Cover Type B

TO BE RETURNED AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

THIS PAPER MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE EXAM CENTRE.

SURNAME: _______________________

FIRST NAME: _______________________

STUDENT NUMBER: _______________________

COURSE: _______________________
_____________________________________________________________________

AUTUMN SEMESTER 2010

SUBJECT NAME : ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SUBJECT NO. : 48571

DAY/DATE : THURSDAY 17 JUNE 2010

TIME ALLOWED : __3__ Hours plus __20__ Min. reading time

START/END TIME : 9:30 / 12:40

NOTES/INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

 ONLY NON-PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS MAY BE USED.

 ONE DOUBLE SIDED A4 SHEET OF HANDWRITTEN NOTES
MAY BE TAKEN INTO THE EXAM ROOM.
 ALL QUESTIONS MAY BE ATTEMPTED.
 THE MARKS TOTAL 130, BUT IT WILL BE SCALED TO 100, i.e.
DIVIDED BY 1.3, AFTER MARKING.
 ROUGH WORK CAN BE DONE ON THE LAST THREE BLANK
SHEETS OF THE ANSWER BOOK.

Examiner: Prof. J.G. Zhu

Assessor: Dr. Y.G. Guo

Page 1/5 Over …

Problem One
A three phase 150 kVA 2400:240 V 50 Hz distribution transformer is constructed by
connecting three single phase transformers in the YNd1 vector group as shown in
Fig.P1 below. The per phase equivalent circuit parameters on the high voltage side
are:
R1 = 0.72 Ω, Xl1 = 0.92 Ω, R2' = 0.70 Ω, Xl2' = 0.90 Ω,
Rc = 308.49 Ω, and Xm = 44.61 Ω
(a) Sketch the phasor diagram for the YNd1 vector group;
(b) Calculate the voltage regulation for the rated load with a power factor 0.8
lagging;
(c) Calculate the primary voltage and current if the secondary terminal voltage is 240
V line to line, and the transformer is supplying the full load of power factor 0.80
leading; and
(d) Calculate the efficiency in (c).
(25 marks)

Fig.P1 Three phase transformer connected in YNd1 vector group

Answer:
(b) VR = 5.80%

(c) The per phase primary voltage and currents are:

(d) The efficiency

(a)
Problem Two
A four pole three phase winding is excited by balanced three phase AC currents of 50
Hz. Although the winding distribution has been designed to minimize the spatial
harmonics, there remain some third and fifth spatial harmonics. The mmf of phase A
can be written as
Fa= F1 cos+F3 cos 3+F5 cos 5  cost
Similar expressions can be written for phase B (replacing  by 120o and t by
t120o) and phase C (replacing  by 120o and t by t120o).
(a) Derive the expression for the resultant three phase mmf;
(b) Show that the fundamental and the 5th harmonic components are rotating;
(c) What are the angular velocity in rad/s and rotating direction of each harmonic
component of the mmf?
(15 marks)

Page 1/5 Over …

Answer:
(a) The resultant mmf is

(b)

(c)

Problem Three
Two identical 15 kW 230 V 72 A separately excited DC machines are to be used as
the generator and motor, respectively, in a Ward Leonard system as shown in Fig.P3.
The generator is driven by a synchronous motor whose speed is constant at 1500
rev/min. The armature circuit resistance of each dc machine is 0.22  (including
brushes). Armature reaction is negligible. Data for the magnetisation curve of each dc
machine at 1500 rev/min are as follows:
If (A) 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Ea (V) 0 108 183 230 254 267 276

Calculate:
(a) the electromagnetic torque of the DC motor in Nm at full load armature current
(72 A) if the dc motor field current is 0.90 A,
(b) the maximum and minimum values of the DC generator field current needed to
give the DC motor a speed range from 300 to 1500 rev/min at full load armature
current with the DC motor field current held constant at 0.90 A, and
(c) the maximum DC motor speed in rev/min obtainable at full load armature current
if the DC motor field current is reduced to 0.60 A and the DC generator field
current is not allowed to exceed 1.60 A.
(15 marks)

Page 2/5 Over …

 AC mains

DC DC
AC supply
G supply M
Motor

AC motor - DC generator set DC motor

Fig.P3 Ward Leonard system of dc motor speed control
Answer:
(a)
(b) The minimum is and the maximum is

(c)
Problem Four
Fig.P4 below illustrates schematically the per phase equivalent circuit model of a
round rotor synchronous machine operated as motor. Without ignoring the stator
winding resistance, Ra,
(a) Draw a phasor diagram (not to scale) corresponding to a load current of lagging
power factor (under excitation);
(b) Derive an expression of the electromagnetic torque, T, versus the load angle (also
known as power angle), δ;
(c) Sketch the curve of T versus δ.
(15 marks)
jXs Ra Ia

syn T
Mech. Ea Motor Va
Load
Tload Tloss

Fig.P4 Per phase equivalent circuit model of a round rotor synchronous generator
Answer:
(b)

where
(a)

(c) Plotting the above equation, one obtains

Page 3/5 Over …

Problem Five
A company has multiple production lines containing a great number of induction
motors and other inductive loads, resulting in a low power factor. When the company
is operated at its full production capacity, the total power consumption is 2 MW and
the power factor 0.7 lagging, but the grid power supply requires the power factor to be
no less than 0.8 lagging. For power factor compensation, a 3 phase, star connected, 4
pole, 6000 V (line-line), 50 Hz, round rotor synchronous machine is operated as a
motor at no load. The synchronous reactance of the machine is 15  per phase, and
the field current is 150 A DC when the stator open circuit terminal voltage equals the
rated voltage. Assume a linear open circuit characteristic and ignore the stator
winding resistance and all rotational power losses.
(a) Calculate the capacity in MVA of the synchronous machine required to achieve
the satisfactory power factor;
(b) Draw a phasor diagram (not to scale) for this condition of operation; and
(c) Calculate the corresponding field current.
(15 marks)
Answer:
(a)
(c)

(b)

Problem Six
A 3-phase, 4-pole, star connected, 415 V (line to line), 50 Hz, wound rotor induction
motor has the following per phase T equivalent circuit parameters:
R1 = 0.60 , R2' = 0.56 , Xl1 = 1.40, Xl2' = 1.35 , and Xm = 60.50 
(Rc can be ignored)
The retarding torque due to the total of friction, windage and core losses may be
assumed to be 5 Nm, independent of load and speed.
(a) Calculate the starting internal or electromagnetic torque and the corresponding
stator current;
(b) Calculate the maximum internal or electromagnetic torque and the corresponding
rotor speed;
(c) Sketch the torque/speed curve for 415 V (line to line), 50 Hz operation, using the
results of (a) and (b);
(d) If this induction machine is operated as a motor driving a constant torque load of
60 Nm, calculate the steady state speed, stator current, output power and
efficiency;
(e) If this induction machine is used as a generator driven at 1545 rev/min by a wind
turbine through a gearbox, calculate its output power and efficiency.
(25 marks)
Answer:
(a) 68.93 (Nm), 80.28 (A),
(b) 160.54 (Nm), 0.1990
(d) 1444.53 rpm,
(A) per
phase, 9076.26 (W), 88.80%
(e) 8835.98 (W), 89.12%
(c)

Page 4/5 Over …

Problem Seven
Fig.P7 illustrates the schematic cross section, the phase winding self-inductances and
their derivatives versus rotor position of a three phase 6/4 pole switched reluctance
motor (SRM). Under the assumption that the permeability of iron is infinite, the
mutual inductances between the three phase stator windings can be ignored.
(a) Derive an expression of the electromagnetic torque in terms of the phase winding
currents and self-inductances;
(b) Sketch the curve of electromagnetic torque versus rotor position for the SRM if
the phase current is maintained constant when the phase winding is excited;
(c) Sketch a suitable drive circuit for the SRM;
(d) Is this drive circuit uni-polar or bi-polar?
(20 marks)

(a) (b)
Fig.P7 A three phase 6/4 pole switched reluctance motor (a) Cross section, and
(b) Self-inductances of phase windings and their derivatives versus rotor position
Answer:
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Unipolar
– END –

Page 5/5 Over …

 Cover Page

TO BE RETURNED AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

THIS PAPER MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE EXAM CENTRE.

SURNAME: _______________________

FIRST NAME: _______________________

STUDENT NUMBER: _______________________

COURSE: _______________________
_____________________________________________________________________

AUTUMN SEMESTER 2013

SUBJECT NAME : ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SUBJECT NO. : 48571

DAY/DATE : THURSDAY 20 JUNE 2013

TIME ALLOWED : 3 Hours plus 10 Min. reading time

START/END TIME : 14:00 / 17:10

NOTES/INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

 THE MARKS TOTAL 130, BUT IT WILL BE SCALED TO 100, i.e.

DIVIDED BY 1.30, AFTER MARKING.
 ONE DOUBLE SIDED A4 SHEET OF HANDWRITTEN NOTES
MAY BE TAKEN INTO THE EXAM ROOM.
 ONLY NON-PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS MAY BE USED.
 ROUGH WORK CAN BE DONE ON THE LAST THREE BLANK
SHEETS OF THE ANSWER BOOK.

Examiner: Prof. J.G. Zhu

Assessor: A/Prof. Y.G. Guo

Page 1/4 Over …

Prooblem One
A thhree phase 1 MVA 24 400:415 V 50 Hz distrribution tran nsformer is constructed by
connnecting three single phase
p t Dyn11 vector grouup as show
transfformers in the wn in
Fig..P1(a) below. To deteermine the per phase T equivaleent circuit pparameters,, the
folloowing tests were carrieed out:
 The priimary phase winding rresistance test t was con nducted by applying a DC
voltage of 60 V to terminaal pairs AB B, BC, and d CA, separ arately, and d the
corresponding read dings of Am mpere meterrs connected d in lines A , B, and C were
w
240 A, 241 A, and 239.5 A, reespectively.
 The opeen circuit testt was con nducted on the second dary side byy applying three
t
phase voltage
v of 415
4 V (linee to line) to the second dary side w with the prim mary
side oppen-circuited d, and the measured secondary line currennt and the total
input poower from thet secondaary side werre 156 A and d 15 kW, reespectively.
 The shoort circuit testt was alsso conducteed on the seecondary siide by adjussting
the applied three phase
p seconddary voltagge until the secondary
s sside line currrent
reachedd the rated value
v with thhe primary side short-ccircuited, annd the meassured
secondaary side lin ne to line voltage and the total input poower from the
secondaary side werre 73 V andd 85 kW, resspectively.
(a) Sketch thee correspond ding phasorr diagram ofo the primaary and secoondary volttages
for the Dynn11 vector group;
g
(b) Determinee the param meters of pper phase T equivalent circuit rreferred to the
primary sidde;
(c) Calculate the voltagee regulationn for the rated r load with a pow wer factor 0.70
lagging; annd
(d) If the transsformer is supplying thhe full load of power faactor 0.70 laagging as in n (c),
and the priimary side isi connectedd to an infinnite power grid,
g i.e. thee primary linne to
line voltagge is fixed at
a 2400 V lline to line,, to regulatee the seconndary voltag ge to
the rated value, i.e. to achievee zero volltage regulation, a thhree phase star
connected capacitor bank
b is connnected to thee secondary
y in parallel to the load (ZL)
as shown ini Fig.P1(b)), calculate tthe capacitaance C per phase.
p
(20 maarks)

(a) (b)
Fig.P1 (a) Three
T phase trransformer con
nnected in Dyyn11 vector grroup, and
(b) Three
T capacitoors connected in star and paarallel to the thhree phase loaad

Ansswer:
(b) R1 = 0.37 (Ω), R2' = 1. 09 (Ω),
Rc = 1152.0 00 (Ω), Xm = 155.50 (Ω
Ω),
Xl1 = Xl2' = 2.53 (Ω)
(c) VR = 26.84 4%
(d) C = 13.89 x 10-3 (F)

Page 1 of 5 Oveer …
Problem Two
A four pole three phase winding is excited by balanced three phase AC currents of 50
Hz. Although the winding distribution has been designed to minimize the spatial
harmonics, there remain some third and fifth spatial harmonics. The mmf of phase A
can be written as

Fa = F1 cos+F3 cos 3+F5 cos 5  cost

where F1, F3, and F5 are the peak values of the fundamental, the 3rd and the 5th
harmonics of mmf, respectively, θ is the spatial angular displacement in electrical
radians, ω=2πf the angular frequency, and f the frequency of the AC currents. Similar
expressions can be written for phase B (replacing  by 120o and t by t120o)
and phase C (replacing  by 120o and t by t120o).
(a) Derive the expression of the resultant three phase mmf;
(b) Show that the fundamental and the 5th harmonic components are rotating;
(c) What are the angular velocity in mechanical rad/s and rotating direction of each
harmonic component of the mmf?
(d) If the airgap length is g, what is the expression of airgap flux density?
(20 marks)

Answer:
(c) ω1 = 157.08 (rad/s) (mechanical), and ω5 = -31.42 (rad/s) (mechanical)
3 o F1 3 o F5
(d) Bg  cos   t   cos  5  t  (T)
2 g 2 g

Problem Three
An EV (electric vehicle) has the per unit torque/speed and power/speed curves shown
in the diagram below (Fig.P3). The base speed is 50 km/h (corresponding motor speed
= 1000 rev/min) and maximum speed is 250 km/h (corresponding motor speed = 5000
rev/min). The maximum torque required is 570 Nm. Calculate the rated power of the
propulsion motor?
(10 marks)

Fig.P3 Per unit torque/speed and power/speed curves of an EV

Answer:
Prated = 59.69 (kW)

Page 2 of 5 Over …
Prooblem Fourr
A 75 kW 250 V separately y excited DC
C motor hass the magneetization currve measureed at
12000 rev/min as
a tabulated below:
Ea (V) 230 240 250 260 270 280
If (A) 4.20 4.52 5.00 5.76 6.60 7.64
Thee armature circuit
c hes, is 0.025 . The rretarding to
resisstance, incluuding brush orque
corrresponding to the no lo
oad rotationnal (mainly core and mechanical)
m losses, is 15.92
Nmm, and can bee assumed constant
c inddependent of
o speed.
Thiss motor is used
u to drivee a light eleectric vehiclle. The arm
mature circuiit is supplieed by
a 2550 V batteery bank off negligiblee internal resistance via v a DC/D DC converteer of
conttinuously adjustable
a teerminal volltage between 0 V and d 250 V annd bi-directiional
powwer flow.
(a) For a soft starting, thee armature vvoltage is raamped up frrom zero too the rated value v
to limit thee starting cuurrent so ass to protect the motor. If the mottor is carryiing a
constant toorque load of o 450 Nm and the fielld current is fixed at 5 A, how sh hould
the armatuure voltage vary againnst the speeed in order to maintaiin the armaature
current bellow or equaal to 3 timess the rated armature
a currrent?
(b) Calculate the
t final steeady state sppeed in rev/min after th he soft startiing in (a).
(c) When the motor runs at the steaddy state opeerating poin nt in (b), thee field curreent is
reduced too 4.2 A. Caalculate thee steady staate speed an nd armaturee current iff the
motor is sttill suppliedd with the rrated armatu ure voltage of 250 V aand carrying g the
constant toorque load ofo 450 Nm.
(d) When the motor runss at the steaady state op perating poiint in (b), thhe motor en nters
the regeneerative brak king mode to stop th he vehicle byb reducing ng the armaature
voltage conntinuously as the speedd reduces to o zero. If th
he field currrent is fixedd at 5
A, how shoould the arm mature voltaage vary ag gainst the sp
peed to achiieve the sho ortest
stopping tiime while maintaining
m g the armatu ure current below or eequal to 3 tiimes
the rated armature
a currrent?
(20 maarks)
Ansswer:
(a) Va  1.9894r  223.100 (V)
(b) r  1171.92 (revv/min)

(c) r  12
271.13 (revv/min)
(d) Va  1.9894r  223.100 (V)

Page 3 of 5 Oveer …
Prooblem Five
A ccompany haas multiple productionn lines con ntaining a great
g numbeer of inducction
mottors and othher inductive loads, ressulting in a low power factor. Wheen the comp pany
is operated at its
i full prodduction capaacity, the tootal power consumptio
c on is 2 MW W and
the power factoor 0.7 laggin ng, but the ggrid power supply requ uires the powwer factor to
t be
no lless than 0.88 lagging. For
F power ffactor comp pensation, a 3 phase, sttar connecteed, 4
polee, 6000 V (line-line),
( 50 Hz, rouund rotor sy ynchronous machine iss operated as a
mottor at no loaad. The syn nchronous rreactance off the machiine is 15  per phase, and
the field currennt is 150 A DC when th the stator oppen circuit terminal
t volltage equalss the
rateed voltage. Assume a linear oppen circuit characteristic and ignnore the stator
winnding resistaance and all rotational ppower lossees.
(a) Calculate the t capacity y in MVA of the syncchronous machine requuired to ach hieve
the satisfacctory powerr factor;
(b) Draw a phasor diagram m (not to sccale) for this condition of operation
on; and
(c) Calculate the t correspoonding fieldd current.
(15 maarks)
Ansswer:
(a) SSM = 0.544 (MVA) (b)
(c) If = 183.788 (A)

Prooblem Six
A 3-phase, 4-ppole, star co
onnected, 4115 V (line to t line), 50 Hz, wound rotor inducction
mottor has the following
f peer phase T eequivalent circuit
c parammeters:
 R2' = 0.56 , Xl1 = 11.40, Xl2' = 1.35 , Xm = 60.50  and Rc ≈ 0
R1 = 0.60 ,
Thee retarding torque due to the totaal of frictio on, windagee and core losses may y be
assuumed to be 5 Nm, indep pendent of lload and sp peed.
(a) Calculate the starting g internal oor electromaagnetic torq que and thee correspon nding
stator curreent;
(b) Calculate thet maximu um internal or electrom magnetic torrque and thee correspon nding
rotor speedd;
(c) Sketch thee torque/speed curve foor 415 V (lin ne to line), 50 Hz operration, usingg the
results of (a)
( and (b);
(d) If this induuction machhine is operrated as a motor
m drivingg a constannt torque loaad of
60 Nm, calculate
c th
he steady sstate speed d, stator cu urrent, outpput power and
efficiency;;
(e) If this induuction machhine is usedd as a generaator driven at 1545 revv/min by a wind
w
turbine thrrough a gearrbox, calcullate its outp
put power an nd efficienccy.
(25 maarks)
Ansswer:
o
(a) Tst = 68.933 (Nm), I st  80.28e  j 677.13 (A) (c)
(b) S m  0.19990 , rm  12201.50 (revv/min) ,
Tmax  160.54 (Nm)
o
(d) r  1444..53 (rev/minn) , I1  15.445e  j 23.03 (A
A) ,
Pout  90766.28 (W) ,   88.78%
(e) Pout  88335.98 (W) ,   89.12% %

Page 4 of 5 Oveer …
Prooblem Seven n
Fig..P7 illustrattes the schematic crosss section, th he phase win nding self-iinductancess and
theiir derivativees versus ro otor positioon of a three phase 6/4 4 pole switcched reluctance
mottor (SRM). Under the assumptioon that thee permeability of iron is infinite,, the
muttual inductaances between the threee phase stato or windingss can be igno
nored.
(a) Derive an expression of the electtromagneticc torque in terms t of thee phase winnding
currents annd self-induuctances;
(b) Sketch thee curve of electromagn
e netic torquee versus roto
or position for the SRM if
the phase current
c is maintained
m c onstant wheen the phasee winding iss excited;
(c) How the phasep winddings shouldd be exciteed such that the SRM M functions as a
generator??
(d) Sketch a suuitable drive circuit forr the SRM.
(20 maarks)

(a) (b))
Fig.P7 A three phaase 6/4 pole sw witched reluctaance motor (aa) Cross sectioon, and
(b) Sellf-inductancess of phase winndings and theeir derivatives versus rotor pposition

Ansswer:
   2 
dL11     L11   
dL 
1 dLL   1 2  3 1 2  3 
(a) T  i12 11  i2  i3
2 d 2 d 2 d
(b) aand (c): (d) Any on ne of the unnipolar drivee
circuitss below is suuitable:

(n+1) sw
witches unipoolar converter

Bifiilar unipolar cconverter

C-Du
ump unipolar converter

Page 5 of 5 Oveer …
A2016 PCT Tutorial 10: Transient Stability 04/03/2016

Exercise1

A three-phase, 60Hz synchronous generator, connected through a transformer and parallel

transmission lines to an infinite bus. All reactances are given in per unit on a common system
base. If the finite bus receives 1.0 per unit real power at 0.95 P.F lagging, determine

i. The internal voltage of the generator [ ]

ii. The equation for the electrical power delivered by the generator versus its power
angle . [ ]
iii. Calculate the critical clearing angle, when a three phase to ground bolted shorty
circuit occurs on line 1-3 at bus 3. ( H=3.0, Pm= 1.0 and )
[ ]

Exercise2

Consider a synchronous machine with the following parameters:

and negligible armature resistance. The machine is connected directly to an infinite bus of
voltage 1.0 per unit. The generator is delivering a real power of 0.5 per unit at 0.8 power
factor lagging. Determine the voltage behind transient reactance and the transient power-
angle equation. [ ]
A2016 PCT Tutorial 10: Transient Stability 04/03/2016

Exercise 3

A Generator is connected to an infinity bus through transmission lines as shown

below,

The real and reactive powers delivered to the infinity bus are 0.85 P.U and 0.078 P.U
respectively. A temporary fault occurs on the system at the point F and it is cleared by circuit
operation. Determine
i. Generator transient voltage [ ]
ii. Power angle equation [ ]
iii. Initial power angle [ ]
iv. Maximum power angle [ ]
v. Critical clearing angle [ ]
vi. Critical clearing time [ ]