Immanuel Kant

 There are 2 theories of epistemology:

 Rationalism
 Empiricism

- In rationalism, reason is the source of knowledge. By reason, it considers

intellect, intelligence and logic. The believers of rationalism, the
rationalists, do not accept anything as truth or knowledge that comes from
experience.

Rational statements area priori statement: A priori judgments are

judgments, which arise from, reason alone. Such judgments are
independent from any sort of experience or knowledge from the senses.
These judgments apply with strict universality and necessity.

- In empiricism, experience is regard as the source of Knowledge. By

experience, it considers sensation or reception. The believers of empiricism,
the empiricist, do not accept anything as true knowledge that comes from
reason.

Empirical statements are a posteriori statement: posteriori judgments are

judgments that arise from experience. Such judgments cannot arise from
reason — they must be derived from sensory knowledge. Judgments like the
sun is warm is a posteriori. A posteriori judgments have no application of
universality or necessity because judgments of experience give particular
instances of how things are, not that they must be a certain way in every
possible case.
Kant maintains that our understanding of the external world had its foundations
not merely in experience, but in both experience and a priori concepts, thus
offering a non-empiricist critique of rationalist philosophy, which is what has
been referred to as his Copernican revolution. Kant’s Distinguish between two
kinds of judgments: analytical and synthetically and proposes: The theory of
perception- synthetic a priori.
 What is statement?
A statement is an assertive sentence, which contains a subject and a predicate.
The predicate describes the subject. This description could be either true or
false.
According to Kant, a judgement is an operation of thought whereby we
connect a subject and predicate, where the predicate qualifies in some way
the subject.

 Analytical Statement- A priori.

A priori is an analytical statement or proposition whose predicate is already
contained in the concept of the subject. This relationship between subject and
predicate is logical and necessary. An analytic proposition is true by nature of
the meaning of the words in the sentence — we require no further knowledge
than a grasp of the language to understand this proposition. This type of
judgements are treat as absolute truth. Thus, to deny an analytic judgement
would involve a logical contradiction.

For example:
 All triangles have three angles. (the predicate “three angles” is
already implicit in the subject “triangles”)
 All bachelors are unmarried. (the predicate “unmarried” is already
implicit in the subject “bachelors”)
 All bodies are extended (occupies space). (the idea of extension is
already contained in the idea of body)

 Synthetic Judgement- a posteriori

A posteriori is a synthetic judgment. Anything derived from experience, from
the senses, is synthetic. It differs from the analytic in that its predicates is not
contained in the subject. Thus in a synthetic judgment the predicate adds
something new to our concept of the subject. Synthetic Judgments are
amlipative or adds new information to the already existing knowledge.

For example:
  The apple is red. (joins two independent concepts, apple does not
contain the idea of redness)
 All bodies are heavy. (the idea of heaviness is not contained in the
concept of body)
 Synthetic A priori: The theory of perception

These are judgments that are known through pure reason alone,
independent of experience, and they are ampliative to knowledge.