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Abstract
motional intelligence draws its origin from the theories of Thorndike and Gardner but a
∂ revival of interest has been noted recently. As a result, there is an intense activity of research,
publications and intervention programs, aiming at defining and developing emotional
intelligence in children and adults. This article presents the major theories proposed to define,
explicate and measure emotional intelligence: the theories of Mayer et al., Bar-On, Goleman &
Cooper. Additionally, it reviews the main points of the critique exerted on the concept and the
theories of emotional intelligence and it suggests the implications and applications for the
education and workplace.
§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ
™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¿ÚÎÂÈ·, ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·-
Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘.
0. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Ôχ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ-
H Îfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi. A˘Ùfi ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È, Û ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi, ÛÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘
Daniel Goleman (1995, 1998) Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi Î·È ¤ÏÎ˘Û·Ó ÙÔ
ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·-
ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÂÎÙÈÌ¿Ù·È ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÏÏ¿ ˘ÔÛ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜
Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ
·fiÏ˘ÙË Û˘Ìʈӛ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È
Ó· Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·-
ÙÔÔÈË̤ÓË Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ·Ó·‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi-
„ˆÓ. ∞ÎfiÌË ÎÈ ·Ó ¤ÙÛÈ Â›Ó·È, ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÏÏÔ›, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Ú›¯ÓÂÈ Êˆ˜
ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ÂÍËÁËı› ·ÚÎÒ˜. ™ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi
Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙË
̤ÙÚËÛË Î·È ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ·Ó·‰Âȯı› Ë Û˘Ì-
‚ÔÏ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Ù˘, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜.
ªÔÚ› Ë Ï·ÙÈ¿ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·¤ÎÙËÛÂ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È
ÛÙÔÓ Goleman, fï˜, Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈۋ Ù˘ ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÍÂΛÓËÛ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÚÈÓ. ∏
ÚÒÙË ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ fiÚÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ 1985 Î·È ·Ô-
‰›‰ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ·ÌÂÚÈηÓfi ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Îfi ÊÔÈÙËÙ‹, ÙÔÓ Leon Payne, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Û˘ÌÂÚȤϷ‚Â
ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ Ù˘ ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÙÚÈ‚‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (Payne, 1985). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ Ôχ ÈÔ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ‹Á·ÁÂ Ô Thorndike (1920). ∆ËÓ fiÚÈÛ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ
28 EÈÛً̘ AÁˆÁ‹˜ 1/2004
ηÓ›˜ Ó· ηٷϷ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, Î·È Ó· ¯ÂÈ-
Ú›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÛÔÊ›· ÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ. ∞ÚÎÂÙ¿ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Ô Gardner (1983) ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ ÙË
ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο Ù˘ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, fiÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚȤϷ‚ ‰‡Ô Ӥ˜ ‰È·-
ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ: ÙË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. µ·ÛÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· Ó·
·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈ΋
ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È Î·Ï‹ ·ʋ Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ
ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘.
Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹˜ Ù˘ ÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, ‰È·ÌÔÚ-
ÊÒıËÎÂ Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ™Â ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜
ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‰fiıËηÓ, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «ÌÈ·
ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ› ηÓ›˜ Ù·
Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ‰Èο ÙÔ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, Ó· οÓÂÈ ÏÂÙ¤˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ
·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ
ηıÔ‰ËÁ› ·Ó·ÏfiÁˆ˜ ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘» (Mayer & Salovey, 1993, Û. 433).
¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Îϛ̷Θ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ
Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (‚Ï. ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÛÙÔ Mayer, Salovey & Caruso, 2000). ∆Ô
1992 ÂΉfiıËΠÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÙÂÛÙ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜ Ô˘ ηٷ-
Û··ÛÂ Ô Bar-On. ª¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›·, ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËı› ηٷÎfiÚ˘Ê· Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜
ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Ê‡ÛË, ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Î·È ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜.
ÌÂÙÚ¿). ™˘¯Ó¿, ÔÈ ıˆڛ˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì¤ÙÚË-
Û˘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó. ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi, Ù· „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË
̤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËıÔ‡Ó Û 3 ηÙËÁÔڛ˜:
·) ∞˘ÙÔ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ÈÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, fiˆ˜ ÚÔÛ‹ÓÂÈ·, ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË,
·ÓËÛ˘¯›·, ÎÙÏ. ∆Ô Emotional Quotient Inventory Ô˘ ηٷÛ··ÛÂ Ô Bar-On (1997) ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ
Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·.
‚) ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ (ÙÂÛÙ 360 ÌÔÈÚÒÓ). ™Ù· ÙÂÛÙ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ¿ÏÏ· ÚfiÛˆ-
· (.¯., ÁÔÓ›˜, ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ, ÚÔ˚ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ) ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ù·
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο οÔÈÔ˘. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Emotional
Competence Inventory ÙˆÓ Boyatzis, Goleman & Rhee (2000).
Á) ∞ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ̤ÙÚËÛË ÈηÓÔًوÓ. ∂›Ó·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔًوÓ, fiÔ˘ Ô ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·-
Ù·, ‹ Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ô˘
ÛËÌ›ˆÛÂ. ŒÓ· ÙÂÛÙ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (Mayer, Caruso &
Salovey, 1999).
™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Ù· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ıˆÚËÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋
ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó.
4) ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ: ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-
ÛˆÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, Ì ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿-
ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ó›˜ ÙÈ ÎÚ‡‚ÂÈ ›Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó· Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· Î·È Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˘˜
οı ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ô Êfi‚Ô˜, Ë ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·, Ô
ı˘Ìfi˜, Ë ıÏ›„Ë.
∏ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Bar-On ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∏ Û‡ÓıÂÙË ·˘Ù‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÌË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-
Τ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· οÔÈÔ˘ Ó·
·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙȘ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È È¤ÛÂȘ» (Bar-On, 1997, Û. 14).
∆Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¤ÓÙ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÈηÓÔًوÓ
Ô˘ Ë Î·ıÂÌÈ¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ: (1) √È ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfi-
ÙËÙ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·˘Ùfi-ÂÓËÌÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜, ıÂÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎË-
ÛË, ·˘ÙÔÛ‚·ÛÌfi˜, ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·. (2) √È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ-
Τ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, ÙȘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋
˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·. (3) ∏ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔÚÌ‹ÛˆÓ. (4) ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· χÛË
ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, (5) Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿
ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ù˘¯›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·. ™ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘, Ô Bar-On
(2000) ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·-
‚ËÙ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÎÈ fi¯È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË Î·ÙË-
ÁÔÚ›· ÈηÓÔًوÓ.
∏ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔ-
Û‡ÓË ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÌÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ (Bar-On,
2000). ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Î·È
Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ. ∫¿ÔȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·-
ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ê·›-
ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηχÙÂÚ˜ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ηχÙÂÚ˜ ÂÓ‰ÔÚÔÛˆ-
ÈΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, Ù· ¿ÓÂ
ηχÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ˘Â˘ı˘Ófi-
ÙËÙ·. √È ¿Ó‰Ú˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿, ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·˘ÙÔÛ‚·ÛÌfi Î·È ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙË-
Û›·, ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ηχÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Î·ÏÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Û Ӥ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜
Î·È ÛÙË Ï‡ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·ÈÛÈfi‰ÔÍÔÈ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ‰È·ÊÔ-
Ú¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Ê‡ÏˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚËı›, Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, Û ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘
ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· (Bar-On, 1997).
2.1. ∏ ̤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Bar-On
O Bar-On ‹Ù·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ-
΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ, fiˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ ‰Â›ÎÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÙÚ‹-
ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÎÙË ÁÈ·
ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË, ηٷÛ··ÛÂ
ÙÔ Emotional Quotient Inventory (∂Q-I), ÌÈ· Îϛ̷η ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢Â›ÎÙË ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·-
ÙÈ΋˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (Bar-On, 1997, Bar-On & Parker, 2000). ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfi-
ÁÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ì 133 ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ
›‰ÈÔ Ë Î¿ı ÚfiÙ·ÛË, Û ÌÈ· Îϛ̷η ¤ÓÙ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ (.¯., «Œ¯ˆ ηϤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜», «¶ÂÚÓ¿ˆ ηϿ fiÙ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÌ·È Ì ¿ÏÏ· ¿ÙÔÌ·», «ªÔ˘ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ Ó·
‚ÔËıÒ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜»).
∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÙÂÛÙ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ (fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ WISC), ÙÔ ∂Q-𠉛ÓÂÈ
¤Ó· ÁÂÓÈÎfi ¢Â›ÎÙË ™˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ¤ÓÙ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Ô˘ Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜
·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘
32 EÈÛً̘ AÁˆÁ‹˜ 1/2004
∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Hedlund & Sternberg (2000) ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜. ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô Goleman ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û ·˘Ù‹ ۯ‰fiÓ ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ¢Â›ÎÙË
∂˘Ê˘˝·˜, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 80% Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë-
̤Ó˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (Goleman, 1998). ™ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜ ΛÓËÙÚ·, ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË, ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁË-
ÛË, ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ· ›Ù¢ÍË ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·, ηٷ-
ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ÂÈÚÚÔ‹, ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Î.¿.
√ Goleman, ·Ô‰Â¯fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰›ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ÈÔ Â˘Ú›· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÛÙË
Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ (Goleman, 1995, Û. 285), «˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÏÈÔÌÔ-
‰›ÙÈÎË Ï¤ÍË Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ-
΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË: ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜» øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·˘Ù‹ Ë Â˘Ú‡ÙËÙ· ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÂÈ ÙÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘
¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜, ηıÒ˜ ‰Â ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› È· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË» (Mayer et al., 1999).
ŒÓÙÔÓË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ, ›Û˘, ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Goleman Ô˘ ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó
¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‹¯ËÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘. √ Goleman (1995, 1998) ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ,
·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì fi,ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙ· ¿ÏÏ· ›‰Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÌÔÚ›
Ó· ‰È‰·¯ı›. ø˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ù˘ ¿Ô„˘, ÂΉ›‰ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÔÈ-
ΛϷ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· Î·È ÂÎÔÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÁÔÓ›˜,
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ, Î.¿., ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ó· ÚÔˆı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘
Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿, ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ (.¯., ÛÙ·
ÂÏÏËÓÈο, Gottman, 1997. ∆ÚÈÏ›‚· & Chiementi, 2000. Cherniss, 2000a).
øÛÙfiÛÔ, fiˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÎÚÈÙ¤˜ (‚Ï. Mayer at al., 2000), Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿-
ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔË-
ÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·-
ÌÔÚʈı› ·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ÎÈfiÏ·˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi οÓÂÈ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË, ·Ó
fi¯È ·‰‡Ó·ÙË, ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Î¿ÔȘ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ
‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó
ÛÙËÓ ·È‰È΋ ËÏÈΛ· ‹, Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎË ˙ˆ‹ Ù›ıÂÙ·È ˘fi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË. º·›-
ÓÂÙ·È, fï˜, fiÙÈ Ë ¿Ô„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‹¯ËÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ηÈ
Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, fiÔ˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÔÈ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÂÂÓ‰‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ì Ôχ ηϿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Û ÔÚÈ-
Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ (Cherniss, 2000·).
™ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Bar-On Î·È ÙÔ˘ Goleman ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ-
΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔÛÙÂı› Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜
ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ (Hedlund &
Sternberg, 2000). √ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÏËÚÔ› Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿
ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹, ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË, ‹ ÙËÓ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤-
ÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂϤÁ¯ÂÙ·È Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿. ŸÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi˜ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ, Ë ÈÛ¯‡˜ Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÊ·Ú-
ÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο. ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘, ›Ûˆ˜ ηÈ
ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÏ·˚ÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ‡ÊÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Goleman, ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â ıˆÚ›ٷÈ
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ·fi ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ (.¯. Hedlund & Sternberg, 2000, Mayer et al., 2000).
£· Ú¤ÂÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ó· ÈÛÙˆı› ÛÙÔÓ Goleman ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, ›Ù ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ·
ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ›Ù ÁÈ· ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· οÔÈˆÓ ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, ¤ÊÂÚ ÙË Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ¤ÛÙÚ„ ¿Óˆ Ù˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔ-
ÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘
EÈÛً̘ AÁˆÁ‹˜ 1/2004 37
(Cherniss, 2000‚). √ ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô Caruso ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó·
ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ì ÂÎÏ·˚ÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋
ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ Goleman ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ·˘ÙfiÓ (Caruso, ¯.¯.). ø˜
·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·‹¯ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ÙÔ˘, ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ
ÔÚÈÛÌfi, ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Î·È ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, Ô˘ ÂÓÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ÔÏÔ¤Ó·. √È ·fi-
„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Goleman, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi οı ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡, ¤ÏÎ˘Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ
ÛÙÂϯÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ. ∂ΛÓÔ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ΛÓË-
Û ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó·
‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÂΛ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ, Ô˘ ‰Â ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› Ë ÓÔË-
ÌÔÛ‡ÓË, Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË Î·È ÔÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‚ÂÏ-
Ù›ˆÛ‹ Ù˘ (Goleman, 1998).
¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÛÔ Ô ÂÏ¿Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓfi˜ ÁÈ· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ
Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, ÔȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ›
ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ÎÙÏ. ∂›Ó·È Èı·Ófi, ÔÈ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿-
ÏÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ıÂڷ¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜.
∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘Á›·˜, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ó·
‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂ-
Ó›˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ¢È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ, .¯., ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ô˘
·›ÚÓÂÈ Ô ÁÈ·ÙÚfi˜ ηٿ ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂ-
ÓÒÓ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˜ È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜.
ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÂÎfiÓËÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘,
Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· ÙÂıÔ‡Ó ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ-
‚¿ÛˆÓ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ·Ô‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó Î¿ÔȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ
Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi, ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (.¯.,
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ÍË Î·È „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. ™ÙÔ: µÈ‚Ï›Ô ¶ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 9Ô ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ æ˘¯Ô-
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