Pool Fundamentals

Copyright 2008 © by Patrick Riley & Larry Malloy
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or
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13427 Krameria Street, Thornton, CO 80602
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Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
The Basics......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
The Chalk ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
The Open or ―V‖ Bridge ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
The Basic or Closed Bridge ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
The Rail Bridge ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Using the Mechanical Bridge ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
The Grip........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Swing & Stroke ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Stance ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Follow Through ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Practice Drills................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Drill 1: Follow Through ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise A) ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise B) .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise C).............................................................................................................................................. 14
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise D) ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Drill 3: Stop Shot......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Drill 4: Follow Shot ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Drill 5: Draw Shot ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Drill 6: Stop, Follow, Draw ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
Drill 7: Tangent Lines – Stop Shot ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Drill 8: Tangent Lines – Follow Shot Speed Control .................................................................................................................... 21
Drill 9A: Tangent Lines - Draw ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Drill 9B: Tangent Lines – Stop, Follow, Draw ............................................................................................................................. 23
Drill 10: Cut Shot ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Drill 11: Cut Shot ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Drill 12: Rail Shot ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Drill 13: Cut Shot ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Drill 14: Aiming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Drill 15: Eight Ball Break (The Power Break) .............................................................................................................................. 29
8-Ball Break & 9-Ball Break Layouts ............................................................................................................................................ 30
8-Ball Break Layouts ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
9-Ball Break Layouts ................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Reference ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Pool Associations ........................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Recommended Books .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Recommended DVDs .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Glossary of Pool/Billiard Terms................................................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Target ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

3
Introduction

5
Introduction
Thank you for purchasing ―Pool Fundamentals.‖ This book is designed to help reduce the learning
curve of shooting pocket billiards. One of the major keys to learning how to shoot pool is practice,
practice, and practice. All drills in this book MUST be PRACTICED in order to master the control of
the cue ball regardless of how easy the drill may seem. Most of the top professionals practice 6 to 8
hours a day when they’re not competing. In today’s world, we don’t have that amount of time to learn.
Therefore, what you are practicing and the order in which you practice drills will help reduce your
learning curve. For example, if you’re just beginning and you just learned how to make a cut shot, you
shouldn’t move on to bank shots yet. You’ll need to know why the cue call reacts the way it does before
moving forward. Another suggestion to learning is to join a pool league and take these drills with you.
Practice them when you’re not competing. You and your friends will be amazed at how quickly you
learn the proper techniques and discover the strategy of the game.
Many of these drills are based on actual game play while a few others are from Master Instructors and
noted as such. These drills are common shots that occur frequently while shooting pool. We encourage
you to design your own drills and add to this book. As your skills progress, you’ll discover the areas
where you need additional improvement. When playing a match, knowing your percentages on
particular shots will allow you to choose the shot that’s gives you the highest percentage of winning.
Name and
description of drill.
Mark the total completed and use the

shot percentage chart to figure your
percentage.
Put an ―X‖ next to each

Pool table number attempt that is
diagram with executed correctly.
drill layout.
Shot percentage (i.e. in the first

exercise above, they correctly
executed the shot 7 out of 15 times for
47% accuracy) The goal is 90% or
more accuracy consistently.
Shows location on the

cue ball to strike with the
cue for this drill.

6
The Basics

7
As you progress with the game of pool, it’s inevitable that you will develop bad habits such as moving your body or picking
your head up. From time to time, review these fundamentals even if you feel you know them well. Doing so will help to
reduce to odds of going on a losing streak, and will remind you of the basics that you may have taken for granted.
The Chalk
Using chalk is a must for the game of pool. Using a good quality chalk, such as Master brand chalk, will help develop
consistency in your game. The purpose of chalk is to create friction between the cue stick and the cue ball. Without the
friction, you’ll have little hope controlling the cue ball. Be sure to chalk your cue after every shot or two. Doing so will help
reduce the odds of miscues and other fatal errors. Have you ever had problems drawing the cue ball? One reason may be
because of the lack of friction from your stick to the cue ball. Use fresh chalk (not one hollowed out from use).
Look at the tip of your cue stick, is it shinny and smooth? When your tip is shiny and smooth, the chalk has a hard time
sticking to it. Use a tip scuffer or shaper to lightly roughen the tip. Then gently brush the chalk onto the cue tip. Do not grind
the chalk on, or it will flatten the tip. Remember to chalk often and you’ll begin to see improvement in consistency in your
game.
The Open or “V” Bridge

The open bridge works well for power breaks and times that you can’t use the closed bridge. Please study the image carefully
and note that for the most support and accuracy, the thumb should be up against the pointer finger with the wrist turned.
―V‖ Bridge Low ―V‖ Bridge High ―V‖ Bridge
The High “V” Bridge - For shooting over balls

When shooting over another ball, use the high ―V‖ bridge to get the proper elevation. Spread the fingers widely to make a
firm base. You will find that when you bring up the thumb, you get more security for the cue stroke.
You will find that you can raise the channel high for a follow shot, and drop the channel low for a draw shot.
The Basic or Closed Bridge

It is nearly impossible to shoot a ―good‖ game of pool without a stable hand-bridge.
Notice the photograph to the right.
With the palm of your hand planted securely on the table, spread your fingers wide,
this provides a stable base. The cue slides securely through a channel made by the
thumb and forefinger. The cue should move smoothly through this channel without
pulling against the skin with little to no tendency to waiver or get out of line.
Since precise placement of the cue tip on the cue ball is important, take time out to
master this base bridge. Since you will use it in 70-80% of your shots, practice it
frequently until it becomes natural. Practice it until your fingers channel the cue easily and naturally, without muscle strain.
This bridge is one of the keys to precision shooting.

8
Use this bridge primarily when shooting a draw or power shot. This bridge works better in reducing the odds of lifting your
cue stick while following through on your shot. Keeping your cue level, flatten out your bridge hand to shoot a draw shot or
cup your hand to raise your point of contact for center and Follow.
The Rail Bridge

When the cue ball is close to the rail, shoot between the first two fingers after folding back your thumb. Notice that the
forefinger and the thumb are making a channel to keep your stroke true and accurate.
When the cue ball is frozen to the cushion, use this modified rail bridge. Do not elevate the cue more than is necessary.
Using the Mechanical Bridge

The mechanical bridge is used when a shot is in an awkward position on the table, or simply too far
away. Learning to use the bridge properly is a valuable skill, and therefore, should be practiced like
any shot. The image to the right shows proper use of the mechanical bridge. Your arm should be
parallel to the table, enabling the cue to move away from the chest as you make the shot. When
practicing with the bridge, vary distance to the cue ball, to determine your most accurate distance.
Don’t forget to practice using the mechanical bridge when shooting over other balls.
The Grip
A proper grip of the cue involves the use of your thumb and first three fingers. A light and
relaxed grip is key to a smooth and consistent stroke. A strong grip is one of the most common
mistakes. You can produce all the force you need with a relaxed finger grip and the correct
action in the arm. Please see diagram to the left.
Swing & Stroke

Your swing should be level, and your arm, from your elbow down, should swing naturally back and forth like a pendulum.
Take a few practice strokes while checking your aim, then hit the cue ball.
Stance
The key to the stance is maintaining comfort and balance. Therefore, learn the correct position for
your body and feet, then maintain it. A good stance puts you in a balanced and comfortable
position, and centers your head over the cue in the line of your aim. Please see images below. This
permits your dominant arm to swing freely, to be extended straight. Your forward knee will be
bent more than your backward knee. Your body should remain still with the stroke.
Follow Through
Think of hitting through the cue ball. The cue should continue in a straight line until it stops at the end of the stroke
(preferably 6‖-8‖ or more beyond where the cue ball was). The position of your head and body should remain down as well.
A common mistake even in intermediate and advanced players is when the head, body, or cue come up after the stroke. This
action will often result in missing your shot. Remember, after the cue makes contact with the cue ball, your head, body, and
cue should continue in the same position.

9
Practice Drills

10
Practice Drills
Drill 1: Follow Through
In Addition to your stance, following through on your shot is a critical component to a finishing stroke. After
your cue stick strikes the cue ball, the tip of your cue stick should pass 4-6 inches a head of were the cue ball was
before you made contact with it (position ―X‖). This is a key to most shots you’ll take in the game of pool.
To execute this drill, place the cue ball at the foot spot as shown. Next, place an object ball in line with the cue
ball one diamond higher. Mark a spot on the table 4-6 inches ahead of the cue ball. After you strike the cue ball,
the tip must reach the point you marked. Practice the drill several times until you are comfortable with it. Then
move on to the next drill.
*Note: The layout of the table may not always allow your cue to extend 4-6 inches past the cue ball. If the cue ball and object ball are in close proximity to
one another or if you’re shooting a finesse shot with very little speed you may only need to follow through 2 or 3 inches passed the contact point with the cue
ball.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
X 3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
Top
Center
Draw

11
Practice Drills
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise A)
For the purpose of this book it’s important to discuss speed of the cue ball. If we mention using a slow speed, that means the speed it
would take to have the cue ball travel one length of the table. When we say shoot a medium speed shot that would be two lengths of
the table. This is also known as a lag shot. If we’re requesting a hard speed, that will be three lengths of the table. Practice these
various speeds and record your results. While you’re practicing your speed control, remember to practice your stance and follow
through as well. If you’d like, you may also practice your aim by shooting at the diamond on the opposite site of the table and see if
the cue ball remains on the same rebound path.
Position 1: Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

Slow Medium Hard
Shot Shot Shot
1 2 3

12
Practice Drills
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise B)
As with many things in life there are always variations. These next few drills will help you to develop basic cue ball control and
muscle memory. Muscle memory is difficult to illustrate, so the best way to learn this is with repetitious practice. By having muscle
memory stored in your brain, you’ll be capable of recalling the proper speed needed for position when you’re in a high pressure game
situation.
For this drill, use the target supplied with this book. Place the cue ball and target as shown in position 1. Stroke the cue ball using a
very slow speed and try to place the cue ball on the target. Once you’re comfortable with that position, move the target further away
and do this drill again. Continue moving the target further away until you reach the end rail. Try to get 5 or more shots in before
reaching the bottom rail.
Mark a point for each time you land successfully in the center part of the target.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
3 2 1

13
Practice Drills
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise C)
This drill is very similar to the last one you just accomplished. This time, place the target down table at position
#1. Strike the cue ball at a slow to medium speed so that it rebounds off the end rail then comes to rest on the
target at position #1. When you’re comfortable, relocate the target to position #2 and then position #3.
Mark a point for each time you land successfully in the red part of the target.
End Rail
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
1 2 3

14
Practice Drills
Drill 2: Speed Control (Exercise D)
This drill is a little trickier to master. The more power you put into a shot, the more likely your posture (head,
shoulder, grip, or body) will move incorrectly. Keep focused on holding still for these drills.
Place the target at position #1 and strike the cue ball with enough force to rebound off the end rail, back to the
head rail and come to rest on the target at position #1. Then move on to position #2 & #3.
Mark a point for each time you land successful in the red part of the target.
End Rail Position 1: Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
1 2 3
Head Rail

15
Practice Drills
Drill 3: Stop Shot
This is a stop shot drill. Sometimes it’s referred to as a stun shot. Practice this drill by shooting center on the cue
ball. Pocket the object ball and have the cue ball stop after contact. If the cue ball moves off to either side of the
object ball after contact, or rolls forward, then you will know one of the following occurred:
1. Your aim is off center, so practice aiming (see drill 14).
2. You inadvertently added spin to the cue ball—which changed the direction of the ball.
3. You’re not shooting with enough speed, so the cue ball is not ―sliding‖ at the point of contact.
4. You’re inadvertently hitting the cue ball above center, instead of center (see diagram).
*In order for the cue ball to stop at the point of contact, it must be sliding across the felt. Strike the cue ball firmly and be sure to
follow through on your stroke. If the cue ball moves forward after making contact with the object ball, then you hit the cue ball too
softly.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

1 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
2 9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
3 Shot Percentages
4 1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

16
Practice Drills
Drill 4: Follow Shot
Follow shots are usually considered the easiest shots in pool. To shoot a follow shot, find the horizontal and
vertical center lines of the cue ball. Then aim your cue tip above the horizontal line, on the vertical axis (see
diagram). At roughly a medium speed, shoot the object ball into the pocket. If your shot is lined up in a straight
line and your aim is true, then the cue ball should follow the object ball into the pocket. If your aim is off a bit,
the cue ball will diverge away from the pocket to either side. Practice this shot from various distances and
record your results. The object is to pocket both balls in the same shot. If you only pocket the object ball, do not
count the point.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

1 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
2 9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

3 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

4
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

17
Practice Drills
Drill 5: Draw Shot
Draw shots are fun to watch when executed properly. It is also a bit complicated to get the hang of. Set up an
object ball and the cue call as shown in the illustration. Strike the cue ball below the center line at the point
marked in the diagram below. The distance you draw back will be determined by the speed you are striking the
cue ball. For the purpose of this drill, pocket the object ball into the side pocket and draw the cue ball straight
back towards the opposite side without scratching. Keep the cue ball and object ball in a straight line but use
various distances. Chalk your cue tip after each shot. This will reduce the chance of a miscue.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

18
Practice Drills
Drill 6: Stop, Follow, Draw
You should have already practiced the stop shot, draw and follow shot in the earlier drills, so now we’re going to combine them to
demonstrate how using the proper shot will allow you to leave yourself in good position for the next shot. Getting the right positioning
on your next shot will increase your likelihood of running the table and winning the match. Lay out the table as shown in the diagram.
First, use stop shot on the one ball. Stopping the cue ball after contact with the object ball requires a straight in shot and a center hit on
the cue ball. If the cue ball is at an angle to the object ball and pocket you’ll never stop it dead. The cue ball must be sliding at the
point of contact without any spin, therefore, speed plays a large factor on a stop shot.
For Top Spin hit the cue ball center but above the center horizontal center line. After contacting the object ball the cue ball will follow
the object ball. The distance it travels is determined by how hard you shoot the shot and how high you hit it.
Drawing the cue ball is the exact opposite of top spin. For this shot I recommend you chalk your cue tip after every shot. This will
reduce the possibility of a miscue.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
Stop Top
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
Follow
Draw Stop
Draw

19
Practice Drills
Drill 7: Tangent Lines – Stop Shot
Do you remember geometry class? The tangent line is the perpendicular line (90 degree angle) to the point of contact between the cue ball and object
ball. This is a major key to playing pool because it’s the basis for position play. You’ll need to know these simple formulas for playing cue ball
position, to avoid scratches and for breaking up (or avoiding) a cluster of balls.
You should already know by know how to shoot a stop shot. For the main purpose of this drill, you’ll need to have the stop shot mastered. Find the
point of contact between the object ball and the cue ball. Draw an imaginary line from the cue ball to the contact point of the object ball. Then draw
a second line perpendicular to the first at the point of contact. This is the tangent line. The only way to have the cue ball to travel along this line is to
shoot a stop shot. The cue ball must be sliding to the point of contact. If the cue ball develops a natural forward roll, it will diverge slightly forward
off the tangent line. Practice this drill using a center ball hit on the cue ball to have it traveling along the same line after every shot. Try this same
drill but from longer distances. If you continue to use the same speed as in position 1, you may notice that the cue ball moves forward from the
tangent line after contact. This is because the cue ball has picked up some forward roll. Remember that the cue ball must be sliding to the point of
contact with the object ball in order for it to remain on the tangent line. Therefore, the greater the distance between the cue ball and object ball, the
harder the cue ball must be hit.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Stop
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
Stop 9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
Stop
Follow
Stop
Draw

20
Practice Drills
Drill 8: Tangent Lines – Follow Shot Speed Control
Now you’ll learn how follow at an angle works. Speed plays a key roll in this segment. Find your point of
contact as you did with the previous drill. Shoot the shot using follow at a slow speed. The cue ball will stay on
the tangent line for a brief moment then it will bend forward from the line. Run through a rack of ball using a
slow speed.
Then shoot the same shot using a medium speed. You may notice that the cue ball remains on the tangent line a
bit longer than it does at a slow speed. This is an important thing to remember when you want to use this shot.
Practice at a medium speed for a rack of balls the try a hard speed.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Stop Completed: _____ % _____

Stop
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
Follow
Stop

21
Practice Drills
Drill 9A: Tangent Lines - Draw
Draw works the opposite of top spin. Instead of bending forward it will bend backwards from the tangent line.
Again find the point of contact and shoot using a slow speed. Then shoot the same shot using a medium speed.
You may find notice that the cue ball remains on the tangent line a bit longer than it does at a slow speed. This
is an important thing to remember when you want to use this shot. Practice at a medium speed for a rack of balls
then try a hard speed.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
Hard 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Slow
Medium Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
Slow 9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Medium
Shot Percentages
Hard 1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%

Slow
Medium
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
Stop
Hard
Stop
Draw

22
Practice Drills
Drill 9B: Tangent Lines – Stop, Follow, Draw
Learning how to hit the cue ball to make your shot and position yourself for the next shot will go a long way to
your advancement in pool. This drill is designed to show you how stop, follow and draw affects the direction of
the cue ball. Practice each one of these drills and notice the path the cue ball takes after hitting it with stop,
follow and draw. The blue dotted line is the 90 degree tangent line and the direction the cue ball should take if
hit with stop.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Follow Completed: _____ % _____

Draw 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Stop Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
Stop Stop
Follow
Draw 1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
Draw
Stop Follow
Stop
Follow
Draw

23
Practice Drills
Drill 10: Cut Shot
The object here is to cut the one ball into the top corner pocket using ―Follow‖ while positioning yourself for another ball.
First, shoot the object ball into the top corner to play position for the two ball. The cue ball should land at position (A).
Replace the balls, and then go for position on the three ball. Continue this drill until you are in position (F) for play on the
seven ball.
A variation on this drill is to roll a dice and go for position on the numbered ball shown on the dice.
*This drill can be found on ―How To Play Pool Right‖ with Jerry Briesath video produced by the BCA. Jerry Briesath is a BCA Master Instructor. We highly
recommend the video for beginning players as he teaches you about cue grip, stance, stroke, and basic English.
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

A
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

B
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Completed: _____ % _____
C 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
D
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%

E 4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

24
Practice Drills
Drill 11: Cut Shot
Set the object ball one ball width from the bottom rail. Mark the cue ball location one diamond over to either
side of center and one diamond higher (see diagram). Stroke the cue ball, cutting the object ball into the
opposite corner pocket. After you’re comfortable with the first cue ball location, move the cue ball one diamond
spot higher and do it again. Keep moving the cue ball higher up the table until you’re on the opposite end rail.
Practice each shot 15 times and mark 1 point for each ball pocketed.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 Position 2: Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

2
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

3
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

4 9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

25
Practice Drills
Drill 12: Rail Shot
Set up an object ball at the position indicated. Position the cue ball in one of the four locations indicated. Stroke
the cue ball using follow into the opposite corner pocket. Practice each shot 15 times and mark 1 point for each
time pocketed.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

4
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%

2
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
1

26
Practice Drills
Drill 13: Cut Shot
Set up an object ball on the foot spot. Position the cue ball in one of the six locations indicated. Stroke the cue
ball using ―Follow‖ into the opposite corner pocket. Practice each shot 15 times and mark 1 point for each time
pocketed.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Pocket for Pocket for
positions 2, positions 1, Position 2: Completed: _____ % _____
4, 6 3, 5
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
1 2
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%

3 4
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
5 6

27
Drill 14: Aiming
Set the object ball in the center of the table. Position the cue ball in a straight line with the corner pocket. Shoot
the object ball into the corner pocket at the other end of the table. Move the cue ball further away from the
object ball after each rack keeping a straight line. Stroke the cue ball center using stop action. This will help you
determine if you’re hitting the cue ball square. If you’re missing the pocket and hitting the bottom rail, you’re
aiming slightly to the left. Or if you’re hitting the side rail first, you’re aiming slightly right. Don’t forget, this is
a stop shot aiming drill. The cue ball should stop after contacting the object ball. If the cue ball moves forward
or off to the side after contacting the object ball, do not mark a point, even if you pocket the object ball. This is
a good visual drill as you can easily see any mistakes as they happen.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

4
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
3 Position 3: Completed: _____ % _____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

2
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

1
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

Drill 15: Eight Ball Break (The Power Break)
Games and matches are won and lost on the break, therefore, the break is one of the most important shots in the game. A good break not only allows
you to take the next shot (because you pocketed a ball), but also spreads the balls out and sets you up for easier shots and longer runs. The break,
therefore, is an important shot that deserves practice time. Use these guidelines:
Rack for Power: A ―good‖ rack is a tight rack, meaning that all balls are tightly touching each other. It should also be straight, with the center balls
lined up down the center of the table.
Chalk-Up: It’s important to chalk-up before breaking for a solid hit on the cue ball.
Check Your Stance: To achieve more power in your break, stand with your feet spread a little farther apart than a normal swing. Place more weight
on your front leg as you rock your body forward. It’s more important to hit the rack solidly that to hit it with great velocity.
Break from each of the three positions below, and evaluate the table. After each break, write down how many balls you pocketed, how many stopped
on the head (breaking) side of the table, and how many clusters of balls. Determine what position you break best from, and work on improving your
breaks from that position.
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____
Shot Percentages
1 of 15 = 6% 6 of 15 = 40% 11 of 15 = 73%
2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%
3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%
4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%
5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%
1 2 3
8-Ball Break & 9-Ball
Break Layouts
8-Ball Break Layouts
After breaking, mark the results before your next shot.
Where did you break from:
_______________ _____________
Balls made in:
_______________ _____________
Balls on the head side to table:
_______________ _____________
Scratches:
_______________ _____________
Clusters:
_______________ _____________
Solids or Stripes?
_______________ _____________
Draw how would you run the table?
_______________ _____________
Balls made in:
_______________ _____________
_______________ _____________
Scratches:
_______________ _____________
Clusters:
_______________ _____________
Solids or Stripes?
_______________ _____________

9-Ball Break Layouts
After breaking, mark the results before your next shot.
_______________ _____________
Balls made in:
_______________ _____________
_______________ _____________
Scratches:
_______________ _____________
Clusters:
_______________ _____________
Solids or Stripes?
_______________ _____________
_______________ _____________
Balls made in:
_______________ _____________
_______________ _____________
Scratches:
_______________ _____________
Clusters:
_______________ _____________
Solids or Stripes?
_______________ _____________

Reference
Pool Associations
American Poolplayers Association (APA): www.poolplayers.com
Billiard Congress of America (BCA): www.playbca.com
Billiard Education Foundation (BEF): http://www.billiardeducation.com/
TAP, LLC: http://www.tapleague.com/
Valley National 8-Ball League Association (VNEA): www.vnea.com
Recommended Books
Precision Pool Your guide to mastering key skills, shots, and strategies; Gary Kanov & Shari
Stauch; Human Kinetics; Copyright © 1999.
Pool Players Edge; Gerry Kanov & Shari Stauch; Human Kinetics; Copyright © 2004.
Byrne’s New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards; Robert Byrne; Harcourt Books;
Copyright © 1998.
Recommended DVDs
How to Play Pool Right!; Jerry Briesath; BCA
Byrne’s Standard Pool Vol 1 & Vol 2; Robert Byrne

Glossary of Pool/Billiard Terms
For further terms, please click here.
BALL IN HAND. See cue ball in hand.
BANK SHOT. A shot in which the object ball is driven to one or more cushions before it is pocketed;
incidental contact as a ball moves along and adjacent to a cushion does not qualify as a cushion or
bank. It is not an obvious shot and must be called in games requiring called shots. (See kick shot)
BLIND DRAW. A method used to determine pairings or bracketing of players in tournaments that
assures totally random placement or pairing of contestants.
BREAK. See open break and opening break shot.
BREAKING VIOLATION. A violation of special rules which apply only to the opening break shot of
certain games. Unless specified in individual game rules, a breaking violation is not a foul.
BRIDGE. The hand configuration that holds and guides the shaft-end of the cue during play. (See
mechanical bridge)
BUTT OF CUE. The larger end of a cue, opposite the tip. On a two-piece cue, the butt extends up to
the joint.
CALL SHOT. Requirement that a player designate, in advance of each shot, the ball to be made and
the pocket into which it will be made. In calling the shot, it is NEVER necessary to indicate details
such as the number of cushions, banks, kisses, caroms, etc. The rules of "Bank Pool" are an
exception.
CALLED BALL. The ball the player has designated to be pocketed on a shot.
CALLED POCKET. The pocket which a player has designated a ball to be shot.
CAROM. To bounce off or glance off an object ball or cushion; a shot in which the cue ball bounces
off one ball into another is termed a carom.
CAROM, SCORING. Contact by the cue ball with object balls, the bottle or cushions in such a way
that a legal score is made, according to specific game rules.
CENTER SPOT. The exact center point of a table's playing surface.
CHALK. A dry, slightly abrasive substance that is applied to the cue tip to help assure a non-slip
contact between the cue tip and the cue ball.
COMBINATION. Shot in which the cue ball first strikes a ball other than the one to be pocketed, with
the ball initially contacted in turn striking one or more other balls in an effort to score.
COMBINATION ON. Two or more balls positioned in such a way that a ball can be driven into a
called pocket with a combination shot; often called a "dead combo" or an "on combo."
CONTACT POINT. The precise point of contact between the cue ball and the object ball when the
cue ball strikes the object ball.
CORNER-HOOKED. (Pocket games, Snooker) When the corner of a pocket prevents shooting the
cue ball in a straight path directly to an object ball, the cue ball is corner-hooked; same as angled.
COUNT. A score; a successful shot.
COUNT, THE. The running score at any point during a player's inning in games where numerous
points are scored successively.
CROSS CORNER. Term used to describe a bank shot that will rebound from a cushion and into a
corner pocket.
CROSS SIDE. Term used to describe a bank shot that will rebound from a cushion and into a side
pocket.
CRUTCH. Slang term for the mechanical bridge.
CUE. Tapered device, usually wooden, used to strike the cue ball to execute carom or pocket billiard
shots. (Also called cue stick)
CUE BALL. The white, unnumbered ball that is always struck by the cue during play.
CUE BALL IN HAND. Cue ball may be put into play anywhere on the playing surface.
CUE BALL IN HAND BEHIND THE HEAD STRING. Cue ball may be put into play anywhere
between the head string and the cushion on the head end of the table not in contact with an object
ball.
CUE TIP. A piece of specially processed leather or other fibrous or pliable material attached to the
shaft end of the cue that contacts the cue ball when a shot is executed.
CUSHION. The cloth-covered rubber which borders the inside of the rails on carom and pocket
billiard tables; together the cushions form the outer perimeter of the basic playing surface.
CUT SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball contacts the object ball to one side or the other of full
center, thus driving it in a direction other than that of the initial cue ball path.
DEAD BALL. A cue ball stroked in such a manner that virtually all of the speed and/or spin of the
cue ball is transferred to the object ball, the cue ball retaining very little or none after contact.
DEAD BALL SHOT. A shot in which a dead ball stroke is employed; often called a kill shot, because
of the relative lack of cue ball motion after contact with the object ball.
DEAD COMBINATION. See combination on.

DIAMONDS. Inlays or markings on the table rails that are used as reference or target points. The
diamonds are essential for the utilization of numerous mathematical systems employed by carom and
pocket games players.
DRAW SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball is struck below center, and the resulting back spin causes
the cue ball to return towards the player after full contact with an object ball.
DROP POCKETS. Type of pockets with no automatic return of the balls to the foot end of the table;
balls must be removed manually.
DOUBLE ELIMINATION. A tournament format in which a player is not eliminated until he has
sustained two match losses.
DOUBLE HIT. A shot on which the cue ball is struck twice by the cue tip on the same stroke.
DOUBLE ROUND ROBIN. A tournament format in which each contestant in a field plays each of the
other players twice.
ENGLISH. Side spin applied to the cue ball by striking it off center; used to alter the natural roll of the
cue ball and/or the object ball.
FEATHER SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball barely touches or grazes the object ball; an extremely
thin cut.
FERRULE. A piece of protective material (usually plastic, horn or metal) at the end of the cue shaft,
onto which the cue tip is attached.
FOLLOW SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball is struck above center and the resulting forward spin
causes the cue ball to roll forward after contact with an object ball.
FOLLOW-THROUGH. The movement of the cue after contact with the cue ball through the area
previously occupied by the cue ball.
FOOT OF TABLE. The end of a carom or pocket billiard table at which the balls are racked or
positioned at the start of a game.
FOOT SPOT. The point on the foot end of the table where imaginary lines drawn between the center
diamonds of the short rails and the second diamonds of the long rails intersect.
FOOT STRING. A line on the foot end of the table between the second diamonds of the long rails,
passing through the foot spot. The foot string is never drawn on the table, and has no use in play.
FORCE. The power applied on the stroke to the cue ball, which may result in distortion and altering
of natural angles and action of the ball.
FORCE DRAW. A shot with extreme follow, usually directly at and then "through" an object ball.
FORCE FOLLOW. A follow shot with extreme overspin applied to the cue ball, with the term
generally used in reference to shots in which the cue ball is shot directly at and then "through" an
object ball, with a pronounced hesitation or stop before the overspin propels the cue ball forward in
the general direction of the stroke.
FOUL. An infraction of the rules of play, as defined in either the general or the specific game rules.
(Not all rule infractions are fouls.) Fouls result in a penalty, also dependent on specific game rules.
FOUL STROKE. A stroke on which a foul takes place.
FREE BREAK. An opening break shot in which a wide spread of the object balls may be achieved
without penalty or risk. Free breaks are detailed in individual games rules.
FROZEN. A ball touching another ball or cushion.
FULL BALL. Contact of the cue ball with an object ball at a contact point on a line bisecting the
centers of the cue ball and object ball.
GAME. The course of play that starts when the referee has finished racking the balls, and ends at the
conclusion of a legal shot which pockets the last required ball. In 14.1 continuous, a game lasts
several racks.
GAME BALL. The ball which, if pocketed legally, would produce victory in a game.
GRIP. The manner in which the butt of the cue is held in the hand.
GULLY TABLE. A table with pockets and a return system that delivers the balls as they are
pocketed to a collection bin on the foot end of the table.
HANDICAPPING. Modifications in the scoring and/or rules of games to enable players of differing
abilities to compete on more even terms.
HEAD OF TABLE. The end of a carom or pocket billiard table from which the opening break is
performed; the end normally marked with the manufacturer's nameplate.
HEAD SPOT. The point on the head of the table where imaginary lines drawn between the center
diamonds of the short rails and the second diamonds of the long rails intersect.
HEAD STRING. A line on the head end of the table between the second diamonds of the long rails,
passing through the head spot.
HOLD. English which stops the cue ball from continuing the course of natural roll it would take after
having been driven in a certain direction.
INNING. A turn at the table by a player, and which may last for several racks in some pocket games.
IN HAND. See cue ball in hand.
IN HAND BEHIND THE HEAD STRING. See cue ball in hand behind the head string.
JAW. The slanted part of the cushion that is cut at an angle to form the opening from the bed of the
table into the pocket.
JAWED BALL. Generally refers to a ball that fails to drop because it bounces back and forth against
the jaws of a pocket.
JOINT. On two-piece cues, the screw-and-thread device, approximately midway in the cue, that
permits it to be broken down into two separate sections.
JUMP SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball or object ball is caused to rise off the bed of the table.
JUMPED BALL. A ball that has left and remained off the playing surface as the result of a stroke; a
ball that is stroked in a manner which causes it to jump over another ball.
KEY BALL. (14.1 Continuous) The 14th ball of each rack; called the key ball because it is so critical
in obtaining position for the all important first (or break) shot of each reracking of the balls.
KICK SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball banks off a cushion(s) prior to making contact with an
object ball or scoring.
KILL SHOT. See dead ball shot.
KISS. Contact between balls. (See kiss shot)
KISS SHOT. A shot in which more than one contact with object balls is made by the cue ball; for
example, the cue ball might kiss from one object ball into another to score the latter ball. Shots in
which object balls carom off one or more other object balls to be pocketed. (Also called carom shots)
KISS-OUT. Accidental contact between balls that causes a shot to fail.
KITCHEN. A slang term used to describe the area of the table between the head string and the
cushion on the head end of the table. (Also called the area above the head string)
LAG FOR BREAK. Procedure used to determine starting player of game. Each player shoots a ball
from behind the head string to the foot cushion, attempting to return the ball as closely as possible to
the head cushion.
LEAVE. The position of the balls after a player's shot.
LONG. Usually refers to a ball which, due to english and speed, travels a path with wider angles than
those that are standard for such a ball if struck with natural english and moderate speed.
LONG STRING. A line drawn from the center of the foot cushion to the foot spot (and beyond if
necessary) on which balls are spotted.
LOT. Procedures used, not involving billiard skills, to determine starting player or order of play.
Common methods used are flipping coins, drawing straws, drawing cards, or drawing peas or pills.
MASSE SHOT. A shot in which extreme english is applied to the cue ball by elevating the cue butt at
an angle with the bed of the table of anywhere between 30 and 90 degrees. The cue ball usually
takes a curved path, with more curve resulting from increasing cue stick elevation.
MATCH. The course of play that starts when the players are ready to lag and ends when the deciding
game ends.
MECHANICAL BRIDGE. A grooved device mounted on a handle providing support for the shaft of
the cue during shots difficult to reach with normal bridge hand. Also called a crutch or rake.
MISCUE. A stroke which results in the cue tip contact with cue ball being faulty. Usually the cue tip
slides off the cue ball without full transmission of the desired stroke. The stroke usually results i a
sharp sound and discoloration of the tip and/or the cue ball at the point of contact.
MISS. General Failure to execute a completed shot.
NATURAL ENGLISH. Moderate sidespin applied to the cue ball that favors the direction of the cue
ball path, giving the cue ball a natural roll and a bit more speed than a center hit.
NATURAL ROLL. Movement of the cue ball with english applied.
NIP DRAW. A short, sharp stroke, employed when a normal draw stroke would result in a foul due to
drawing the cue ball back into the cue tip.
OBJECT BALLS. The balls other than the cue ball on a shot.
OBJECT BALL, THE. The particular object ball being played on a shot.
OPEN BREAK. The requirement in certain games that a player must drive a minimum of four object
balls out of the rack to the cushions in order for the shot to be legal.
OPENING BREAK SHOT. The first shot of a game.
POSITION. The placement of the cue ball on each shot relative to the next planned shot. Also called
shape.
POWDER. Talc or other fine, powdery substance used to facilitate free, easy movement of the cue
shaft through the bridge.
POWER DRAW SHOT. Extreme draw applied to the cue ball. (See force draw.)
PUSH SHOT. A shot in which the cue tip maintains contact with the cue ball beyond the split second
allowed for a normal and legally stroked shot.
RACE. Pre-determined number of games necessary to win a match or set of games. For example, a
match that is the best 11 out of 21 games is called a race to 11, and ends when one player has won
11 games.
RACK. The triangular equipment used for gathering the balls into the formation required by the game
being played.
RAILS. The top surface of the table, not covered by cloth, from which the cushions protrude toward
the playing surface. The head and foot rails are the short rails on those ends of the table; the right
and left rails are the long rails, dictated by standing at the head end of the table and facing the foot
end.
REVERSE ENGLISH. Sidespin applied to the cue ball, that favors the opposite direction of the
natural cue ball path - i.e. inside english.
ROUND ROBIN. A tournament format in which each contestant plays each of the other players once.
RUNNING ENGLISH. Sidespin applied to the cue ball which causes it to rebound from an object ball
or a cushion at a narrower angle and at a faster speed than it would if struck at the same speed and
direction without english.
RUN. The total of consecutive scores, points or counts made by a player in one inning. The term is
also used to indicate the total number of full short-rack games won without a missed shot in a match
or tournament.
SAFETY. Defensive positioning of the balls so as to minimize the opponent's chances to score. The
nature and rules concerning safety play are decidedly different in specific games. Player's inning ends
after a safety play.
SCRATCH. The cue ball is going into a pocket on a stroke.
SET. Pre-determined number of games necessary to win a match.
SHAFT. The thinner part of a cue, on which the cue tip is attached. On a two-piece cue, the shaft
extends from the cue tip to the joint.
SHOT. An action that begins at the instant the cue tip contacts the cue ball, and ends when all balls in
play stop rolling and spinning.
SHOT CLOCK. Any timing device used to gauge the time limit in which a player is allowed to play a
shot. The timing device must have at least the functions of a stop watch: reset to zero, start, and stop.
A simple wrist watch without timing functions is not sufficient.
SHORT. Usually refers to a ball which, due to english and stroke, travels a path with narrower angles
than those for a ball struck without english.
SHORT-RACK. Games which utilize fewer than 15 countable object balls.
SINGLE ELIMINATION. A tournament format in which a single loss eliminates a player from the
competition.
SPOT. The thin, circular piece of cloth or paper glued onto the cloth to indicate the spot locality (i.e..,
head spot, center spot, foot spot); also an expression to describe a handicap.
SPOT SHOT. Player shoots a ball on the foot spot with the cue ball in hand behind the head string.
SPOTTING BALLS. Replacing balls to the table in positions as dictated by specific game rules.
STANCE. The position of the body during shooting.
STOP SHOT. A shot in which the cue ball stops immediately upon striking the object ball.
STROKE. The movement of the cue as a shot is executed.
SUCCESSIVE FOULS. Fouls made on consecutive strokes by the same player, also called
consecutive fouls.
THROW SHOT. 1. A shot in which english alters the path of the object ball.
2. A combination shot of frozen or near frozen object balls in which to rubbing of the first ball across
the second ball pulls the shot away from the line joining the centers of the two balls.
TRIANGLE. The triangular device used to place the balls in position for the start of most games.
Appendix
Target
Please print and cut out target for drill 2
Pool Fundamentals
When a good team struggles, they always go back to the basics, and it’s the same in pool.
Whether, you’re new to pool, or have been playing for years, learning the basics and
reviewing the basics periodically, will be a key to your success. These 15 drills will help
you with the fundamentals, and give you the foundation to build your mastery of pool. This
book includes detailed diagrams along with a worksheet to record your results. The
following drills are Included:
Follow-Through
Speed Control
Stop Shot
Follow (Top Spin) Shot
Draw Shot
Tangent Lines
Cut Shot
Aiming
8-Ball Break

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Copyright 2008 © by Patrick Riley & Larry Malloy

Permission Department, PoolDrills.com LLC

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Mark the total completed and use the

Put an ―X‖ next to each

Shot percentage (i.e. in the first

Shows location on the

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

The Open or “V” Bridge

―V‖ Bridge Low ―V‖ Bridge High ―V‖ Bridge

The High “V” Bridge - For shooting over balls

The Basic or Closed Bridge

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

The Rail Bridge

Using the Mechanical Bridge

Swing & Stroke

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%

X 3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%

4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%

5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Position 1: Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Position 2: Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Position 3: Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%

3 of 15 = 20% 8 of 15 = 53% 13 of 15 = 87%

4 of 15 = 27% 9 of 15 = 60% 14 of 15 = 93%

5 of 15 = 33% 10 of 15 = 67% 15 of 15 = 100%

Copyright © 2008 PoolDrills.com LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Position 1: Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Position 2: Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

Position 3: Completed: _____ % _____

1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____

9 ____ 10 ____ 11 ____ 12 ____ 13 ____ 14 ____ 15 ____

2 of 15 = 13% 7 of 15 = 47% 12 of 15 = 80%

Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 1: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 2: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 3: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 1: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 2: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 3: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 2: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 3: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 2: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 3: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 1: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 2: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 3: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 2: Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Position 3: Completed: _ % _

2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Completed: _ % _

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8