Nama: Hendry Ardiansyah Ismail

NPM: 201855201045
Kelas: B

A.READING
THE ROAD TO DEREGULATION

The period since the early 1980s has been the most momentous in the history of
telecommunications. A series of major technological advances such as optical fibers, Integrated
Services, Digital Network, (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (ATM), and Asymmetrical
Digital Subscriber Loop, (ADSL) has led to spectacular achievements in products and services.
In addition, legislation has helped to create an environment of liberalization and deregulation
which is shaping the markets of the future. In some respects, regulatory issues have assumed
more importance than the purely technological questions in telecommunications. As a senior
manager from PTT-Nederland admits:“
When I came here, people were convinced that we sold technology, but to me, that's
just nonsense. No-one is interested in opening up a telephone set to look at the circuit boards
and admire their quality. What people want is reliable, quick and imaginative service. At the
end of the day, it's just like McDonald's. They don't just sell hamburgers, they sell services as
well.”
1984 was a pivotal year for world telecommunications. In the USA, AT&T's monopoly
was broken up with the creation of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC's),
while the same year saw the privatisationof British Telecom in the UK. Most of Europe's state
telecommunications companies are likely to he privatised before the year 2000. This pressure
to privatise stems from the fact that many state telecommunication networks are currently
under-resourced, that many state budgets are overburdened and that national and international
telecommunications markets are being liberalized, thus undermining the position of state
monopoly Public Telephone Operators. (PTO's).
The balance of pressure varies between countries but no country is immune, and with
the European Union (EU) now resolved to liberalize national markets for voice
telecommunications from January 1999, 1999, the pressure can only increase (Spain, Ireland.
Greece and Portugal will not "join the voice liberalization club)" unti l 2003.) Competition is
imminent in every European country, but the regulatory structure in each nation will influence
the speed with which it advances and the strength of rival operators.
Liberalization is shaking up the way that operators conduct their business and is
bringing about a "cul ture change" wi thi n companies. The philosophy of "being a civil servant
and havi ng a job for life" is rapidly disappearing. Personal performance-related criteria and
individualized objectives are influencing the lives, of executives and employees oI' previously
state-dominated PTTs, where results often counted for very little.
"Down-sizing," "Right-sizing," "Rationalization" and "Outsourcing" have become the
buzz-words associated with liberalization and competition. and in many countries Trade
Unions interpret these expressions as the desire of the bosses to get rid of as many employees
as possible in the quest to make their businesses more profitable, possibly at the risk of creating
the "haves" and the "have-nots."

B.GLOSSARY
-momentous :sungguh-sungguh
-shaping : membentuk
-reliable : yang dapat diandalkan
-service : pelayanan
-overburdened :membebani
-thus :demikian/jadi
-undermining : dalam penambangan
-immune : imun/kebal
-civil servant : pegawai negeri
-down-sizing : perampingan
-outsourcing : sumber keluar

-rationalization : rasionalisasi

-buzz-words :kata kunci

C.READING COMPREHENSION

Identify and answer this :

a.two reasons for the global changes in telecoms since the 80s

*. A series of major technological advances such as optical fibers, Integrated Services, Digital
Network, (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (ATM), and Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Loop, (ADSL)

b.6 concrete results of these changes.

* achievements in products and services. In addition, legislation has helped to create an

environment of liberalization and deregulation which is shaping the markets of the future. In
some respects, regulatory issues have assumed more importance than the purely technological
questions in telecommunications.

c.what telecoms have in common with McDonalds.

*Because MCDonalds give the services as well

d.the two major telecom events of 1994.

* Integrated Services, Digital Network, (ISDN) and Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop,
(ADSL)

e.what may have happened to most European telecom companies by 2000

* many state telecommunication networks are currently under-resourced, that many state
budgets are overburdened and that national and international telecommunications markets are
being liberalized

f.the three main sources of the move towards privatisation.

*AT&T, RBOC’s, and British Telecom

g.what will happen to voice telephony in most EU countries on 1stJanuary 1998.

* The balance of pressure varies between countries but no country is immune

h.three results of the "culture change” within companies.i.theinterpretation Trade Unions give
to terms such as "Downsizing" and "Outsourcing”
*Right-sizing, Rationalization, and Service