LU seales, after which the or v23 = 204; place cursor at D 4:4, then place Lly 23 above it; place feursor at O 10, and find the Fesult, 204, above it, on LLs, ViE2 = 095; Y2= 1-149; 170 = 142, logarithms 10 any desired bare The base of the corresponding LL scale is placed above D 1 for D 10) and the logarithm (on D) Is then found underneath the number (on Ll). Example: log! 25 = 2; place LLs-5 above D 1, then place cursor at !Ly-25, ‘and find the logarithm, 2, underneath it, on D. Examples for practice: log? 400 = 2; log! 280 = 338; log 182 = 02 Logarithms to base 10 Move the slide to the left until LLy-10 is above D 1. Readings can now be taken as follows: log 10 — 1; log 100 = 2; log 1000 = 3; log 200 — 2901; log 2 = 030; log 20 = 1901; fog 1-1 = D044, Readings of the characteristics are taken simultaneously. Decimal point rule: Starting from LLs, divide the numbers by 1: starting from Le, divide the numbers by 10. The 2nd Sine Scale $* is on the back of the slide and Is used with the slide reversed. For settings the intial mark of the scale ie marked by the index e of the Lly scale and the final mark of the scale by the index line for 90°. AAs the scale 1s movable, multiplications and divisions of angular functions ‘can be carried out simply without having to take readings of the functional values. Example: sin 41 X sin 29° — 02562 Place the final mark of the scale over $ 41 (lowat body of rule) with the ‘aid of the cursor tine, Below S° 23 (centre of sllde) we find the result (02562 on scale D. For multiplication Examples for prat X sin a X sin fi wo always start with # on scale O. Example: tan b= tan AO" % cos 12" = 082; b= 938%, tan a7? tan B = “uray = S417; B= 722° cos 30° sin p = <2 = 1254; B= 72° The care of the slide rule: CASTELL slide rules are valuable precision implements and require care- ful handling. They are made of an ideal special plastic material. This is highly lastic and thus unbreakable provided it Is competently handled. It will stand up to climatic conditions; it is molsture-proo! and non-nflammable and will resist the majority ‘of chemicals, These slde rules should nevertheless not be allowed to come in contact with corrosive liquide ot powerful solvents, which are at all events liable to attack the colouring. ‘agents applied to’ the graduation-marke even if they do not actually harm the material itself, If necessary, the smooth movement of the slide con bbe improved by the use of vaseline or silicon ell. In order not to detract ‘rom the accuracy of the readings, the scales and the cursor should be protected from dirt and scratches and should be cleaned with the special leaning agents CASTELL No. 211 (liquid), or No. 212 (cleaning paste) } Instructions ee on 6 Blt hn ates Sytem "Advent Ritz" es 7/8 Byetm “Super Lapag” Me, 57/88 The faces of schoo! slide rules No. 57/88 “Advanced Retz" and No. 67/69 "Super Log-Log", have the full graduation of the Ritz system plus a supple ‘mentary tangential scale for engles of 451-84". Unlike most echocl slide tules on the market, therefore, these models enable the tangential func- tions of angles of over 45" to be set and road off direct. Description of the slide rule The slide rule consists of three parts The rigld main part, which is tho actual body of the slide rule. The movable dide, moving in the grooves of the main body. ‘Tho cursor, which hes a number of graduation marks and which moves over the body of the rule and the slide. Main scales Scale A: square scale from 1 to 100 — on upper section of stock Scale B: squzro scale frem 1 to 100 — on upper edge of slide Scale Cl: reciprocal scale from 10 to 1 — on centre of slide (reading from right to let) Basie scalo fom to 10 — on lowor adge of slide Iz scale from 1 to 10 — on lower section of body main" seale toda the roel Inger types caletetian 10 be out, such as multiplication, division, the formation of tables, the calculation of proportions, the squaring of numbers and the extraction of square roots Scale Seale. Supplementary scales An inch-scale on the upper edge of the slide rule body, ‘ section of body 2 scale {rom 0 to 1 — on contra of elide sine scale from 5° to 90” — on lower section of slide 'ST: sine-tangont scale 055° to 6° — on lower section of slide Th: tangent scale from 5:5" to 45° — on lower section of slide Te tangent scale from 45? to 84.59 — on lower section of slide Further supplementary scales of the slide rulo No. §7/89 ‘Scale Lts: exponential scale from 1-1 to 32 on beck of slide Scale S: 2nd sine scale (sin, cos) from 55-00" Scale Lls: exponential scale from 25 to 10" on back of slide The decimal point {As the upper scales only extend from 1 to 100 — while the lower scales, In fact, only cover tho values from 1 to 10 — the beginner may receive the Impression that the slide rule only enables numbers within this range to be dealt wih. Thie le a misconception. In elida rule calculations, the decimal value oi a umber — i.e. the position of the decimal point — Is disregarded. if the reading taken from ® scale ie 3, thie may just ae sily denote 0-3, 300, 0-63, 80000, etc. In the recult, ‘oo, the user must himself insert the decimal point where required. In practical problems this never presents any difficulty. The slide rule can thus be used for calculations involving any numbers.Reading the scales ry graduation mark can be accompanied by ite valuation numbe Would not allow of this. There are thus only a limited. number of “pulde-figures". It shovld be noted, however, that the subdivielons are not uniform from end to end of the slide rule, since towards the tight the marks are closer together. ] 2 8 gall: 107 Section of graduation-zone betwoen 1 and 2 Figt 14 9.1) 10 ech (= 1/100 oF 00} per graduation-mark) This enables 3 figures to be reed off accurately (e.g. 1-0-1) without shy further operation. By halving the distance between 2 graduation-marks, 4 figures can be accurately set (e.g. 1-0-1-6). The last figure in such cases will invariably be a 8. 3on 2s 4 3% Section of graduetion-zone between 2 and 4 From guide figure 3 to guide figure 4 (Fig, 2) 10 subsections of 5 intervals each (= 1/50 or 002 per graduation-mart). This enables an accurate reading to be taken of 3 figures (3-6-2) 1 figure will always be even (2, 4, 6, 8). If the Intermedt halved, the odd numbore 1, 3,6, 7,9 will alao be eta asIsues%en ‘| bla of TOT a Fi.3 Section of graduation-2one between 4 and From guide figure 8 to guide figure 10 (Fig. 3) 10 wubsscions (in each caso) of 2 inorvaleeath (= 1/20 or 005 per gre dvation-mark). ! q a This enables 3 figures to be read oft acurtely ifthe lst figure is 0 5 (8-05). By halving the Intermediate spaces It even possi Te chain oxant figure. The fst figure, i te ease Ikawiee Ie inveabiy © 8 (75 The marks x, M,", 9, € and C, Various constants frequently used are. speci ly marked wes rite on the seales & Bh 6, M = L = 0918 onthe scales A and 8 Intermetale marking for * = 0785 on A end B. e ois The marks C and Ci (not to be confu facilitate the calculation of cross sections from a given diame Example: if the cut ling Is used to place C above 282 inch on scale D (first placing the cursor-line above 282 on D, then placing mark € beneath it — tho cross section (6:24 sqin) can then bo seon on scale? ‘above the inidal 1 of the upper slide scale B (henceforth termed B 1 in all case In place of mark C, mark Cy could also have been used. (Not to be confused with the initial 1 of the lower slide scale C, henceforth termed C1 in all cases). The result may then be seen, sbove 8 100 (the 100 on stale B), on scale A. When setting, use the © or Cy marke, Whichever of the two antaile least movemant of the slide. Forming tables (1) To convert yards into metres. Basic equvalent: 82 yards equal 75 metres. Use the cursor-ine to bring the 82 on scale D and the 75 on scale C Into line with each ther. Thie le done by firet placing the eureorfine above D 82 mmaving the slide the required distance to the right, so that C 75 Underneath it and thus eppocite O82. { se = Fig. 4 the The cursot-line Is now placed shove the known yardvalue on Di um 38 above it on C, and vico vs 7 140 yards = 128m; conversely, 384m 28 yards, 685 m = 640 yards, It may happen that cortsin values cannot be set up and read off the slide would havo to be pulled out too far to the left or ight For 105 yards, for example, the equivalent (86m) cannot be read. In this case recourse ie made to the operation known as *moving the slide throvgh*, In othor words, the re-eetting ie provided by placing the cursorline above C 1, and the slide moved to the left untl C 10 Is underneath the cursorline. A reading can now be taken of the remaining values. as wel @ Ifa “unit value", e.g. 1 yard = 0-914 metres, Is known Instead of @ “standard equivalent’, then C 1 or C10 (for + yard) is placed above 614 on scale D_ The cursorline again enables yards and metres to be read of from and D.(@) Tho value 1 inch = 25 mms. is often required. C 1 is placed above D 25-4 and readings are then taken by the aid of the cursor line, e.g. 17" = 432 em, of 37” = 94 em. In the case of 42", for wwe again find that we ake @ reading in the ordinary way, and ha (4) In all settings, see that the unit-vaiue and the equivalent are at the tends of the scale, under C 1 and above D 10 respectively, and th readings can be taken in both directions. Thus, if C'1 Is above D 25-4 (for 1 = 25-4 mm), then the value 0:9957 will be found on scale C, above D 10 (for 11cm = 09997"). ‘Multiptication The chief scales us hero are the main scales C and D. Example: 245 X 3 = 735 ’ Fig.5 The 1 at the beginning of the slide (C 1) Is placed above 245 on the lower section of the rule (D 245), and the cursorine above the 3 on the ower graduation of the slide (€ 3); the product’ 75, le then shown, Lundemeath the cursorline, on the lower section of the rule (D 735) Hore again, it may happen that tho second factor on ecale C and’ the result on scale D ‘cannot be set and read respectively, In the ordinary m made to the operation of “moving th slide Is placed above C1 and the slide pushed to the left, until C 10 is underneath the cursorlino. A practised user of tho slide rule knows Immediately the most advantageous etting to 26 Example: 75 X 40 = 96 a prErrery ! D t & ta Fig.6 © 10 Is placed above D 7:5, the cursorine Is placed over the 2nd factor 48 on C, and the result 36 Is found underneath it, on scale D. The *C 10 setting” is generally used If the first two figures, when mult a 5 | ‘The index figure of the slide scale (B 1) is placed under the 25 on the lower graduation of the rule (A25), the cursor-line Is placed above the 3 ‘on the upper slide graduation (B 8), then the product 75, Is to be found beneath the cursorline on the upper section of the rule (A 78) Examples for gractice: Setting C1: 1.02 X39 = 7-1; 0.248 X 037 = 0-001 ‘Setting © 10: 463 X 3:17 = 147; 0694 X 0484 = 0-335 Division With the aid ef the cursor-n are placed opfosite one anct the Index figure of tha tongue Example: 985 +25 = 994 numerator and denominetor on C and D rj the result can then be found underneath 1, oF end of the tongue, C 10, 2a asm at i T os ae I Fig. 4 above the numerator 9-85 on the 'D, end then the ‘denominator 25 (on graduation C) under the cureortine, Numerator end denominator are now opposite each ether, and underneath the beginning of the slide, C1, the result (384) can be found on scale D. Division can naturally proceed on A and B likewise, Here egein, the numerator (or'A) and the denominator (on B) are placed opposite one tinother, with ‘he aid af the cureor-ling, and the result Is found on scale A above 1 or B 100. Examples for oractice: 970+ 268 = 362; 285-314 = 908; 0.685 + 0454 = 151 Calculations with the reciprocal scale CI This ecale is subdivided from 1 to 10, and its system of graduations corresponds te that on scales C and D, but takes the opposite direction (1) If, for @ given value a, the reciprocal 1 ~~ a is required, the former Is set on C oF Cl, and the reciprocal can then be found above it on C1 fr undernvath it'on C. The reading can be taken merely by setting the cursor, without adjusting the slide Examplee! t+ 8 = 0-125; 1-2 = 05) 0.25; 1-3 = 0983 (2) If 1-8 Is required, tho cursor-tine is moved to the value a on scale Cl, and the result may be found above it, on B, likewise under- heath the cursor-line. Example: | 2-44" — 0168 Quick guide to position of dacimel point: Less then 1/5th = 02 (@ If 1 + Vile required, the curtorline ie placed at © on scale B, and the result ie found on Cl, likewige beneath the cursorline Example: | + 274 = 0-191 Quick guide to position of decimal point Lees than 1/5tn = 02 (4) Seales D and Cl also enable multiplications to be carried out. (Division by the redprocel = multiplication). This method is popular wth many users. Example: 066 X 2025. Proces as in division, i.e. fitst place the cureorting above O66 on D, the 2025 on Cl then being placed under the eureortine; the product, 1337 ean then be found an D under C 1 5(©) Products with a number of factors can thus be found very simpy. The first two factors are multiplied, as in (4) in the foregoing, C 4 above, the result 1337 immediately providing the vetting for the mult plication with the next factor (the first muliplication-method. studied), Example: 066 X 2025 X238 = 31:8, We calculate 066 X 2025, 18 under (4), and have the setting C 1 above the Intermediate result; the cursorline i now placed above the shd factor, 238 on C. The result, 431-8 may be found Underneath Il, on D. This could now be immediately followed by a further multiplication, by placing the next factor, on Cl, underneath the cursor-line, the result being found on D, beneath C 1, (or C 10 as the case may be). Multiplicetions can thus be carried out eltarnately by tho aid of D end Cl followed by the use of C and D, in accordance with the first method studied ince the upper scales A end B are subdivided from 1 to 100, with the lower scales being subdivided from 1 to 10, it means thet the square of ‘any number on DB, can be found on A. Example: 23% = 529 (Fig.98) ee Be Fig. The cursorline is placed sbove the 23 on 0, and the result, $28, is found under the cursor-ine on A, Examples for practice: 1945" — 1-81; 457% = 209; 0765" = 0585 The square root Is obtained by setting the basic number on A, the result being the number shown underneath it, on O. Example: yZi = 48 (Fig.9), The cursorine is placed above 23-1 on A, the result, 46, being found undemeath the cursor-line, on D. I which scale section ‘01 in the firt halt, whilst 10 to 100 must bo taken on the second section Values outside this range in either direction have to be adjusted, by splitting up the powers, so that they come within the range 1-10 or 1-100, ‘86 the case may be, as shown in the following examples: ViS36. This Is equivalent to 100 X 1935 = 10 Vidas = 10 X 44 a4 Via53. This is equivelent to Y100% YIM = 10 yiase = 10% 1207 = 1207 I we wish to avoid "splitting off the powers of 10, the following purely “mechanical” method of setting may be noted On the leitshand half, the figures must be set which have one, three, five, etc, digits In front of the decimal point, or one, three, five ete nowghts after the decimal point; on the right-hand’ half, those figu which have two, four, etc. digits In front of the decimal point, or two, four etc. nowghte (or no noughte at all) after the decimal point. Cube and cube root Consists of three equal sections, 1-10, 10-100 and 100-1,000, in conjunction with D. The cursor is placed above the valve (nD, the cube being found above it, on K. 6 Examples: 266% = 188; 1564 = 365; 238 = 128; 614 = 292, ude ake Fig. 10 1M the cube root is to be extracted, the conve The selting is nade on Kand the reading tal process is adpoted, trom D. Examples: / 68 = 1.604; /466 = 167; V208= 900; 7102 — 5:77 Us the basic number is below’ 1 or above 1000, it must be adjusted (by pliting off" eppropriate powers) 80 that It falls within the 1-100) ren 185 when extracting square roots The trigonomatical scales §, $T, T, and Ts The trigonometical scales S, ST, Ty and Ts are. subdivi ‘and. show. in conjunction with the basie scale D. the angu when the converse process Is adopted, they indicate the angles. Use a tables When using the scales S, ST, Ty and Ts in conjunction with scale D, as 4 trigonometric table, the following should be noted: ‘Tue $ scale, in conjunction with the D scale, provides 4 decimaly, tunetions: sine table, The § scale wth the values of the complementary angles (increesing from right to eft) provides — in conjunction with the D scale — cosine tabl The two T scales, in conjunction with the D scale, provide a tangent table, up to 8458 The two T scales, with the values of the complementary angles (increas Ing from right to'lef) provide — in conjunction with the D scale — cotangent table To find Setting sin 13% = cos 7° sin 76° = cos 14° cos 28" 0225 |S 13° — 0 0225 097 |S 76 — 0 097 sin 62° = D883 | § 62 — 0 0883 | Only the long sin 12¢ = 0.208 |S 12° — 0 0206 | cureorline I cot 58¢ = 0625 | T,32" — 0 0625 | required for cot 33 = 154 | T:57" — 0 154 | those settings tan 720 = 308 |T: 72° — D sae" tan 15° = 0268 |; 15° — D O60" aunt Set with the 308 T1188 — cl 308 | fong cursorlne, 0268 1:75" — Cl 0268 [withthe slid Fule set to zero, = tan 728 tan 15° The ST scale provides, with O seale, o table of the arc function (circular ‘measure of an angle) and — when the correctionmarks ere used — sine oF tangent scale for the angles O85" AAs an arc scal» (for cireular measurement of angles) Set the angle value on ST and find the functional values on D (by the aid of the cursor-line) Examples: arc 25" = 0.0436; are 4:02" Fos = 229%; 0021 = 1-205 Tho are scale sleo applies to tho ten-fold angle values, but the function rmust then be rrultipied by 10. Examples: are 31° = 0641; 664 = 36-7 0.07; and converselyAs tangent scale fof the tangent or up to 5* in the case of the sine, ‘equation tan a = sine @ ~ are @ Examples: tan 25* =~ sine 25" = 00495 tan 4° = sine 4 = 00697 For an exact reading of tangont 4, the corvoction-mark to the right of the graduation-mark for 4" Is used. The reading taken Is 0-059 The following should be noted as regards the correction-marks for the tangent Tangent greater than arc, therefore use correction-mark to the Hight of the graduation-mark Example: tan 5* = 00875, ‘angle is in-between the full graduations provided with correction the cotrection-inerval must be transferred accordingly. Example: tan 35° — 0.0612; tan 42" — 00734; tan 5-39" = 00934. Hf the functional value ie known, and the angle is required, the correction- mark to the left is used. For the sine, tho correction-mark is provided to the left of graduation. mark 6°. It applies to the range 5*—6% ine scale for small angles, up to 3° in the case in accordance with the Here the operation is carried out as above, but in the opposite direction Calculations with trigonometrical scales 8, ST, T, and 1; As every function Is @ ratlo “from side to side*, all that has to be done In each case Is to place the graduated part of the D scale alongside that of the Cl scale, By dropping a perpendicular from the final point of this *eerias addition on to the corresponding angle-function scala (ST for 0+ x; Send Ty for 01x end Ts for x) the angle-value can immediately be side Fatt Even whan the angle and one side are known, however, the same system oT caleusons cor be veed, but in this case the snglesvaie fret hae to Setound by the id of tha cursor. and account taken of the cor responding side of the triangle, on scales D of cl Examples for the rectangular trlangle Example: 1. Known: a = 9, b = 4, To find a and o. ce C 1 above O 3, place cursorline on Cl 4, and find the angle-value, for a, on the Ty scale, With the cursor at S 369%, we now find 5, on Cl. 36 the hypotenvs 2, 2 80, b = 4, To find «@ and c. Tho setting Ie carried out as above, Le, C 1 above D 3, cursor I 4, but find the angle, Le. €2-4° for a, on the Te scale (since 30 more than 1). To find c, move cursor to § 824°; the value for c, Le. | now found en Cl. 3. a= 3,b= 40, Tofind a and e, ‘The setting is carried out a6 ST (the first reading being 42° 4289). Using this “corrected 402 on Cl, 4, @ = 82, b= 216, To find © and a bo but the angle i.e. 428° is found on ', "correction towards the right” giving ing* 428°, we find the value for 2, he, © 10 above D 82, cursor at Cl 21:6, value of a (20-78%) found on Place cursor af 2078 of S scale, and find value of c (231) on Cl. 5 a= 216, b = 82, To find c and «. © 1 above D 21-6, cursor at Ci 82, value of a (69-22%) shown on Ts Plece cursor at 6922 of S scale, and find value of e (231) on Cl One further example with the use of the correction-mark 6. @ = 512,¢ = 612, To find a and b, 6 1 atove 0 £12, carar at C62, Randing (48) tkan (om ST sal Naw move fo be seh by the tae fe snget Srebes Inte ood Mioaw regs aio ot Oe Examples for scalene triangle eral br Rte 1, a = 383; « = 52% B = S9a%; y 2 C383 above S 62". With the ald of the cursorine, the results b= 417 and > = 45d can be found on C, above § 50° and 60", 2 a= 6, = 5,0 = 165, To find a and b, IW is known thet y = 180"— (a+) = 169%, and siny = sin (180° —y) = sin 118, ‘We thus place C 185 above S 11° and can then find the angles, with the ff the cursertine, on the arcescale and with the use of the correction mark, the values for a= 90-4 and b = 754 then being shown on the C teal. Cosine and cotangent are obtained by the ald of the complementary angles 08 a = sin (90a); cot a = tan (80a), Examples: 1. b= 147; @ = 228, To find « and ¢ Place © 1 above D 1:17 and place cursor at Cl 223. Underneath, on the 1, scale, the reading 62" is given for a (inverse, red figures). Now place cursor at (Inverse, rod figures) 623° on the S scale, The reading. for © = 252 is given sbove, on Cl. 2. b= 442; ¢ = 482. To find a and a, Place © 1 at D 442. Place cursor at Cl 462. On ST (inverse) the reading 84:52° is given for a. (if account is taken of the “correction-value", ie one “praduatior-mark width" to the right, we obtain the exect reading 648), 8Now place cursor to (Inverse) 84:5 of ST scale (take tangent correction Into account) and obtain reading 46 for 2 on Cl, above. Use of o-mark ’ The e-mark can also be used to determine the circular measurement of are function, in accordance with the equation eX a= 001745 X a = area. IC 1 is placed above 9 on D, this provides an are table on O (engl value on C). Examples: are 26" = 0.0436; are 04° = 000698, Use cursor for setting and reading, The mantissa scale L This operates in conjunction with scale D and enebles readings to be taken of the logarithms to base 10 — in the zero-pasition (index line left oft. Example: log 1-85 = 0-1303. Log 138 — 11303. Place the cursor-ine above 1-35 of scale D and find result (1308) above it on L. ‘As usual, the user determines the characteristic himself the basic number for the logarithm can be found by placing Land finding the result underneath it, on D. Examples for practice: log 3 = 0477; log 962 = 15585; log 1479 = (0-170; oF alternatively, log sin 25° = log 0:4228 (on C) = 0:626—1 (on L) 1962610; tho cursor can thus be used to teke a direct reading, 1-626, starting from 8 25° (enly in zero postion!) Tho “Multi-line” eure ‘Tho "Multiline cursor enables a number of Important types of calcu: lations to be performed. the cursor (1) Gatoulation of the area of a circle from a given diameter. ‘The central” cursor line marked ‘* or the righthand lower eur- sortine is placed above the dis~ moter, 32 In, on the scale D, and the result (8:04 sqin) is read off, from the “st, resp. *d* cursor- Hine to the loft of ft, on tho a (2) Calculation of the volume of & eylingor. We proceed a8 in example 1, but In this. case. the cross (here = 804 eg.in) to. be multiplied by the height (eg. 12 in). Result: 96:48 cub. (@) Conversion of KW into HP and vice versa. Example: 48 hp. = 356 KW. The cursor-line “HP* ie placed sbove the 48 on the scale A. Undomeath the KW cursor-line the required num bor of watts, 35°, Is found, likewise on A. Using both the cursor-tines. HP and KW, the samo conversion can lso be performed on scales C and D. 10 Supplementary scales only for No. 57/89 The exponential scales LL: and Lis For calculations with the exponential ecsles ULz and Lls, the slide is reversed before being inserted. LLz and Ll then slide along A end O respectively 1. The transitin from Llp to Lls (with the cureorsine) provides powers The tr Ls ) P% Examples: 1-204" = 64; 1-205" = 225; 1-195! = 3556, 2 The transition from LLs to LLs provides the, 10th root Examples: 75 = 1:54; VEE = 1.208; VE — 14 Powers of o = 2718 ‘These are obteined by setting the exponents on D, with the aid of the cursor, the e-rark being above D1 (only In zero postion!) ‘The power of @ is then shown on the LL scales; with Ly for the D scale wwe have the range 1-10; with LL: we have the range 04-1 Examples: et = 5. Place the cursor-line above D 1-6-1 end obtain the result, 8, on Ls. ett = 1175, Place cursoriine at D 1-6-1, which, however ‘now denotes O161. Result: 1-178 on Ls. bm = 600. ght? = 1.862, e260 = 14, W the exponent of the power is negativ sees GES: tite estas Jating firt of sll with s pestve n and then finding the reciprocal value Roots from The flghthand or left-hend e-mark I placed above the exponent, af whi the value of tho root is found, by'the aid of the cursor line, above O'1 or D 10 (or underneath At oF A100). Yorm 1204; Vo = 648; Yom 1,133: The Nopierian logarithms These are found by changing over from the LL ecal Here again, for tho O scale, we have the rango 1-10 when opercting with Us and the rarge 1-1 when oporating with Li Examples: In 25 = 322; place the cursor above LLy end find tho result, 322, underneath, on. In 19 = 0262; place the cursor shove ULy-'-2 and find the fesult, 0262, underneath it; on O. Examples for pretice: n 145 = 497; In 26 = 926; in 184 = 081; In 296 — Caso. The Nopierian logaritnms of numbers less than {are found by the eque- tion tn 8 : Ve = 2081. to the basic scales. Powers of any desired numbers Powers of the type ” are obtained by setting the basic value on the LL seales abow D1 oF D 10, then placing the ‘eursorline above the exponent on D, after which the result can be found on the Ll scales. Example: 752% = 50; place Lly-375 above D1, then place the cursor above D 298; the value, 50, Is now found above it, om Ll, Examples for practice: 1890S —= 474; 42218 = 999: 42026 = 1.364 From the final example ittean be seen that here again, the rule concerning the significance of the decimal point must be observed.