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Chapters:
1. Mole & Stoichiometry
2. Enthalpy Change
3. Rate of Reactions
4. Group 2
5. Group 17
6. Organic Chemistry Identification
7. Salts Identification
* Titration (Determine the Concentration, Molar Mass/Mr, Identity, Percentage by mass, ...)
1. HA is an organic acid where A– is the anion. You will determine the relative formula mass, Mr, of HA by
titration with sodium hydroxide of known concentration and so identify the anion, A–. The equation for the
reaction is shown.
(d) A student carried out the same procedure accurately but was supplied with a solution of less
concentrated sodium hydroxide by mistake.
(i) What effect would this have on the calculated value of the relative formula mass, Mr?
Explain your answer.
(ii) Explain how this would affect the identification of the acid.
1. In this experiment, you will heat malachite to decompose it and use your results to obtain evidence about
the accepted formula of malachite.
(i) State one way of improving the accuracy of the experimental method, using the same masses of FA 5.
Explain the benefit of your improvement.
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why you would expect Experiment 1 to be more accurate than Experiment 2.
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2. Zinc carbonate occurs in a basic form, which means that zinc hydroxide is also present. The chemical
formula of basic zinc carbonate can be written as ZnCO3.yZn(OH)2, where y may not be an integer. In this
experiment you will heat basic zinc carbonate to decompose it and use your results to determine the value of
y. When basic zinc carbonate is heated, it decomposes as shown.
State the observations made while the decomposition of FB 4 was taking place.
...............................................................................................
(b) Calculations
(i) Calculate the number of moles of copper oxide, CuO, obtained as residue.
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(ii) Use your results to calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of hydrated copper hydroxycarbonate,
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.yH2O.
...............................................................................................
(iii) Use the Periodic Table to calculate the relative formula mass of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.
Mr of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 = ..............................
Use your answer to (ii) and this Mr to comment on the value of y in the formula of hydrated
copper hydroxycarbonate.
...............................................................................................
(c) State one way to improve the accuracy of the experiment, using the same mass of FB 4.
...............................................................................................
You will use your results to determine whether this sample of a different basic copper(II) carbonate contains
water of crystallisation.
FA 3 is a sample of a different basic copper(II) carbonate.
1. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide may be given in mol dm–3 or as ‘volume strength’. You will
determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in mol dm–3 and in ‘volume strength’ by a gas collection
method.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. The reaction is much faster in the presence of a
catalyst such as manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
a. A source of error in this experiment is that some oxygen escapes before the bung can be inserted.
Suggest a change to the practical procedure given in (a) to reduce this source of error.
You may draw a diagram as part of your answer.
b. Rinse the 50 cm3 measuring cylinder with a little FA 1 then use it to transfer 150 cm3 of FA 1
into the reaction flask labelled X..
The error in reading a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder is 0.5 cm3.
Calculate the maximum percentage error in the volume of hydrogen peroxide added to flask X in (a).
c. Fill the 250 cm3 measuring cylinder completely with water. Hold a piece of paper towel firmly over the
top, invert the measuring cylinder and place it in the water in the tub.
Measure and record the final volume of gas in the measuring cylinder in the space below.
Explain why the presence of 20 cm3 of air in the 250 cm3 measuring cylinder before the start of the
experiment would decrease the accuracy of the results obtained in (a).volume reading
d. If you repeated the method described using half the mass of FA 2, what volume of gas would
you expect to collect? Explain your answer.
(b) Calculations
(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide collected in the measuring cylinder.
[Assume that 1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under these conditions.]
(ii) Use your answer to (b)(i) and the information on page 2 to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of M.
(b) Calculations
(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced during heating of FA 3.
(ii) Use the mass of FA 3 in (a) and your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of Q and
hence identify Q. You should assume complete decomposition of QCO3.
(c) Explain why the lid was placed on the crucible when the residue was left to cool.
...............................................................................................
(d) In order to decompose Group 2 carbonates, the solid must be heated strongly. In this experiment
QCO3 was heated for a few minutes.
(i) Suggest an improvement to the method used that would ensure that decomposition was complete.
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a chemical test to determine whether the decomposition of QCO3 was complete.
State the expected observation if the decomposition was incomplete.
Do not carry out this test.
(e) (i) In your calculation in (b) you used the mass of QCO3 and assumed that it was all decomposed during
the heating.
Explain what effect incomplete decomposition would have on the calculated value of the Ar of Q.
...............................................................................................
(ii) A student suggested that you could use the mass of the residue, QO, rather than the mass of QCO3 in a
calculation to identify Q.
Explain why this method of calculating the Ar of Q is valid.
...............................................................................................
1. You used dilute sulfuric acid, FB 3. You will now determine the concentration of FB 3
by measuring the temperature of its reaction with sodium hydroxide.
(b) Plot a graph of temperature of solution on the y‑axis against total volume of FB 4 added on the
x‑axis. Select a scale on the y‑axis to include a temperature of 2.0 °C above your maximum
thermometer reading. Label any points you consider to be anomalous. You will use the graph
to find the volume of FB 4 needed to neutralise 10.0 cm3 of FB 3.
(b) (i) Plot a graph of temperature of solution (y‑axis) against volume of FA 2 added (x‑axis) on the grid.
Select a scale on the y‑axis to include a temperature of 2°C above your maximum thermometer reading.
Label any points you consider anomalous.
Draw two lines of best fit through the points on your graph, the first for the increase in temperature and the
second for the decrease in temperature of the mixtures. Extrapolate the two lines so they intersect.
1. You are to determine the enthalpy change of neutralisation for a different acid from that used in
Question 1. The acid is represented by HB where B– represents the anion.
HB(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaB(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) (i) The accuracy of the larger measuring cylinder is ± 0.5 cm3.
The accuracy of the smaller measuring cylinder is ± 0.25 cm3.
Calculate the maximum percentage error in the measurement of the volume of FB 3 used in Experiment 2
and the measurement of the volume of FB 4 used in Experiment 2.
Show your working.
(ii) Suggest a change to the method used in (a) that would improve the accuracy of your results.
2. In this experiment you will determine the enthalpy change, ΔHr , for the decomposition of calcium
hydroxide to calcium oxide.
3. In this experiment you will determine the percentage purity of a sample of impure anhydrous
sodium carbonate. You will use two different methods to measure the enthalpy change of reaction
when a sample of impure anhydrous sodium carbonate reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
FA 1 is a sample of the impure anhydrous sodium carbonate.
FA 2 is 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
FA 3 is a second sample of the impure anhydrous sodium carbonate used in FA 1.
1. You will investigate how increasing temperature affects the rate of a reaction.
Sodium thiosulfate reacts with acid to form a pale yellow precipitate of sulfur.
The ionic equation for the reaction is given.
(iii) Use the equation on page 2 to determine which reagent, FA 1 or FA 2, was in excess.
(g) Suggest two ways to improve the accuracy of the results of these experiments.
1 ............................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................
2. Glucose, C6H12O6, is a sugar that can act as a reducing agent. You will investigate how an increase
in temperature affects the rate of the redox reaction between glucose and acidified potassium
manganate(VII).
...........................................................................................
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1.
(ii) What can you deduce about solution FA 7 from its reaction with magnesium?
Explain your answer.
(iii) Give the ionic equation for the reaction of the metal cation in FA 7 with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Include state symbols.
(iv) What type of reaction took place when aqueous potassium iodide was added to FA 7?
Use your observations to help you explain your answer.
(v) The observation you made when aqueous silver nitrate was added to FA 7 does not allow the anion in
FA 7 to be identified with certainty.
Explain why you cannot be certain about the identity of the anion.
(vi) A student suggested that the anion in FA 7 could be identified with more certainty if excess ammonia
solution was added after the aqueous silver nitrate.
Explain why this suggestion is not correct.
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(c) FA 4 and FA 5 both contain one cation and one anion. The ions present in FA 4 are different from the
ions present in FA 5. All four ions are listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
You are to identify the four different ions.
Carry out the following tests and record your observations.
(iv) What can you deduce about FB 4 from the observation when methyl orange indicator was added to FB
5?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give the formula of one of the products formed in the reaction of FB 7 with FB 2 in the first test.
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9. (a) FA 4 and FA 5 are aqueous solutions each containing one anion and one cation.
(i) Carry out the following tests and record your observations. For each test use a 1 cm depth of FA 4
or FA 5 in a test-tube.
(ii) From your observations in (a)(i) identify one of the ions present in either FA 4 or FA 5.
Ion present in .................. is ...................................... . [1]
(iii) Apart from the reaction with FA 5 suggest a test that could be used to identify the coloured product
formed in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and FA 4. You should include the reagent used and the
expected observation.
Do not carry out this test.
reagent ...............................................................................................
expected observation ...............................................................................................
(c) In Questions 1 and 2 you identified the Group 2 metals present in MCO3 and QCO3.
You will now plan and carry out tests to confirm, or not confirm, the identities of M and Q. Both M and Q
are listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
(i) Group 2 carbonates are insoluble in water. In order to test for the cations present (M2+ and Q2+) they must
be in solution.
Name a reagent you could use to prepare solutions of the cations from solid samples of MCO3 and QCO3.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
10. (a) FB 5 contains one cation and one anion from those listed in the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
(i) Transfer a small spatula measure of FB 5 into a hard-glass test-tube.
Heat gently at first and then heat strongly, until no further change occurs.
Record all your observations.
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(ii) To a 1 cm depth of dilute hydrochloric acid in a test-tube, add a small spatula measure of FB 5.
Record your observations.
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(a) Half fill the 250 cm3 beaker with water. Heat to approximately 70 °C, then turn off the Bunsen burner.
This will be used as a water bath.
(i) FA 5 is an aqueous solution of an organic compound. Carry out the following tests on FA 5
and record your observations in the table.
(b) FA 6 is a mixture that contains two cations and two anions from the Qualitative Analysis Notes.
Distilled water was added to FA 6, the mixture was stirred and then filtered. You are provided
with the dried residue, FA 7, and the filtrate, FA 8, from this process.