . rgrgthe lines.
O
l a a
asal 1 −2 i 1 asaasal l a a i find
l
asal a a i
the distance between
l
asala a i asla
d a sa d d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad 1
1
−w a ad
.P121.P a adSolution:
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w = | w w | w w w w w w w w w
www www 1
2
www www www
1 1 The parametric form of vector equations of the
i . O . rgrg
O
6
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i given l a a i
straight line l a a i
d ad
l
saasa= 1 ( 1 + 1 ) + 2 (d1ad+saas1a) + 1 (1 − 1) l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 12 .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa aa
⃗.P P
−. 𝑘
.P.P
12
w ww
w w www 6 12 2
w ww
w 𝑟⃗ = (2⃗𝑖w +ww3𝑗w ⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗) wwww
ww 2
ww 3 1
ww ww ww
= 1 (12) + 2 (12) + 1 (2)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O Comparing i .O . rgrwith
O g 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏⃗⃗ .O.O
i rgrg
d ad
l
saasa= 1 + 1 + 1 d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P We have 𝑎⃗ .= a2𝑖⃗a+ 3𝑗⃗ − 𝑘 ⃗⃗ aa
w ww
w
6 2 2
w www w ww
w w wwP.P
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww7 ww ww ww
1
=6+1=6≠0 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
So,d a saaslines
the
d are skew lines. d ad saaslala d a
d
la
saaslaparametric
The form of vector
d ad
la
saaslaequations of the
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa parallel line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐w a
P⃗⃗a
.P.𝑠𝑏 a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w w⃗+ w w ww
w
ww |(𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗)| =w6
w 7 ww w w w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O We haveOO
i . . rgrg𝑐⃗ = −𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ i.O.O rgrg
l
asal a a i 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗ = 1 1
−
1
.P12
.P a ad a ad
.P.P
The shortest distance
.P.Pa ad
between the two parallel a ad
.P.P
w w w | w w w | w w w w w w w w w
www www 1
2
www lines is givenwby ww www
1 1
i . O . rgrg
O
6
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.35
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aal a la i ala
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ⃗⃗| ww w w wwww 𝑦−3ww
w w www w
|(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑏
𝑑= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑏 ⃗⃗| ≠ 0 = 𝑡
⃗⃗|
|𝑏
i . O . Orgrg i . O. Orgrg i . O . Orgr3g i .O . rgrg
O
Now,
d a
d saa𝑐⃗s− l
a 𝑎⃗ = (−𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗) a−sa(2𝑖
d d
l
asa⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗)
d a
d saasa l 𝑦 − 3 = 3𝑡
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa aa 𝑦 = 3𝑡.P+ aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w www .P.P
wwww.P.P
w www.P3 w ww
w
.P.P
ww = −𝑖⃗w +w2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ − 2𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ww 𝑧−1 ww ww
= 𝑡
i . O= . Org rg⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗
−3𝑖 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Org−1 rg1 = −𝑡 i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i 𝑧 − a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 𝑖̂ .P.P𝑘a â a
.P.Pa 𝑧 = −𝑡 +
.P.Paa 1
.P.Paa
wwww (𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × 𝑏⃗⃗ = | −3 ww w𝑗̂w | wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww −1 2 ww If F is the foot of w wthe perpendicular from w w
1 −2 1
O D(5, 4,i.2) O . Ortogrthe
g straight line, then
i . O . rgisrgof the
FO
l a a i
asal= 𝑖̂(−1 + 4) − 𝑗̂(−3 l
−as2)a a i ̂
al + 𝑘(6 + 1) l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa
form (2𝑡 − 1, 3𝑡 + 3, −𝑡d a
+ sa1) and d a sa
w w w w w w ̂ w ww w w w w w w
www = www
𝑖̂ ( 3) − 𝑗̂ ( −5) + 𝑘 (5) www ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐹
𝐷𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗w− w
w𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ www
i .O . Or=gr3𝑖̂
g + 5𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . =Org(2𝑡rg − 1, 3𝑡 + 3, −𝑡 +i.1) O . r−gr(5,
O g 4, 2)
d a
d saasa ⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × 𝑏| = √9 + 25.P.+P
.P.|(𝑐 a49a = √83 .P.Paa = (2𝑡 − 6,.3𝑡 a−a1, −𝑡 − 1) aa
w ww
w
P
w www wwww w wwwP.P w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ⃗⃗ ww ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ww ww ⃗⃗
𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 𝐷𝐹 = (2𝑡 − 6)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑡 − 1)𝑗⃗ + (−𝑡 − 1)𝑘
O
l a a i
⃗⃗ l a a i l a a i ⃗⃗⃗⃗ l a a i
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l |𝑏 | = √ 1 + 4 + 1
d
=
a
d
√6
saasa l
d a
d
Since
saasa l 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
d a
d
𝑡𝑜(𝐷𝐹
saasa l )
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .|P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w ∴ 𝑑 =
|(𝑐⃗−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑏
w ww⃗⃗w wwww 𝑏⃗⃗. (𝐷𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )w=ww0w w ww
w
ww ww ⃗⃗|
|𝑏 ww ww ww
gr√86 grg (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ −rg ⃗⃗
𝑘r)g. [(2𝑡 − 6)𝑖⃗ + (3𝑡 − 1)𝑗⃗ +rg (−𝑡 − 1)𝑘⃗⃗ ]
. O Or g . O r
O . O O . O O r g
a saaslaaliai.= √6 a sa aslaaliai. a saaslaalia2(i.2𝑡 − 6) + 3(3𝑡 −a1) sa as+laali𝑡a+ i.
1=0 a saasla
ww Pa
.P.……………………………………………………………………… ww .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
w perpendicular drawn w w ww 4𝑡 w w
−
w w12 + 9𝑡 − 3 + 𝑡 + 1 = w0w
w w
7. Find the foot of the
rgrg(5, 4, 2) to the line i.O.O rgrg rgrg 14𝑡 − 15 + r1gr= g0
from the l a ia. Oi
point. O l a a i l a ia. O
i . O l a i a. O
i . O
a saasal a sa asal a saasal a sa asal 14𝑡 = 14 a saasla
d d
a a𝑥+1 d d d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w .P.P
w =
𝑦−3
=
𝑧−1 .PP
w w . w .a afind the equationwww
Also, .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w w.P.P
www 2 3 ww −1w www www 𝑡 = www
1
of the perpendicular
O
Substituting
i . O . Orgrg𝑡 = 1 in F (2𝑡 − 1,i.3𝑡 O . r+gr3,
O g −𝑡 + 1)
d a
d
Solution:
l
saasa Comparing the given d a
d
a l
saasequation d a
d a
l
asaget F (2 − 1, 3 + 3, −1
sWe d a
d sa+ l
asa1) = 𝐹(1, 6, 0)
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w and D (5, 4, 2) w www w ww
w
ww 𝑥+1 ww 𝑧−1
𝑦−3 ww ww ww
= = with 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2
i . O . Orgrg3 −1
i . O . rgrg
O Here (OO
i . .
1g 1
r rg4 21 ) and ( 12 62i.O.O r2g)rg
i
ala 1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 salaala i i 5 i 0
d a
d saasla𝑥−𝑥 = = d a
d a s d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑏1 𝑏2 .P.P a𝑏3a .P.Pa a Cartesian form is.P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w 𝑥 − 𝑥 w ww𝑦w− 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧 w ww
w
ww ww ww 1ww= = 1 ww
we get 𝑎⃗ = (−𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ), and 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
O i . O . 𝑥rg
O −rg5 𝑦 − 4 𝑧 − 2 i.O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala 𝑏⃗⃗ = (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ − d𝑘⃗⃗a )s
d .aaslala
d a
d saaslala 1 − 5 = 6 − 4 = d a
d0sa−asl2ala
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa 𝑦 .–P a a .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww Any point lie on ww wthewww line ww
ww
ww 𝑥–2
w =
w ww w3.P= 𝑧 – 4 w w ww
w
−4 w 2 −2 w
𝑥+1 rgrg𝑦−3 𝑧−1 rgrg ………………………………………………………………………
rgrg rgrg
Letlalia.O i . O = = = 𝑡lalia.O i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a i a.Oi . O
a saasa 2 3 −1 sa
a a s a a s
(a)a al equation of the plane
asThe a sa asaatl a distance p a s aasla
d
a ad 𝑥+1 d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P
w .P w w.P.P
w
www = w w
𝑡 ww w
www from the origin w
wwwand perpendicular to the w
wwwunit
2
𝑥 + 1r=
i . O . O grg2𝑡
i . O . rgrg
O
normal vector
i . O . Orgrg 𝑑̂ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑̂ = 𝑝 .
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 1
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page P.P
.36 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww (b) Cartesian equation w w
ww of a plane in normalww w w w w
wwThe general equation ww w w
Intercept form:
i .O . rg𝑛rgbe the direction cosines
O i .O . Orgrofg 𝑑̂. ax+by+cz+d=0i .O . rgrg of first degree iin
O .O rgy,rgz
x,O
.
form : Let l a 𝑙,
a i
𝑚, l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a we have 𝑑̂ = 𝑙𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂
.P.Then
P .P.P a+a𝑛𝑘̂. a a represents a plane. .P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww
……………………………………………………………………… ww
Thus, equation (1) becomes
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg Example i . O . rgrg
O
6.38 i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala+ 𝑛𝑘̂) = 𝑝 which implies a i a i a i
⃗⃗⃗ (𝑙𝑖̂
𝑟.
d a
d sa+as𝑚𝑗̂ d ad saaslala d a saaslathe
Find
d
la vector and Cartesian
d ad
la of the
saaslaform d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pâ a
.P.Pa equations of a plane a
.Pa is at a distance
.Pwhich ofw
a
P.Pa
.12
wwww (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂). (𝑙𝑖̂w+w ww
w𝑚𝑗̂
w + 𝑛𝑘 ) = 𝑝 or ww ww w ww
w w w
w
ww ww units from the origin w w and perpendicular w w to 6⃗𝑖 +
i . O . rgrg𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑝...i.(2)
O O . Orgrg 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗.Orgrg
i . . O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asa(2)al a i l a a i
asalequation of l a a i
asal Given 𝑑⃗ = 6⃗𝑖 + a2𝑗⃗sa−asa3𝑘⃗l⃗ and 𝑝 = 12 l a a i asla
d a
Equation sa is called the d a s
Cartesiana d a sa
Solution: d d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
www the plane in normal wwformw www If 𝑑̂ is the unitwnormal ww in the direction of ww w
the
Equation of.O
i aO
. rgrg perpendicular toi.O
plane aO
. rgrg
vector
i O
.then
. rgrg 𝑑⃗
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i ̂ l a a i
and d a
dpassing
l
saasa through a givendpoint ad saasa l
d
vector
a
d saasa l 𝑑 = |𝑑⃗ |
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww (a) Vector form ofwequation w ww 𝑑⃗w=w6⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ww
Consider a .plane
i O . rgrgpassing through a ipoint
O .O . OrgrAg i .O . rgr⃗g
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i |𝑑 | = 36 + 4 + 9 l=a a i =7
withd a
d position
l
saasa vector 𝑎⃗ andd𝑛a⃗d⃗ saisasaanormal l
d a
d saasa l √
d ad saasa l √49
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.1P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ̂ w w
𝑑
w⃗ w
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ w ww
w
ww vector to the givenwplane. w ww 𝑑 ww|𝑑⃗| 7
= = (6 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 ) ww
Let 𝑟⃗ be the i . O . rgrg vector of an arbitrary
position
O i . O . rgrg
O
aslalaa i a
aslala i If 𝑟
⃗ a
aslala
is the i position vector of a a
point i
aslala (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on asaasla
a sa a sa a sa a sa
adad P. Then 𝐴𝑃
.P.point
P .P.P adad to 𝑛⃗⃗ .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular adadthe plane , then using
.P.P .P.Pa𝑟.d̂ d
⃗⃗ a
𝑑 = 𝑝, vector equation adad
P.P
.of
www w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
ww So, 𝐴𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ = 0 which ww gives (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗). 𝑛⃗⃗=0 . . . . .. (1)
ww ww 1
ww
the plane in normal form is 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ 7 (6𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 12
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
which is asall a
thea ivector form of the l a
equation
asal a i of a l a a i
asal 𝑟⃗ = (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘â sa)asinathe l a a i
l above asla
d a sa d a sa d a s
Applying
a d d a sa
Pa ad passing through a.P
.P.plane a adwith position
.P
point a ad
www www www equation, we w ww
get www
vector 𝑎⃗ and perpendicular to 𝑛⃗⃗ .
i .𝑎O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg (𝑥𝑖̂ +a𝑦𝑗 i .O rg𝑧𝑘
̂ .+O r̂g). 1 (6𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗) =i.O 12. rgrg
O
Note:s(𝑟
d a
d a asa⃗ −l ⃗). 𝑛
⃗⃗=0 ⇒ 𝑟⃗. 𝑛
⃗⃗ =
d
𝑎⃗.
ad
𝑛
⃗⃗ ⇒
saasa l
𝑟⃗. 𝑛
⃗⃗ = 𝑞
d a
d saasa l 7
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.where
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P aa .P.Paa
+.P
1
w ww
w q = 𝑎⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
(6𝑥
w 2𝑦 − 3𝑧) = 12 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 7 ww
(b) Cartesian form of equation :If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are the
i .O . rgrg
O 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 84
i .O . rgrg
O
direction
d a
d
l
saasaratios of 𝑛⃗⃗, then wedadhave saasa l
d a
d
iss
a athe l
sa Cartesian equationdofadthe saasa l
plane.
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa a a ………………………………………………………………………
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 𝑛⃗
⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘 ww
̂ . Suppose,
w w A is (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww 1 1 1 ww ww ww
Example 6.39
then equationr(1)
. O O grg becomes . O Orgrg If the Cartesian
. O rgrg equation of a plane
O . O risgrg3𝑥 −
O
aslalaa i i . a i
la ̂ i . a i i .
la = −8, find the vector a i
la i .
[(𝑥d−a d 𝑥sa1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧 − 𝑧1 )𝑘 d d saas+la𝑏𝑗̂
̂ ].a(𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑘 ) = 0 . d 4𝑦
a
d saas+la3𝑧 d ad saaslaequation of the
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa a a a a a
.P.Pa
wwww ww
w𝑏(𝑦
w w w.P.P plane in the standard
0 ww w ww
w
.P.P form.
w ww
w
ww That is, 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )w +w − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = ww Solution: If 𝑟⃗ =w w (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) is the position ww
rgrg rgrg vector of argpoint rg (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then the given rgrg
which is the i . OCartesian
. O equation of aiplane, . O . O i . O . O i . O . O
asall a a i l
asala a i equation
asall a a i can be written as l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
normal to a vector with a ad
direction
.P.P
ratios 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 a ad (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ). .(P3𝑖.⃗P
.P.P a−a4𝑗 d⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗) = −8 or .PP
.a a
d
www and passing through wwawgiven point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧w 1 )w.w www www
(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗rg ̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ). (−3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ⃗⃗) = g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . O rg i . O . r 8rg
O
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.37
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aal a la i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a slaalia. i.O s a slaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w ww w w w
ww ⃗⃗ w ww w w
That is 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (−3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 8 is the vector 𝑟⃗. (2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ) = 3 . . . . . . . (𝐴)
equation of i .O the
. O rgrrequired
g plane. i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
d d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa substituting 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ d a
d
+sa
a
l ̂
sa+ 𝑧𝑘, we get
𝑦𝑗̂
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w Example 6.40 w www w ww
w (𝑖𝑖) The Cartesian w wequation
w w of the plane w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Find the direction cosines and length of the
perpendicular i . O . O rg rg the origin to thei.plane
from O . rgrg
O (𝑥𝑖̂
i . O
+ .
grg+ 𝑧𝑘̂ ). (2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗) .=OO
r𝑦𝑗̂
O i .
g
3r rg
a i a i a i a i
d a
d⃗
saasla⃗ la ⃗⃗ d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a
⃗⃗⃗
𝑟. (3 𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 12𝑘 ) = 5 . .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
Pa− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 . . . .w. (𝐵)
.P.2𝑥 a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w w w w
ww Solution: Given 𝑟. w
⃗⃗⃗ (3w⃗𝑖 − 4𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘 ⃗⃗) = 5 w w w w w w
………………………………………………………………………
It is of the i .
formO . O rgr𝑟.⃗⃗⃗g(𝑑⃗) = 𝑞 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
asall a a i l
asal a a i l a a
asal 6.42
Example i l
asal a a i asla
.P.P a ad 𝑑⃗ = 3⃗𝑖 − 4𝑗⃗ .+P.12𝑘 a a⃗⃗d
P a adA variable plane moves
.P.P .P.Pa aindsuch a way that the.P.P a ad
www www www www www
|𝑑⃗| = √9 + 16 + 144 = √169 = 13 sum of the reciprocals of its intercepts on the
i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d
l
saasa 𝑑̂ = 𝑑⃗ = 1 (3⃗𝑖 d−ad4𝑗sa⃗ a+ l
sa12𝑘⃗⃗) d
coordinate
a
d saasa l axes is a constant.
d a
d saasa l
Show that the
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa |𝑑⃗ | 13.P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww w w ww
w plane passes through w ww
w a fixed point w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Dividing 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (3⃗𝑖 − 4𝑗⃗ + 12𝑘 ⃗⃗) = 5 by 13 Solution: The
O i . O . rgrgequation of the plane
O i . O . Orhaving
grg
l a l a i l a l a i l al a i l a a i
as𝑧aaxes respectively asaasla
l
d a saas𝑟. a( 3 𝑖⃗ − 4 𝑗⃗ + 12 𝑘⃗⃗) = 5asaasa
d d a saasa
intercepts 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, on the 𝑥,as
d 𝑦,
a
.P.P
weaa get
d ⃗⃗⃗
13 13 13 .PP
. a a13d d
aa 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
.P.P .P.Paa d .P.Padad
www w ww w w www w is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 =w 1w w w
w. Since
w the sum of the ww www w
ww ww ww
is of the form 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑̂ = 𝑝
O reciprocals
i . O . rgrofg the intercepts on ithe
O . O . O grg
rcoordinate
a i
la 𝑑̂ = 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗sisaslaa lunit a i
a normal a i a i
aslaget saaslala sa1aslal1a 1 saasla
3 4 12
Hence a sawe
d d 13 13 13a
d d a d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
Pa to the plane fromwthe
.P.vector .PPa a a
.P.Pa axes is a constant, we a
have
.P.Pa 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 + + = 𝑘, a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. origin. The direction ww wwww
w w
w
ww
w w w
w
ww
w
3 4 12 where k is a constant, and which can be written
cosines are , r−grg, and the length of thergrg r1grg1 1 1 rgrg
l a i .
13
a O
i . O 13 13
l a ia. O
i . O 1 1i.O
l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa asal a sa5a s al as
a saa𝑎sa𝑘l 𝑏 𝑘 𝑐 𝑘 asaasal
( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 1. This shows that the
a saasla
d
a ad d d d d
w .P.perpendicular
w P to the origin isa𝑝a=
w w.P.P d 13 w w
a ad
.P.P 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
w w P.Pa ad
.passes w .P.P
w
a ad
w
www wwww www w plane 𝑎
+ +
𝑏 w
w
=
𝑐 ww
1 through the w
fixed
www
………………………………………………………………………
Examplela6.41 i . O . O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O point (i.𝑘O
1 1 g1g
,O
. r ,r ) i .O . Orgrg
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
l l l l saasla
𝑘 𝑘
Findd a
d saasavector and Cartesian
the d a
d saasa
equations of the d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.P.plane
P .P.P aa a a ………………………………………………………………………
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w passing through w wwthe
w point with positionww ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ⃗w w normal to vector 2⃗𝑖 w
⃗ and w wwEXERCISE 6.6 ww
vector 4⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 −
⃗𝑗 + ⃗𝑘⃗. i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i . i.O rgrg
1. Find aOparametric form of vector
i .O . O grg
requation of
a
Solution:
d d
l
saasaGiven Position vector d a
d
l
saofasathe point d a
d
l
saasaplane which is at a distance d a
d
l
saasa of 7 units d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa a a from the origin having
.P.P .P.Pa a 3, −4,5 as direction.P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝑎⃗ = 4⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ and ww Normal to the vector 𝑛⃗⃗ w =w ratios of a normal ww to it. ww
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
2⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + ⃗𝑘l⃗alia.O i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saasa d a
d saaslala d a
d slala Perpendicular
saaSolution: d a
d
aslalaorigin 𝑝 = 7
safrom d a
d saasla
.P.(𝑖)a
PaThe vector equation a
P.Pthe
.of a plane passing a
.P.Pa Direction ratioswof a a
.P.aPnormal = 3, −4, 5 ww
a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww w w w w w
ww ww ww w w w w
through the point with position vector 𝑎⃗ and 𝑑⃗ = 3⃗𝑖 − 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
normal l a a i
astoalvector 𝑛⃗⃗ is 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗.a𝑛⃗⃗saasal l a a i l a a i
asal |𝑑⃗| = √9 + 16 a+sa25 l a a i
asa=l √50 = 5√2 asla
d a sa d d a s a d d a s a
.P.P a ad a ad
.P𝑖⃗.+P a ad
w w w Hence , 2 ⃗⃗ w w w
4 ⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗ w w w w w w w w w
www 𝑟⃗. ( 𝑖
⃗ − 𝑗⃗ +
www
𝑘 ) = ( 2𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 ). ( 𝑖
⃗ − 𝑗
⃗ +
www
𝑘 ) w
𝑑̂w=w|𝑑⃗| = 5√2 (3⃗𝑖 − 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘
⃗
𝑑 1
⃗⃗)www
𝑟⃗. (2𝑖⃗i.− O . 𝑗⃗rg
O +rg𝑘⃗⃗) = 8 − 2 − 3 i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By a aManisekaran SRKMHSS
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page P.P
.38 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
ww form of vector equation ww ww ww w w
The parametric (𝑖) The vectorwequation w of the plane passing ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg through i .O . rgrgpoint with positioni.vector
O
the O . rgrg𝑎⃗ and
O
l a a i ̂=𝑝 l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
of
saasa the
l plane is ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟. 𝑑
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .5𝑘 aa
P⃗⃗.P a a normal to vector 𝑛⃗⃗ .isP.𝑟⃗.P
.P.P a𝑛⃗a⃗ = 𝑎⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ aa
.P.P
w ww
w ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟.
1
( 3 𝑖
⃗ − w
4𝑗 ⃗ ww
+ w ) = 7 wwww wwww w www
ww 5√2 ww ww ww ww
Hence ,
………………………………………………………………………
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a
aslala i a i a i
2.ad a saasthe d a sathe d a𝑟⃗.saa s⃗la+la3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗) = (2𝑖⃗ +da6𝑗
(𝑖 ⃗sa+ asla3𝑘l⃗⃗a). (𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗) asaasla
.P.Pthe
Find
a d direction cosines
.4𝑧P.Paa of
d normal to a
.P.Pa d .P.Paa d adad
.P.P
www w ww w w wwww w w ww
ww plane 12𝑥 + ww 3𝑦 − = 65 . Also, find the
ww 𝑟⃗. (⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 )w=
w⃗⃗w w 2 + 18 + 15 ww ww
non-parametric form of vector equation of a
i . O . rgrlength
O g
i . O . rgrg to
O i . O . rgrg⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O
plane and l
asal a a ithe of the perpendicular
l
asal a a i 𝑟⃗. (l
asal
⃗
a
𝑖 + a i
3𝑗 ⃗ + 5𝑘 ) = 35 . . . . .l
asal .
a . a(𝐴)i asla
.P.Pa ad
the plane from the origin.
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P=.Pa ad ̂ , we get
a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww substituting w w w
𝑟⃗ 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘 w ww
www www www www www
Solution: 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 65
O rgrg Orgrg (𝑖𝑖) The Cartesian
.O rgrg equation of the plane
.O rgrg
islaaoflia.the i.Oform ⃗⃗⃗ (𝑑⃗) = 𝑞 alaalia. i.O l a ia i . O l a i
a i . O
d a
It a
dsas 𝑟.
d a
d sas d a
d saasa l
̂ ⃗ d ad
⃗
saasa⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa ⃗⃗⃗ (12⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ −w4𝑘
𝑟. .⃗⃗P).Pa=a65 aa
.P.P (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘 ). ( 𝑖
.P.P aa
+ 3𝑗 + 5𝑘 ) = 35 aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w wwww wwww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑑⃗ = 12⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 35 . . . . (𝐵)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasa |𝑑⃗| = √144 + 9 +d16 a
d saa= l
sa√169 = 13 d a
d saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a 4. A plane passes through
.P.P .P.P a a the point (−1,1,2) .P.P aa
w ww
w w www wwww wwww w www
ww 𝑑ww 1
⃗
𝑑̂ = |𝑑⃗| = 13 (12⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 ⃗⃗) ww and the normal ww to the plane of magnitude ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O 3√3i.makes O . rgrgequal acute anglesi.with
O O . rgrgthe
O
a la i a a i a i a i
a
Dividing
d dsaasla𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (12⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ − 4𝑘 ⃗⃗) =da 65
d slal13
saaby d a saaslala axes. Find the
coordinate
d d ad saaslala of the plane. dadsaasla
equation
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
www w ww w w wwww www w ww ww
ww we get 𝑟.
12
⃗⃗⃗ (13 𝑖⃗ + 13 𝑗⃗ −
3 ww 4 65
𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 13 = 5
ww ww ww
13 Solution: Given magnitude = 3√3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
is ofathe asal a
form a
l 𝑟. i ̂
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑 = 𝑝, which is non-parametric l
asal a a i and l a l
asapassesa i through pointa𝑎⃗sa = l a a i
a−l ⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 + 2𝑘⃗⃗ asla
d sa d a sa d a sa d a s d a sa
a adof vector equation.P
.P.form
P of.P
d
aaaplane a ad
.P.P P.P
.an a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww The normal makesw w w equal angle with w
the ww
www Hence we get 𝑑̂ = 12w𝑖⃗w+w3 𝑗⃗ − 4 𝑘⃗⃗ is a unit normal www www www
13 13 13
i .O . rgrg
O i O rgrg
O
.direction
.
coordinate
i .O . rgraxes.
O g If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the.O
i . rgrg then
angles
O
vector tolthe a a i
plane from the origin. The l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
l
saasa 12 3 4 d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 +dad 𝑐𝑜𝑠saas2a𝛾 = 1l
d a
d saasla
a a are , , − and.P.the
.P.cosines
P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 13 13 w
13 www P length of the wwww wwww w www
ww ww ww But 𝛼 = 𝛽 = w𝛾w. Hence 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 1 ww 2
perpendicular to the origin is 𝑝 = 5
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 1 =i.O
O . rg𝛼rg= 1
O
cos
d dsaasa l
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa 3 l √3
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P a a1 aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3. Find the vector w
and wwCartesian
w equations of wwww So, 𝑛
⃗⃗w=
ww3√3
w ( ⃗𝑖 + 1 ⃗𝑗 + 1 ⃗𝑘⃗)ww ww
ww ww ww ww √3 √3 √3 ww
the plane passing through the point with
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O √3
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i = 3 ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + a 𝑘 ) i
d adsaaslalavector 2𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 3𝑘
position ⃗ ⃗
d
⃗⃗
a
d
and la
saaslanormal to
d a
d saaslala √3
d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pthe a vector ⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗..P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.⃗𝑖P+a⃗𝑗 + 𝑘⃗⃗) a
.P.Pa
wwww w www wwww w=
www 3( w www
ww Solution: Given Position w w vector of the pointw w w w w w
.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg 𝑛⃗⃗ = (3⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗i).O.O
O rgrg
𝑎⃗ = 2a⃗𝑖 la+a ila6𝑗 ⃗i.+ 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ and Normal to the l
asal a ia i .
vector l
asal a ia i . l
asal a a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad(𝑖) The vector equation
.P.P .P.P a aofdthe plane passing .P.P a ad
w w w 𝑛⃗⃗ = ⃗
𝑖 + 3𝑗 ⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗
⃗ w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www www through the point wwwwith position vectorw 𝑎⃗w w
and
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O normal i .Oto. Ogrg 𝑛⃗⃗ is 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ .OO
rvector i . rgrg
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.39
w ww
w w www wwww wwww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a slaalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww
ww Hence , www w ww w w w w w w
Solution: LetwA(𝑎, w 0, 0), B(𝑎, 0, 0) and ww
.O Orgrg
.3𝑘 O
i⃗𝑖a.+ .O rgrg .O . Orgrg .O . rgrg
O
𝑟⃗. (3⃗𝑖 +al3𝑗 a⃗lia i ⃗⃗) = (−⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗).a(3l a i ⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗) l a ia i l a ia i
d adsasa +
d a
d sasa l 3𝑗
d a
d
C(𝑎,
saasa l0, 0) be the vertices
d a
d
of triangle
saasa l ABC.
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .+ aa
P.P aa
.P.P .P.Pa a𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑟⃗. (3 ⃗
𝑖 + 3𝑗 ⃗ + 3𝑘⃗⃗) =w−3 www 3 + 6 w www Then centroid wofw∆=
w w ( , , ) w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 3 3 3 ww
𝑟⃗. (3⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗i⃗.O + O g⃗⃗r)g= 6 . . . . . . . (𝐴) .OO
r3𝑘 rgrg Given . O Orgrg (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
centroid . O rgrg
O
a i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa substituting 𝑟⃗ =w𝑥𝑖̂ .P+ a
Pa𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂, we get ww a
.PPa a
.Pa𝑣, 𝑤) a
.P.Pa
)w=.P(𝑢,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. ww ww . ∴ (3 , 3 ,w
ww3 ww ww
ww
ww
(𝑖𝑖) The Cartesian equation of the plane
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O Equating i . O . Orgrgget, 𝑎3 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3𝑢
we i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
as+al𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ). (3⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ +a3𝑘 l a
a=l 6 a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa
(𝑥𝑖̂ d s⃗⃗as
a ) d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P 𝑏 Pa ad
. .𝑣P⇒ 𝑏 = 3𝑣
=
a ad
.P.P
www ww w
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6 www www 3 www
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg (𝐵)
O i . O . Orgrg 3𝑐 = 𝑤 ⇒ 𝑐 = 3𝑤 i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =
l a 2
a i . . . . l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.Paa a a We know the equation
.P.P .P.Paof
a the plane in intercept aa
.P.P
w ww
w 5. Find the intercepts w ww w
cut off by the plane w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑥 𝑦 ww 𝑧 ww
form is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1
⃗⃗⃗ (6⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ −r3𝑘
𝑟.
. O O gr⃗⃗g) = 12 on the coordinate . O rgrgaxes.
O .O Orgrg .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a i a i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
Solution:
d ad
l
saasa Given 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (6⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗
d⃗a−sa3𝑘
d
l
as⃗⃗a) = 12
d a
d saasa l
Substituting the values ofa𝑎,
d d saas𝑏,a𝑐l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www 𝑥 𝑦 ww w𝑧w w ww
w
ww Comparing the equation ww with 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑞 ww 3𝑢
+ 3𝑣w+ w3𝑤 = 1 gives ww
i . O . rgr⃗g ⃗ ⃗⃗
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O g
𝑥r rg𝑦 𝑧 i . O . rgrg
O
We have a 𝑛
⃗⃗ i = 6 𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 3𝑘 and 𝑞 =
a 12i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 3 dadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.PThe a equation of the plane a a
.P.Phaving interceptswww
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww ww www ………………………………………………………………………
ww ww
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, on therg 𝑥,g𝑦, 𝑧 axes respectively is rgrg Equation rofg agplane passing throughrgaggiven
i . O .
i 𝑞 O r i . O
i . O ia.O r
i.Oparallel ia.Oi.Or
s a laa l a s a laal a s a
point laaland to two a
given
s laal
non-parallel s asla
d a a s
𝑞
= 6, = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑞
=d a−3 a s d a a s d a a s d a a
.P.P a ad 𝑎 𝑏 a ad
.P.𝑐P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww vectors. w w w w w w
www www 𝑞 www www www
Substituting 𝑞 = 12 in 𝑎 = 6
i .O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O (a) Parametric
i . O . Orgrg form of vector equation i . O . rgrg
O
we
d adget
l
saasa 12 = 6 ⇒ 12 = 𝑎d⇒adsa𝑎as=a 2 l
d a
d
l
saasa𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑡𝑐⃗ dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa 𝑎
. .a a
6 PP aa
.P.P aa
.Pform
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www (b) Non-parametric w ww
w of vector w ww
equation
w
ww 12 ww12 ww ww ww
similarly 𝑏 = 4 ⇒ 4 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 3 and (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗). ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg(𝑏 × 𝑐⃗) = 0 i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasa = −3 ⇒ = d𝑐ad⇒saas𝑐a= −4
12 12 l
d a
d
l
saasCartesian
(c) a form of equation
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦.P aa aa
.P.P
ww−.P𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑐 −3
w ww
w w www w www w w w ww
w
ww Hence 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 ww = 2, 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡w=w3 | 𝑏1ww 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0ww
grg grg 𝑐
grg1 𝑐 𝑐3
i . O . r
O i . O . r
O i . O . Or 2
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaasla𝑧la− 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = −4
and
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.……………………………………………………………………… a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Equation of a plane a
P.Pa through 2 givenww
.passing a
.PPa
ww
ww
ww
wwww ww
ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww .
ww
distinct points and parallel to a given non-
6. If a plane meets g the coordinate axes atg𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶
i . O . r
O r g
i . O . r
O r g
i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al the centriod of the
asthat l a
asal ABC a i parallel
l
asala a ivectors. l
asal a a i asla
d a
suchsa d a sa
triangle d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.P .Pofa ad
.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww (a) Parametric w w
form w vector equation w w w
www is the point (𝑢, 𝑣, ww w
𝑤), find the equation ofw ww
the www www
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) + 𝑡𝑐⃗
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
plane. l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.40
w ww
w w www w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s a slaalia. i.O saasla
aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww (b) Non-parametric w w
wwform of vector equationww ww w w
ww − 6) − 𝑗̂(−2 − 6) + w w w
w − 3)
= 𝑖̂(−3 𝑘̂(2
(𝑟⃗ −la𝑎⃗). i .O . Org g 𝑎⃗) × 𝑐⃗) = 0
⃗⃗r− i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
a i((𝑏 l a a i l a a i l â a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 𝑖̂ ( −9) − 𝑗̂ (
d
−8)
ad saasa+ l
𝑘 (−1)
d a
d saasla
a aCartesian form of equation
.P.(c)
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww = −9𝑖̂ w w
w
+ w8𝑗̂ − ̂
𝑘 w www
ww 𝑥 − 𝑥1 w𝑦w− 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 ww ww ww
𝑥
| 2 rg − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧
i .𝑐O
i . O r 𝑐 1 2 𝑐 1 |i.=O
1 g 2
i .
0rgrg
O [𝑟⃗ − i(0 . O
i . r+gr⃗𝑗g− 5𝑘⃗⃗)]. (−9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ −i.O
⃗𝑖O 𝑘̂.O
i )rg=rg0 gives
a
sasa l a l a 1 2 3a
sasa l al a a
sasa l a l a a
sasa l al a saasla
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a d a
d
.P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa 𝑟⃗. (−9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)w−w P⃗P−a5𝑘⃗⃗). (−9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) w
.(𝑗 =.0PPa
ww
ww
ww Equation of a plane www ww
w
passing through three ww wwww
ww ww . ww www.
given non-collinear points 𝑟⃗.g(−9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) − (0 + g
i . O . Or g r g
i . O . Or gr g
i . O . r
O gr i . O . Or 8rg+ 5) = 0
(a) Parametric
a sa aslaalai form of vectoraequation sa aslaalai a saaslaalai 𝑟⃗. (−9𝑖̂ a sa+ aala−i 𝑘̂) − 13 = 0 asaasla
asl8𝑗̂
d
a ad𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) +.P d
a⃗ a−d𝑎⃗) d
a ad a add adad
w .wP.P w 𝑡(𝑐
. P w . P.P w . P. P w . P.P
ww
ww wwww
(b) Non-parametricwform of vector equation w
wwww ww www
𝑟⃗. (−9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ −w𝑘̂w
www
) = 13
r g g r g g r g g r g g
(𝑟⃗ −la𝑎⃗). ia.O .O⃗⃗r− 𝑎⃗) × (𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗))a=lal0ia.O
i((𝑏 i.Or l a .Oi.Or
isubstituting
a l a ia.Oi.̂O, wer
d adsasa a l
d a
d sas a
d a
d
a
sas a l 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂
d ad
+sasa𝑦𝑗̂a l
+ 𝑧𝑘 get
d a
d saasla
a aCartesian form of equation
.P.(c)
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww (𝑖𝑖) The Cartesian w wequation
w w of the plane w www
ww 𝑥 − 𝑥1 w𝑦w− 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 ww ww ww
|𝑥2 − 𝑥rg 1 g 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
r 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧 i.O rgrg (𝑥𝑖̂.O +O grg+ 𝑧𝑘̂ ). (−9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − .𝑘̂O)O
r𝑦𝑗̂ r=grg13
l𝑥a ia.−O
i . O
𝑥 l a a i . O l a ia i . l a ia i .
d adsaasa 3l 1 3 1
d
3
a
d saasa 1 l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P−9𝑥
.Pa a + 8𝑦 − 𝑧 = 13 .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www
ww Example 6.43 Findwthe w non-parametric formwofw ww ww
9𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 𝑧 = −13
vector equation, i . O . Orgrgand Cartesian equation i . O . Orgof
rgthe i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 9𝑥 − 8𝑦a+sa
d d a 𝑧sla+la13 = 0
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa
plane passing through the
.P.Paapoint (0,1, −5) and a
.P.Pa ……………………………………………………………………… .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www
ww parallel to the straight w w lines ww w w w w
Example 6.44 Find the vector parametric, vector
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
𝑟⃗ = (⃗𝑖 + l a⃗lia.−O
i . O ⃗⃗) + 𝑠(2⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 i
⃗⃗)laanda. O
i . O𝑟
⃗ = non-parametric
l a ia. O
i . O and Cartesian l a i .
form
a O
i . O of the
a sa asa 2𝑗 4𝑘
a sa asal a saasal a sa asal a saasla
d
a⃗𝑖 −ad3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 −.𝑘⃗P d d d
a adequation of the plane d
a ad through the .P.P d
a ad
w w w.P.(P
w w w .a a
⃗).P
w ww.P.P
w w .P.P
w passing
w w w
www Solution: www www www www
points (−1,2,0), (2,2 − 1) and parallel to the
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg𝑥−1 2𝑦+1
O i .O . Orgrg
The plane l a a i
passes through the point l a a i
(0,1, −5), l a a i l a𝑧+1
a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa line 1 = 2dadsa=asa−1 .
straight l
d a
d saasla
Paa
.P.hence ⃗⃗w .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w 𝑎⃗ = 0⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 − 5𝑘 w w w
and parallel to 2 given ww ww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww Solution: Plane wwis parallel to the vectorw𝑐⃗w= ⃗𝑖 +
straight lines. g
i .O . Or rg i .O . Orgrg 2𝑗⃗ −la .O
⃗𝑘⃗ iand . rgpassing
O rg through the i .O
points. Orgrg𝑎⃗ = −⃗𝑖 +
l a a i l a a i a i l a a i
So, d 𝑏⃗ds
⃗a a
=
l
as2a⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ = ⃗𝑖a+sa⃗𝑗as−a𝑘⃗⃗
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P a a 2𝑗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗ .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www
ww Equation of a plane wwpassing through a givenww ww ww
So, ⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ = 2⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘
𝑏 ⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗
point and parallel i . O . Orgrg to two given non-parallel i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala = 3⃗𝑖 − 𝑘⃗⃗ d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
vectors.
.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Pa a .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www
ww w w
(i) Non-parametric form of vector equation
ww (a) Parametric w w form of vector equation of w wplane
. O O grg
⃗⃗r × . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O .O Orgrg
(𝑟⃗ −la𝑎⃗).
asal ia i .
(𝑏 𝑐
⃗) = 0
asall a ia i . 𝑟
asall
⃗ a =ia i
𝑎⃗. + 𝑠(𝑏 ⃗
⃗ − 𝑎
⃗) + 𝑡𝑐⃗ l
asal a ia i . asla
.P.P a ad 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ .𝑘P .a a
̂P d .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w ⃗
⃗ w w w w w w ⃗ ⃗
w w w ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ w⃗
⃗ w w
www 𝑏 × 𝑐⃗ = |2 w3ww 6 | www 𝑟⃗ = (− 𝑖 + www2𝑗 ) + 𝑠(3 𝑖 − 𝑘 ) + 𝑡( 𝑖 + 2𝑗www
− 𝑘 )
i . O . Org1rg 1 −1 i .O . Orgrg (b) Non-parametric

i .O . rgrg
O form of vector i .O . O grg
requation
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa Page P.P
.41 aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
O i .O . Orgrg
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i ala
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww w w wwww w w w w
(𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗). ((𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × 𝑐⃗) = 0 Equation of aw w passing through a given
plane ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O rgrg point i
and.O . O grg
rparallel to two given i .O . rgrg
O
non-parallel
d adsaasa l 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ d𝑘 ̂ saasa
a
d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a a (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × 𝑐⃗ = |3 .0P.P aa a a vectors.
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww −1|
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww 1 2 −1 ww ww ww
(i) Non-parametric form of vector equation
i . O=. rg𝑖̂r(g0 + 2) − 𝑗̂(−3 + 1)i.+O.O
O 𝑘r̂grg− 0)
(6 i . O . Orgrg⃗⃗ i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a
(𝑟 i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala ⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏 × 𝑐
⃗) = 0
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 𝑖̂(2) −w a
PPa+ 𝑘̂(6)
𝑗̂(.−2) a
.P.Pa 𝑖̂ ww a
.P𝑗̂.Pa 𝑘̂ a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. wwwwww ⃗𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗ =w|2 w w
w 3 1| w w
w
ww
w
= g2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
i . O . r rg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg 2 −5 −3 i.O.O rgrg
l a
asal ⃗⃗ a i l
asal a a i l a a i
asal = 𝑖̂(−9 + 5) − 𝑗̂(−6 l a
as−a2) a i
l + 𝑘̂(−10 − 6) sasla
a s a s a s a s
.wP.P
d
a ad (𝑟a
⃗ − 𝑎
⃗). ((𝑏 − 𝑎⃗) × 𝑐
⃗)
.wP.P
=d
a ad 0 agives d
a ad
.wP.P
a
.wP.P a add a
.wP.Padaada
www ww w www w
w=w𝑖̂(−4) − 𝑗̂(−8) + 𝑘̂(−16) www
ww ww ̂
ww ww ww
(−𝑖 )).
(𝑟⃗ − ⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘) = 0
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg = −4𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 16𝑘 i .O ̂.Orgrg
𝑟⃗. (2𝑖̂
d adsa+as2𝑗̂ l
a + 6𝑘̂) − (−𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗). (2𝑖̂
d a
d
l
saas+a2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) = 0 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa a a [𝑟⃗ − (2⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
.P.P a (−4𝑖̂
.⃗⃗P)].
.P a + 8𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) = 0.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w ̂ wwww w w
w w w w
w w
ww 𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + w 2𝑗̂w+ 6𝑘 ) − (−2 + 4) = 0 ww ww ww
gives
i .O . rgrg 𝑟⃗. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) −
O i .O . Or=grg
O
l a l a i l al a i2 0 l a l a i l a a i
as).a(−4𝑖 + 8𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) = 0 asaasla
l
d a saasa d a saasa d
𝑟⃗.s(a
a a sa + 8𝑗 − 16𝑘) − (2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗d⃗ +ads6𝑘
−4𝑖 ̂ ̂ ̂
a
⃗⃗ ̂
.P.P aa d aa
.P𝑟⃗..P d
̂ ) = 2 ww aa
.P.P d .P.P aa .P.Padad
www w ww w w (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘 ww 𝑟⃗. (−4𝑖̂ +w8𝑗̂ ww w w ̂
− 16𝑘)— (−8 + 24 −w96) w w
ww= 0
ww ww ww w w
substituting
i . O . rgrg 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂,i.we
O O . O grg
rget i . O
𝑟i⃗..O grg + 8𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂)— (−104
r(−4𝑖̂ i . O . rgr+
O g 24) = 0
d
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) adThe
a l
sasaCartesian equationdof a
d
a l
saplane
sathe d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa 𝑟⃗. (−4𝑖̂.P.P a
+a8𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂)— (−80)w= a
.P.0Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w w w w
ww w w ww w w w w
(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ). (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) = 2 ̂
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg 𝑟⃗. (−4𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ −i.O 16𝑘
. rgr)g+ 80 = 0
O
l
asala a i 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 as=l a
al2 a i l
asala a i l a
asal ̂ a i asla
.P.P
substituting 𝑟
⃗ =
.P.P a ad
𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘 , we get
.P.Pa ad
www 𝑥www
+ 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 2 = 0 www (𝑖𝑖) The Cartesian wwwequation of the planewww
………………………………………………………………………
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i O
.16𝑘. rgrg
O
l a a i EXERCISE 6.7 l a a i l a a i ̂ l a a i ̂ ) + 80 = 0
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘 ). (−4𝑖̂
d
+
a
d
8𝑗̂
saasa − l
d a
d saasla
aFind
.P.1.P a the non-parametric .P.P aform
a of vector aa
.P.P .P−4𝑥aa
.P aa
.P0.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w + 8𝑦 − 16𝑧 + w
80w=w
w
ww equation, and Cartesian ww equation of the plane ww ww ww
passing through rgrg the point (2,3,6) iand rgrg rgrg 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + O rgr−g 80 = 0
l a ia. O
i . O l a a.Oi . O l a ia.O i . O l a ia. i16𝑧
. O
d adsaasa
parallel l
to the straight lines
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a𝑥−1
a = 𝑦+1 = 𝑧−3 and .P.P a𝑥+3
a = 𝑦−3 = 𝑧+1 .P.P aa Dividing by 4, .P.P aa 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 20 = 0
.P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2 3 ww 1 2 −5 ww
−3 ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww
Solution:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg 2. Find thergparametric
i . O . O rg form of vector
i . O . rgrg
O equation,
a a i a i
a 3, 6), a i a i
The d adsaaslalpasses
plane through the d a
d saaslal(2,
point d a
d slalaCartesian equations
saaand d a
d
aslathe
saof la plane
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa passing through a a
P.Ppoints
.the a
.P.Pa
wwww w w
w w wwww w ww
w (2,2,1), (9,3,6) w ww
w
ww ⃗ ⃗w ⃗
⃗
hence 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 +w6𝑘 and parallel to 2 givenw w w w w w
and perpendicular to the plane
straight lines. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i 2𝑥l
asala + a i6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 9. l
asal a a i asla
a a𝑏⃗⃗d= 2⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗ and 𝑐⃗.P=.P
.P.So,
P a2a⃗𝑖d− 5𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ a adSolution: Plane is parallel
.P.P .P.P a adto the vector 𝑐⃗ = 2.⃗𝑖P+.P a ad
www www www ⃗⃗ and passing www www
6𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 through the points 𝑎⃗ = 2⃗𝑖 +
.O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg
l a ia i . l a ia i . ⃗ l a
⃗⃗ ia i⃗.⃗O ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ l a ia i . O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
2𝑗
d
+
saasa 𝑘 l, 𝑏 = 9𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
P .P.P aa aa
.42 aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l a la i ala
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
ww ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ www w ww w w w w
So, 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ = 9⃗𝑖 + 3𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 − 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 𝑘 (a) Parametric form of vector equationwof wplane
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
l
saasa= 7𝑖 + 𝑗 + 5𝑘 ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa𝑟
⃗ l
= 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠(𝑏 ⃗
⃗ − 𝑎⃗) +
d
𝑡𝑐⃗
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w (a) Parametric form w ww
w
of vector equation of w
planeww
w 𝑟
⃗ = (2 ⃗ ⃗ w w𝑘⃗⃗w
w ) + 𝑠(− ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ) w ww
w
ww ww ww 𝑖 + ww
2𝑗 + 𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 2𝑘 ww
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗a+ i . O
𝑠(𝑏. Or⃗⃗gr−g 𝑎⃗) + 𝑡𝑐⃗ i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O + 𝑡 i
(−3. O . r⃗𝑖g+
O rg4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗)
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa𝑟⃗ = (2⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗) +ww a
.P.P⃗𝑖 a+ ⃗𝑗 + 5𝑘⃗⃗) a
.P.Pa (b) Cartesian form a
Pa
.ofP.equation a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww𝑠(7 wwwwww
w w ww
w
𝑥 − 𝑥1w 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 w w
w
ww
w
rgrg ⃗
+ 𝑡 (2𝑖 + 6𝑗 r+gr6𝑘 ⃗ ⃗
⃗
g) |𝑥r2g− rg𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 −i.O 𝑧1r| g= rg0
l a ia . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O
a sa asal a sa asal a sa asal 𝑐1 𝑐 2
a sa asal3𝑐
a saasla
(b)d
a ad Cartesian form of equation d
a ad d
a ad 𝑥 − 2.P.P d
a𝑦 a−d2 𝑧 − 1 d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w
w
www 𝑥 − 𝑥 1 www 1 𝑦w− 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧 1 w
www w|w w
−1 w −4 2 | =w w
0ww
|𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
i 𝑐O
. 1.Or
rg g 𝑐2 𝑐3 i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr2g −1−3 −4 4
O
−5 g
i .O . r rg
O
l a a i l a a i l −4
a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 − 2dad𝑧sa−asa1 l
d
RW
a
d
l
saasa 4 −5 −3 4 dadsaasa
( ) l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa | 7 www .1P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w 5 |=0 w ww
w w w
w w www w
ww 12𝑥 − 11𝑦 ww− 16𝑧 − 24 + 22 + 16w=w0
2ww 6 6 ww
1 5 7 r1grg rgrg rgrg 12𝑥 − 11𝑦 − 16𝑧i.O r14grg= 0
RW (
6 al6a a ia2.Oi.O6) l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a a i+. O
d a
d sas l
d a
d saasa l
d a saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
d d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a−24𝑥 − 32𝑦 + 40𝑧 .+P.48 aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww P + 64 − 40 = 0 ww
w ww 4. Find the w ww
non-parametric
w form of vector wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g−24𝑥 − 32𝑦 + 40𝑧 + 72rg =g0 equation of
grg the plane passing through grg the
. O Or r g . O O r . O r
O . O r
O
s aslaabyliai. s laaliai.
as5𝑧 s aslaaliai(1,
point . −2, 4) and perpendicular
s aslaaliai. to the saasla
a d a
Dividing
d a −8, 3𝑥 + a 4𝑦
d a
d −a − 9 = 0 a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 −w3𝑧w .P= .P11 a and parallel to the.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww ……………………………………………………………………… w w
w w w w
w w w ww w wwww
𝑥+7 𝑦+3 𝑧
line = = .
3. Find parametric
i . O . Orgrg form of vector equation i . O . rgrgand
O i . 3 rgrg −1
O . O 1
i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal equations of the plane
Cartesian l a l a
asapassing i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a saSolution:
d a sa d a sa
.P.P ad
athrough the points (2, .P .Pa ad(1, −2,3) and
2,1), a ad
www parallel to the straight www line passing through www The plane passes www through the point (1, ww w 4),
−2,
the pointsO(2,
i . i.O rgr1,g−3) and (−1, 5, −8). i .O . rgrg
O hence i .O rg=rg⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗ and parallel
𝑎⃗O
. i .O . rgto
O rg2 given
l a a l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a straight lines. .P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w
w w wwww w w
w w www w
ww Solution: Given ww ww ww ww
⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
So, 𝑏 = r𝑖g+g2𝑗 − 3𝑘 and 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 r+g𝑘g ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗
𝑐⃗a=i . O(−. Org⃗𝑖rg+ 5𝑗⃗ − 8𝑘 ⃗⃗) − (2⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗i.− O . r⃗g⃗r)g
O
3𝑘 i .O . Or i .O . Or
l a i l a a i l a a i a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saaEquation
sa of a plane d a
passing
d
l
saasathrough a given dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa = −⃗𝑖 + 5𝑗⃗w ⃗.⃗P−.Pa2a⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + 3𝑘⃗⃗ aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w −w
w8𝑘
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww point and parallel ww to two given non-parallel ww
= −3 rg⃗𝑖rg+ 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗. rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O i
vectors.
a . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a ala to the vectorasaaslala
saisaslparallel a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d
Plane d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa (i) Non-parametric ww .P.P a of vector equation.P.Pa
form ww
ww
ww w w w
w passing through the w w ww w ww w wwww
𝑐⃗ = −3⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗and ⃗
⃗
(𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗) = 0
r gr g r g r g rgrg rgrg
points a 𝑎⃗la=lia.2Oi⃗𝑖.O + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗, 𝑏 ⃗⃗ = ⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗la
asal + ia.
3𝑘O
i
⃗ .
⃗ O l a
asal⃗⃗ia. O
i . O 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ l
asala ia.Oi . O
asla
a sa s a a sa a s a a sa a s a
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad 𝑏 × 𝑐⃗ = | d d | d
a ad
w w .P.So,
w P 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗ = ⃗
𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + w ⃗
3𝑘w
⃗ w
−.P2.P ⃗
𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ − ⃗
𝑘⃗ w ww.P.P 1
w w .P
w
2P
.a a−31 w w .P.P
w
www www www www 3 −1 www
=.O −⃗O 𝑖r− grg4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ rgrg grg𝑖̂(2 − 3) − 𝑗̂(1 + 9).O
r= + r𝑘̂g(−1
rg − 6)
i i . i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i i . O
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.43 aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aal a la i ala
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w w w
w (−1) − 𝑗̂(10) + 𝑘̂(−7) ww w w w w
ww−9𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 4 = w w w
= 𝑖̂w 0w
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg Dividing i .O . Orgrg 9𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5𝑧i.+O.4O
by−1, rg=rg0
l a a i ̂ l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l = −𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂
d
−
a
d
7𝑘
saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa 6. Find the parametric .P.P aavector, non-parametric .P.P aa
w ww
w (𝑟 ⃗ − 𝑎
⃗). w
(𝑏⃗
⃗ w
w
× w𝑐⃗) = 0 gives w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww vector and w w
Cartesian form of the equations ww of
[𝑟⃗ − (a ⃗𝑖 −i . O
2𝑗
i . ⃗rg
O g ⃗⃗)]. (−𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 7𝑘.̂O
+r 4𝑘 i ).O
i
r=gr0g the iplane
. O
i . Orgrgpassing through thei.O
i . rgrg
points
O
saaslala saaslalaa a
aslala−2), (−1, −2,6) , and
sa(3,6, a
lala −2) .
saas(6,4, saasla
a d a
d
a − 10𝑗̂ − 7𝑘) − (𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗.+P.4𝑘 a d a
d
a). (−𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 7𝑘) = 0 .P.Pa a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww .P.𝑟⃗.P(−𝑖̂ ̂
ww P
⃗⃗ ̂
ww ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww w ww w w w
w w
𝑟⃗. (−𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂)— (−1 + 20 − 28) = 0 Solution: The plane passes through 3 points.
O
l a a i
asal𝑟⃗. (−𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ )— l a a i
asal + 20) = 0 l a a i
asa𝑎l⃗ = 3𝑖 + 6𝑗 − 2𝑘, 𝑏 =
So, ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ l a a
−as𝑖a−l 2𝑗 + 6𝑘
⃗ i
⃗ ⃗⃗ and asla
d a sa d a sa(−29
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w 𝑐
⃗ = 6 ⃗
𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ − w
2𝑘 ⃗
⃗w w w w w
www ww− 10𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂)— (−9)w=w0w
w(−𝑖̂
𝑟⃗. www www
i .O . Orgrg i .̂O . rgrg
O Hence,
i .O .
⃗rg
𝑏⃗O −rg𝑎⃗ = −⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 ⃗⃗ − 3⃗𝑖 −
i .O . rgr6𝑗g⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗
O
l a a i 𝑟
⃗. (−𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ −
l a 7𝑘
a i ) + 9 = 0 l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.P aa .P.P aa = −4 .P⃗𝑖.Pa a8𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘⃗⃗
− .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww 5. Find the parametric ww form of vector equation, ww ww ⃗⃗ − 3⃗𝑖 − 6𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘
ww⃗⃗
and 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗ = 6⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘
and Cartesian
i .O . Orgrequations
g of the plane
i .O . rgrg
O
containing
d a
d
l
saasa the line d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l = 3⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a a ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ a⃗ a ⃗⃗ aa aa aa
w ww
w 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘) + w 𝑡(2w⃗w
w 𝑖.P−.P 𝑗 + 4𝑘) and w ww
w
.P.P Equation of a w
plane www P.P
.passing through three w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
perpendicular to plane 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗) = 8 .
rgrg rgrg given non-collinear rgrg points rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . Oi . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d d saaslalaThe plane passesdathrough
Solution:
a d saaslala the point d a
(a)
d
lala
saasParametric form of a
vector
d d
la
saaslaequation d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Pa a .P.Paa
wwww 𝑎⃗ = ⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ and ww
wparallel
w ww ww w www w ww
w
ww ww to 2 given straight ww 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠(𝑏w
w ⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) + 𝑡(𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗) w w
lines. i.O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i 𝑟⃗ a= l a a i
a(3l 𝑖 + 6𝑗 − 2𝑘) + 𝑠(−4a𝑖 −saa8𝑗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗l a a i
a+l 8𝑘) + 𝑡(3⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗) asaasla
⃗⃗
d a sa d a sa d a sa s d s
.wP.P aSo,ad𝑏⃗⃗ = 2⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + 4𝑘⃗⃗ and.𝑐P ⃗.=a a⃗𝑖 d+ 2𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
P . P. a ad
P . P . a ad
P . P. adad
P
www www w w
www (b) Non-parametric w
wwwform of vector equation w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
Equation of a g
O Orplane
rg
passing through a given
O rgrg
O
(𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗).
O Orgrg((𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × (𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗))i.O = r0grg
l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a a i.O
point
d a
d sa as
anda l parallel to two given
d a
d sa as a l
non-parallel d a
d sa as a l
d a
d sa as a
𝑖̂
l
𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × (𝑐 .−P.𝑎Pa⃗)a= | .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww⃗ w −4 −8 8| ww ww
ww vectors. ww ww ww 3 −2 0ww
(a) Parametric i .O . Orgrform
g of vector equation
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Or=grg𝑖̂(0 + 16) − 𝑗̂(0 − 24)
i .O . r+grg𝑘̂(8 + 24)
O
d a
d saasa ⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a a 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐⃗ .P.P aa .P.P aa = 𝑖̂(16) .P.𝑗̂P
− a(−24)
a + 𝑘̂(32) .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww 𝑟⃗ = (⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗) +w𝑠(2 w ⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + 4𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ w +w⃗𝑘⃗) ww ww
= 16𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘 ̂
(b) Cartesian i . O . Orgrg of equation
form i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasla𝑥la− 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧da− d sa𝑧as1lala d a
d saaslala ⃗ d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa𝑏3 | = 0 .P.Paa ∴ ( ⃗
𝑟 − ⃗
𝑎⃗) . (( 𝑏 .P.Pa
− a⃗
𝑎⃗) × ( ⃗
𝑐 − ⃗
𝑎⃗)) = 0 .P.Pa
Gives, a
ww | 𝑏1 𝑏w2w ww ww ww
ww
ww 𝑐1 w w
w𝑐2 w 𝑐3 www w w w w
w ⃗⃗)]. (16𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂)w= 0 w ww
[𝑟⃗ − (3⃗𝑖 + 6𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘
. O 𝑥r−
O grg1 𝑦 + 1 𝑧 − 3 .OO rgrg . O Orgrg .O rgrg
O
l a
asal | 2 ia i . −1 4sas|a=l a ia
l 0 i . 𝑟⃗. l a ia i .
asal+ 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘) − (3𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ −as2𝑘
(16𝑖̂ ̂ ⃗⃗ l a ia i .
l + 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂) = 0
as).a(16𝑖̂ asla
d a sa d a a d a sa d a d a s a
.P.P a ad 1 2.P.P a ad1 .P.P a ad .P.̂P a ad .P0.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w 𝑟
⃗. (16𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ w + w w
32𝑘 )— (48 + 144 − w
64)w =w
www RW (−1 4 2 −1w)ww www www www
2 1 1 2
i .O . Orgrg i .=O . rgrg
O i .O𝑟⃗..O grg + 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂)— (192
r(16𝑖̂ i .O . rg−
O rg64) = 0
d a
d
−9𝑥
saasa l + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 9 +
d a
d
2 −
saasa 15 l 0
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa Page P.P
.44 aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a la i ala
aa d a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
w + 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂)— (128) w ww w w w w w w
𝑟⃗. (16𝑖̂w =w 0 substitutingw𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂, we get w
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa 𝑟
⃗.l (16𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂ + 32𝑘 ̂
d
)
ad
−saasa
128 l = 0
d
(𝑖𝑖)
a
d saasa Thel Cartesian equation
d ad
of
saasa l
the plane
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P0.P
w ww
w substituting 𝑟⃗ = w w+
w
𝑥𝑖̂ w 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ wwww (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ).
w ww(−6𝑖̂
w − 10𝑗̂ + 14𝑘 ̂ ) + 12
w w=w
w
ww ww , we get ww ww ww
(c) Cartesian i . O . rgrg of equation
form
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O −6𝑥 − 10𝑦 +
i . O . rgrg+ 12 = 0
14𝑧
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘). (16𝑖̂w+ ̂ a
Pa+ 32𝑘) − 128 = 0ww
.P24𝑗̂ ̂ a
.PPa Dividing by −2, a
.P.Pa 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 7𝑧 − 6 = 0a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. ww ww . ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww ww
wwww ww
16𝑥 + 24𝑦 + 32𝑧 − 128 =0
O Condition
i . O . O grga line to lie in a plane
rfor i . O . rgrg
O
Dividing l
asaby a a
l 8, i 2𝑥 + 3𝑦s+as4𝑧 l a a i
al − 16 = 0 l a
al
asobservea i l a a i
asalwill lie in a asla
d a sa d a a d a
Wesa that a straight
d a sa
line d a sa
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
www ……………………………………………………………………… www www plane if everywpoint ww on the line, lie on the w
wwplane
7. Find the non-parametric rgrg form of vector rgrg and theO rgrg to the plane is perpendicular
normal rgrg to
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. O
i . O
equation,
d a
d
l
saasa and Cartesian equations d ad
l
saasa of the plane d a saasline.
the
d
a l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a𝑟⃗ a= (6⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + ⃗𝑘⃗) + 𝑠(−⃗.𝑖P+.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗)
w wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww (i) If the line 𝑟w ⃗= w 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ lies in the plane ww
+𝑡(−5⃗𝑖 − 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗) .
O i .O . rgrg
O ⃗⃗. 𝑛 i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i 𝑟
⃗. 𝑛
⃗
⃗ l=a 𝑑,
a i then 𝑎⃗. 𝑛⃗
⃗ = 𝑑 and 𝑏 l⃗
⃗a = a i0.
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
Paa
.P.Solution: Comparing with a𝑟⃗ a= 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑡𝑐⃗
.P.P aa
.P.P 𝑥−𝑥1 .P.P a𝑦−𝑦
a 1 𝑧−𝑧1 .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww (ii) If the line ww ww = = wthe
lieswinw w
ww ww ww ww𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ww
given 𝑎⃗ = 6⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + ⃗𝑘⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ = −⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + ⃗𝑘⃗ and
O plane 𝐴𝑥
i . O . rgr𝐵𝑦
+
O g + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0, then
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
𝑐⃗ =a−5
d d saas⃗𝑖la−la4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗ d ad saaslala d a
d saasla+la𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝑑 =d0adsand
𝐴𝑥 aaslala
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 1 1 1 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww (i) Non-parametric w ww
w
form of vector equationww wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 + 𝑐𝐶 w w = 0. w w
(𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏rg× ⃗⃗ rgrg grgcoplanarity of two.lines rgrg
i . O
i . O rg𝑐⃗) = 0 i . O
i . O Condition i . O
i . rfor
O i O
i . O
s asall a a ̂ asaasal l a a s l
asal a a s l
asal a a s asla
d a a 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘
d d a a d a a d a a
.P.P a ad 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = |−1 2.P.P a1a|d a ad(a) Condition in vector
.P.P .P.P ad
a form .P.Pa ad
www −5ww−4 −5
w www www www
The two given non-parallel lines
= .O 𝑖̂.(O grg + 4) − 𝑗̂(5 + 5) +.O𝑘̂O
r−10 rgrg
(4 + 10) .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d
l ⃗⃗
saas𝑟⃗a= 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏 and 𝑟⃗ = d𝑐⃗ad+sa𝑡𝑑 ⃗ l
asaare coplanar if
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa = 𝑖̂(−6) .P−a𝑗̂a(10) + 𝑘̂(14)
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww (𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏⃗
⃗ w
× ww𝑑⃗w
) = 0 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
= −6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 14𝑘̂
O (b) Condition
i .O . rgrg in Cartesian formi.O.O
O rgrg
d a
[𝑟
d −as(6
⃗ sa
l
a ⃗𝑖 − ⃗𝑗 + ⃗𝑘⃗)]. (−6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂
d ad
l
saas+a14𝑘̂) = 0 d a
d
l
saasa𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧
d adsa a
1as
l
d a
d saasla
aa aa aa = a a and aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P 𝑏1 𝑏w
2w w= .P.P
w 𝑏3 w ww
w
.P.P
ww gives ww ww ww ww
𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
𝑟⃗. (−6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂i+ . O .
14𝑘 Or̂g)rg− (6𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗𝑘) . (−6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂
i . O .+rg14𝑘
O rĝ ) = 0 i . O . r=grg 𝑑 = 𝑑 are icoplanar
O . O . rgrg if
O
a i a i a𝑑 i a i
1 2 3
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d ad a d a
d
.P.P𝑟⃗.a (−6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 14𝑘̂w)— Pa + 10 + 14) = 0ww
.P(−36 .PPa 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 − .P1.Pa2 1
𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧 .P.Pa
www. ww .
2 1 2
wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww | 𝑏 1 w w2𝑏 𝑏 3 |=0 w w
𝑟⃗. (−6𝑖̂rg−g10𝑗̂ + 14𝑘̂)— (−36 +r24) grg = 0 𝑑 1
rgrg 𝑑 2 𝑑 3
rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i .Oi . O
s asall a a s asall a a s l
asal a a
……………………………………………………………………… s l
asal a a s asla
d
a ad a a 𝑟 ⃗. (−6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ +
a add a
14𝑘 â )— (−12) = 0 d a
a ad a d
a ada a d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww www w www w w
www
𝑟⃗. (−6𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 14𝑘̂ ) + 12 = 0 Example 6.45
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa Page P.P
.45 aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a la i ala
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
ww 𝑥−3 𝑦−4 ww
𝑧+3
w w ww w w ww ww
Verify whether the line = = = 3⃗𝑖 + 7𝑗⃗ + 11𝑘 ⃗⃗
i . O . Orgrg −4 −7
i . O . rgr12
O g
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
lies in the l a a i
plane 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8. l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saas⃗⃗a ⃗ l 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa P.P
.𝑦−4 aa .P.P aa 𝑏 × 𝑑 = |3 5 .7P.P | aa .P.P aa
w ww
w 𝑥−3 ww
w w 𝑧+3
w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww Solution: Given −4 ww= −7 = 12 ww 1ww4 7 ww
. O Orgr𝑥−𝑥
g 1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧. O rgrg
1O . O =rgr𝑖̂g
O (35 − 28) − 𝑗̂(21 − 7) r+
. O O gr𝑘ĝ (12 − 5)
comparing a i i . = = a i i . a i i . a i i .
d a
d saaslala with
𝑎 𝑏 as
d d aaslala𝑐
d a
d saaslala ( ( d a
d slala
sâa(7) d a
d saasla
a
Pahave, (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) =w(3,
.P.we .P.Pa a .P.Paa = 𝑖̂ 7) − 𝑗̂ a
14)
.P.Pa + 𝑘
.P.Paa
wwww 1 www 4, −3) and w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 1 1 w
w w w w w w w
= 7𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂
(𝑎,g𝑏,g𝑐) = (−4, −7, 12)
i . O . Orr i . O . rgrg
Direction l al a
asaratios i of the normalato l
asthe a a
al giveni (𝑐 ⃗a l a a i
l (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = (3𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗⃗ +sa
−a𝑎⃗). l
11𝑘 a a i
a⃗⃗l). (7𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) asaasla
d a sa d sa d a sa s d a a s
a ad
.wP.plane
P . P . a ad
P . P.Pa ad . P. a ad
P . P.Padad
w w w w w
ww
ww are (𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) =ww
ww(5,w−1, 1) wwwww ww w
=w21 w − 98 + 77 ww www
The given point
i . O . Orgr(3,
g 4, −3)satisfies the.Ogiven
i . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg = 98 − 98 = 0i.O.O rgrg
plane
d a
d sa5𝑥 l
asa− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8. Next, asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.𝑎𝐴
Paa .+P.P aa .P.P a a Therefore the two lines .P.P a aare coplanar. .P.P aa
w ww
w + 𝑏𝐵 + 𝑐𝐶 = (−4)(5) w ww
w (−7)(−1) + (12)(1)ww ww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
=g−20 + 7 + 12 (i) Non-parametric form of vector equation
i .O . Or rg i .O . rgrg
O i .−O . Orgrg⃗⃗ ⃗ i .O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a
(𝑟⃗ a i 𝑎⃗). (𝑏 × 𝑑 ) = 0 l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa = −20 + 19 dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P a a [𝑟⃗ − (−⃗𝑖 − 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗)]. .P.P a a − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) = 0 gives
(7𝑖̂ .P.P aa
w ww
w = −1 w ≠ww0w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
So, the normal g togthe plane is not perpendicular 𝑟⃗. (7𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) − (−𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗). (7𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) = 0
i . O . Orr i . O . rgrg
a i
aslalaHence, the given line a i
lala not lie in a i
la − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂)— (−7 a i
la − 35) = 0
to the
d a
d saline. d a
d saasdoes d a
d saas𝑟⃗.la(7𝑖̂ d a
d saas+la42 d a
d saasla
a
Paplane.
.P.the .P.Pa a .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 𝑟⃗. (7𝑖̂ − w w ̂
14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘 )— (−42 + 42) w w =0
………………………………………………………………………
O i . O . Orgrg i
̂ . O . Orgrg
Examplela6.46
asal a i Show that the lines
asall a a i l
asal a a i 𝑟⃗. (7𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + l
asal a
7𝑘 a i
)— (0) = 0 asla
d a sa ⃗⃗ d a sa ⃗⃗ d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.𝑟P ad(−𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘) + 𝑠(3𝑖
a⃗ = .P.P a⃗ +ad5𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘) and .P.P a ad a ad
.P.𝑟⃗.P .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w ww w w w (7𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 7𝑘 ̂ ) = w0ww
www 𝑟⃗ = (2⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘w ⃗⃗ )+ ww 𝑡(⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘) are ⃗⃗ www www www
coplanar. Also,gfind ………………………………………………………………………
i . O . Or rg the non-parametric i . O . rform
O grg of
i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
vector
d a
d
l
equation
saasa of the plane
d
containing
a
d saasa l these
d a
d saasa l EXERCISE
d a
d
6.8
saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.lines.
P .P.P aa .P.P a a 1. Show that the straight .P.P a alines .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w w
w w
⃗⃗) + 𝑠(4⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗) and wwww
ww Solution: Comparing wwthe given line ww 𝑟⃗ = (5⃗𝑖 + 7𝑗⃗w−w3𝑘 ww
. O . Orgrg . O . rgrg
O
𝑟⃗ = (8⃗𝑖 r+gr4𝑗
. O . O g⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(7⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 +.O 3𝑘
.
⃗⃗r)gare
Oof rg
l a ia i ⃗⃗ l a ia⃗⃗ i l a ia i l a ia i
𝑟⃗ = (−𝑖
d a
d
⃗
saasa −l 3𝑗 ⃗ − 5𝑘 ) + 𝑠(3𝑖 ⃗ +
d a
d
5𝑗⃗ +
saasa l
7𝑘 ) and
d a
d
coplanar.
saasa l Find the vector
d a
d
equation
saasa l the
d a
d saasla
.P.𝑟Paa aa a a plane in which they aa
lie. aa
w ww
w ⃗ = (2⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘 ⃗⃗) + w ww
𝑡(
w ⃗𝑖.P P
+. 4𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗⃗) with wwww.P.P
Solution: Comparing w ww
w
.P.P
the given line wwww.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + i . 𝑠𝑏
O . rgand
⃗⃗O rg 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡𝑑⃗ i . O . rgrg
O 𝑟⃗ = i(5 . O ⃗𝑖O
. r+gr7𝑗
g⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑠(4⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ .−O.5𝑘
i Or⃗g⃗r)gand
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d sa𝑟⃗as=lala
(8 ⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗) + 𝑡(7 d a
d ⃗𝑖sa+
la ⃗⃗
asla⃗𝑗 + 3𝑘) with d a
d saasla
.P.wea
Pahave, 𝑎⃗ = −⃗𝑖 − 3𝑗⃗ − a
P⃗⃗.,P𝑏⃗⃗a= 3⃗𝑖 + 5𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘⃗⃗ andww
.5𝑘 .PPa a .P.Paa .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww
ww wwww
wwww . w w
w
ww
w w wwwww
⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗ = ⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘 ⃗g
⃗ 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡𝑑⃗
𝑐⃗ = 2rg ⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 6𝑘
i . O . O rg i . O . r rg
O i . O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
l a a i
l non-parallel lines
asagiven l
asare a a i
al coplanar if we l a
ashave, a i l a a i
al 𝑎⃗ = 5⃗𝑖 + 7𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗a, s𝑏⃗a⃗as=a4l ⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘⃗⃗ and asaasla
The d a sa
two d a sa d a sa
.wP.P a ad .wP.P a ad .wP.P a ad .wP.P adad .wP.P adad
www w
ww 0 www w
w+w4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗ = 7⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 + w
8⃗𝑖w ⃗ww
⃗w w
ww (𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ ×w 𝑑⃗w)= ww 𝑐⃗ = w 3𝑘
O Org⃗rg ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ i.O⃗.⃗O rgrg The two .O rgrg non-parallel linesi.O

given
O are Orgcoplanar
rg if
Now, 𝑐⃗ −la𝑎l⃗ia.= i . 2𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 6𝑘 + 𝑖 + 3𝑗la +la5𝑘 i l a ia i . l a a i .
d a
d sasa a
d a
d
a
sas a
d ad sas a a l
d a
d sasa a l
d adsaasla
.P.By
Pa aManisekaran SRKMHSS .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa Page P.P
.46 aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal a la i ala
aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 w𝑦w w w www w
(𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = 0 2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
rgrg rgrg | 𝑏1 rgrg 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0rgrg
i . Oi . O i . O
i. O i . O
i . O 𝑑3alaalia. i.O
O
Now, s𝑐⃗as−laa𝑎l⃗a= 8⃗𝑖 + 4𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗ − 5⃗𝑖s−a7𝑗
sla a⃗l+a 3𝑘⃗⃗ s as laala𝑑1 𝑑2
s s saasla
aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P w8𝑘w.P.P ww.P.P Comparing with .P.P
wthe
w given equation wewhave, ww.P.P
w
ww w = 3 ⃗
𝑖 − ww w
3𝑗⃗ w
+ ⃗⃗ www w www w ww w
gr𝑗̂g 𝑘̂ grg (𝑥 , 𝑦
1 1 1rg g , 𝑧 ) = (2, 3, 4), (𝑥 )
2 2 2 rg g 4, 5),
, 𝑦 , 𝑧 = (1,
.
iai.O 𝑖̂ Or .
iai.O Or .
iai.O O r ia.O .Or
l a l a l a a i
d
⃗𝑏⃗ ×
ad
a ⃗ l
sas𝑑a= |4 4 −5| dadsasa a l
d (𝑏s
a
d aa
1s
l
, 𝑏a2 , 𝑏3 ) = (1, 1, 3)and (𝑑
d ad
a l
s1a, s𝑑a2 , 𝑑3 ) = (−3, 2, 1) dadsaasla
l
a
.P.Pa 7 1 3ww
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P . a
Pa𝑧2 − 𝑧1 .P. aa
P
www w ww www w 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 𝑦
ww
2 w
− w 𝑦1 −1 ww
1w w1
ww ww ww ww ww
= 𝑖̂(12 + 5) − 𝑗̂(12 + 35) + 𝑘̂ (4 − 28) So, | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = | 1 1 3|
O i . 𝑑.1O
O rgrg 𝑑2 𝑑3 i.O.O rg−3
rg 2 1
l a a i
asa=l 𝑖̂(17) − 𝑗̂(47) + 𝑘̂a(−24) l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a s a d sa d a sa d a s a d a sa
.P.P = −1(1 P
. −.Pa6)ad− 1(1 + 9) + 1(2 +.P .a a
3)P d
www = 17𝑖̂ − w ww− 24𝑘
47𝑗̂ ̂ www ww − 1(10) + 1(5) www
=w−1(−5)
(𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗). (𝑏⃗⃗ × i .O 𝑑⃗.)Org=rg(3𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘⃗⃗). (17𝑖̂ −i.47𝑗̂ O . rg−rg24𝑘̂)
O i .O . rgr=g 5 − 10 + 5
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
= 10 − 10 d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = 51 w P.P
+ .141 a a− 192 aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w w w ww
w w ww w w w
w w
ww ww ww =w0w ww
= 192 − 192
O Therefore
i .O . rg
O rg two lines are coplanar.
the
i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l = 0
d a
d saasa l
d a
(𝑖)
d
l
saasCartesian
a equation of d a saasplane
the
d
a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P−.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w 𝑥 − 𝑥w 1 ww𝑦w 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 w ww
w
ww Therefore the two wwlines are coplanar. ww | 𝑏1
ww 𝑏 𝑏3 | = 0ww
2
(i) Non-parametric i . O . Orgrg form of vector equation i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr𝑐g1
O 𝑐2 𝑐3 OO
i . . rgrg
ala i a i a i a i
d ad
(𝑟 sla𝑎⃗).
s⃗aa− (𝑏 ⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗ ) = 0 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 − 3asaas𝑧la−la4
d d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa | 1 w.P.P1a a 3 |=0 a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w w w w ww
w
ww [𝑟⃗ − (5⃗𝑖 + 7𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘 w w (17𝑖̂ − 47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘̂) = 0 w
⃗⃗)]. w w w
−3 2 1 w w
1 3 1 1
gives i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O RW ( .OO
i . rg−3rg 2) i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asall a2 a i1 l
asal a a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa
.P.P ad − 47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘̂) − (5𝑖⃗ + 7𝑗.⃗P−.P
a𝑟⃗. (17𝑖̂ a3𝑘⃗⃗a).d(17𝑖̂ − 47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘̂) = 0 .P.P a ad −5𝑥 − 10𝑦 w P.P
+.5𝑧 a+a10d + 30 − 20 = 0 .PP
.a a
d
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www w w
−5𝑥w− 10𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 40 − 20 =w0
w w
𝑟⃗. (17𝑖̂ − 47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘̂)— (85 − 329 + 72) = 0
O i .O . rgrg −5𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 5𝑧
O i .O . rg
O rg= 0
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i+ 20
d ad
l
saas𝑟⃗.a(17𝑖̂ − 47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘̂)— d a
d a
l
asa − 329) = 0
s(157 d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P ÷ 𝑏𝑦 − 5, .P.P a 𝑥a + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 − 4 = 0 .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w w
w w w ww w w w
w w
ww 𝑟⃗. (17𝑖̂w− w47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘̂)— (−172)w=w0 ……………………………………………………………………… ww ww
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
.O Orgrg O rgrg
O 3. If the .O rgrg lines
straight
O = i.O =rgrg and
l a ia i . 𝑟
⃗. (17𝑖̂ − 47𝑗̂ − 24𝑘l ̂a)lia.+i . 172 = 0 l a ia i . l a 2ai.O 𝑚2
saasla
l l 1 l
d ad saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saa𝑥−3
sa 𝑦−2 𝑧−1 da dsaasa d a
d
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P = 2 =ww .PP aare
a coplanar, find the.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww𝑥−2
w 𝑦−3 𝑧−4 w ww
w 1 𝑚 ww 2. w ww
w
ww 2. Show that the lines ww = = ww
and ww ww
1 1 3 distinct real values of 𝑚.
𝑥−1 ai𝑦−4 . O . Orgrg 𝑧−5 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d a
−3d saas=lala2 = 1 are coplanar. d a
d saaslala d a
d aaslala Condition in Cartesian
sSolution: d adsaaslala form d a
d saasla
a
.P.PAlso,a a
.P.Pa these lines. ww a
.PPa a
.P.P1a 𝑧−𝑧1 a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww find the plane ww ww w w
containing wwww . 𝑥−𝑥1 ww
ww=
w𝑦−𝑦
w
= and w w w ww
w
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
Solution:i.Condition O . Orgrg in Cartesian form i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O grg2 𝑦−𝑦2
r𝑥−𝑥 𝑧−𝑧2.OO
i . rgrg
l a
asal 𝑥−𝑥a i l
asal a a i asall a a i = = l a
as𝑑a3l a i
are coplanar if asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa 𝑑1 𝑑2 as
d a d a s a
.P.Pa ad 1
= ww
𝑦−𝑦 1
.P.=a ad and
P
𝑧−𝑧 1 a ad 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − .𝑦P1.P
.P.P a a𝑧2d− 𝑧1 .P.Pa ad
w w w 𝑏 w 𝑏 𝑏 w w w w w w w w w
www 1
www 2 3
www | 𝑏1 ww𝑏w2 𝑏3 | = 0 www
𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
=.O.O rgrg = are coplanar .O . rgrifg
O
𝑑1 rgrg 𝑑2
.O . O
𝑑3
.O . rgrg
O
𝑑1 lalia i 𝑑2 𝑑3 l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i
d ad saasa d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.47 aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s a s laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w wwww www w ww w w
𝜆 = ±2
i O
.with
. rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
Comparing l a a i the given equation l a we
a i have, l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
(𝑖)
saasa l When 𝜆 = +2
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa(𝑥a , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) = (1, 2, 3), (𝑥 a, 𝑦a , 𝑧 ) = (3, 2, 1), .P.P
.P.2P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1 1 1
w www 2 2
wwww Cartesianwequation ww
w of the plane ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
(𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (1, 2, 𝑚2 ), (𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 ) = (1, 𝑚2 , 2) 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧
. O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O . O . Orgrg 1 1
.
1 rg g
OOr
l a i a i l a i
a i l a ia i | 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
l a3lai|. = 0
i
d a
d
a
sasa l 2 0 −2
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
𝑐
1
𝑐
2
d ad
a
sas𝑐a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa So, | 1 2 𝑚 2a
.P.Pa| = 0 a
.P.Pa 1 a
.P.Pa
2 3 a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww w ww
w w www
ww 1 𝑚 w2w 2 ww w
𝑥− w1 𝑦 + 1 𝑧 w w
4) 2
2(4 − 𝑚 r−
O O grg2(𝑚 − 2) = 0 O rgrg
O O Orgr|g 2 2 2| = 0rgrg
O
s a laa i a. i .
l 2𝑚4 − 2𝑚2 + 4 = s0asal l a i
a . i .
s a laalia. i . 5 2 s a 2laalia. i.O s asla
d a a s 8 − d a a d a a s d a a s d a a
.P.Pa ad .P12a ad
.P a ad 2 2 2 2 .P.P
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w 4
w 2ww
w w w RW ( w
) w w w ww
www −2𝑚 − www
2𝑚 + = 0 www 2 2 5 w2ww www
4 2
÷ 𝑏𝑦 − 2, r𝑚grg+ 𝑚 − 6 = 0 i.O.O rgrg rgrg 6𝑦 − 6𝑧 + 6 =i.O rgrg
l a i a. O
i . O l a a i l a ia.O i . O l a a
0i.O
d a
d
l
saasa(𝑚 + 3)(𝑚 − 2)d=ads0aasa
2 2 l
d a
d
l
saasa ÷ 𝑏𝑦 6, 𝑦 −d𝑧ad+saas1a= 0 l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P2.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑚2 + 3 = 0 w ⇒ww𝑚w = −3 not possible ww ww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww (𝑖𝑖) When w 𝜆w = −2 ww
2 2
𝑚g −
i . O . r rg 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2 i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . O
Cartesianrgrg equation of theiplane .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l 𝑚 = ±√2 asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.………………………………………………………………………
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦.P − a𝑦a1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w w
w w w www
ww ww 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 ww | 𝑏1ww 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0ww
4. If the straight lines = = and 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐3
. O r
O grg 2 𝜆
. O2 rgrg
O . O Or grg1 2
. O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d a
d sas= a = 𝑧 are coplanar,
𝑥+1 alal𝑦+1
d a
d
la λ and
saaslafind d a
d saaslala 𝑥 − 1 𝑦 + 1asaasl𝑧ala
d d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 5 2 λ a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa | 2 w.P.P a a 2|=0 a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
equations of thewplanes w www
w wwww
w w w w −2 w w www
w containing these w
two 5w 2 −2 w
lines.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O −2i . O . Orgr2g 2 −2 i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i RW (
l a a i
asal2 −2 5 2 asaasal ) l a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
P.P
.Cartesian a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Solution: Condition w w
in w form w w w w w w
14𝑦 + 14𝑧 + 14 = 0 w ww
www 𝑥−𝑥1
ww
w𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧1
www www www
1
i 𝑏O
. 1.O rg=rg 𝑏2 = 𝑏3 andi.O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgr÷g 𝑏𝑦 14, 𝑦 + 𝑧 +i.O 1 =g0g
. rr
O
d a
d
l
saasa𝑥−𝑥2 = 𝑦−𝑦2 = d𝑧−𝑧 a
d sa2asare
a l
coplanar if d a
d saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 𝑑1 𝑑2w.P.P a a𝑑3 a a Angle between 2 planes
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w wwww w ww
w w www
ww 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − w𝑦w1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ww ww ww
The acute angle 𝜃 between the two planes
| 𝑏1 rgrg𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0 rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i a. O
i . O l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.O i . O l a ia.O i . O
d a
d sa
𝑑
asa 1 l 𝑑 2 𝑑 3
d a
d sa asa l
d a
d𝑟s
⃗.a
l
a𝑛⃗s⃗1a= 𝑝1 and 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗2 = 𝑝2a
d is
dsa asa 𝜃 = |𝑛⃗⃗1.𝑛⃗⃗2|
cos l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaComparing
a with thewgiven .P.Pa aequation we have, .P.P aa .P.Paa |𝑛
⃗⃗ 1 ||𝑛
⃗⃗ 2 | aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w wwww w ww
w w www
ww (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) = (1, −1, ww 0), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) = (−1, −1,0),
ww The acute angle ww𝜃 between the two planes ww
1 1 1
rgrg rgrg r𝑦gr+g𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 and i.O.O rgrg
(𝑏1 , 𝑏2a, l𝑏a3li)a.Oi .O (2, 𝜆, 2), (𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑a3l)a= ila.O i .O
(5, 𝑎1 𝑥 +i.O
a 𝑏i.1O
a i
d a
d sasa =
d a
d sasa 2, 𝜆)
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa −2 0 w0w a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 2 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 + 𝑐 2 𝑧 + 𝑑 a
.P.2Pa = 0 is given by a
.P.Pa
wwww w w wwww w ww
w w www
ww So, | 2 𝜆w 2| = 0w ww w w|𝑎1𝑎2+𝑏1𝑏2+𝑐1𝑐2| w w
cos 𝜃 =
i . O . r5grg 2 𝜆
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . |r√
O gr𝑎g12+𝑏12+𝑐12||√𝑎2 2+𝑏.2O2+𝑐
i . rgr2g2|
O
l a a i
asal −2(𝜆2 − 4) = 0asaasal l a a i asal l a a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a adAngle between a line
.P.P a ada plane
.P.and
P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www w𝜆ww− 4 = 0
2
www www www
i .O . rgrg
O 𝜆2 = 4 i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.48
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aa l al a i aa l a la i ala
aa d ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w w w w w
The acute angle 𝜃 between the line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ The Cartesianwequation w of a plane which ww passes
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O through i .O . rgrgline of intersection iof
O
the .O . rgrgplanes
O
the
l a a i l ⃗a
⃗ .𝑛a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
l |𝑏 l⃗⃗| l l
and d ad saasplane
the a 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 is sin 𝜃as=
d d aasa
d a
d saasa d ad saasa d a
d
.P.Paa .P.P aa |𝑏⃗⃗ ||𝑛 ⃗⃗| a a 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑧 =.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww w ww w ww 1 1 1www𝑑.1Pand w ww
ww w ww w ww w ww w ww w
The acute angle 𝜃 between the line 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 is given by
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
𝑥−𝑥1 ala𝑦−𝑦 a i
la 1 = 𝑧−𝑧1 and thesaplane a
lala i a
aslala1 1 i 2 al 2la a i
saasla
(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑑 ) + 𝜆(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑑2 ) = 0
a sa=s a a s a sa
1 1
a sa s a a
ww.P.Pa1 𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑐 1 .P
ww.P
a
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww w w w w w w
⃗⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂ The coordinates w of the image of a point in a plane w
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑝, then 𝑏
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O Let (𝑎 .,O
𝑎.O rgrg . O rgimage
O rg in
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a i
a i 2 , 𝑎3 ) be the point 𝑢 ⃗⃗ lwhose
a ia i .
and a𝑛
⃗⃗saasa𝑎𝑖̂l + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂, then asaasal
= a saasal 1
a sa asal a saasla
a add d
a ad d
a adthe plane is required. d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www |𝑎𝑎1w w
ww1+𝑐𝑐1| w
www w w w wwww
sin 𝜃 =
+𝑏𝑏 Then 𝑢 ⃗⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ +w𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂.
√𝑎i.2O +𝑏. rg2r+𝑐
O g 2√𝑎12+𝑏12+𝑐12 .O.O
i rgrg i .+O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgof the
O
l a a i l a a i Let 𝑎𝑥 l a a i 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 be the equation l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa a a given plane. Writing.Pthe aa aa
w ww
w
.P.Distance
P of a point from w ww
w
.Pa.P plane. w ww
w
.P.P
w ww.P equation in the vector
w w www.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
form we get 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 where 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂
(𝑎)Vector form rgrofg equation: rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O Then l a i
the
a .Oi . O
position vector of the l a ia.Oi
image . O is
The d ad saasa l
perpendicular distance d a
d
from
saasa
a
l
point with d a
d saasa l
d ad sa asa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P ⃗⃗)]w.P.P
aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w 𝑣⃗ = 𝑢
⃗⃗ +
2[𝑝−(𝑢 ⃗⃗.𝑛
w w 𝑛
⃗⃗w w www
ww position vector 𝑢⃗⃗ w towthe plane 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 is given ww |𝑛⃗⃗|w2w ww
|𝑢
⃗⃗.𝑛
i .⃗⃗−𝑝|
O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
by 𝛿 = a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala|𝑛⃗⃗| d a
d saaslala d d saaslala point of a line and
Meeting
a d ad
lala
saaasplane d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa The position vector .P a a a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w of.Pthe point of intersection w www
ww (𝑏)Cartesian formwof wequation: w w w w w w
of the straight line line 𝑟
⃗ = 𝑎
⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ and the
If A(𝑥1 , 𝑦l1a, i𝑧a.1O ).O rg g
is rthe given point with i . O .
position
rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asal i l
asal a a i l a a i
asal𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 is 𝑎⃗ + [𝑝−(𝑎⃗⃗.𝑛 l
as𝑏⃗⃗ala a i asla
plane d a s
⃗⃗)]
a d a sa
a ad 𝑢⃗⃗ and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + .𝑐𝑧
.P.vector
P P.P a=a𝑝d is the equation .P.P a ad .P.P a𝑏⃗a⃗.𝑛⃗⃗d a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www of the plane, thenw ww
the perpendicular distance wwisw ………………………………………………………………………
www www
.=O O grg +𝑏𝑦 +𝑐𝑧 −𝑝 |
r|𝑎𝑥 .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . 1 1 1
l a ia i . Example
l a i
a i .
6.47
l a ia i .
givensby
d ad aasa 𝛿 l
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2da d saasa l
d a
d
Find
l
saasathe acute angle between d ad
l
saasathe planes d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟. (2 ⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗 ⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗
⃗ )w =w11
w w and 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 w
= www
15
ww Distance betweenwtwo w parallel lines ww ww ww
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 +.𝑐𝑧 r+gr𝑑g1 = 0 and rgrg Solution: Given rgrg two planes are i.O.O rgrg
l a ia Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa |𝑑1 −𝑑2 | d a
d
l
asa⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) = 11 anda4𝑥
⃗⃗⃗sa(2
𝑟.
d d saas− l
a 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15
d a
d saasla
a a+ 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0 .isP.P
.P.𝑎𝑥
P a a by 2 2 2 .P.P
given aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w √𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 ww
w w Hence the normal w wvectors
w w of the planes are w www
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑛⃗⃗1 = 2⃗𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ and 𝑛⃗⃗2 = 4⃗𝑖 − 2𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗
Equation of.O
i a.O rgrg passing throughi.the
plane O . rgline
O rg of i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala of two given planes
intersection
a d a
d saaslala d The
a
d
la angle 𝜃 betweensthe
saaslaacute d ad a aslaltwo a planes
d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.(𝑖)The a a
.ofP.aPplane a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww vector equation wwww which passes wwww w w
w w w www
ww ww ww is cos 𝜃 =
|𝑛⃗⃗w1 w2
.𝑛⃗⃗ | w w
through the line of intersection of the planes |𝑛⃗⃗ ||𝑛 ⃗⃗ |
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg1 2
O i .O . rgrg
O
𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗1 = l a a i
as𝑑a1 land 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗2 = 𝑑2 is given l
asbyala a i l
asal a a i asal l a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa |8−4+4| das a d a s a
a ad
.P.(𝑟
P .𝑑P.2Pa ad a ad
.P.P = .P .Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w ⃗. 𝑛
⃗
⃗ − 𝑑 ) + 𝜆(𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗w w− w ) = 0, where 𝜆 ∈ ℝwww √ 4+4+4 w w w
√ 16+4+4 w ww
www 1 1
www2
www www www
|8|
rgrg rgrg =rgrg rgrg
l a ia.O i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a i
a .Oi . O√12√24 l a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.49
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i ala
s a s laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a s laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w ww2 w w ww w w ww w w wwww
8 √2√2 = −9
= = =
i .12
O . rg2rg 3√2 3√2
√
O i .O . Orgrg |𝑢⃗⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗a−i.O 𝑝|. r=
O grg|−9 − 5| = 14
i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa √2 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
a acos 𝜃 = aa aa |𝑛⃗⃗| = √36 +.9P.+ aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P 3 w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w www P 4 = √49 = 7 ww ww.P.P
ww w√w 2
ww w
|𝑢 w⃗⃗−𝑝| 14
⃗⃗.𝑛 ww
Hence 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 3 ) ∴ 𝛿 = = = 2
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg |𝑛⃗⃗|
O 7
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
a saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
d d d a
d saaslala d d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
a d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.Example a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Example 6.50 ww .PPa a .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww 6.48 ww ww ww
ww wwww
ww ww . wwwwww
Find the distance of the point (5, −5, −10)
Find the angle . O r
O gr g
between the straight line
. O r
O g𝑟r
⃗ g
= . O rgrg of intersection ofi.aO.straight
O rgrg line
O
asall a ia i . asall a ia i . from
asall a i
the
a i .point l
asal a a i asla
d a s a ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ⃗a+d 3𝑗⃗ + 𝑘) + 𝑡(𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ +
.P.(2𝑖
P a)aand
.P.𝑘P d the plane a ad
.P.P
passing through the
.P.P a ad
points 𝐴(4,1,2) and
.P.P a ad
www 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 www www 𝐵(7,5,4) with www
the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 www
Solution: Given the line passes through the
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
Solution:
d d
l
saasaComparing the given d a
d sa asa
equation
l
with d a
d
l
saasa 𝐴(4,1,2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦d1 ,ad𝑧s1a)asand
points a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .𝑥P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w 𝐵(7,5,4) w =
ww w
( , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) www w
ww the line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏 w⃗⃗wand the plane 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝, ww ww 2 2 2 ww
we havel𝑏 ⃗⃗ i= . O .𝑖
⃗r−grg𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑛⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ − i𝑗⃗.O
O + . r𝑘⃗⃗grg
O
So, equation
i . O . rgrg
O
the line passing throughrg
i . O . O
2rgpoints is
i i i i
d adsaasaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala 𝑥−𝑥1 = 𝑦−𝑦1 d= ad
laala1
saas𝑧−𝑧 d a
d saasla
a a acute angle 𝜃 between
.P.The
P .P.Pathea line and the aa
.P.P 𝑥2 −𝑥1 2.P .Pa1a 𝑧2−𝑧1 .P.P aa
w ww
w ⃗⃗ w ww
w w ww
w w ww𝑦w −𝑦
wwww
ww plane is sin 𝜃 = ww |𝑏 ⃗⃗|
.𝑛 ww 𝑥−4ww 𝑦−1 𝑧−2 ww
|𝑏 ⃗⃗ ||𝑛⃗⃗| = =
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O grg 5−1
r7−4 4−2
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala = |2+1+1|
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 dad𝑧−2 saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
√.Pa a
.P.Pa = a= a
.P 4.P.Pa 2 .P.Pa
√ 1+1+1 4+1+1
ww ww ww 3 ww ww
ww
ww w 4www w w
w w w w w w ww
𝑥−4 w 𝑦−1 w
4 4
= = = 3√2 𝑧−2
√3√6
rgrg −1 4
√18
rgrg Let
rg3rg = = = 𝜆 rgrg
O O O O O O 4 2 O O
l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i .
a
Hence
s a asal 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
3√2 as
)
a asal a sa asal 𝑥−4 a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad = 𝜆 gives d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.………………………………………………………………………
P w w.P.P w .P.P
w 3 w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www Example 6.49 www w wwww www w w
www
𝑥 − 4 = 3𝜆 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝜆 + 4
Find the distance i .O . rgrgof a point (2,5, −3)i.O
O from
. rgrgthe
O i .O . O grg
r𝑦−1 i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
4
= 𝜆 gives asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasla
a a 𝑟.
.P.plane
P ⃗⃗⃗ (6𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘) =.P5.P aa aa
w ww
w w ww.
w w ww
w w ww w www w
ww ww ww 𝑦 − 1w= w4𝜆 ⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝜆 + 1 and ww
Solution: Comparing plane 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (6⃗𝑖 − 3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘 ⃗⃗) = 5
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O grg = 𝜆 gives
r𝑧−2 i .O . rgrg
O
with𝑟
d ad
⃗.sa𝑛 l
a⃗s⃗ a= 𝑝, we get 𝑛⃗⃗ = 6𝑖 −a3𝑗saas+a2𝑘 and 𝑝 = 5
⃗
d d
⃗ l⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l 2
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 𝑧−2=w 2𝜆w.P⇒.Pa𝑧a= 2𝜆 + 2 .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w ⃗⃗ w ww
w w w wwww
ww the given point (2,5, ww−3) is 𝑢⃗⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 5𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘ww ww ww
Hence the point (3𝜆 + 4, 4𝜆 + 1, 2𝜆 + 2) lies on
The perpendicular
i . O . rgrg distance from a point
O i . O . rgrwith
O g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a la i a i a i a i
d a saaslavector
position
d 𝑢
⃗⃗ to the plane d a
d𝑟saa𝑛⃗s⃗la=la𝑝 is given
⃗. d
the
a
d
lala 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 saslala
saasplane d ad a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa So, 3𝜆 + 4 − 4𝜆 .P a
−.P1a+ 2𝜆 + 2 = 5 .P.Paa
wwww ww ww w ww
w w www www
w
ww by 𝛿 =
|𝑢⃗⃗.𝑛 ⃗⃗−𝑝| ww w w w w ww
|𝑛 ⃗⃗| g 𝜆+5=5
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ a⃗ saasa⃗ l ⃗⃗ l a a i asall a a i l a a i
asal 5 − 5 = 0 asaasla
𝜆 =
d a s a d d a sa d a sa
.wP.P
Now
a ad 𝑢⃗⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = ( 2𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 3𝑘 ).
.wP.P
(6
a ad 𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘 ) a adSubstituting 𝜆 = 0, .we
.wP.P P. adthe point of
aget
P . P. adad
P
www w−w6w www wwww w
www
ww = 12 − w 15w ww ww ww
intersection is (4,1,2)
=O 12
. i.O r gr
− g 21 O
. i.O r g r g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia l a ia l a ia i . l a ia i .
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.50 aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww
ww Hence the distance ww w w www w w w
ww|3𝑢.⃗⃗(2𝑖⃗−𝑗⃗−2𝑘⃗)−27| ww w w
between the points
=
(4,1,2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 i .O .
(5, O rg−5,
rg −10) is i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O |√36+9+36|
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l |3(6)−27|as
d d a asa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a𝑑a= √(4 − 5)2 + (1 + .5) aa aa = .|9| aa aa
wwP.P+(2 + 10) .P.P wwP.P .P.P
2 2
w ww
w w w w ww
w w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww|18−27| 9 ww
= √(−1)2 + (6)2 +(12)2 = = = 1
i . O . O rgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O 9 9
i . O . rgrg
O
a i
1la+la36 + 144 = √181 a i a i a i
d
=asa
d
√as
d a
d saaslala d d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.……………………………………………………………………… .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa Example 6.53Findwthe .PPa a a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww ww
wwwwww
ww www. equation of the plane ww ww ww
Example 6.51 passing through
i . O . O rgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg the intersectioni.O
O
ofrthe
. Ogrg planes
Find the s aslaalai
distance between the s aslaalai planes
parallel s aslaalai ⃗⃗ s aslaalai s asla
d a a
a+ad2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 0 and.P.P d
a ad a a d a
a ad𝑟. a
⃗⃗⃗ (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘) + 1 = P d a
a ad𝑟. a ⃗⃗ d
a ada a
w .P.𝑥P
w w w w .P.P
w w w.0.P and ⃗⃗⃗ (2𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ + 5𝑘) = P
w w. 2.P
w
www 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 5w=w0w. w w
www and the pointw
w
ww
(−1,2,1). wwww
Solution:la𝑥lia.+ O . O rg g
2𝑦r − 2𝑧 + 1 = 0 . . . l.a. l.ia..O .
(1) Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .aO . rgrg
O
i i Solution: l a a i The vector equation l a
of a i plane which
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑧 +.P5.P aa a a passes through the .line aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w www = 0 w ww
w
.P.P
w wwP.P of intersection ofwthe
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww 5 ww ww ww
÷ 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0 . . . . . . (2) planes 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗1 = 𝑑1 and 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗2 = 𝑑2 is given by
i .O . O rgrg i .0O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Comparing
d a
d saasa l with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧
d
+
a
d saas1 a
𝑑 =l and
d
(𝑟s⃗.as𝑛⃗⃗a
a
d a
l
1 − 𝑑1 ) + 𝜆(𝑟 ⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗2 − 𝑑a2 )sa
d d a sa0
= l
d a
d saasla
.P.𝑎𝑥Pa a+ 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0,.P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.+Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 2 www
w w ww
w We have 𝑟⃗ = w
𝑥𝑖̂ +w𝑦𝑗̂
w w ̂ , 𝑛⃗⃗1 = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗w, ww
w
ww ww 5
ww ww ww
we have 𝑑1 = 1gand 𝑑2 = 2 ⃗⃗ , 𝑑1 = −1, 𝑑2 = 2rgrg
O r rg O rgrg 𝑛⃗⃗2 = 2𝑖⃗O−rg3𝑗 rg
⃗ + 5𝑘
Distance s as
alai .
labetweeni . O
two parallel s as
a i . i . O
lalais given by
lines s as
a
lalai . i . O
s as laalia.Oi.O
saasla
a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
∴a(𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗1 − 𝑑1 ) + 𝜆(𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗2 d
d a −ad𝑑a2 ) = 0
a d a
d
ww.P.P|𝑑a1 −𝑑2 | 5
| −1| ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa w𝜆(2𝑥
w.P.Pa w w.P.Pa
ww
ww = 2 ww
w w w w
w w (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + w1)
ww +w − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 2)w =w
w w
0
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √1+4+4
i . O . O rg|5−2
rg | i . O . Orgrg It passes
i . O . rgrg the point (−1,2,1).
through
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a
asal = 2 i l
asala a i l a a i
asa+l 2 + 1 + 1) + 𝜆(−2as− l a a i
as6a+l 5 − 2) = 0 asla
d a sa d a sa d a s
(−1a d a d a sa
.P.P a ad √9 .P.P a ad a ad
www 3
ww3w 1 1 www www (4 − 1) + 𝜆(5 − 10)w=ww 0
= 2 = × =
i .O . O rg3rg 2 3 2 i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .3O .
−rgr5𝜆
O g =0
d d saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
5𝜆 = 3 d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Example
P .P.P a abetween the planes .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w 6.52 Find the distance
w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
3
ww 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 6 and
ww 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗ (6𝑖⃗ − 3𝑗⃗ − 6𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 27. w
w ww 𝜆w= w5
Solution:aLet .O ⃗O
𝑢
grgthe position vector.O
⃗r be of Oragrpoint
g .O rgrg 3
O .O rgrg
O
l i
a i . l a ia i . Substituting
l a ia i . 𝜆 = , we get l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l 5
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.on a athe plane 𝑟. ⃗⃗ a) =a 6 aa aa aa
w ww
w
P
w wwwP.P
⃗⃗⃗ (2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − .2𝑘
wwww.P.P (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1) w w
w+w .3P.(2𝑥
P − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 2) w =w
w w
0.P.P
ww ww ww ww 5 ww
Then we have 𝑢. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 6
i . O . O rgrg i . O . Orgrg 5(𝑥 + 𝑦 +rg𝑧rg+ 1) + 3(2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧rg−
i . O . O i . O . O rg2) = 0
a i a i a i a i
The d a saaslala
perpendicular
d distancedfrom a
d
la with
saasalapoint d a
d
asla+la5𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 5 + 6𝑥a−saa9𝑦
sa5𝑥 d d sla+ la 15𝑧 − 6 = 0
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww position vector 𝑢 ⃗⃗ w
tow www
wthe plane wwww ww ww 11𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 20𝑧 −w1w w= ww
w 0
ww ww ww
ila.O .O rgrg i . O |𝑢
. O gr⃗⃗−𝑝|
⃗r⃗.𝑛 g
i . O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
⃗⃗⃗ (6𝑖⃗ −a3𝑗
𝑟. aa
⃗ − i
6𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 27 is given by 𝛿 l
asala =a i asal l a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa s d a sa |𝑛⃗⃗|
d a sa d a sa d a s a
w w w w w w w ww Example 6.54 w w w w w w
www ⃗w
⃗(w
|𝑢. w⃗−6𝑘⃗)−𝑝|
6𝑖⃗−3𝑗 www www www
∴𝛿= Find the equation of the plane passing
i . O . O rgrg |𝑛⃗⃗| i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgthrough
O
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d ad saslaala
theaintersection of the planes
d a
.P.ByPa aManisekaran SRKMHSS .P.P aa aa
.51 aa
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . O rgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aa d ad a aad a
d
ww
ww 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 =ww w w w w w w w w
0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 5 = w 0w ww
= (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) + 42 (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗w+w4𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
21
and is perpendicular i .O . rgrg to the plane i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .⃗O . rgrg
O
𝑥ad + a
d𝑦sa− l
asa3𝑧 − 5 = 0
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l = (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ +
d
⃗⃗
3𝑘
ad
) +
saasa l
2(𝑖 + 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w = 𝑖⃗ +
w w
2𝑗⃗w
w +.P3𝑘⃗⃗ + 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘 ⃗⃗ www
w
ww Solution: The ww
equation of the plane passing ww ww ww
= 3𝑖⃗ + 6𝑗⃗ + 11𝑘 ⃗⃗
through theO
i . . rgrg
intersection
O of the planesO2𝑥
i . . rgr+g
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
3𝑦 d−a
d s𝑧aas+la7la= 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 −d2𝑧 ad sa+as5lal=a 0 is d d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
a d ad saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Example 6.56 Findw a
Pa
.P.coordinates
the of the pointww a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w w w w w w
ww (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7) + w w 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 5) = 0 w w w w w w
where the straight line
(2 + 𝜆)𝑥 + i . O
(3 . r+grg𝜆)𝑦 + (−1 − 2𝜆)𝑧 + i(7
O . O +
. rg5𝜆)
O rg = 0 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i l
asal a a i 𝑟⃗sa= l a a i
l ⃗ − 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(3𝑖⃗ +s4𝑗
asa(2𝑖 l a a i
as⃗a+l 2𝑘⃗⃗) asla
d a s a d a sa d a d a a d a sa
a adis perpendicular to.P.𝑥P
.P.This
P a+a𝑦d − 3𝑧 − 5 = 0 a ad
w w w w w w w w w intersects the w w w
plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0 w
. w w
www That is normal arewperpendicular. ww So, www www www
(2 + 𝜆)(1) .O + O grg+ 𝜆)(1) + (−1 − 2𝜆)(−3)
r(3 .O rgrg = 0
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . Solution:
l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a2a+ 𝜆 + 3 + 𝜆 + 3 + 6𝜆 a a0
.P.=
P a a Given 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ +.P2𝑘
.P.P a⃗⃗)a+ 𝑡(3𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗ ) .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww.P
w w www
ww w8𝜆 w+ 8 = 0 ww ww ww
can be written as
i .O . rgrg
O 𝜆 = −1 i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l 𝑥−2
=
𝑦+1 𝑧−2
=dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7) + 𝜆(𝑥 aa
.P.P + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 5) = 0 aa
.P.P 3
. .a a 2
4 PP
.P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w w
w w w ww w
ww becomes, ww ww 𝑥−2ww 𝑦+1 𝑧−2 ww
Let = = =𝜆
3 4 2
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − i . O𝑧.O r+gr7)
g + (−1)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧
i . O .+rg5)
O rg = 0 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala 𝑥−2 = 𝜆 givesdadsaaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 a
−
.P.Pa 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5 = 0 a
.P.Pa 3 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2 = w w0 𝑥−2= w w3𝜆 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝜆 + 2 w w
………………………………………………………………………
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O grg
r𝑦+1 i . O . rgrg
O
Example asall a
6.55 a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i = 𝜆 gives l
asal a a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa 4
d a sa d a sa
a adthe image of the point
.P.Find
P .P.P ad position
awhose a ad
.P.P .P a ad
.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w 𝑦 + 1 =w w
4𝜆 w⇒ 𝑦 = 4𝜆 − 1 and w w w
www vector is 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + w 3𝑘⃗⃗wwin the plane www www www
𝑧−2
⃗⃗⃗ (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗a+i.4𝑘
𝑟. O . r)gr=g 38 .
⃗⃗O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgr2g = 𝜆 gives
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Solution:
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P 𝑧 − 2 = 2𝜆.P ⇒a𝑧a= 2𝜆 + 2 .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww.P
w w www
ww w
⃗⃗ 𝑛⃗⃗ w ⃗⃗ , 𝑝 = 38
ww Hence the point ww(3𝜆 + 2, 4𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 + 2) ww lies on
𝑢⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 = 𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘
i O
.𝑛⃗⃗) . rgrg
O ⃗⃗ ). (𝑖⃗ + i .⃗O . rgr⃗⃗g
O the plane i .O . r𝑥gr−g 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
O i .O . rgrg
O
(𝑢
l a
⃗⃗. a i = (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 l a2𝑗a i + 4𝑘 ) l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa = 1 + 4 +.P aa a a So, 3𝜆 + 2 − 4𝜆.P
.P.P +a1a+ 2𝜆 + 2 = 5 .P.Paa
w ww
w w www12 .P w ww
w w ww.P 𝜆 + 5 = 5 ww
w ww
ww = 17 ww ww ww ww
2[𝑝 − (𝑢 ⃗⃗. 𝑛⃗i⃗)] r=gr2[38
g − 17] rgrg rgrg 𝜆 =rg 5rg−5
a . Oi . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala = 2[21] d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d ad saaslala 𝜆=0
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Substituting 𝜆 = 0win a
Pa point
.P.the a
.P.Pa
wwww = 42 ww ww wwww w w w w www
ww ww ww (3𝜆 + 2, 4𝜆 − 1, w w2𝜆 + 2) we get (2, −1, 2)w w
|𝑛⃗⃗|2 = 1 + 4 + 16
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
………………………………………………………………………
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i = 21 l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a adimage of the point whose
.P.The
P a adposition vector is .P.P
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www ww⃗⃗.𝑛⃗⃗)]
w2[𝑝−(𝑢 www www EXERCISE 6.9 www
given by 𝑣⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗⃗ + |𝑛⃗⃗|2 𝑛⃗⃗
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O 1. Find.the
i O . rgequation
O rg of the plane.O
i . rgrg
passing
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.52
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
through the linewof wintersection of the planes ww |𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦 ww +𝑐𝑧 −𝑝 | ww
𝛿 = 1 2 1 2 12
ia.⃗O rgr⃗⃗g
.+O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgr√𝑎
O g +𝑏 +𝑐
i .O . rgrg
O
⃗⃗⃗ (2𝑖⃗a−
𝑟. l a7𝑗 i 4𝑘 ) = 3 and l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saas2a |3(1+𝜆)+1(2−𝜆)−1( d a
d3+𝜆
l
saas)−a2−3𝜆| d a
d saasla
.P.Pa3𝑥a − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11 = 0.Pand aa a a √3
.P.P = .P2−𝜆 a a)2+(3+𝜆)2 aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P the point (−2,1,3).
w w ww
w √(1+𝜆)w
w w
2 +(
w .P w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Solution: Given planes are |3+3𝜆+2−𝜆−3−𝜆−2−3𝜆|
O rgrg O rgrg =Org2rg 2 −4𝜆+9+𝜆i.2O r𝜆grg
a i . i . O a i . i . O a i . i .√ O +1+2 +4+ a i
+6. O
sla7𝑗l⃗a+ 4𝑘 ) = 3 ⇒ 2𝑥d−adsa asla+la4𝑧 − 3 = 0 saaslala saaslala saasla
⃗⃗⃗ (2𝑖s
𝑟. ⃗a− ⃗⃗ 7𝑦 𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
a da ad a a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pand +w .P.=P0a ww.P.Pa =
|−2𝜆 |
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww
ww 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 w 11 ww w w w w
ww ww √3𝜆2w +4w 𝜆+14 w w
Equation of thegplane passes through thegpoint
i . O . r rg
O i . O . r rg
O Squaring i . O . rgrgeither sides,
on
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal
of intersection a a i of the planes asasal l a a i l
asal a a i l a
asal 2 a i asla
d a sa d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.(2𝑥
P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad =4 4 𝜆
a ad
.P.P
w w w − 7𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 3) +
w w w
𝜆(3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11) = w0w w w w w 2 +4𝜆+14
w w w
www www www www 3 3 𝜆
www
It passes through (−2,1,3) 2 2 (3)
4(3𝜆
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg + 4𝜆 + 14) = 4𝜆i.O.O
O rgrg
So, sasa
d ad a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
÷saas4,a l 2
3𝜆 + 4𝜆 + 14
d a
d saa=sa3𝜆 l 2
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.(−4
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P P.P
.4𝜆 aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w − 7 + 12 − 3) w +w w w
𝜆(−6 − 5 + 12 + 11) =w0w ww w www + 14 = 0 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(−14 + 12) + 𝜆(−11 + 23) = 0 4𝜆 = −14rg g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i O
.14 . Or
d adsaasa l
d a
d saas−2 l
a + 12𝜆 = 0
d a
d saasa l
d a
d𝜆saa=sa− 4 l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w 12𝜆 =w2w ww w www 7 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 𝜆 = −2 ww
2
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr𝜆g= 12
O i . O . rgrg
O 7
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a
Substituting i 𝜆 = − in a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala 𝜆 = 1 d a
d saaslala 2
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
6 .P.Pa .P a a a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww w ww (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧w−w2w ).P
+ 𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3)w=w w0w
ww w w w w w w w
Hence the requiredw equation of the plane is w w w
we get,
i . O . rgrg 1
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
(2𝑥 −s7𝑦 l a a i
asa+l 4𝑧 − 3) + 6 (3𝑥 −a5𝑦saas+a4𝑧 l a a i
l + 11) = 0 (𝑥 l a
as+a2𝑦 a i
l + 3𝑧 − 2 ) − (𝑥 − 7 l a a i
as𝑦a+l 𝑧 − 3) = 0 asla
d a a d d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.6(2𝑥
P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad
2 a ad
.P.P
w w w − 7𝑦 + 4𝑧 − w
3) +w w
(3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11) = w0w w w w w w w w
www www www 2(𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 ww −w 2 ) − 7(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3) ww=w0
12𝑥 − 42𝑦 + 24𝑧 rgrg− 18 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 +rg11
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O rg = 0 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
i .Oi . r+gr6𝑧
O g − 4 − 7𝑥 + 7𝑦 − .7𝑧
i O
i . r+gr21
O g =0
saasal al a 15𝑥 − 47𝑦 l al a
saas+a28𝑧 − 7 = 0 saasa l al a l a l a
asa − 𝑧 + 17 = 0
sa11𝑦 saasla
aa d ad aad a
d aad a
d −5𝑥d+
aa a
d aad a
d
ww.P.………………………………………………………………………
P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P .P.P
w0w
w
ww w www w ww w w ÷ −1, ww w w 5𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 𝑧 − 17
www
= w
2. Find the equation of the plane passing
i O
.the. rgrg
O i O
.the. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
……………………………………………………………………
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
through
adsaasa l line of intersection
d a
d saasa l
of planes
d 3.saFind
a
d
l
asa the angle betweenathe
d d saasaline l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 and.𝑥P.− aa aa
.P.P P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww P 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ,
w w ww
w 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖 ⃗ − 𝑗
⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗w ) ww+
.𝑡(𝑖
w ⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) and thew ww
plane
w
ww ww2 ww ww ww
and at a distance from the point (3,1, −1). ⃗⃗
i . O . rgrg √3
O i . O . rgrg
O
⃗⃗⃗ (6𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗
𝑟.
i . O . rg⃗r+g 2𝑘) = 8.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d dsaaslalaEquation of the plane
Solution:
a d a
d
lala
saaspasses d a
d saaslala Comparing thedagiven
Solution:
d
la
saaslaequation with
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww through the point w
ofwwintersection
w of the planes wwww the line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗w+ w ww⃗⃗w
𝑡𝑏 and the plane 𝑟⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = w
𝑝, ww
w
ww ww ww w w w
(𝑥 + 2𝑦 .+
i O . rgr−
3𝑧
O g 2 ) + 𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 −
i . O 3O
. r)gr=g 0 we have
i . O . rg=rg𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑛⃗⃗ =
𝑏⃗⃗O
i . O6𝑖
. r⃗g+rg3𝑗⃗ + 2𝑘⃗⃗
O
l
asa+al a i l a a i
al − 3𝜆) = 0
as(−2 l al
asaacutea i l a a i
asalline and the asla
(1
d a+sa𝜆)𝑥 (2 − 𝜆)𝑦 + (3 + d
𝜆)𝑧a sa
+ d a s
Thea angle 𝜃 between d a sathe d a s a
.P.P a ad
.⃗⃗|P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w
|𝑏 w
⃗⃗.𝑛 w w w
www The perpendicular w ww from the point www
distance plane is sin 𝜃w=ww ⃗⃗ ||𝑛
www
|𝑏 ⃗⃗|
(3,1, −1) theOabove
i . i.O rgrg plane is i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.53
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l a la i ala
s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aa d ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
w
ww w w w
ww|6+6−4| wwww www w ww w w
𝐾 = 11
=
i .O . rgrg√1+4+4√36+9+4 i.O.O
O rgrg Required i .O . O grg
requation of the plane i .O
is . Orgrg
d ad saasa = l 8
= da
8
=saasa
d
8 l
d a
d saasa l
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 d a
+d
asa
sa5𝑧 +
l
11 = 0 d a
d saasla
.P.Paa √9√49
.P.Paa
3×7 21 aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w 8 wwww w w
w w w w
w w
ww Hence 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ww ( )
−1 ww To find the distance ww between the planesww
21
i . O .
………………………………………………………………………rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O grg− 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0 .OO
r2𝑥 i . rgrg
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 +da11 dsaas=la0la d a
d saasla
a
4.
.P.Pa Find the angle between a
.P.Pathe planes a
.P.Pa a
.P.5Pa 7 a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww ÷ 2 𝑥 −w 3 ww
w
𝑦 + 𝑧 + = 0 . . . . . . w ww
w
(1)
ww ⃗⃗⃗ (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 3w
𝑟. w and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 . w w w w2 2 2 w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rg𝑥rg− 𝑦 + 𝑧 + = 0i.O..O
O
3 5 11
r.g.r.g. . (2)
l al a
asaGiven i l
asal a a i l
asala a i 2 2 2 la ai
asal asla
a
Solution:
d sa two planes a
are
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a adComparing with 𝑎𝑥 +.P𝑏𝑦
.P.P .Pa a+d𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 and .P.P a ad
w w w ⃗⃗ w w w w ww w w w w w w
www ⃗⃗⃗ (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ) =
𝑟. ww 3w and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 www 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧w+w𝑑w2 = 0, www
Hence the rnormal grg vectors of the planes rgrgare r1gr=g 7 and 𝑑2 = 11 i.O.O rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O we have
l a ia.Oi 𝑑O
. l a a i
d 𝑛⃗⃗1sa=
ad
l
asa⃗𝑖 + ⃗𝑗 − 2𝑘⃗⃗ and 𝑛⃗⃗2 = 2a⃗𝑖sa−as2𝑗
d d
l
a⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
d a
d saasa l 2
d adsaasa
2 l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa a a Distance between two
.P.P .7P.Paparallel
a lines is given by aa
.P.P
w ww
w The acute angle w w
w w
𝜃 between the two planes wwww w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww ww |𝑑1 −𝑑2 | ww| 2 −2|
11
ww
gr⃗⃗g1.𝑛⃗⃗2| =
i . O . r|𝑛
O i . O . rgrg
O √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐r2grg
i .O . O √1+94+254 i .O . Orgrg
d
is cos
ad
𝜃
l =
saasa |𝑛⃗⃗1||𝑛⃗⃗2| d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P 11−7
| w.P |Paa aa
.P.P
w ww w w w w ww w 2w. w w w
ww w w
w|2−2−2|
w ww w = w
ww4+9+25 ww w
= √
1+1+4 4+4+1
i . O . r√grg √
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
4
i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala= |−2| d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 4
| |
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa √6√9 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
2
= 38 .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2 w w ww w √
w4 w w
=
i . O . r3g√rg6
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr=
O g |2|
i . O . Orgrg
l a
asal 2 a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i √38 l
asala a i asla
d a sacos 𝜃 = d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad 3√6 .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
2
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w 4 w w w w w
www www2 www =www www
Hence 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( √ ) √38
i . O . rgrg 3 6
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
……………………………………………………………………… i .O . Orgrg
d d saasa l
………………………………………………………………………
a d a
d saasa l
d a
6.
d
l
asa the length of the perpendicular
saFind d a
d saasa l
from the d adsaasla
aFind
.P.5.P a the equation of the .P.Paplane
a which passes .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww point (1, −2,3) w w
w
to w the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 w
= ww
w
5
ww through the point ww(3,4, −1) and is parallelwto w ww ww
the plane i .O 2𝑥
. rg−
O rg3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0 . iAlso, .O . rgrfind
O g Solution:
i .O . rgrGiven
O g 𝐴(1, −2,3) and.O
i the
. Orgrposition
g
d
the ad
asa l
sadistance between the d a
d
two sa l
saaplanes. d a
d
l
asa 𝑢⃗⃗ = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 =a5saasa
savector d d
l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww If A (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )w iswthe
w w given point with w ww
w
position
ww Solution: Equation wwof the given plane is ww 1 1 w 1 w ww
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + rgr+
5𝑧 g7=0 rgrg vector 𝑢 ⃗⃗rgand
rg 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑝i.O is rthe grgequation
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
Any a aslala parallel to the given
saplane a
lala is
saasplane a saof la plane, then the perpendicular
aslathe a saaslala distance asaasla
a d
a d a d d a d d a d d adad
w .P.P2𝑥
w − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 𝐾 =w0.P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa w .P.1P+𝑏𝑦
|𝑎𝑥
w
a +𝑐𝑧 −𝑝 |
w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww ww wwww is given by w 𝛿ww=w 1 1
ww ww
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
The parallel plane
i . O . rgrg passes through (3,4,
O i . O . r−1)
Ogrg
i . O . rgrg
O |1(1)−1(−2)+1(3)−5
i .O . Orgrg|
Hencesa a2(3) l a a i
l − 3(4) + 5(−1) + l
as𝐾a=a a
l 0 i l
asala a i = l a a
asa2l +12 i asla
d a a s d a sa d a s a √12a
d s
+(−2)
a d a s a
.P.Pa ad 6− .P.P
12 a−a5d+ 𝐾 = 0 a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad | a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w |1+2+3−5
w w w w
www www 6 − 17 + 𝐾 = 0 www ww=w √1+4+1 www
i .O . rgrg
O −11 + 𝐾 i
= .O 0. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By
P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.54
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a slaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i.O saasla
aa d ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
w|6−5 w
w | 1 ww w w w w
wwplane through the pointw(4,3,2) www
Equation of the
= =
i .O . rgrg √6
O √6
i .O . Orgrg .O
withadirection
i . rgrg of the normal is i.O.O
O rgrg
d dsaasa l
………………………………………………………………………
a d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
𝑥−4 𝑦−3da d saas𝑧−2
a l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.7.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P = a a=
.P.2P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Find the point of w ww
intersection
w of the line ww ww 1 wwww 3 wwww
ww 𝑦
ww ww 𝑥−4
ww 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
ww
𝑥 − 1 = 2=z+1
rgrg
with the plane
rgrg Let
rg1rg = = = 𝜆 rgrg
. O O . O O . O O 2 3 . O O
a i i .
la 2𝑧 = 2 . Also, find the a i
la i . a i i . a i i .
d
2𝑥adsa−as𝑦la+ d adsaaslaangle d a
d saaslala 𝑥−4 d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pabetween the line and a
P.Paplane.
.the a
.P.Pa = 𝜆 a
.P.Pa
gives a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww 1
wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑥−4=𝜆 ⇒𝑥 =𝜆+4
Solution: rgrg r gr g grg
r𝑦−3 rgrg
l a i
a . O i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa
Equation asal of the line 𝑥 − 1 =a𝑦sa= asaz+1l
is of the a saasal = 𝜆 gives asaasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad2 d
a ad 2 d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www form 𝑥−1 = 𝑦−0 w
ww=w 𝑧 +1 wwww 𝑦 − 3w= w w ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝜆 + 3 and www
w2𝜆 w
1
i . O . rgrg2
O
1
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . O grg = 𝜆 gives
r𝑧−2 i . O . rgrg
O
d d
(𝑎
So, sas
a a
l
1 ,a𝑏1 , 𝑐1 = ) (1, 2, 1) thensasa
d ad a
l
d a
d saasa l 3
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P 𝑧−2=w 3𝜆w.P⇒
.Pa𝑧a= 3𝜆 + 2 aa
.P.P
w ww
w ⃗⃗ w ̂w
w w ̂ w w
w w w w wwww
ww 𝑏 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ +w 𝑐1w𝑘 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘 and the ww ww ww
Hence the point (𝜆 + 4, 2𝜆 + 3, 3𝜆 + 2) lies on
plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦rg +rg2𝑧 = 2 hence rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . O i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
𝑛⃗⃗ a=sa𝑎𝑖̂
d d
l
asa+ 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ +as2𝑘
d d aâsa l
d
the
a
d saasa l
plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 =
d a
d
2saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a So, 𝜆 + 4 + 4𝜆 +.P.6P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w The acute angle 𝜃 between w ww
w the line w ww
w w ww + 9𝜆 + 6 = 2 ww
w ww
ww ww ww ww 14𝜆 + 16 = 2
ww
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1g g 𝑧−𝑧1
=ai.O . r r=
O and the plane i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O 14𝜆i.= O . r2gr−g16
O
i a i a i a i
d adsas la 1
𝑎1 ala 𝑏 𝑐 1
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d slala= −14
saa14𝜆 d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.⃗⃗Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a a
ww ww ww ww w.P.P
ww w
ww 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = w 𝑝,wwthen
w 𝑏 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1w 𝑘̂w
ww ww 𝜆 = −1 ww
ww ww
Substituting 𝜆 = −1 in the point
and 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ . O + r
O g rg ̂
𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘, then . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l
asal a i
a i . l
asal a ia i . (𝜆 + l
asal4,
a ia2𝜆i . + 3, 3𝜆 + 2) we get (3,l
asal a i
1,a i
−1). which is
asla
.P.Pa ad |𝑎𝑎1 +𝑏𝑏1.+𝑐𝑐 P.P a1a| d a adthe coordinates of the
.P.P .P.P ad of the perpendicular
afoot a ad
.P.P
w w w sin 𝜃 = w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2
www www www
(𝑖𝑖) Length of the perpendicular
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i O
.plane
. rgrg
O
d adsaasa l |2(1)−1(2)+2(1)|
d adsaasa l
d a
d
from
saasa l the point (4,3,2)
d a
d
to the
saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa = .P.P a2√(1)
a 2 +(2)2+(1)2 a a 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 2.P.=P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w √(2)2 +(−1)2w
w w+(2)
w wwww w ww 0 is
w wwww
ww ww ww w|𝑎𝑥
w 1+𝑏𝑦1+𝑐𝑧1 −𝑝 | ww
𝛿 =
= i.O . r|2−2+2|
O grg =
|2|
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg √𝑎2+𝑏2 +𝑐 2 i.O.O
O rgrg
d adsaasa l
√ 4+1+4 √ 1+4+1
d a
√
d
9 √
saasa6 l
d a
d saasa l
= saasa
|1(4)+2(3)+3(2)−2
d a
d
l |
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P(.Pa2a aa
.P.P .P.Pa√1
a2+22+32 aa
.P.P
w ww
w sin 𝜃 =
2
⇒ 𝜃 = w
𝑠𝑖𝑛 w−1w
w ) wwww w ww
w wwww
ww 3√6 ww 3√6 ww ww |4+6+6−2 | ww
=
………………………………………………………………………
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
√1+4+9
i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalacoordinates of the foot a i a i a i
8. Find
d adsaasthe d adsaaslaoflathe d a
d saaslala =
|16−2 | alala
d a
d sas d a
d saasla
a a
.P.Pperpendicular a
.P.Pofa the perpendicularww a
.PPa .P a
Pa
√.14 a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww andw ww
wwlength
w ww ww . wwwwww 14 wwwww
w
from the point (4,3,2) to the plane =
√ 14
.O
ila3𝑧 .Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
𝑥 + 2𝑦al+ aa i = 2. l
asal a a i l
asala a i 𝛿 = √14 asaasal l a a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a s a d d a s a
a ad
.P.Solution:
P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww ………………………………………………………………………
w w w w w w
www Equation of the plane wwwis 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2. www www www
EXERCISE 6.10
So, normal i .O𝑛⃗i⃗.Orgr𝑖̂g+ 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
= i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.55
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww
ww Choose the correctww w w w
ww w ww w w w w
or the most suitable answer edges represented by the vectors ww
from thelagiven i .O . O rgfour
rg alternatives: i.O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saas𝑖 a+ 𝑗, 𝑖 + 2𝑗, 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝜋𝑘 d
⃗
a
d
issasa
a
l
d a
d saasla
aIfa 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are parallel.Pvectors,
.P.1.P a a then is equal .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w 𝜋 w 𝜋ww
w (3) 𝝅
𝜋 www
w
ww ww ww (1) 2 ww3
(2) (4) 4 ww
to [𝑎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . Oi . O a i . O
i . O
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(1)2 (2) −1 .P(3)1a
.Pa (4) 0 a
.P.Pa 7. If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗are unit .P a
.Pa such that www a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww vectors
ww ww ww ww www
O [𝑎⃗, 𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗⃗.𝑎
i O
⃗i.O ×rgr𝑏⃗⃗g] = 𝜋 , then the angle i . O . rgrg
between
O
l a a i
asal 𝛼⃗ lies in the plane l a a i
as𝛽a⃗ land 𝛾⃗, then l
asal a a 4 l
asal a a i asla
2.adIfaa sa vector d a sa
of d a sa d a sa d a sa
w .P.Pad
w w .P.P
w
a ad
w w
a ad
.P.P 𝑎⃗and 𝑏⃗⃗ is www .P.P a ad
w w
a ad
.P.P
w
www (1) [𝛼, w ww w
www www w
www
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 1 w (2) [𝛼,⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = −1
𝝅 g
O (1) i.O . Or rg(2) 𝜋 𝜋
(3) 3 i.O . rgrg𝜋
(4)
O
laala⃗⃗⃗i i
laal𝛽⃗a, 𝛾⃗] = 2 laala𝟔 i laala i
saasla
4 2
(3)
a sa as
[𝜶,⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝜷 , ⃗
𝜸 ⃗] = 𝟎 (4)
a saas
[𝛼,
⃗⃗⃗⃗ a saas a saas a
aa d d aad d aad d aad d aad d
w
ww w ww w w w
ww w ww w w www w
rgrg rgrg 8. If 𝑎⃗ =O𝑖⃗O r+grg 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ = rgr𝑖⃗g
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . i . i .Oi . O
3. If 𝑎⃗⃗⃗s.as 𝑏⃗⃗laa=la𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐⃗⃗⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 0 thenathe
sasa l a l a saasal a l a saasal al a saasla
aa d ad a aad a
d d a
d
a a (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏) × 𝑐⃗ = 𝜆𝑎⃗.+
⃗⃗ d a
d
a𝜇𝑏a then
⃗
⃗ aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P wwP.P ww.P.P
w
ww w value of [𝑎,⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑏 , ww
𝑐 w
⃗]is w w
ww w ww w w www w
the value of 𝜆 + 𝜇 is
i
⃗ .
⃗ O . O rgrg 1 i . O . rgrg
O
(1)|𝒂 ⃗ ⃗| a i |𝒄⃗⃗| ⃗⃗
a i a i a i
d ad saasla|𝒃 la|
d
|𝑎
d sasla|la⃗|
(2) 3 ⃗|a|𝑏
a
|𝑐
d a
d
lala
saas(1)0 (2) 1 ad(3)6 a
d saaslala (4) 3 d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww (3)1 ww (4) −1 ww ww ww
O
asal l a a i asall a a i 9.sIf l
asa𝑎, a a⃗⃗ i
⃗⃗⃗⃗l 𝑏, 𝑐⃗ are non-coplanar, l a
al a
asnon-zero i vectors asla
d a sa d a sa d a a d a sa d a sa
aIfad𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three unit.Pvectors
.P.4.P .Pa ad such that 𝑎⃗ is .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w
⃗⃗ w w w w w
www www www such that [𝑎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ww𝑏, w𝑐⃗] = 3 , then www
perpendicular
i . O . O rgrgto 𝑏⃗⃗ , and is paralleli.to O . r𝑐⃗grthen
O g
i .O ⃗⃗.O
r⃗g g
⃗r× 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗]} is equal
2
i O
.to . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i {[𝑎l⃗ a × a i
𝑏 , 𝑏 l a a i
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa𝑎⃗a× (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗) is equal to.P.P
⃗⃗ aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w (1) 81 w
(2) w9w
w (3) 27 (4)18 w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(2) ⃗ (4) ⃗0rgrg
(1) 𝑎
i . O . O rgr𝒃g (3) 𝑐
i .O . O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a 10. If 𝑎,
.P.P ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three .P.P anon-coplanar
a vectorsww aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
5. If [𝑎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 1 then the value of 𝑏⃗⃗+𝑐⃗
O suchOthat
i . . Orgrg𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 2 i,.then O . rgrg
O the angle
d
𝑎⃗.(𝑏
ad
a
sa×𝑐sa
⃗ ) l
+
⃗
𝑏 .(𝑐 ×𝑎⃗)
+
⃗
𝑐 .(𝑎⃗×𝑏 )
d a
d
is
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa(𝑐×𝑎⃗).𝑏⃗ (𝑎⃗×𝑏⃗).𝑐 (𝑐w×𝑏 a
⃗ a
.⃗P).𝑎P a
.P.Pa between 𝑎 and a
.𝑏⃗P.isPa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. ww
ww
ww
ww ww ww
wwwwww
(1)1
r(2)
g g −1 (3) 2 r g(4)
g 3 (1)
𝜋
r g g (2)
𝟑𝝅 𝜋
(3) 4 OO rgr(4)
g 𝜋
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O r i .
2 Oi . O r 𝟒 i . i .
s asal l a a s asall a a s l
asal a a s l
asal a a s asla
d
a ad a a d
a ada a d a
a ad a d
a ad a a d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww w
www wwww w
www
rgrg rgrg 11. If the volume rgrg of the parallelepiped rgrgwith
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . Oi . O i . O
i . O
d d saaslaala of the parallelepiped
6. The volume
a d a
d saaslaalawith its d adsaaslaala d a
.P.By
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa Page
aa
P.P
.56
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i ala
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w w
ww ⃗⃗w
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗ as coterminous edges is (3) −17𝑖⃗ − 21𝑗⃗ + 97𝑘⃗⃗ (4) −𝟏𝟕𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝟏𝒋⃗ − 𝟗𝟕𝒌
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a8scubic
d a
l
asa units, then the volume
d a
d
l
saasaof the d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w parallelepiped w www
with w ww
w 15. The angle w www
between the lines w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(𝑎⃗ ×l𝑏 ⃗⃗)i.×O O g⃗⃗rg× 𝑐⃗) , (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) × (𝑐⃗ ×.O
r(𝑏 𝑎⃗)rgand
O rg 𝑥−2 r𝑦+1
. O Ogrg , 𝑧 = 2 ,and 𝑥−1 = .2𝑦+3 O rgr=g 𝑧+5 is
O
a i . a i i . a i i=. a i i .
d ad saasala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla3la −2 d a
d sa1aslala 3 2
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗)wasw .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 𝝅 a
.P.Pa
wwww ww coterminous edges is wwww (1) 6
𝜋
w
(2)www𝜋
(3)
𝜋
(4)w ww
w
ww ww ww ww 4 3 w w𝟐
(1) 8cubic
i . O . Orgunits
rg (2) 512cubic
i . O . rgrgunits
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i l
asala a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad(3) 64cubic units.P.P a a(4)24d cubic units .PP
.a a
d P.P
.𝑦−1a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w 𝑥−2w w w 𝑧+2 w w w
www www www 16. If the line w3ww = −5 = 2 lies in thewplane ww
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l 𝑥lia
a + i 3𝑦 − 𝛼𝑧 + 𝛽 = 0, then(𝛼, l a ia i 𝛽) is
a s
12.dConsider
d a a s a l the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎, ⃗⃗
𝑏
d , a
𝑐
⃗,
d sa
𝑑a
⃗s a
such
l that d a
d saas a
d a
d sa as a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w (1) (−5, 5) ww ww (2) (−𝟔, 𝟕) w ww
w
ww (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × ww 𝑑⃗) = ⃗0⃗. Let 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 be w w
the ww ww
i O Orgrg
.determined
. i .O . rgrg
O (3) .(5,
i O . Ogrg
r−5) (4) (6, −7).O.O
i rgrg
d a
planes
d saasa l by the
d a
d
pairs
saasa l of vectors
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝑎 , ⃗
𝑏 and 𝑐 , 𝑑⃗ w www
respectively. Then the angle w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
17. The angle between the line
between i . O . Orgrg 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 is
and i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saas𝑟⃗la=la(𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ +sas𝑗⃗la−la2𝑘⃗⃗) and the
d a
d a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa (1) 0° (2) 45° a
.P.P(3) a 60° (4) 90° .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww plane 𝑟⃗. (𝑖⃗ +w w 𝑗⃗) + 4 is w w
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
asal ⃗⃗ a i l
asala a i asal
(1) l a a
0° i (2) 30° (3) l
asala
45°a i (4) 90° asla
d a s a ⃗⃗ d a sa ⃗ d a sa d a sa d a sa
a aIfd𝑎⃗ × (𝑏 × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗ ×.P.𝑏P
.P.13.
P a) a×d𝑐⃗ where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
are any three vectors such that 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ ≠ 0 and
O 18. The i .O . rgrg
coordinates
O of the pointi.where O . rgrg the
O
d a𝑎⃗.sa𝑏⃗⃗as≠
d
l
a 0, then 𝑎⃗ and 𝑐⃗ areasaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a line𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖⃗ − 𝑗⃗ −
.P.P a⃗⃗a) + 𝑡(−𝑖⃗ + 4𝑘⃗⃗) meets.P.P
.P.3𝑘
P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww (1) perpendicular ww (2) parallelww ww ww
O
the plane
i . O . rgrg 𝑟⃗. (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ) = 3 iare
O .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 𝜋
l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
(3)
ad saasinclined
a l at an angle 3 sasa
d a
d a
l
d a
d
l
saas(1)(2,1,0)
a
d
(2) a
d (7,
l
saas−1,7)
a
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www 𝜋 w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww (4) inclined atwan w angle 2 ww ww ww
(3) (1,2, −6) (4) (𝟓, −𝟏, 𝟏)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 14. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ w −w w𝑘 ,w𝑏⃗⃗w= 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 5𝑘
⃗⃗w ⃗⃗ , wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww 19. Distance from w w the origin to the planew w
𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖 ⃗ i+. O 5𝑗
. Or⃗g− rg𝑘⃗⃗ then a vector perpendicular i . O . rgrg
O 3𝑥 i .
− O . rgr+
O
6𝑦
g 2𝑧 + 7 = 0 is .O.O
i rgrg
asall a a i l
asala a i asla
d a s a d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa atod𝑎⃗ and lies in the plane .P.P a ad
containing 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 is ww
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P1.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w (1) 0 w (2)
w w (3) 2 (4)
w w3w
www www www www www
(1) −17𝑖⃗ + 21𝑗
i . O . Org⃗r−g97𝑘⃗⃗ (2) 17𝑖⃗ + 21𝑗 i .
⃗ −rg
O . O rg ⃗⃗
123𝑘 20. TheO
i . rgrg between the planes
. idistance
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa Page
aa
P.P
.57
w ww
w w www w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O
aa l a l a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
s a slaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww .P.P
ww
w
ww w 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 7w
w
=w
w
0 and 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 7 = 0wisw
ww ww
wwplane2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 1, ww
ww𝜆 > 0
origin to the
i .O . rgrg
O .O . Orgrg 1.O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
l a
√𝟕 a i √7 lalia i l a ia i l a ia i
l l l saasla
7 7
d (1)
ad saas𝟐√𝟐 a (2) (3) asaasa (4)
d d d a
d saasis
a 5 , then the value ofa𝜆saaissa
d d d a
d
.P.Paa 2 aa
.P.P
2 2√2 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 21. If the directionwcosines w of a line are ww (1)𝟐√𝟑 ww (2) 3√2 (3) 0 w(4)1 w
1 1 l1aia . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d a𝑐s
d
, 𝑐as, a
a 𝑐
lthen
d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala
………………………………………………………………………
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww www
w wwww
ww (1) 𝑐 = ±3 w w (2) 𝒄 = ±√𝟑 ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
(3)sa l
𝑐sa a
>l 0a i (4) 0 < s𝑐as<a1 l al a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a a d a a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
22. The vector i .O . rgequation
O rg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖⃗ − 2𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗) + 𝑡(6𝑖 a⃗ a− 𝑘⃗⃗) represents a .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
straight line rgrgpassing through the points
rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a saas(0,
(1)
d
l
a 6, −1) and (1, −2, a−1)
d d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww (2) (0, 6, −1) w w (−1, −4, −2)
and ww ww ww
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O SRI i . O . rgrg
RAMAKRISHNA
O MHSS i . O . rgrARCOT
–
O g
l a
(𝟏, a i (𝟏, l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
(3)
sasaa l −𝟐, −𝟏) and
d ad
𝟒,
a
sasa −𝟐)
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l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
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w
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UNIT – 6 w
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origin is half of its distance from the plane

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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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d
l
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values d a
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APPLICATIONSd a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
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.P.P aa
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(2𝑖⃗w 𝜆𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 wwww w
ww w w
ww w
𝑟⃗. (4𝑖⃗la+ia.𝑗O ⃗i.− rg𝜇𝑘
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O g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i
d ad saasal d ad saaslala d a
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d saasla
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(4)
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25. If the length i .O . rgrof
O g the perpendicular.O
i from
. rgrgthe
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.By aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P Page
aa
P.P
.58
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala

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s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.

ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg

. O Ogrg6𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ − 3𝑘⃗⃗ − 4𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗

ila.O .Orgrg i . O . rgrg

i . O rgrg 𝐹̂2 = 10√2 (10𝑖⃗+6𝑗i⃗−8𝑘

𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−6

straight line passing

i . O . Org1rg 1 −1 i .O . Orgrg (b) Non-parametric

O Org⃗rg ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ i.O⃗.⃗O rgrg The two .O rgrg non-parallel linesi.O

origin is half of its distance from the plane

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