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Z Score
Z Score
68.26%
94.46%
99.73%
score 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
• X = 90
• How many standard
deviations above
the mean?
• z-score: 2 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
• X = 75
• How many standard deviations below the mean?
• z-score: -1
Why Do We Use z-scores?
• To determine where one score is located in a distribution
with respect to all other scores
Is a z-score of -0.25 a typical score?
77 - 85 -8
z= = -1.6
5 5
What if I know the z-score but not the X?
X
z Þ X = zs + m
For a distribution with μ = 60 and σ = 5:
• What score (X) corresponds to a z-score of -2.00?
X = (-2.00 × 5) + 60
X = -10 + 60
X = 50
Conceptually:
• The mean = 60 and the standard deviation = 5
• A score of 2 standard deviations below the mean would be:
60 – 5 – 5 = 50
What if I know μ, X and z but not σ?
• For this distribution, we know:
μ = 65, X = 59, and z = -2.00
• What is σ?
• A z-score of -2.00 means what?
• How many points between
65 and 59?
•σ=3
z-scores and Locations
USING Z-SCORES TO
STANDARDIZE A
DISTRIBUTION
z-scores as a Standardized Distribution
If we standardize every score, we have standardized our
distribution
• The distribution will be composed of scores that have been
transformed to create predetermined values for μ and σ
Properties of the Standardized
Distribution
• Shape
• Remains the same as the distribution with the original scores
• Does not move scores; just re-labels them
• Mean
• Will always have a mean of zero (0)
• Standard deviation
• Will always have a standard
deviation of one (1)
The Advantage of Standardized
Distributions
Two (or more) different distributions can be made the same
and compared to each other
• Distribution A: μ = 100, σ = 10
• Distribution B: μ = 40, σ = 6
• When these distributions are
transformed to z-scores,
both will have a
μ = 0 and σ = 1
28 34 40 46 52
μ
A Demonstration: Jesse’s Test Scores
• Math test score: X = 80
• Physics test score: X = 70