1.

Aedes albopictus

Aedes albopictus also called the Asian tiger mosquito, it is a mosquito that can transmit the viruses

that cause dengue fever. The female mosquito lays eggs in water holding containers around or

further away from homes, tree holes and bamboo internodes. It bites people, pets and wild animals.

This species can survive year round in tropical and subtropical climates.” (www.cdc.gov). A.

albopictus acquire blood food from a range of vertebrate hosts including humans, A. albopictus,

it is spreading prolifically and undesirably, which has expanded its geographical range from

Southeast Asia and India to include North and South America, Europe, Africa and the Pacific

region in the past three decades.

1.1 Taxonomy and Morphology

The Asian tiger mosquito (A. albopictus) is a black-white mosquito of normal size with similar

body length to that of the House common mosquito Culex pipiens (5-6 mm). Females are

aggressive usually biting during the daylight and their peak activity is observed early in the

morning (06:00 to 08:00) and late afternoon (16:00 to 18:00). Females usually seek humans near

the ground surface and prefer to bite them at the ankles and knees. Ae. albopictus is considered a

typical exophagic mosquito species, since it prefers to bite hosts outdoors. Except humans, it bites

other mammals with ease as well and occasionally can feed on bird blood. After each blood meal

gravid females seek suitable breeding sites 2-3 days later to lay their eggs. Under laboratory

conditions the female of Ae. albopictus can lay up to 950 eggs during its lifetime, whereas the

average reproductive capacity is about 300 to 350 eggs per female

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table 1.

(Conops, 2013)

1.2 Habitat

The Asian tiger mosquito lays its eggs on the inner sides of water-holding receptacles in

urban, suburban, and rural areas as well as in nearby edges of forested areas. A. albopictus is

closely associated with vegetated areas in and around homes. The immature forms are found in

artificial containers with water such as tires, flower pots, plates under potted plants, cemetery

urns/vases, buckets, tin cans, clogged rain gutters, ornamental ponds, drums, water bowls for pets,

birdbaths, etc.

In some instances, this species has been found in catch basins. Larvae can also be found

in natural habitats such as tree holes, rock holes, hollow bamboo stumps, and leaf axils. A.

albopictus is a very aggressive daytime biter. Its peak feeding times are during the early morning

and late afternoon. This mosquito has a rapid bite that allows it to escape most attempts by people

to swat it. It feeds mainly on mammals, including humans, dogs, and cats in the domestic

environment and on a variety of wild animals, including squirrels and birds. Because these

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mosquitoes are produced in nearly any sort of water-filled container, they often become very

common and bothersome, even in neighborhoods where there are normally few mosquitoes.

Because members of this species are weak fliers, they remain within the same habitat their

entire lives. Besides having a proper breeding and reproduction habitat, proper food resources must

be available as well. This mosquito has developed very weak host specificity, and thus does not

have trouble finding food in most environments (Dengue and the Aedes albopictus Mosquito, n.d.)

1.3 Impact to Human Beings

A. albopictus acts as a parasite and a vector to a large variety of other species. Mosquitoes have a

wide range of species they can feed upon. After being bitten by a mosquito, a host will become

irritated in that spot due to a typical immune response against mosquito saliva. When feeding on a

host, the species can pass on one of many different arboviruses, along with protzoans and filarial

nematodes. A. albopictus is a known vector of dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus, Eastern

equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis among many more. Mosquitoes are

known to have caused outbreaks of Chikungunya Fever in both France and Italy. It is also notorious

for vectoring parasitic roundworms Dirofilaria immitis, which cause heartworm in domestic dogs

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and cats. Because of the large number of pathogens A. albopictus carries and its ability to inhabit

much of the world throughout the year, mosquitoes spread significant amounts of disease

(Hartman, 2011) .

2. Insecticide Against Aedes albopictus

In Thailand, organochlorines (dengue hemorrhagic fever [DDT]), organophosphates (temephos,

fenitrothion, malathion, and chlorpyrifos), carbamates (propoxur, pirimiphosmethyl, and

bendiocarb), pyrethroids (permethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and etofenprox), and

biologicals (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus) have been utilized to

control mosquito vectors (Bang, Tonn, & Panurai, 1969; Chareonviriyaphap, Aum-aung, &

Ratanatham, 1999). After the first DHF episode in Thailand in 1958, DDT was generally used to

control Aedes mosquitoes. Control of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is more difficult than Aedes aegypti

(L.) in light of the fact that the living space of the previous envelops a more extensive territory.

Ae. albopictus is most ordinarily found in rural and provincial regions where there are open spaces

with significant vegetation (Estrada-Franco & Craig, 1995). The first report of DDT resistance in

Ae. aegypti in Thailand (from Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima) was distributed (Neely, 1964).

In 1966, larval Ae. aegypti gathered from 14 ranges in Bangkok demonstrated imperviousness to

DDT, however they were defenseless to organophosphate mixes of which temephos and

chlorpyrifos (Dursban) were the best larvicides (Bang, Tonn, & Panurai, 1969). From 1986 to

1993, resistanceof Ae.aegypti totemephos, malathion, and fenitrothion was accounted for from

numerous locales of Thailand (Chareonviriyaphap, Aum-aung, & Ratanatham, 1999). As of now,

temephos is the most generally utilized item for control of Ae. aegypti hatchlings. Amid the

pinnacle time of grown-up Aedes populations, especially during the rainy seasons, misting uses of

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cypermethrin [10% (wt:vol)] and deltacide [bioallethrin, 0.09% (wt:wt); deltamethrin, 0.06%

(wt:wt); and piperonyl butoxide, 11.9%] are utilized. Utilization of family splashes, particularly

those containing organophosphates and pyrethroids, has expanded as of late in homes in Thailand.

The insecticide powerlessness of Ae. albopictus in Thailand is inadequately reported. In 1967,

temephos applications and malathion fogging on SamuiIslandin the Gulf of Thailand did not

decrease the rate of holders with Ae. albopictus hatchlings (Gould, Mount, Scanlon, Ford, &

Sullivan, 1970). Conversely, their review revealed that the number of Ae.aegypti adults’ and the

percentage of infested holders declined after bug spray applications. In 1997, few grown-up Ae.

albopictus raised from larvae collected from three locations in northern Thailand were measured

after the standard World Health Organization contact test against DDT, permethrin, and

fenitrothion (Somboon, Prapanthadara, & Suwonkerd, 2003). These results indicated that

Ae.albopictus populaces from these sites were resistant to DDT but susceptible to permethrin and

fenitrothion.

Research facility bioassays on insecticidal action of basic oils (EOs) removed from six

Mediterranean plants (Achillea millefolium, Lavandula angustifolia, Helichrysum italicum,

Foeniculum vulgare, Myrtus communis, and Rosmarinus officinalis) were completed against the

hatchlings of the Culicidae mosquito A. albopictus. The synthetic synthesis of the six EOs was

likewise explored. Comes about because of utilizations demonstrated that every single tried oil

had insecticidal action, with contrasts in death rates as a component of both oil and measurement.

At the most noteworthy measurements (300 ppm), EOs from H. italicum, A. millefolium, and F.

vulgare brought on higher mortality than the other three oils, with death rates running from 98.3%

to 100%. M. communis EO instigated just 36.7% larval mortality at the most astounding

measurements (300 ppm), a comparable incentive to those recorded at a similar dose by utilizing

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R. officinalis and L. angustifolia (51.7% and 55%, separately). Distinguished mixes extended from

91% to 99%. The investigated EOs had higher substance of monoterpenoids (80–99%) than

sesquiterpenes (1–15%), and they can be sorted into three gatherings on the premise of their

synthesis. Few EOs demonstrated the hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, and these unstable mixes were

for the most part overwhelming in correlation with the oxygenated shapes, which were recognized

in lower amounts just in H. italicum (1.80%) and in M. communis (1%) (Conti, Canale, Bertoli,

Gozzini, & Pistelli, 2010)

The target of this review was to build up a home grown definition to control dengue vector

mosquitoes. PONNEEM, a novel home grown definition arranged utilizing the oils of neem

(Azadirachta indica), karanj (Pongamia glabra) and their concentrates, was tried for larvicidal,

ovicidal and oviposition obstacle exercises against A. aegypti and A. albopictus at 1, 0.5, 0.3 and

0.1 ppm fixations. Penny percent larvicidal and ovicidal exercises were seen at 0.1 ppm in the two

mosquito species under lab and daylight presented conditions up to 12 months from the date of

make. Oviposition impediment movement of 69.97% and 71.05% was seen at 1 ppm convergence

of PONNEEM against A. aegypti and A. albopictus, individually. Diminishment in compound

levels for α-esterase was 0.089 ± 0.008 and 0.099 ± 0.140 μg napthol delivered/min/mg larval

protein; for β-esterase, it was 0.004 ± 0.009 and 0.001 ± 0.028 μg napthol created/min/mg larval

protein; for glutathione S-transferase, it was 10.4814 ± 0.23 and 11.4811 ± 0.21 μmol/min/mg

larval protein and for aggregate protein, it was 0.177 ± 0.010 and 0.008 ± 0.005 mg/singular

hatchling in treated gatherings of A. aegypti and A. albopictus, individually. The non-target life

forms, for example, Gambusia affinis and Diplonychus indicus were not influenced. No mortality

was seen in charge. PONNEEM can be utilized adequately for the administration of human vector

mosquitoes (Maheswaran & Ignacimuthu, 2011).

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As of late, employments of condition neighborly and biodegradable characteristic bug sprays of

plant starting point have gotten recharged consideration as operators for vector control. Amid a

screening program for new agrochemicals from Chinese restorative herbs and nearby wild plants,

the ethanol concentrate of Evodia rutaecarpa Hook f. et Thomas (Rutaceae) unripe organic

products was found to have larvicidal action against the mosquitoes. The point of this examination

was to decide larvicidal action of the ethanol concentrate of E. rutaecarpa unripe products of the

soil disengaged constituents against the hatchlings of the Culicidae mosquito A. albopictus. The

powder, 5 kg of the natural product material, was extricated with 30 l of 95 % ethanol, sifted, and

vanished to dryness in a revolving vacuum evaporator. The unrefined concentrate was then divided

amongst methanol–water and n-hexane. The n-hexane portion was dissipated off to given n-hexane

remove. The watery layer was repartitioned with chloroform to give chloroform separate after

vanishing of the dissolvable. Additionally, parceling with ethyl acetic acid derivation gave a

deposit after dissipation of the dissolvable. Bioactivity-coordinated chromatographic detachment

of chloroform concentrate on rehashed silica gel sections prompted the confinement of three

alkaloids (evodiamine, rutaecarpine, and wuchuyuamide I) and two limonoids (evodol and

limonin). The structures of the constituent mixes were explained in view of high-determination

electron affect mass spectrometry and atomic attractive reverberation. Evodiamine, rutaecarpine,

and wuchuyuamide I displayed solid larvicidal movement against the mid fourth instar hatchlings

of A. albopictus with LC50 estimations of 12.51, 17.02, and 26.16 μg/ml, separately. Limonin and

evodol additionally had larvicidal action against the Asian tiger mosquitoes with LC50 estimations

of 32.43 and 52.22 μg/ml, separately, while the ethanol remove had a LC50 estimation of

43.21 μg/ml. The outcomes demonstrated that the ethanol concentrate of E. rutaecarpa and the five

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disconnected constituents have a decent potential as a hotspot for characteristic larvicides (Long

Leu, Zhi Liu, Shan Du, & Wei Deng, 2012).

3. Apple Cider Vinegar

Vinegar has antibacterial properties due to its natural acids, mainly acetic acid. These acids pass

into the cell membrane of microorganisms eventually causing death. (Booth & Kroll, 1989; Brul

& Coote, 1999; Blackburn & McClure, 2002; Bjornsdottir, Breidit, & McFeeters, 2006; Chang &

Fang, 2007). It was reported that acetic acid was the most lethal acid to Escherichia coli. (Entani,

Asai, Tsujihata, Tsukamoto, & Ohta, 1998; Ryu, Deng, & Beuchant, 1999) Previous studies report

that some pathogenic bacteria are inhibited from fruits and vegetables (Wu, et al., 2000; Rhee,

Lee, Dougherty, & Kang , 2003; Sengun & Karapinar, 2004; Chang & Fang, 2007).

Microbial Insecticides These are made from microorganisms that attack insects. They are so

specialized to attack insect cuticle and cells that they are not very dangerous to people. Insecticides

based on viruses must be eaten by insects. Then the viruses take over the function of certain insect

cells (those of the gut first), making many copies of themselves. As a result, the insect’s cells burst

and die. Insecticides based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis also need to be eaten by insects

in order to work. The microbes attack the gut lining, and then invade the insect’s body and

multiply. Fungal insecticides attack insects from the outside. The spores land on the insect’s body

and grow right into it, eventually penetrating inside and growing throughout the body. Other

Insecticides Fipronil is a new insecticide used to control some crop pests and parasites of pets. Its

site of action is nerve cells, where it blocks the GABA-regulated chloride channel. This disrupts

normal nerve function. Avermectins have this same mode of action. Soaps are often thought of as

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“non-chemical” insect controls, but they are still composed of chemicals, usually potassium salts

of fatty acids. When soaps contact the outer body covering of insects, they penetrate and dissolve

into nearby cells, causing cell fluids to leak out, and the cells to collapse, resulting in dehydration

and death. Oils sprayed on mite and aphid eggs are designed to kill the eggs by smothering them,

preventing exchange of oxygen. (Alan)

4.Curcuma longa

4.1. Taxonomy and Morphology

Curcuma longa (Turmeric) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions (Priyadarsini, 2014, p.

20092), categorized as spice that is derived from the rhizomes of C. longa, which is a member of

the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Known for being a perennial plant, it is a short stemmed plant

with large oblong leaves. Its plant is 3 feet in height and has lance-shaped leaves (Nagpal & Sood,

2013). It is a rhizome that bears ovate, pyriform, oblong in shape, which are often branched and

bears a color of brownish-yellow (Rathaur, Raja, Rameteke, & John, 2012, p. 1987).

4.2. Post Studies/ Medical Uses

Turmeric (C. longa) is known as the “Golden Spice of India” due to its medicinal properties

(Rathaur, Raja, Rameteke, & John, 2012). Hence, India became the largest producer (Priyadarsini,

2014). C. longa has been used in traditional Indian Medicine as a household remedy for various

diseases: cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorders, rheumatism, anorexia, and sinusitis.

Furthermore, Turmeric is described as a cancer remedy in Indian natural medical literature

(Nelson, et al., 2017). In China, Turmeric is used in traditional Chinese medicine, it is used to treat

menstrual-related difficulties, jaundice, colic, hematuria, and hemorrhage (Labban, 2014).

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An Insecticidal activity of turmeric (C. longa) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts against red flour

beetle, Tribolium castaneum study was conducted. It resulted that Both A. sativum and C. longa

significantly reduced the larval, pupal and adult emergence as well as percent weight loss (at α

5%) (Ali, et al., 2014).

4.3. Composition

Turmeric contains 2% to 9% curcuminoids, depending on its origin and soil’s condition of where

it was grown. Curcuminoids pertains to the group of compounds such as curcumin,

demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin and cyclic curcumin (Priyadarsini, 2014).

Moreover, Turmeric contains protein (6.3%), fat (5.1%), minerals (3.5%), carbohydrates (69.4%)

and moisture (23.1%) The essential oil (5-8%) obtained by steam distillation of rhizomes has α-

phellanderene (1%), sabiene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%), zingiberene (25%) and

sesquiterpines (53%) (Tohda, Nakayama, Hatanaka, & Komatsu, 2006).

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