Lesson 4.

4:
Second Order Linear Differential Equation

• Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

• Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

 Homogeneous Linear DE
with Constant Coefficient
Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

𝑎𝑦" + 𝑏𝑦′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 0 (1)

Standard form:
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constant and 𝑎 ≠ 0

and
Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient
Auxiliary equation

The solution of differential equation (1) will

depends on the root of the auxiliary equation.

Two distinct Repeated Complex

real roots roots roots
Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

Writing the auxiliary equation from a given Homogeneous DE:

Homogeneous DE Auxiliary equation

2
 Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

General Solution

Two distinct
real roots

Repeated
roots

Complex
roots
 Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient
Steps to find the solution of homogeneous
linear DE

Differential Equation

Step 1

Step 2 Solve the auxiliary equation;

i.e Distinct root, Repeated root or Complex root
Step 3 Write the general solution based on the types of
roots obtained in step 2
 Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient
Solve the following differential equation:
Homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient
Non-Homogeneous Linear DE
with Constant Coefficient
(Method of undetermined coefficient)
 Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

𝑎𝑦" + 𝑏𝑦′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 (1)

Standard form:
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constant and 𝑎 ≠ 0

General solution for

non-homogeneous DE:

Complementary Solution Particular Solution

The solution depends on the

function g(x) in (1)
Constant
 Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

Solution:

The associated homogeneous DE:

Auxiliary equation:

(Two distinct roots)

 compare with

(Obtained from the original DE)


 Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

Example2:
alequation y  2y  4y  8x  2ex.
Solvethedifferenti
Answer: y  ex C1 cos 3x C2 sin 3x1 2x  4ex

Example3:
alequationy  y  3sin2x cos2x.
Solvethedifferenti
1
Answer: y  C1 cosx C2 sinx sin2x  cos2x
3
Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

Answer:
Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

Answer:

Answer:
Non-homogeneous Linear DE with Constant Coefficient

Answer:

Answer:
Example 6

Answer: yc  C1ex  C2xex; yp  2e2x  4x  4

Example 7

Example 8