Chapt 1-4

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Waste is one of the common problems of the world. People often ignore the effects of
waste in the environment and health. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up
inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant
contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete
production.
The Philippines is known to be an earthquake-prone area because it is a part of the Pacific

Ring of Fire. It means that the Philippines are part of the major area in the basin of the Pacific
Ocean where a large number of earthquake and volcanic eruption occurs. Filipinos need to know
the use of glass bottles aside from being a container and waste. It might cause destruction to the
environment if ignored.
Glass is utilized as part of numerous structures in everyday life. The sheet glass cutting
industries producing waste glass material, which are not recycled at present and usually delivered
to landfills is an interesting possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of
natural resource. With this regard there are some problems to the said research such us, what
property of the glass can make/help the concrete to strengthen? Since glass is non-biodegradable,
landfills don’t give a situation well-disposed arrangement. Will the concrete glass aggregate
affect the mechanical properties of the concrete? How? Thus, there is solid need to use waste
glasses.
Regarding to this research, the researchers study the standard concrete that is used till present.
They use 1 bag of cement in every 2 bags of sand and to every 3 bags of gravel; they use 24-27
liters of water for mixing. This is surely effective as the use in making buildings and houses to
our society. How is this possible in conducting this study to be as effective?
1
In the study conducted by Sancket Roy Chowdhury (2015) about use of recycled glass
bottles as fine aggregates, they conducted extensive research in the use of fine glass as aggregate
to concretes. In this regard, Chowdhury had applied extensive research in the use of cement
replacement using many waste materials as well as the large efforts had been made in he
concrete industry to use fine glass as partial replacement of fine and coarse aggregates and
cement. In this research, the researchers also has some of this methods similar.
This experimental study aimed to recycle bottles as alternative fine aggregates to help
contribute to the industry in saving the environment that will meet the standards of the Universal
Testing Machine (UTM) requirements in order to help contribute to the industry in saving the
environment. The reuse of waste glass were kind of a problem in major cities in the Philippines,
this is also to encourage the government to find solutions regarding the disposal to landfills of
waste materials and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on how to
improve the construction industry methods and services by using recycled bottles, and to sustain
good product performance and meet recycling goals. This is also to help the government develop
low cost houses for the less fortunate such as housing programs. The researchers also aimed to
minimize the casualties during the times of disaster; this is by adding recycled glass bottle as an
aggregate of a concrete mixture. The recycled glass battles were crushed and filter into 1mm and
.5 mm strainer. This is to help minimize the crack and holes on the concrete by covering it with
the small particles of the crushed glass. The researchers used pulverized glass from the glass
bottle. This reduces its value and complicates the ability to achieve the cullet specifications of
bottle manufacturers or other markets such as the construction industry. Most of these markets
make little use of the inherent chemical and physical properties of glass, therefore its market
value is very low, that is why this study uses glass/recycled glass.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study is about utilization of fine glass aggregate as admixture is being study for a
long time now. For many years, people have been deeply researching about recycled glass as
aggregate. What’s the difference of the normal mixture of concrete which is the standard and the
mixture with aggregate? At first glance we may not look at its difference but in a deeper
knowledge you can see the help. What advantages would it cause? We never think of the good
2
possibilities for the bigger effect it can cause to the indigenous that can be help. For some these
have been a light topic that maybe can’t help. But this can be a hope for some. People have failed
to notice, the benefits that this recycling means. However this research can’t be notice now. This
can help the future for this can be a basis of larger experiments their doing.
1.3 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The strength of the experimental set up and standard set up is equal to each other.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This research was conducted to determine the effect of pulverized glass bottles as
admixture. The aspects looked into how the concrete strengthen in adding fine glass as
aggregate, in this school year 2016-2017, first semesters. The said waste was gathered and
pulverized using hammer by the researchers at Barangay 21, Purok 6-A Mahogany, Butuan City.
The experimentation was conducted at Purok-13 Prince Kim Subdivision, San Vicente, Butuan
City.
This study is to help the society manage the problems in waste. The researchers think that
this study will help us manage our waste through making the glass bottles as aggregate. This is to
help our co-citizen in making low cost houses. For this research is to study about the strength of
the concrete and minimizing the cost.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study would generate, benefits to the following…
CONCRETE COMPANIES. Through this study, they will gain more data regarding their
product and improve it for the next production of concrete.
3
JUNK SHOP OWNERS. In this study, they can provide recyclable materials which will be
used for making affordable houses with story foundation.
ENGINEERS. Through this study, they will have an opportunity to build low cost houses such
as housing programs for the less fortunate citizens. Using crushed aggregates as additive with
high quality concrete.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS. Through this study they can improve this research for their future
basis as they continue to dig something that can help the society.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are the theoretically and operationally define to better understand the
research:
Aggregates Formed by adding together two or more amounts

(Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
In this study, it means the addition of crushed
bottles to form concrete.
Concrete Contains one or more of tendentious materials

(www.cement.com)
In this study, it is a form of solid that contains
admixture
Crushed Glass Crushed bottle glass is an engineered “sandblasting”

media manufactured from 100% recycle bottle
glass. Crushed bottle glass is a good general
purpose abrasive and is approved for use in
4
numerous federal and state government agencies
and military branches. Bottle glass works great in
both slurry systems and dry-blast equipment.
(www.escablast.com)
In this study, it means the bottles are being crushed
into tiny pieces. The material used as an admixture
in the concrete.
Strength The ability to resist being moved or broken by a

force. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
In this study, it means the compressive strength of
the formed concrete.
Mass A body of coherent matter, usually of indefinite

shape and often of considerable size.
In this study, it means the mass of admixtures such
as cement, gravel, sand and stones that are
computed in order to form the concrete.
5
CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 PREPARATION OF CRASH BOTTLES
The procedures used for the analysis of the research experiment of this study are
gathering empty bottles that can be use for crashing into small pieces for example the researchers
used Emperador Lights bottle. Second, wash the empty bottles to be sure that no other chemicals
will be mixed aside from the bottles and wait till it dry. Then, break the empty cleaned bottles
and crash it using hammer into tiny pieces. After the crashing, filter the powdered glass on 3mm
and 1mm strainers. In 0.5mm strainer, crush bottles remain only 5% from the original weight and
the same amount remain after filtering in 1mm strainer.
2.2 PREPARATION OF MOLDERS
In preparing the molder, measure it in 20x10mm diameter with a 15mm allowance then
cut the G.I plain sheet. Fold the said allowance for that will be the lock of molder. Roll it as is
making something circle into cylinder form. Then, lock it with a wire and bind the top, middle
and bottom edges of G.I plain sheet so that it will be compact during filling of cement.
2.3 PREPARATION OF CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS
In preparing control and experimental set-ups, first, filter the cement and sand on the
strainer and get the refined cement that weighs 388 grams and sand that measure 1518 grams for
standard and 1445 grams for experimental set ups. Second, get 1886 grams for standard mixture
and 1792 grams for experimental set up of gravels that measure 0.75inch and 248ml of water.
6
Then prepare the 5% aggregates and mix all the materials needed in molding then fill on the
cylindrical molder. Wait for 28 days until it thoroughly dry.
2.4 CURING OF CONCRETE
The concrete was subjected to dry within 28 days. After removing the molder, apply a
small amount of water in 7 consecutive days without the exposure of sunlight.
2.5 TESTING THROUGH UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
A machine used to test specimens for tensile strength, compressive strength, shear
strength and to perform bend test along other important laboratory tests. The primary use of the
testing machine is to create the stress strain diagram.
Components of (U.T.M.) consist of two main parts called:
1. Loading Unit - in this unit actual loading of the specimen takes place consists of three cross
heads namely upper head, middle head and lower head. Using appropriate cross heads tensile,
compressive, shear, bending load with the help of different attachment can be applied. Loading
unit of a UTM consists of:
A. Upper cross head – to clamp testing specimen from top

B. Lower cross head – to clamp testing specimen from below
C. Table – to place the specimen, used for compression test
2. Control Unit – the load is applied and recorded by this unit. The load is applied with control
valve and released by release valve. The load is applied with help of hydraulic pressure.
7
Test UTM can perform
1. Tensile tests
2. Adhesion tests
3. Cycle tests
4. Pull-Out tests
5. Creep tests
6. Hysteresis tests
8
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1 – Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures
CLASS OF MINIMUM MAXIMUM CONSISTENCY DESIGNATED MINIMUM
CONCRETE CEMENT WATER RANGE IN SIZE OF COMPRESSIVE
CONTENT CEMENT SLUMP COARSE STRENGHT OF 150X300
MM (inch) mm CONCRETE
PER m3 kg RATIO kg/kg AGGREGATE
CYLINDER SPECIMEN
(bag**) SQUARE
AT 28 DAYS, MN/m2 (psi)
OPENING
STD.MM
A (360) 0.53 50-100 37.5-4.75 20.7

(9 BAGS) (2-4) (1-1/2”- No. 4) (3000)
B (320) 0.58 50-100 50-4.75 16.5

(8 BAGS) (2-4) (2”- No. 4) (2400)
C 380 0.55 50-100 12.5-4.75 20.7
(9.5 BAGS) (2-4) (1/2”-No.4) (3000)
P 440 0.49 100 max. 19.0-4.75 37.7
(11 BAGS) (4 max.) (3/4”- No.4) (5000)
SEAL 380 0.58 100-200 25-4.75 20.7
(9.5 BAGS) (4-8) (1”-No.4) (3000)
The table above shows the standard compressive strength of the concrete in structure as
stated in DPWH standard specification.
The compressive strength of each concrete cylinder specimen depends upon the
properties of each sample particularly its dimension and the aggregates ratio. The latter
table shows the actual results of the compressive strengths of each sample. It only
explains that the experiment tend to be a failure in any aspects, such as proper mixing of
9
the concrete, the aggregates ratio, proper batching and the final results that shows a huge
difference from the standard compressive stress of a concrete cylinder specimen.
Table 2- Strength of Concrete
Control(Standard) Set A (0.5 mm) Set B (1.0 mm)

Sample ID: Sample ID: Sample ID:
CCS090516-01 CCS090516-02 CCS090516-03
LOAD DISPLAY KN 3.6 6 12.6
COMPRESSIVE 0.80 1.33 2.79
STRENGTH (Mpa)
COMRESSIVE 115.61 192.69 404.64
STRENGTH (Psi)
In this study, the researchers proved that the concrete with crushed glass is greater than the
standard in number. Set B is the sample with fine-crushed glass. This means that the concrete
with this kind of admixture is three times stronger than the standard mixture.
10
Table 3 – Percentage Difference between Theoretical and Actual Compressive Strength
SET-UPS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa) PERCENTAGE

THEORETICAL ACTUAL DIFFERENCE
(%)
CONTROL SET-UP 2.9 0.80 74.19
EXPERIMENTAL 2.9 1.33 57.1
SET-UP A
EXPERIMENTAL 2.9 2.79 10
SET-UP B
This table performs the difference in theoretical and actual compressive strength.
As the results of the experiment, we do not succeed to excess in our expectation. We instead
have big differences in the strengths of these set-ups.However, the goal was to prove that glass
will strengthen the concrete material, and that we accomplished.
11
CHAPTER IV
Findings
The following are the findings of the study:
1. The maximum pressure that the standard set-up, experimental set-up A, and experimental set-
up B can withstand are 0.80 MPa, 1.33 MPa, and 2.79 MPa, respectively.
2. The maximum pressure of the standard set-up, set-up A and B increases as the diameter of the
fine crushed bottle increases.
3. The researchers aim their goal to make a high quality concrete using fine crushed glass as an
admixture.
Conclusion
The following are the conclusions of the study:
1. While using fine crushed bottles as fine aggregate replacement, the compressive strength
of the concrete increases.
2. With increasing of fine crushed bottles into the concrete the workability should be
increased gradually as compared to normal concrete.
Recommendations
1. This experiment will also need a Scanning Electron Microscopy (S.E.M.) to determine
where the add mixture bonded with respect to the concrete.
2. When making experiment, slump test must be used also for the consistency of the
concrete in that specific sample.
3. Increase the volume of fine crushed bottles to test if there is a limit of the compressive
strength of the concrete.
4. When making experiment, you must be precise to avoid unwanted result of experiments.
12
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FARHEEN SYED VIQAR MALIK (2015) – experimental study on use of waste glass
as admixture in concrete. International journal for scientific research and development.
 GOUTAM S.P., VIKAS SRIVASTAVA and AGARWAL VC (2012) – use of glass
waste as fine aggregate in concrete. Civil Engineering Department.
 JOHNSON CD (2008) – waste glass as coarse aggregate for concrete. Journal Testing
and Evaluation
 KAVCH AFSHINNIA and PRASADA RAO RANGARAJU (2016) – Impact of
combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass aggregate on selected properties
of Portland cement concrete. Construction and Building material.
 MAGESWARI M. and Doctor B. VIDIVELLI (2010) – the use of sheet glass powder
as fined aggregate replacement in concrete. The open Civil Engineering Journal.
 NATHAN SCHWARZ, HIUM CAM, NARAYANAN NEITHALATH (2008) –
influence of a fine powder on the durability characteristics of concrete and its comparison
to fly ash. Cement and Concrete Composites
 SADOON ABDALLAH, MIZI FAN (2014) – characteristics of concrete with white
glass as fine aggregate replacement. International Journal of Engineering and Technical
Research.
 SANCKET ROY CHOWDHURM (2015) – use of recycled glass bottles as fine
aggregate. MUNCH, GRIN VERLAG.
 TOMAS U. GANIRON JR. (2013) – use recycled glass bottles as fine aggregate in
concrete mixture. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technical
 VIJAYA M. SEKHAR REDDY, P. SUMALATHA, M. MADHURI and K.
ASHALATHA (2015) – incorporation of waste glass powder as partial replacement of
fine aggregate in cement concrete. International Journal of scientific and Engineering
Research.
13
APPENDICES
A. TEST RESULTS AND

CALCULATIONS
14
B. Pictorials
“Measuring and making of molding instruments for the samples and crushing of bottle
glasses”
15
“Weighing of materials that will be used for the samples”
“Molded samples that will be tested for results”
16
“During UTM”
17
B.RESEARCHER’S
PROFILE
18
SAINT JOSEPH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MONTILLA BLVD. BUTUAN CITY
NAME : Paul C. Ungab
COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - II
CELLPHONE NUMBER : 09095841939
E-MAIL ADDRESS : ungab.paul@yahoo.com
ADDRESS : P-5 Lemon, Butuan City
A.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
TERTIARY : Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

SECONDARY : Agusan National High School
PRIMARY : Lemon Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION
POSITION ORGANIZATION YEAR

Member ACES 2014-2016
19
NAME : Arthur T. Villarin Jr.
COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - III
E-MAIL ADDRESS : arthurvillar15@gmail.com
ADDRESS : Brgy. Magsaysay, Veruela Agusan Del Sur
A.

SECONDARY : Veruela National High School
PRIMARY : Veruela Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

Member PICE 2014-2016
20
NAME : Bem B. Esclamado
E-MAIL ADDRESS : bem.esclamado@gmail.com
ADDRESS : P-3 Ambago, Butuan City
A.

PRIMARY : Ambago Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

Member GEMS 2013-2014
Member PICE – SJIT 2014-2016
21
NAME : Jessie D. Acero
E-MAIL ADDRESS : jess20dac@gmail.com
ADDRESS : Sangay, Buenavista, Agusan Del Norte
A.

SECONDARY : Sangay National High School
PRIMARY : Tapnige Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

22
NAME : Alvin D. Oca
E-MAIL ADDRESS : alvinoca.ao@gmail.com
ADDRESS : Maug, Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur
A.

SECONDARY : Father Urios High School
PRIMARY : Father Urios High School
B.
AFFILIATION

23
NAME : Shalom Bonn Ma. Alba
COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - IV
E-MAIL ADDRESS :
ADDRESS : 421 Prince Kim Subd. San Vicente Butuan City
A.

SECONDARY : Marknoll High School of Panabo
PRIMARY : Dujali Central Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

24
NAME : Jan Karl M. Cañete
COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - I
E-MAIL ADDRESS : karlfreakz@gmail.com
ADDRESS : 3rd street Guingona Subdivision, Butuan City
A.
TERTIARY : Father Saturnino Urios University

SECONDARY : Father Saturnino Urios University
PRIMARY : Father Saturnino Urios University
B.
AFFILIATION

Member JPCS 2007-2011
25
NAME : Ivan B. Orhuela
E-MAIL ADDRESS : navisphuygutly@gmail.com
ADDRESS :P-5 Sibagat, Agusan Del Sur
A.

SECONDARY : Sibagat National High School
PRIMARY : Sibagat Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

26
NAME : Gio Antonio M. Aranas
E-MAIL ADDRESS : gaaaranas@gmail.com
ADDRESS : Camella Homes, Villa Kananga Butuan City
A.

PRIMARY : Florencio R. Sibayan Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

27
NAME : James Philip M. Petallo
E-MAIL ADDRESS : petallojp23@yahoo.com
ADDRESS : P-5 San Vicente, Butuan City
A.

PRIMARY : Maon Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

28
NAME : Renier Jhon P. Plaza
E-MAIL ADDRESS : n/a
ADDRESS : Mahay, Butuan City
A.

PRIMARY : Butuan Central Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

29
NAME : RV Paler
E-MAIL ADDRESS : palergwapo@yahoo.com
ADDRESS : Manapa, Buenavesta ADN
A.

PRIMARY : Manapa Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

30
NAME : Melvie Jay Valle
COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - IV
E-MAIL ADDRESS : Melvie123@yahoo.com
ADDRESS : Princess IV, Butuan City
A.

SECONDARY : Urios High School
PRIMARY : Aurora Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

31
NAME : Jeffrey Juan
E-MAIL ADDRESS : jeffreyjuan84@yahoo.com
ADDRESS : Camella Homes, Butuan City
A.

SECONDARY : JLS CCFI
PRIMARY : Guyong Elementary School
B.
AFFILIATION

32

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Chapt 1-4

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Philippines is known to be an earthquake-prone area because it is a part of the Pacific

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would generate, benefits to the following…

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aggregates Formed by adding together two or more amounts

Concrete Contains one or more of tendentious materials

Crushed Glass Crushed bottle glass is an engineered “sandblasting”

Strength The ability to resist being moved or broken by a

Mass A body of coherent matter, usually of indefinite

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 PREPARATION OF CRASH BOTTLES

2.2 PREPARATION OF MOLDERS

2.3 PREPARATION OF CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL SET UPS

2.4 CURING OF CONCRETE

2.5 TESTING THROUGH UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

Components of (U.T.M.) consist of two main parts called:

A. Upper cross head – to clamp testing specimen from top

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1 – Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures

CLASS OF MINIMUM MAXIMUM CONSISTENCY DESIGNATED MINIMUM

CONCRETE CEMENT WATER RANGE IN SIZE OF COMPRESSIVE

CONTENT CEMENT SLUMP COARSE STRENGHT OF 150X300

A (360) 0.53 50-100 37.5-4.75 20.7

B (320) 0.58 50-100 50-4.75 16.5

Table 2- Strength of Concrete

Control(Standard) Set A (0.5 mm) Set B (1.0 mm)

SET-UPS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa) PERCENTAGE

The following are the findings of the study:

The following are the conclusions of the study:

A. TEST RESULTS AND

“Molded samples that will be tested for results”

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MONTILLA BLVD. BUTUAN CITY

NAME : Paul C. Ungab

COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - II

CELLPHONE NUMBER : 09095841939

E-MAIL ADDRESS : ungab.paul@yahoo.com

ADDRESS : P-5 Lemon, Butuan City

TERTIARY : Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

POSITION ORGANIZATION YEAR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MONTILLA BLVD. BUTUAN CITY

NAME : Arthur T. Villarin Jr.

COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - III

CELLPHONE NUMBER : 09076221445

E-MAIL ADDRESS : arthurvillar15@gmail.com

ADDRESS : Brgy. Magsaysay, Veruela Agusan Del Sur

TERTIARY : Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

POSITION ORGANIZATION YEAR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MONTILLA BLVD. BUTUAN CITY

NAME : Bem B. Esclamado

COURSE & YEAR : BSCE - III

CELLPHONE NUMBER : 09486243029

E-MAIL ADDRESS : bem.esclamado@gmail.com

ADDRESS : P-3 Ambago, Butuan City

TERTIARY : Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

POSITION ORGANIZATION YEAR