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Ch1 Balanced ThreePhase Circuit
Ch1 Balanced ThreePhase Circuit
Ch1 Balanced ThreePhase Circuit
e ea eb ec
180 300 t
0 60
120
240 360
F ig .1 .2
Thus the coils aa’, bb’ and cc’ would have emfs that are 120 o out of phase in time as
shown in the wave diagram of Fig.1.2. This system is called three-phase because there are
three waves of different time phase. From the above discussion, it is apparent that any
number of phases could be developed through properly spacing the coils. In general, the
electrical displacement between phases for a balanced n-phase system is (360/n)
electrical degrees. However, for two-phase system, it is 90 electrical degrees.
1
The equation of the phase emfs for a balanced three-phase system are as follows.
ea = Em sin t
eb = Em sin (t – 120o)
ec = Em sin (t – 240o) (1.1)
where, Em is the peak value of the voltages in the three phases.
Their phasor representation is as follows.
E c
120 o
E a
120 o
o
120
F ig .1 .3
E b
ea eb ec Em sin t sin t 120 o sin t 240 o
Em sin t 2.sin t 180 o cos 60 o
Em sin t 2.sin t. 1
2
(1.2)
0
This is also evident from the wave-diagram, wherefrom it can be seen that the sum of the
ordinates of the three emfs at any instant is always zero. The same can also be proved
from the phasor diagram. In other words, at no time instant all the three emfs are of same
polarity.
Phase Sequence
Phase sequence means the order in which the three phases attain their peak values.
In the above discussion, clockwise rotation of the field system was assumed. This
assumption made the emf of phase b to lag behind that of a by 120 o and the emf of c to
lag behind that of b by 120 o. Hence, the order in which the phase emfs attain their peak
values is ‘abc’. It is called the phase sequences ‘abc’.
If now the rotation of the field structure is reversed, then the emf of phase c would
lag behind that of a by 120o and the emf of b would lag behind that of c by 120 o. Then the
order in which the three phases would attain their peak values would be reversed. The
phase sequence would then be ‘acb’.
Obviously, in a three-phase system, there are only two possible sequences, i.e.
‘abc’ and ‘acb’, as shown in Fig.1.4.
2
Ec E b
E a Ea
F ig .1 .4
Eb a -b -c E a -c -b
c
The three phases may be numbered 1, 2 and 3 or a, b and c. They may be given
three colours. The colours used commercially are Red (R), Yellow (Y) and Blue (B).
Double-subscript Notation
E
a b F ig .1 .5
E 60o
c d
E cd
= E 0o
E
a b
E E cb
ab
30o
F ig .1 .6
E 30o
c d
E cd
3
Interconnection of Three Phases
If the three armature coils of the generator discussed above are not interconnected
but are kept separate as shown in Fig.1.7, then each phase would need two conductors for
transfer of power and the total number of conductors in that case becomes six. Such a
system may be called a six-wire, three-phase system. Such a generator can be loaded with
three independent single-phase loads.
However, the use of six conductors makes
Load a
a
such a system very complicated and
E a 'a expensive. Hence, the three phases are
generally interconnected which results in
a'
substantial savings in cost. The two most
b
Load b
popular methods of interconnection are
E b 'b
i) Star or Y connection and
ii) Mesh or connection.
b'
c
Load c
E c 'c
c'
F ig .1 .7
Star Connection
In this method of interconnection, the similar ends, i.e. a, b and c or a’, b’ and c’,
are joined together at the point n which is known as star point or neutral point as shown
in Fig.1.8. The three conductors meeting at the point n are replaced by a single conductor
known as neutral conductor. Such a system is known as 4-wire, 3-phase system.
a a
Ia Ia
F ig .1 .8
I a 'a
In a
a' n n'
c'
I c 'c I n 'n = I a + I b + I c
b' In c
I b 'b In b
Ib Ib
c b c b
Ic Ic
4
If balanced three-phase voltages are applied across a balanced three-phase load,
the three currents Ia, Ib and Ic are equal in magnitude and are 120 o out of time phase. Then
the neutral current
Hence, in that case, the neutral wire may be omitted and such a system is then known as
3-wire, 3-phase system as shown in Fig.1.9. Since all the currents are not positive or
negative at any time instant, hence any one or two line conductors offer the return path
for current at every instant of time.
a
Ia
In a
n F ig .1 .9
In c
In b
Ib
c b
Ic
a
F ig .1 .1 0
The voltage induced in each coil is
E na
called the phase voltage. In other
E E ac words, the voltage between the
ba
n neutral point and any one of the lines
E nc is called the phase voltage. On the
E other hand, voltage between any pair
nb
c b
of terminals or lines is called the line
E cb voltage as shown in Fig.1.10.
Ena = Eph 0o, Enb = Eph – 120o and Enc = Eph – 240o (1.4)
Then the line voltages are as follows and are shown in Fig.1.11 in phasor form.
5
E bn E ba
E nc
E ac
30o
30o
E an
E na
E cn
E nb F ig .1 .1 1
E cb
E ba E 2
ph E ph
2
2.E ph .E ph cos 60 o 3.E ph (1.6)
Eba, Ecb and Eac lead Ena, Enb and Enc respectively by 30o.
a
Ia The current in each winding is
In a known as phase current while the
F ig .1 .1 2
current flowing in each line is called
n the line current, as shown in
In c Fig.1.12.
In b For balanced 3-phase system
Ib
c b
Ic |Ina| = |Inb| = |Inc| = Iph.
Ina = Iph – , Inb = Iph – (120o + ), Inc = Iph – (240o + ) (1.7)
6
From the circuit it is obvious that
Delta Connection
In this form of interconnection, the dissimilar ends of the three phase windings are
joined together. In other words, the three windings are joined in series to form a closed
mesh as shown in Fig.1.13.
In b
n c Ic = In c - In b
n c In c
F ig .1 .1 3
In b In c n In c In b
b In c
In a In a n Ia = In a - In c
b
n a In a n a
In a
Ib = In b - In a
In b
From the circuit diagram, it appears that the delta connection results in short-
circuiting the three windings in a closed loop. But, for balanced three-phase system
Ena+Enb+Enc = 0 and, hence, no current of fundamental frequency will flow in the closed
loop. The delta connection results in 3-wire, 3-phase system.
7
Ic
E nc = E ac
Inc
Ibn F ig .1 .1 4
Ian 30o
30o
Ib 30o
30o E na = E ba
30o Ina
Inb 30o
Icn
Ia
E nb = E cb
From the circuit diagram shown in Fig.1.13, the line currents are as follows:
Ia I 2
ph
I ph2 2.I ph .I ph . cos 60 o 3.I ph
and I a leads I na by 30 o
8
Similarly , | Ia | = | Ib | = | Ic | = IL = 3. Iph and Ia, Ib and Ic leads Ina, Inb and Inc
respectively by 30o.
IL
P 3 EL cos 3.E L .I L . cos
3
Balanced / Conversion
IL a
F ig .1 .1 5
IL
Z Y
a
E L
E L Z
Z
Z Y
Z Y
IL Z
IL
b
c c b
E L E L
IL IL
EL
E ph and I ph I L
3
E ph 1 EL
ZY .
I ph 3 IL
For balanced - load:
IL
E ph E L and I ph
3
E ph EL 1 E
Z 3. 3. . L 3.Z Y
I ph IL 3 IL
For Y to conversion:
Z a .Z b
Z ab Z a Z b
Zc
Z Y .Z Y
or, Z Z Y Z Y 3.Z Y
ZY
For to Y conversion :
Z ab .Z ca
Za
Z ab Z bc Z ca
Z 2 1
or, Z Y .Z
3.Z 3
Three-phase system can be compared with the single-phase system on the basis of
a fixed amount of power transmitted over a fixed distance with the same amount of
power loss. In all the cases, the total weight of copper will be directly proportional to the
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number of wires since the distance is fixed and inversely proportional to the resistance of
each wire.
The voltage to neutral in single-phase system is half the voltage between lines.
Calculate the active and reactive current components in each phase of a star-
connected 10kV, three-phase alternator supplying 5000kW at a power-factor 0.8(lag). If
the total current remains the same when the load power-factor is raised to 0.9(lag), find
the new power output.
Solution
Example – 2
Solution
Zph = 8 + j6 = 1036.87o .
Vph 132.8
I ph 13.28 A.
Z ph 10
12
IL = Iph = 13.28A.
cos = cos 36.87o = 0.8 (lag).
P = 3 230 13.28 0.8 = 4232.3 W
VAR = 3 230 13.28 0.6 = 3174.2 VAR
VA = 3 230 13.28 = 5290.4 VA
Example – 3
Solution
P = 150 kW = 150,000 W
Given, VL = 1100 V and IL = 100 A.
150,000 = 3 1100 100 cos
cos = 0.787 (lead)
Now,
1100
E ph 635.1V and I ph 100 A.
3
635.1
Z ph 6.35
100
13
Rph = 6.35 0.787 = 5
and Xcph = 6.35 sin (cos-1 0.787) = 6.35 0.617 = 3.917
1
C ph 812.6 F .
2 50 3.917
Example – 4
Solution
VL = 400 V
400
E ph 230.94 V
3
cos = cos 30o = 0.866 (lag)
Given, Iph = 30 A IL = 30 A.
P = 3 400 30 0.866 = 18000 W.
Example – 5
Solution
Given , Iph = 20 A and VL = 400 V
IL = 3 20 = 34.64 A
cos = cos 40o = 0.766 (lag)
P = 3 400 34.64 0.766 = 18383.5 W.
Example – 6
Between any two terminals of a three-phase balanced load the voltage is 415V
and the resistance is 3.0. The current in each of the three lines is 100A. Find the power-
factor of the load. Find also the resistance and reactance per phase of the load with (a)
star connection, (b) delta connection.
Solution
Star Connection:
14
Let, resistance / phase = Rph
Resistance between two terminals = Rph + Rph = 2Rph
Now, 2Rph = 3
or, Rph = 3/2 = 1.5
Again,
415
E ph 239.6V and I ph 100A
3
239.6
Z ph 2.396
100
X ph 2.396 2
1.5 2 1.868
1.5
Power factor 0.626
2.396
Delta Connection
R ph 2R ph 2
Resistance between two terminals R ph
R ph 2R ph 3
2 3 3
R ph 3 or, R ph 4.5
3 2
Again, E ph 415 V and I L 100 A
100
I ph 57.73 A
3
415
Z pn 7.19
57.73
X pn 7.19 2
4.5 2 5.6
4.5
Power factor 0.626.
7.19
1
Z
2 30 j 15 9.
3
Z1 20 j3 7. 7
Z 1 .Z 5
Z 2
Z
ph
Z1 2
23 05 .4 6
30 j 1
23 05 .4 6
3 3. 72 2
Gi ve n,
VL 3 98 V,
Example – 7
I ph
I L
22 9 .8
6 8.3 7
I ph
3. 36
3. 36
Solution
to conversion:
15
Power-factor = cos(9.92o) = 0.985 (lag)
Power = 3 398 3.36 0.985 = 2281.5 W
VAR = 3 398 3.36 sin 9.92o = 399 VAR
Example – 8
Solution
a IL a'
2200V c'
F ig .1 .1 6
c b b'
16
Motor output 2000 hp 2000 746 1492,000 W
1492,000
Motor input 1604301 W
0.93
Given, VL 2200 V and cos 0.85
1604301
IL 495.3 A
3 2200 0.85
and cos 0.85 31.79o
-1
I L 495.3 31.79 o A
Alternator :
I ph I L 495.3 31.79 o
421 j260.93 A
Motor :
IL 495.3
I ph 31.79 o
3 3
285.96 31.79 o
243 j150.65 A.
17