Professional Documents
Culture Documents
11960
11960
- New products
2 Selection of raw materials
. 3. Process development
4. Product testing
- Compliance testing
- End use performance
- Lot to lot comparison
- Defect detection
- Advertising
The expense of testing is not at all costly when
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compared to the cost of retwned merchandise and
dissatisfied customers.
-\ Tho does Testing
Manuf acfurers
- QC and R & D
Independent Researchers
- Universities
- Independent testing labs
Government Agencies
- Customs
- Military
- CPSC
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Standards Organioations
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KEYS TO GOOD QUALITY
1.Consistency
2.Uniformiw
3.Knits-low tension
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Standards
A standard is a technical document that describes the
design, material, processing, safety, or performance
characteristics of products.
Types of Standards
2. Standard Classification
Permit rating of products based on quality or
performance.
4 Prescriptive Standards
State requirements for construction,
materials, and design.
5. Standard Performance
6. Standard Specifications
Apparel
Domestic
Home Furnishings
Floor Coverings
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-- - Industrial
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Testing
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: Accuracy vs. Yrecision
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Precision
observations.
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Physical Forms of Textile Substrates
Fiber
Staple - short, loose fibers
Top - Combed and slightly twisted ropes of wool
Tubular (knitted)
-.- Garments
Sampling Guidelines
1. Sample RANDOMLY if possible to prevent bias.
2. Better to take small samples frequently than to take
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the fabric) from the selvedge.
7. No two specimens should come from the same yarns.
GARMENT DYEING
MACHINE
FRONT
1-paddle wheel
2-stainless steel
3-false bottom
4-steamldye feed
ROTARY MACHINE
A. P e r f o r a t e d drum ( w i t h Y-pocket).
B. Machine c o n t r o l l e r .
C. Sampling p o r t .
D. Liquor level i n d i c a t o r .
E. In-line l i n t f i l t e r .
F. Heat-exchanger.
G. Addition t a n k s .
GARMENT WASHING TECHNIQUES
STONE WASH
Stones
Type
pumice rock
volcanic rock
man-made substrates
Hardness
Size
Shape
Porosity
Dusting ability
Applications
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.ratio of stone weight to fabric weight = 0 2 1 up to 3:l
TYPICAL PROCEDURE FOR STONE WASHING
3- Rinse
5- Rinse
6- Soften
7- Extract
9- Tumbledry
Notes:
Backstaining or color deposition can be reduced by
a- adding dispersantlsuspension agent to wash cycle
b- intermediate replacement of wash liquor
c. use of alkaline detergent (sodium perborate with optical brightener
as an afterwash
CELLULASE ENZYME
Stones are not only abrasive to garments but also to the equipment.
1 - pH
2 - temperature
3 - time
4 - concentration
5 - mechanical action
Once the reaction takes place, the mechanical action between garments and
equipment as well as between garments femoves weaker fibers resulting a cleaner,
smoother surface. Stones may be added to enhance the abrasion.
TYPICAL PROCEDURE FOR CELLULASE ENZYME WASHDOWN
(TWO STEP PROCEDURE)
Load garments (addition of stones optional)
Desize for starch
- alpha-amalase enzyme or
- oxidative desize
Rinse
Adjust pH to 4.5 - 5.0 with
- acetic acid or
- a buffer system
Heat to 50 to 60 C ( 122 - 140 F)
Add cellulase enzyme
Tumble for 30 - 60 minutes
Deactivation step * - rinse hot > 65 C ( 150 F)
Rinse cold
Soften and/or optically brighten
Tumble dry
- Uses pumice rocks, bleaching agents and dyestuffs that are sensitive to
the bleaching agents.
- Porous rocks that have a medium to high dusting capability are soaked in
solutions of bleaching agents such as sodium hypochlorite or potassium
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permanganate. The chemistry is absorbed and is transferred by the cutting
action of the rocks and deposited with the dust onto the garment surfaces.