Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mango Incubation
Mango Incubation
INDIAN CONTEXT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
found to be the most delicious, exotic and nutritious fruit. It is used not only as a
dessert but also as a table fruit between meals. It is also processed for preparing a
host of products such as juices, pulps, squashes, nectars, jams, and pickles. India is
both the largest producer and consumer of mangoes in the world. It had gained
particular year its mango production reached 41 percent of the entire world
cultivated in India can be dated back to 4000 BC. Today the mango tree and its
fruit remain important Indian religious and cultural symbols. It is believed that
established trading outposts along the west coast of India in the 15 th century.
During the region of Akbar, the Great, the most important mango tree varieties
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bearing fruits such as Alphonsa, Dashehari and Langara had been produced by
selective breading. Since then, these mango cultivators have been propagated
vegetative for several hundred years in India. But it is uncertain when cultivation
from a linguist who analyzed the various common names for Mango in Southeast
Mango is one of the most productive tropical plants. It contains protein, fat,
acids such as amino, citric, tartaric and malic acids. Its tree is believed to have
Southeast Asia. The trunk of the tree is covered by a dark grey, cracked bark, when
old. The young plant, to be sure, has a green outer skin called epidermis, like
annual herbs. Mature trees can attain a height of 40 meter or more and can survive
The medical property of mango has been known since long throughout the
world. Almost all the parts of the plant are used as medicine in one way or other,
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though we have known medicinal properties of mango since long.1 A fully ripe
agent. It is also high in Vitamin C and is a good source fiber too. Green mangos
have more Vitamin C than Vitamin A. Mangoes are good for the kidney. Each part
balancing all dosha or defects. A hybrid mango that has no fibre is heavy to digest,
although it tastes better than one with fibre. Natural mangoes are smaller and
juicier than hybrids but both are combination of sweet and sour. The sweeter the
mango, the more easily it is digested and the more energy it provides. A sour
mango should never be eaten except in the form of amchur, or dried mango slices.
1
Ram Prakash Srivastava (1998). Mango Cultivation, International Book Distributing Company, Lucknow,
p.7.
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TABLE 2.1
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2.4 DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS AND VITAMINS IN MANGO
Every mango fruit is rich with Minerals and Vitamins, Which the human
body needs to keep its health intact. It acts as one of the best dietary supplements
for man. It has 86 percent of water, 0.3 percent mineral salt, 0.01 percent Calcium
0.02 percent Phosphorus and 5 mg iron in its every 100 grams. Besides it contains
minerals such as Silica, Magnesium, Sodium, Zinc, Copper and Manganese. It also
with a high concentration of beta Carotene and provitamin B1 and B2. If the mango
fruit is taken regularly, it will be of great benefit to man because of its Mineral and
Vitamin contents.
consumption of fruits.2 Mango, the world‟s most luscious fruit, has been
recognized as the „king of fruits‟ long back. 3 Mangoes are perennial trees grown in
India in the States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal,
Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.4 There is
2
Bal, J.S (1997). Fruit Growing, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, pp.8-9.
3
Room Singh and Sharma, R.R (2002). A Future for Mango Export, Journal of Indian Horticulture, April-
June, p.26.
4
Anand Singh, A and Srinivas, E (2000). Control of Leaf Webber in Mango, Kissan World, October, p.46.
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2.5.1 Climate
sea level 6 at a temperature as low as 0 o C and as high 45o C. The ideal temperature
range for mango is 24-30o C during the growing season, along with high humidity.
affects the flowering time of mango trees. A cool and dry period generally is
essential for inducing flowering during winter, which slows mango growth in
sandy loam and sandy soils. Although it grows very well in soils of high to
medium fertility, its cultivation can be successfully done in less fertile soils by
providing good management especially in the early stages. The loamy, alluvial,
well-drained and deep soils with a high percentage of humus are ideal for mango
cultivation.
and layout. The land is then leveled, thoroughly ploughed and divided with blocks
5
Chandha, K.L (2002). Hand Book of Horticulture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi,
June, p.39
6
Atul Chandra and Anju Chandra (1996). Production and Post- Harvest Technology of Fruits, NBS
Publishers, Bikaner, p.86.
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by positioning main and subsidiary roads. The planting distance varies according
to the vigour of the cultivars, fertility status of the soil and general growth and
conditions in the area. Where excessive growth of the tree is expected, a spacing of
12x12 m is suggested.
2.5.4 Planting
Planting should be done during the wet season while there is an adequate
supply of moisture for quick establishment of roots. While planting, the vigour and
growth pattern of the trees should be considered. Grafted trees tend to be shorter
than seedling trees. Generally, however, plants are spaced 20-25ft apart giving
There are two planting seasons for mango namely spring and monsoon. The
best time for planting in the plains is during the monsoon when there is sufficient
humidity in the atmosphere. However, in heavy rainfall area the best time of
planting mango is at the end of the rainy season, whereas in tracts where the
rainfall is less, the planting can be done in the early part of the monsoon for better
establishment. The planting should be done in the cool hours of the evening. The
planting distance may vary according to variety, fertility level of the soils and
general growth conditions in the area. However, as most of the grafted fruit trees
develop medium tree stature, a spacing of 10x10 m will be enough for their proper
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growth and development. The planting system adopted with the plant density is
TABLE 2.2
24 75 150 86
28 56 112 64
36 34 68 39
40 27 54 31
Source: Crop Production Technique of Horticultural Crops, Tamil Nadu
It is clear from the above table that 870 is the maximum of plants planted per
hectare under the hexagonal system with the distance between 10 feet, whereas
only 27 plants are planted under the system of square with the distance between 40
feet. The number of mango grafts planted depends on the system that the farmers
have followed.
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2.5.5 Irrigation
of dry weather. From the second year, during the winter, water may be given to the
young trees at intervals of a week and during the hot weather at intervals of four to
six days or even at shorter intervals depending upon the nature of the soil and
severity of the weather. After five years, the mango trees will grow and bear fruits
stopped at least 2-3 months before flowering, because this period usually promotes
2.5.6 Pruning
view to producing superior quality of fruits. Pruning of any kind, according to its
severity, changes the nutritive condition within the tree. It has been reported that
2.5.7 Manuring
factors such as climatic conditions, variety of mango trees planted and above all,
the nutrient status of the soil. It is recommended to get the soil tested at regular
intervals before giving a dose of fertilizer. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient
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flower production especially if potash and phosphorus are present in sufficient
quantities. The fertilizer doses in mango cultivation are described in Table 2.3.
TABLE 2.3
based on the ages of mango grafts. It is also understood the for every mango tree,
from the date of its grafting to its completion of one year , the FYM 10kg only is
applied. From the beginning of its second year to the completion of its 5 th year
there is an annual increase of the same measure of the FMY 10kg. After the
beginning of its 6th year the FYM is 50kg is annually applied. Along with the
FYM, the „N‟ „P‟ and „K‟ also applied to every tree annually. With regard to their
application, the table clearly shows that N 0.20kg, P 0.20kg and K 0.30kg are
applied from the beginning with the annual increase of the same measures for the
first five years. From the 6 th year the N 1kg, P 1kg, and K 1.50kg are applied with
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the gradual increase of the same measure. This methodology of application is
2.5.8 Harvesting
harvest maturity for the fresh market, including external color, size, changes in
appearance in the fruit shoulder area, and waxiness of the skin. Destructive indices
used for determining harvest maturity include internal pulp color and % soluble
also a reliable way to determine when to harvest. The most obvious index of fruit
maturity is external skin color. As the fruit matures, the skin color will change
from green to yellow. Normally sized fruits which have started to turn yellow are
The harvested fruits should first be graded according to size and appearance,
although this is not the usual practice. Ripe fruits and damaged fruits of relatively
poor quality are usually retained for local markets and better types are packed for
appearance and quality of the produce on reaching the marketing centers. The most
100 fruits capacity. The mango is a climatic fruit and unless the fruits are stored
properly, one cannot be sure of the condition in which the fruits will reach the
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desired market. Proper storage is absolutely essential during the year of the glut.
Studies have shown that mango fruits can be stored successfully for about 4 to 7
The major mango growing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and Karnataka. Uttar Pradesh is known for growing a
host of varieties of mangoes which are not found elsewhere. The other important
mango states in the country are Goa, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. The region wise popular varieties grown in different
parts of the country are Alphonso and Kesar from Western India, Banganapalli,
Totapuri and Neelam from southern states, Fazli from Eastern States and Langra,
for production of large varieties of fruits. It has produced over 32 million tonnes of
fruits against the global production of 350 million tonnes. Mango is grown in
almost all parts of India. The fruit covers about 39 per cent of area and accounts for
23.1 per cent total production of total fruits in the country, which is highest in the
world with India‟s share of about 46 per cent. The eleven States namely Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu,
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Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharastra Share the major portion of
mango production. The area under mango cultivation in India for a period of 10
TABLE 2.4
1999-00 1486.90
2000-01 1519.00
2001-02 1575.80
2002-03 1623.40
2003-04 1906.70
2004-05 1970.40
2005-06 2080.70
2006-07 2153.70
2007-08 2201.00
2008-09 2309.00
Source: National Horticulture Board.
It could be observed from the above table that there has been a steady
expansion of land under mango cultivation in India during the years from 1999-
2000 to 2008-09. The area under mango cultivation in India has been the highest in
2008-09 and the lowest in 1999-2000. The area under mango cultivation has gone
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up from 1486.90 thousand hectares in 1999-2000 to 2309.00 thousand hectares in
2008-09.
Table 2.5 shows the mango production in India for a period of 10 years from
1999-2000 to 2008-09.
TABLE 2.5
As the table shows there has been an erratic change in the production of
mango in India during the years from 1999-2000 to 2008-09. The production of
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metric tonnes in 2001-02. The production of mango has gone up from 11490.00
metric tonnes in 2003-04 to 13997.00 metric tonnes in 2007-08. Over the 10 years,
there has been a highest production in the year 2007-08 registering 13997.00
metric tonnes.
India is the largest producer of mango in the world, but its production is very
low compared to other mango growing countries. The reasons for low productivity
and diseases, unscientific method of planting, irrigation and the like. Post-
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From Table 2.6, it could be inferred that the productivity of mango in India
has fluctuations showing largely an erratic trend. The productivity of mango per
hectare has strongly decreased from 7.10 metric tonnes per hectare in 1999-2000 to
6.40 metric tonnes per hectare in 2001-02. It has also productivity of mango had
strongly decreased from 7.80 metric tonnes per hectare in 2002-03 to 6.00 metric
tonnes per hectare 2004-05. But it has gone up from 6.10 metric tonnes per hectare
in 2005-06 to 6.40 metric tonnes per hectare in 2007-08. Over the 10 years, there
has been a highest productivity in the year 2002-03 registering 7.8 metric tonnes
per hectare.
occupies sixth position under mango cultivation compared to other States of India.
The major mango growing districts in Tamil Nadu are Salem, Dharmapuri,
Krishnagiri, Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, Thiruvalluvar and Vellore. The area under
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TABLE 2.7
It could be observed from this table there has been a study expansion of area
covered under mango cultivation since 1990-2000. But there is one exception in
2001-2002 during which there has been a slight fall in the area covered. As per the
table, the area covered during 2008-2009 stands as the highest, because the total
area comes to 148.80 thousand hectares. However the area covered during 1999-
2000 is less than that of the year of all the years of the table. Hence the year 1999-
2000 record the lowest, because the area comes to only 107.90 thousand hectares.
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2.7.1 Mango Production in Tamil Nadu
occupation in Tamil Nadu, since Tamil Nadu enjoys the requisite climatic
condition for growing this fruit. Therefore, Tamil Nadu has occupied 6 th rank in
dimension of area under this fruit cultivation. The production of mango in Tamil
TABLE 2.8
From the above table it could be inferred that there has been an erratic
change in the production of mango in Tamil Nadu during the years from 2004-05
to 2007-08. The production of mango has decreased from 539.40 metric tonnes in
2004-05 to 537.80 metric tonnes in 2005-06. The production of mango has gone up
from 537.80 metric tonnes in 2005-06 to 753.60 metric tonnes in 2007-08. Over
the years, there has been a highest production in the year 2007-08 registering
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2.7.2 Production of Mango in Tamil Nadu
As per world production, India has ranked second in production of fruits and
vegetables after China. In fruits, India stands first in the global production of
mangoes and banana, fourth in guava, fifth in pine apple, sixth in oranges, tenth in
apples and seventh in grapes. The average yield of mango in metric tonnes in
TABLE 2.9
Productivity
Year
(in MT per Hectare)
1999-00 6.50
2000-01 6.60
2001-02 4.00
2002-03 6.80
2003-04 5.40
2004-05 4.60
2005-06 4.30
2006-07 4.30
2007-08 5.50
2008-09 5.50
Source: National Horticulture Board.
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From the above table it could be inferred that the productivity of mango in
Tamil Nadu had has erratic change during the years from 1999-2000 to 2008-09.
The productivity of mango per hectare has strongly decreased from 6.80 metric
tonnes per hectare in 2002-03 to 4.30 metric tonnes per hectare in 2006-07. Over
the years, there has been a highest productivity in the year 2002-03 registering 6.80
No wonder, Salem is called the „mango city‟ because by now, the mangoes
are being exported worldwide. Manufacturers and marketers of the Mango fruits
make a thriving and profitable business as ripe mangoes that are rich in variety and
taste are sold across in and around Tamil Nadu. Many agricultural products from
Salem have a wide spread market throughout the country. Mango fruits from
Salem are enjoyed and much sought after, specially the variety Malgova, which is
the pride of Salem besides a number of other newly introduced hybrid varieties.
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2.8.1 Area under Mango Cultivation in Salem District
2.10.
TABLE 2.10
From the above table it is inferred that there has been a steady increase in the
area covered under mango cultivation in Salem district. This area as the table shoes
has been the highest in 2008-09 and the lowest in 2004-05. But this area has gone
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2.8.2 Mango Production in Salem District
table.
TABLE 2.11
From the above table it could be inferred that there has been an increase in
the production of mango in Salem district during the period from 2004-05 to 2008-
09. The production of mango has increased from 24886 tonnes in 2004-05 to
63728 tonnes in 2008-09. Over the years, there has been a highest production in
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2.8.3 Production of Mango in Salem District
The average yield of mango in metric tonnes per hectare in Salem district is
presented in the following table for a period of 5 years from 2004-05 to 2008-09.
TABLE 2.12
Productivity
Year
(in MT per Hectare)
2004-05 5.248
2005-06 5.248
2006-07 7.560
2007-08 7.600
2008-09 8.000
Source: District Agricultural Office, Salem.
district has showed an increasing trend during the years from 2004-05 to 2008-09,
because its productivity per hectare has greatly increased from 5.248 metric tonnes
per hectare in 2004-05 to 8.00 metric tonnes per hectare in 2008-09. There has
been a highest productivity in the year 2008-09 registering 8.00 metric tonnes per
hectare.
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2.9 MANGO MARKETING PRACTICES
The mango, a fruit that originated in India, has admirers all over the globe.
production, nutritive value and popularity, no other fruit can compete with it. Its
cultivation in India dates back to 6000 years old. The most important mango
cultivars of India are Alphonso, Dashehari, and Langra and have therefore been
There is a wide disparity in the prices of standing crop from place to place
and even from year to year in the same area and from one orchard to another. It is
mainly due to the irregular bearing habit of mango trees. Mango prices vary
depending upon each year‟s total production and various other factors like
of transportation from the farm to the market, etc. Wholesale prices of mangoes
also vary considerably, depending upon the supply and demand of particular
etc. Daily arrivals have also a direct bearing on the prices. Thus, the fluctuations in
prices are consistently irregular in pattern. Ordinarily, however, the prices are
increase. Later on, when the arrivals decrease, they tend to recover and reach a
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Advertising of mango in the local market seldom occurs. It is done by road
side sellers indirectly through their sales. Recently, however, an annual mango
festival has been held by the Horticulture Department where advertisements for all
kinds of mango have been made. Their advertisements have also included the items
pertaining to Mango such as mango seeds, Mango plants and Juice are included
Middlemen and brokers play a great role in the mango trade. Most of them
play a very passive role in the mango market because it leads to the increase of the
price by raising the farmers‟ prices for their own benefit. In the study area, the
mango marketing has moved from the producer and then the seller to the
practice to lease out the orchards to pre-harvest contractors who take care of watch
and ward of the crop till maturity and then dispose the produce as it suits them. The
contractors are obliged to sell the produce through the leading commission agents.
Commission agents also include the forwarding agents who own the responsibility
of proper packaging and transit. They are the most important link in the marketing
of mango and about two thirds of the total market is controlled by these agents.
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They are located in both the assembling and consumption centers. At some places,
they not only sell fruits on commission basis but also transact wholesale business
Pradesh, the premier mango producing state, there is no such society. There are a
few societies in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, which purchase the
societies, of which all the growers and commission agents are members. These
societies advance about 50% of the cost to the grower and the balance is cleared
immediately after his produce is sold. The mango sale societies in Maharashtra are
also functioning well. They collect the produce of their members and send it for
sale to the commission agents at Mumbai. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,
there are 10 co-operative societies for marketing of mangoes, whereas Bihar has
only 2 fruit growers associations. Karnataka is quite behind in numbers with only
the Mysore Horticulture Society to help the marketing of fruits. The retail
shows the peak mango marketing season of the major mango producing countries.
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2.10 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
China has opened its market for import of Indian mangoes including the
Alphonso variety. India has thus become one of the first countries to export its
world famous mangoes to China under a bilateral agreement. The Indian export of
mangoes to China has become possible with the two governments signing the
agreement, China has agreed to import 17 types of fruits and vegetables from
India. Under the agreement, India will ensure that the mangoes are free of pests
part of India‟s efforts to export mangoes to China, APEDA promotes other by-
products of mangoes like mango squashes, jam, mango juice, etc. into the country.
Under the FTP (2004-09), a host of incentives have been given to boost
agri-exports. These inter alia include duty-free import of capital goods under the
Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme, Duty credit scrip equivalent to 5 per
cent of the f.o.b. value of exports, and the launching of Vishesh Krishi Upaj
minor forest produce, etc. The Karnataka Government is planning to establish agro
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export zones for mango in order to encourage farmers to produce export quality
Department of Horticulture, the state has nearly 1.18 lakh hectares under mango
mangoes, the State‟s share in mango exports from India is very meager.
logistics supply chain solutions and mail services has recently commenced its
“Mango Bytes” service through which Alphonso mangoes can be sent across
international boundaries. The service available for over 35 countries saves the
exporters the hassles of procuring, packing and shipping the mangoes in perfect
condition. The TNT has also designed the mango packs with air ventilators. An
“Indian Mango Fair” was held in Singapore sometime in the month of June 2005.
The Fair was organized by The Agriculture and Processed Food Export
long fair, Bengal‟s popular varieties such as Langra, Himsagar, Dussehri, Malda,
Amrapali, Banganpali and Chausa were made available for sale and sampling at
From the data for the year 2003-04, it is to state that exports of mango
chutneys and mango pickles have been clubbed with the Head “Others: H.S. Code:
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2001.09.9909. These items being prominent, there is need to have separate codes
for these items. Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics and
Directorate General of Foreign Trade may consider keeping the status quo. The
Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board with the help of APEDA has
recently set up a Vapour Heat Treatment plant at Vashi near Mumbai to treat the
fruit fly problem in fresh fruits for exports to Japan, Australia, USA and other
countries. In continuation with the ongoing efforts to promote Indian mangoes and
and eastern parts of the country like Chausa, Langra, Dussehri. The countries
where these promotional campaigns were organized include Qatar, UAE and
China.
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