(DESIGN OF A BAND PASS LIMITER IN ADDITION TO A FREQUENCY

DISCRIMINATOR CIRCUIT FOR DEMODULATION OF AN FM SIGNAL

WHICH IS MIXED WITH AN AWGN DURING TRANSMISSION)
Laboratory Project Report submitted for

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-1
(EET3062)

Submitted by

(ANANYA NANDA) (TWINKLE SAMAL)

Registration No.: 1541016293 Registration No.: 1541016428

(DIVYA SMITA PARIDA) (SUBHASHREE SWAIN)

Registration No.: 1541016407 Registration No: 1541016504

(ECE, F, 6 SEM)
TH

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Institute of Technical Education and Research

(Faculty of Engineering)

SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN(DEEMED TO BE)

UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
(APRIL, 2018)
Declaration
We, the undersigned students of B. Tech. of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
hereby declare that we own the full responsibility for the information, results etc. provided in this
PROJECT titled “(design band pass limiter in addition to a frequency discriminator circuit for
 demodulation of an FM signal which is mixed with an AWGN of zero mean and 0.5 variance
during transmission)”submitted to Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar for the
partial fulfillment of the subject COMMUNICATION SYSTEM- 1 (EET 3062). We have taken care in
all respect to honor the intellectual property right and have acknowledged the contribution of others for
using them in academic purpose and further declare that in case of any violation of intellectual property
right or copyright we, as the candidates, will be fully responsible for the same.

(ANANYA NANDA) (TWINKLE SAMAL)

Registration No.: 1541016293 Registration No.: 1541016428

(DIVYA SMITA PARIDA) (SUBHASHREE SWAIN)

Registration No.: 1541016407 Registration No: 1541016504

DATE: 9th April,2018

PLACE: BHUBANESWAR

Abstract
Frequency modulation is a process where the instantaneous frequency of the modulated carrier is varied
linearly with message signal. In this project we have taken a random sinusoidal signal and we have added
noise and demodulated it with some selective circuits. The whole network is consists of a IC8038 which
does the frequency modulation of the signal followed by a noise. After which we have connected a band
pass limiter, which consist of a hard limiter and a band pass filter. The purpose of hard limiter is to
remove the variation of amplitude of the incoming signal. So at the output of the hard limiter, we are
getting a frequency modulated square wave with constant amplitude. The frequency modulated square
wave consists of infinite no of harmonics and hence a band pass filter with a certain frequency is used to
extract the first harmonic with the selected frequency. After which we have connected a frequency
discriminator circuit, which consist of differentiator (frequency selective network) and an envelope
detector. The differentiator is only one way to convert frequency variation of frequency modulated signals
into amplitude variation that subsequently can be detected by means of envelope detectors. Here we have
used an operational amplifier differentiator at the FM receiver. On the other hand, the role of the
differentiator can be replaced by any linear system whose frequency response is a linear segment of
positive slope. Approximation of the ideal linear slope is known as slope detection.

Contents

Serial No. Chapter No. Title of the Chapter Page No.

1. 1 Introduction 1

2. 2 Need Recognition and Problem Definition 2

3. 3 Function Decomposition 3
4. 4 Concept Generation 4

5. 5 Concept Selection 5

6. 6 Analysis 6-7

7. 7 Testing and Improvement 8

8. 8 Discussions and Conclusion 9

9. References 10

10. Appendices 11-17

1. Introduction
Demodulation is a process of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier wave.
A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software-defined radio) that is used to
recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave. a demodulator is used to extract a serial
[1]

digital data stream from a carrier signal which is used to carry it through a telephone line, coaxial cable,
or optical fiber.
In electronics, a limiter is a circuit that allows signals below a specified input power or level
to pass unaffected while attenuating (lowering) the peaks of stronger signals that exceed this threshold. The
amplitude variations of an angle-modulated carrier can be eliminated by what is known as a band pass
limiter, which consists of a hard limiter followed by a band pass filter.
 The ouput of the hard limiter is +1 or -1 as shown above:
When an FM signal is input into the limiter, it band-passes the FM signal before it gets to the limiter stage.
The purpose of hard limiter is to remove the variation of the incoming signal .
A frequency discriminator is defined as a converter of frequency changes into amplitude
changes. Discriminators are used in various applications, one of which is the direct demodulation of fre-
quency modulated signals.
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a basic noise model used in Information theory to mimic the
effect of many random processes that occur in nature. The modifiers denote specific characteristics:

 Additive because it is added to any noise that might be intrinsic to the information system.
 White refers to the idea that it has uniform power across the frequency band for the information
system. It is an analogy to the color white which has uniform emissions at all frequencies in
the visible spectrum.
 Gaussian because it has a normal distribution in the time domain with an average time domain value
of zero

2. Need Recognition and Problem definition

Need of this project is to design a band pass limiter in addition to a frequency discriminator circuit for
demodulation of an FM signal which is mixed with an AWGN of zero mean and 0.5 variance during
transmission.
The Band pass Limiter can be used for a lot of applications and can prove to be a powerful tool in avoiding
undesired distortion in an audio signal due to presence of noise or clicks that lie outside of the human
audible frequency spectrum. It can be a useful tool for users that are new to audio engineering as well as
professionals that work with large multi-track sessions. It can help in minimizing human error as well as
undesired artifacts caused due to hardware defects.
2.2 Problem definition
2.2.1 Goal:
Our goal is to design a band pass limiter in addition to a frequency discriminator circuit for
demodulation of an FM signal which is mixed with an AWGN of zero mean and 0.5 variance during
transmission.
2.2.2 Objectives:
The main objective of this project is to generate a demodulated signal for which firstly, we have to generate
a FM signal ,then we have to add a AWGN noise to that signal, then we have used a hard limiter which
limits the variation of the incoming signal followed by a band pass filter then we have used a frequency
discriminator to get the desired demodulated signal.
2.2.3 Constraints
In this project, we have to use the required components according to the specifications needed for getting
the desired output.
 AWGN Noise
3. Function Decomposition

FM SIGNAL: In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding
of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. Frequency
modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic
prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures via EEG, two-way radio systems, music synthesis,
[3]

magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-transmission systems. In radio transmission, an advantage
of frequency modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency
interference better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. For this reason, most music is
broadcast over FM radio.

AWGN SIGNAL: Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a basic noise model used in Information
theory to mimic the effect of many random processes that occur in nature. The modifiers denote specific
characteristics:

 Additive because it is added to any noise that might be intrinsic to the information system.
 White refers to the idea that it has uniform power across the frequency band for the information
system. It is an analogy to the color white which has uniform emissions at all frequencies in
the visible spectrum.
 Gaussian because it has a normal distribution in the time domain with an average time domain value
of zero.

BAND PASS LIMITER: The amplitude variations of an angle-modulated carrier can be eliminated by what
is known as a band pass limiter, which consists of a hard limiter followed by a band pass filter.

FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATOR: frequency discriminator is defined as a converter of

frequency changes into amplitude changes. Discriminators are used in various applications, one of which
is the direct demodulation of frequency modulated signals.

DEMODULATED SIGNAL: Demodulation is extracting the original information-bearing signal from

a carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software-defined radio)
that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave. a demodulator is used to
[1]

extract a serial digital data stream from a carrier signal which is used to carry it through a telephone
line, coaxial cable, or optical fiber.
4. Concept Generation
HARD LIMITER:

The purpose of the hard limiter is to remove the variation of the incoming signal. So at the output of the
hard limiter we are getting a frequency modulated square wave with constant amplitude.
The frequency modulated square wave consists of infinite number of harmonics and hence a band pass
filter with centre frequency ‘fc’ is used to extract the 1 harmonic with fc.
st

BANDPASS FILTER:
They are of 2 types -
1.Active filter
2.Passive filter
PASSIVE FILTER: Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors (R),
inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do
not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components such as
transistors.

ACTIVE FILTERS: An active filter is a type of analog circuit implementing an electronic filter using active
components, typically an amplifier. Amplifiers included in a filter design can be used to improve the cost,
performance and predictability of a filter.

5. Concept Selection
We have selected this circuit because among all the combinations of circuit that we have implemented in
multisim is not giving us a proper output. The circuit that we have selected is consists of a ic8038 which
is a frequency modulator followed by a noise module ,band pass limiter which is a combination of hard
limiter and band pass filter and a frequency discriminator circuit which is a combination of differentiator
and envelope detector.

Matlab Code:
clc;close all;clear all;
fs=100000;
fm=250;
fc=5000;
Am=1;
Ac=1;
t=0:1/fs:3/fm;
kf=1;
b=10;
m=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
Sfm=Ac*cos((2*pi*fc*t)+b*sin(2*pi*fm*t));
%plot the base band signal
figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,m)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Message Signal');
%plot the carrier signal
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,c)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier Signal');
%plot the frequency modulated signal
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,Sfm)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Frequency modulated Signal');
%plot the modulated signal after addition of noise
figure(2)
y=awgn(Sfm,3.01);
figure(2)
plot(y)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('signal after noise addition')
y1=max(y)
y2=min(y)
for i=1:length(t)
if (y(i)>0 && y(i)<=y1)
y(i)=2.9;
else
y(i)=-(2.9);

end
end
%plot the output of ahrd limiter
figure(3)
plot(y)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of hard limiter')
[d,c]=butter(1,[((fc-fm)/fs) ((fc+fm)/fs)],'bandpass');
s=filter(d,c,y);
%plot the filtered signal after passing through band pass filter
figure(4)
plot(s)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('filtered signal')
x=diff(s);
 for i=1:length(x)
if x(i)<0
x(i)=0;
end
end
[b,a]=butter(2,(fm/fs));
d_mod=filter(b,a,x)
%plot the demodulated signal
figure(5)
plot(d_mod)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Demodulated signal')

6. Analysis

6. Analysis
7. Testing and Improvement
 8. Discussions and Conclusion
From this project we have concluded that after addition of noise to any frequency modulated signal, if we will
select an appropriate circuit to demodulate it then we can get back our original frequency modulated signal.
For doing this we have selected a circuit which is consists of an ic8038 which will do the frequency
modulation of any signal followed by a hard limiter and a band pass filter after addition of noise. Here hard
limiter and band pass filter is collectively known as band pass limiter. Hard limiter is used to remove
variation of amplitude of incoming signal and its output is a frequency modulated square wave with constant
amplitude. The frequency modulated square wave consists of number of harmonics and hence a band pass
filter with a choosen centre frequency is used to extract the first harmonic. After band pass limiter we have
connected an frequency discriminator circuit which is consists of a differentiator and slope detector and
helps us to get our demodulated signal.
 References
[1] Modern digital and analog communication systems – by B.P. Lathi.
[2] Beckett, J. and Bancroft, J.C., 2002, Event detection in prestack migration using matched
filters, CREWES Research Report, 14

[3] Turin, G. L. (1960). "An introduction to matched filters". IRE Transactions on Information
Theory. 6 (3): 311–329

Appendices:
Device/ICs Specification Quantity

Capacitor 1nF,0.1uF 1 each

0.01uF 2
10uF 2
100nF 2
Resistor 250Ω,300Ω,4.7kΩ,100Ω 1 each
10kΩ 4
 1kΩ 3
680kΩ 1
4.7kΩ 1
100kΩ 2
IC 8038 1

Connecting Wires 23SWG As required

Diode 1N4007GP 3

2N2222 2

mp LM741 1

IC8038:

DATASHEET

ICL8038

Precision Waveform Generator/Voltage Controlled Oscillator

FN2864 Rev.4.00 Apr 2001

 The ICL8038 waveform generator is a monolithic integrated circuit capable of producing high accuracy
sine, square, triangular, sawtooth and pulse waveforms with a minimum of external components. The
frequency (or repetition rate) can be selected externally from 0.001Hz to more than 300kHz using
either resistors or capacitors, and frequency modulation and sweeping can be accomplished with an
external voltage. The ICL8038 is fabricated with advanced monolithic technology, using Schottky
barrier diodes and thin film resistors, and the output is stable over a wide range of temperature and
supply variations. These devices may be interfaced with phase locked loop circuitry to reduce
temperature drift to less than 250ppm/oC.

1. Features
 Low Frequency Drift with Temperature. . . . . . 250ppm/oC
 Low Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1% (Sine Wave Output)
 High Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1% (Triangle Wave Output)
 Wide Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . .0.001Hz to 300kHz
• Variable Duty Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% to 98%
• High Level Outputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TTL to 28V
 Simultaneous Sine, Square, and Triangle Wave Outputs
 Easy to Use - Just a Handful of External Components

DIODE 1N4007GP:
RESISTORS :
CAPACITOR:
BJT:
LM-741: