9/12/2017

Using ACI 318-14 for the Design of Shear

Walls and Earthquake-Resistant Shear Walls
This Webinar is sponsored by ACI. The ideas expressed, however, are those of the speaker and do not
necessarily reflect the views of ACI or its committees. The audience is expected to exercise judgment as to
the appropriate application of the information.
Please adjust your audio level at this time.

WEBINAR 6

For continuing education credit, attendance for the entire duration of the webinar
will earn you a certificate of completion for 1 PDH (0.1 CEU). Your certificate will
be available in ACI University under the Certificates tab within two days.
For those who cannot join us live; the on-demand recording and quiz will be
made available about a week after the LIVE presentation. Successful completion
of the quiz will earn the certificate.

Certificates will be available in ACI University under the Certificates tab.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed
at the conclusion of this presentation.

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American Concrete Institute is a Registered Provider with The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)
earned on completion of this online course will be reported to AIA/CES for
AIA members.
The online course based on this webinar is registered with AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA
of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
The American Institute of Architects has approved this course for 1 AIA/CES
LU/HSW Learning Unit.

The American Institute of Architects has approved this

course for 1 AIA/CES LU/HSW learning unit.
ACI is an AIA/CES registered provider.

WEBINAR 8

Using ACI 318-14 for the Design of Shear Walls

Course Description:
Reinforced concrete shear walls in buildings are commonly used to resist lateral forces
due to gravity, wind, or seismic forces through in-plane shear strength, in-plane
bending and out-of-plane bending strengths, and axial strength.
ACI 318-14 was recently reorganized to simplify design and detailing of non-seismic
structural elements, such as walls. This webinar will take one element – Chapter 11,
Walls, and walk through the chapter to demonstrate how to complete the design and
detailing of reinforced concrete shear or structural walls. This webinar will also discuss
how Chapter 18, specifically section 18.10 Special Structural Walls, is a resource to
design shear walls to support high seismic forces for buildings in seismic categories D,
E, and F.

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Using ACI 318-14 for the Design of Shear Walls

Learning Objectives
Describe the simplified method of designing walls that support
combined axial load and in-plane or out-of-plane bending moments,
and how the unbraced length and the degree of rigidity of supports
affect the ultimate design capacity of the wall.
Explain the in-plane shear capacity of walls and the difference
between tall walls and short or squat walls.
Explain longitudinal and transverse reinforcing detailing of walls and
detailing around wall openings.
Describe the design of shear walls of buildings in seismic categories
D, E, and F using “boundary elements” to support combined axial
and in-plane bending.

WEBINAR 10

Jose (Pepe) Izquierdo-Encarnacion, PE,

Honorary Member, FACI, and Past President
Jose M. (Pepe) Izquierdo-Encarnacion, PE, FACI, Principal of
PORTICUS CSP Consulting Firm, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. He is a
past-President (2003-04) and Honorary Member of ACI. He is
current member of ACI 314, ACI 318, ACI 369, ACI 375, ACI 118,
and ACI’s International Advisory Committee. He is a Board
Member and past-President of the ACI Puerto Rico Chapter. He
has spoken extensively on structural and transportation
engineering and historical preservation in over 18 countries and
12 States.

Izquierdo has held many public positions in Puerto Rico including

Secretary of State and Secretary of Transportation and Public
Works.

Izquierdo earned a bachelor’s and master’s degrees in civil

engineering from the University of Puerto. He has received many
professional and civic awards over his career, including ACI’s
Educational Activities Committee’s Speaker of the Year in 2014.

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Using ACI 318-14 for the Design of Shear

Walls and Earthquake-Resistant Shear Walls
Jose (Pepe) Izquierdo-Encarnacion, PE, Honorary Member, FACI,
and Past President
PORTICUS CSP, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
September 12, 2017

WEBINAR 12

Using ACI 318-14 for the Design of Shear Walls and

Earthquake-Resistant Shear Walls

CHAPTER 11—WALLS
CHAPTER 18— EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANCE STRUCTURES
JOSÉ M. IZQUIERDO- ENCARNACIÓN, BSCE, MCE, PE, HACI

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11.1—Scope

11.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design of

nonprestressed and prestressed walls including
(a) through (c):
(a) Cast-in-place
(b) Precast in-plant
(c) Precast on-site including tilt-up
11.1.2 Design of special structural walls shall be
in accordance with Chapter 18.

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COMMENTARY

R11.1.2 Special structural walls are detailed according to the

provisions of 18.10. This Code uses the term “structural wall” as
being synonymous with “shear wall.” While the term “shear
wall” is not defined in this Code, the definition of a structural
wall in Chapter 2 states “a shear wall is a structural wall.” ASCE 7
defines a structural wall as a wall that meets the definition for a
bearing wall or a shear wall. A bearing wall is defined as a wall
that supports vertical load beyond a certain threshold value. A
shear wall is defined as a wall, bearing or nonbearing, designed
to resist lateral forces acting in the plane of the wall. ASCE 7
definitions are widely accepted.

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11.2.3 Load distribution

11.2.3.1 Unless otherwise demonstrated by an

analysis, the horizontal length of wall considered
as effective for resisting each concentrated load
shall not exceed the lesser of the center-to-
center distance between loads, and the bearing
width plus four times the wall thickness. Effective
horizontal length for bearing shall not extend
beyond vertical wall joints unless design provides
for transfer of forces across the joints.

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11.3.1 Minimum wall thickness

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11.4—Required strength

11.4.1.1 Required strength shall be calculated in accordance

with the factored load combinations in Chapter 5.
11.4.1.2 Required strength shall be calculated in accordance
with the analysis procedures in Chapter 6.
11.4.1.3 Slenderness effects shall be
calculated in accordance with 6.6.4, 6.7,
or 6.8. Alternatively, out-of-plane
slenderness analysis shall be permitted
using 11.8 for walls meeting the
requirements of that section.

WEBINAR 18

6.6.4.6 Moment magnification method:

Sway frames

6.6.4.6.1 Moments M1 and M2 at the ends of an individual

column shall be calculated by (a) and (b).

6.6.4.6.2 The moment magnifier δs shall be calculated by (a),

(b), or (c). If δs exceeds 1.5, only (b) or (c) shall be permitted:

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….6.6.4.6 Moment magnification method:

Sway frames

(c) Second-order elastic analysis where ΣPu is the

summation of all the factored vertical loads in a
story and ΣPc is the summation for all sway-resisting
columns in a story. Pc is calculated using Eq.
(6.6.4.4.2) with k determined for sway members
from 6.6.4.4.3 and (EI)eff from 6.6.4.4.4 or 6.6.4.4.5
as appropriate with βds substituted for βdns.

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11.4.2 Factored axial force and moment

11.4.2.1 Walls shall be designed for the maximum factored

moment Mu that can accompany the factored axial force for
each applicable load combination. The factored axial force Pu at
given eccentricity shall not exceed ϕPn,max, where Pn,max shall be
as given in 22.4.2.1 and strength reduction factor ϕ shall be that
for compression-controlled sections in 21.2.2. The maximum
factored moment Mu shall be magnified for slenderness effects
in accordance with 6.6.4, 6.7, or 6.8.

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11.5—Design strength

11.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load

combination, design strength at all sections shall
satisfy ϕSn ≥ U, including (a) through (c). Interaction
between axial load and moment shall be considered.
(a) ϕPn ≥ Pu
(b) ϕMn ≥ Mu
(c) ϕVn ≥ Vu
11.5.1.2 ϕ shall be determined in accordance with
21.2.
Strength Reduction Factor

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Strength Reduction Factor

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11.5.2 Axial load and in-plane or

out-of-plane Flexure

11.5.2.1 For bearing walls, Pn and Mn (in-plane or out-ofplane) shall be

calculated in accordance with 22.4. Alternatively, axial load and out-
of-plane flexure shall be permitted to be considered in accordance
with 11.5.3.
11.5.3 Axial load and out-of-plane flexure – simplified design method
11.5.3.1 If the resultant of all factored loads is located within the
middle third of the thickness of a solid wall with a rectangular cross
section, Pn shall be permitted to be calculated by:

22.4—Axial strength or combined flexural

and axial strength

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Simplified Design

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…11.5.2

11.5.3.3 Pn from Eq. (11.5.3.1) shall be reduced by ϕ for compression-

controlled sections in 21.2.2.
11.5.3.4 Wall reinforcement shall be at least that required by 11.6.

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Φ Factor

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11.5.4 In-plane shear

11.5.4.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance with 11.5.4.2

through 11.5.4.8. Alternatively, for walls with hw ≤ 2 ℓw, it shall
be permitted to design for in-plane shear in accordance with
the strut-and-tie method of Chapter 23. In all cases,
reinforcement shall satisfy the limits of 11.6, 11.7.2, and 11.7.3.
R11.5.4.1 Shear in the plane of the wall is primarily of
importance for structural walls with a small height-to-length
ratio. The design of taller walls, particularly walls with uniformly
distributed reinforcement, will likely be controlled by flexural
considerations. Possible exceptions may occur in tall structural
walls subject to strong earthquake excitation.

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…11.5.4 In-plane shear

11.5.4.2 For in-plane shear design, h is thickness of wall

and d shall be taken equal to 0.8ℓw. A larger value of d,
equal to the distance from extreme compression fiber to
center of force of all reinforcement in tension, shall be
permitted if the center of tension is calculated by a
strain compatibility analysis.
11.5.4.3 Vn at any horizontal section shall not exceed
11.5.4.4 Vn shall be calculated by:
Vn = Vc + Vs (11.5.4.4)

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…11.5.4 In-plane shear

11.5.4.5 Unless a more detailed calculation is made in

accordance with 11.5.4.6, Vc shall not exceed
for walls subject to axial compression or exceed the
value given in 22.5.7 for walls subject to axial tension.
11.5.4.6 It shall be permitted to calculate Vc in
accordance with Table 11.5.4.6, where Nu is positive for
compression and negative for tension, and the quantity
Nu/Ag is expressed in psi.

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…11.5.4 In-plane shear

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…11.5.4 In-plane shear

11.5.4.7 Sections located closer to wall base than a

distance ℓw/2 or one-half the wall height, whichever is
less, shall be permitted to be designed for Vc calculated
using the detailed calculation options in Table 11.5.4.6 at
a distance above the base of ℓw/2 or one-half the wall
height, whichever is less.
11.5.4.8 Vs shall be provided by transverse shear
reinforcement and shall be calculated by:

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11.6—Reinforcement limits

11.6.1 If in-plane Vu ≤ 0.5ϕVc, minimum ρℓ and minimum ρt shall be

in accordance with Table 11.6.1. These limits need not be satisfied
if adequate strength and stability can be demonstrated by
structural analysis.

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…11.6—Reinforcement limits

11.6.2 If in-plane Vu ≥ 0.5ϕVc, (a) and (b) shall be

satisfied:
(a) ρℓ shall be at least the greater of the value
calculated by Eq. (11.6.2) and 0.0025, but need not
exceed ρt in accordance with Table 11.6.1.

(b) ρt shall be at least 0.0025

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11.7.2 Spacing of longitudinal

reinforcement

11.7.2.2 Spacing s of longitudinal bars in precast

walls shall not exceed the lesser of (a) and (b):
(a) 5h
(b) 18 in. for exterior walls or 30 in. for interior walls
If shear reinforcement is required for in-plane
strength, s, shall not exceed the smallest of 3h,
18 in., and ℓw/3.

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…11.7.2 Spacing

11.7.2.3 For walls with h greater than 10 in., except

basement walls and cantilever retaining walls,
distributed reinforcement for each direction shall be
placed in two layers parallel with wall faces in
accordance with (a) and (b):
(a) One layer consisting of at least one-half and not exceeding two-thirds of total
reinforcement required for each direction shall be placed at least 2 in., but
not exceeding h/3, from the exterior surface.
(b) The other layer consisting of the balance of required reinforcement in
that direction, shall be placed at least 3/4 in., but not greater than h/3, from
the interior surface.

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11.7.3 Spacing of transverse reinforcement

11.7.3.1 Spacing s of transverse reinforcement in cast-in place

walls shall not exceed the lesser of 3h and 18 in. If shear
reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, s shall not
exceed ℓw/5.
11.7.3.2 Spacing s of transverse bars in precast walls shall not
exceed the lesser of (a) and (b):
(a) 5h

(b) 18 in. for exterior walls or 30 in. for interior walls

If shear reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, s shall

not exceed the least of 3h, 18 in., and ℓw/5

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11.7.5 Reinforcement around openings

11.7.5.1 In addition to the minimum reinforcement

required by 11.6, at least two No. 5 bars in walls
having two layers of reinforcement in both
directions and one No. 5 bar in walls having a single
layer of reinforcement in both directions shall be
provided around window, door, and similarly sized
openings. Such bars shall be anchored to develop fy
in tension at the corners of the openings.

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11.8—Alternative method for out-of-plane

slender wall analysis

11.8.1.1 It shall be permitted to analyze out-of-plane

slenderness effects in accordance with this section
for walls satisfying (a) through (e):
(a) Cross section is constant over the height of the wall
(b) Wall is tension-controlled for out-of-plane moment effect
(c) ϕMn is at least Mcr, where Mcr is calculated using fr as provided in 19.2.3
(d) Pu at the midheight section does not exceed 0.06fc′Ag
(e) Calculated out-of-plane deflection due to service loads,
Δs, including PΔ effects, does not exceed ℓc/150

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11.8.2 Modeling

11.8.2.1 The wall shall be analyzed as a simply supported, axially

loaded member subject to an out-of-plane uniformly
distributed lateral load, with maximum moments and
deflections occurring at mid height.
11.8.2.2 Concentrated gravity loads applied to the wall above
any section shall be assumed to be distributed over a width
equal to the bearing width, plus a width on each side that
increases at a slope of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal, but not
extending beyond (a) or (b):
(a) The spacing of the concentrated loads
(b) The edges of the wall panel

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11.8.3 Factored moment

11.8.3.1 Mu at mid height of wall due to combined

flexure and axial loads shall include the effects of
wall deflection in accordance with (a) or (b):
(a) By iterative calculation using

where Mua is the maximum factored moment at mid height

of wall due to lateral and eccentric vertical loads, not
including PΔ effects.

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…11.8.3 Factored moment

Δu shall be calculated by:

where Icr shall be calculated by:

and the value of Es/Ec shall be at least 6.

(b) By direct calculation using:

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11.8.4 Out-of-plane deflection – service

loads

11.8.4.1 Out-of-plane deflection due to service

loads, Δs, shall be calculated in accordance with
Table 11.8.4.1, where
Ma is calculated by 11.8.4.2.

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11.8.4 Out-of-plane deflection – service

loads
11.8.4.2 The maximum moment Ma at mid height of wall due to service
lateral and eccentric vertical loads, including PsΔs effects, shall be
calculated by Eq. (11.8.4.2) with iteration of deflections.

11.8.4.3 Δcr and Δn shall be calculated by (a) and (b):

1.8.4.4 Icr shall be calculated by Eq. (11.8.3.1c).

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R11.8.4 Out-of-plane deflection – service

loads

Service-level load combinations are not defined in Chapter 5 of this

Code, but they are discussed in Appendix C of ASCE/SEI 7. Appendixes
to ASCE/SEI 7 are not considered mandatory parts of that standard.
For calculating service level lateral deflections of structures, Appendix
C of ASCE/ SEI 7 recommends using the following load combination:
D + 0.5L + Wa
in which Wa is wind load based on serviceability wind speeds provided
in the commentary to Appendix C of ASCE/SEI 7. If the slender wall is
designed to resist earthquake effects E, and E is based on strength-
level earthquake effects, the following load combination is considered
to be appropriate for evaluating the service-level lateral deflections
D + 0.5L + 0.7E

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Chapter 18 – Earthquake resistance

structures

46

CHAPTER 18 – EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

STRUCTURES

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INTRODUCTION

Structural walls shall be designed following

Chapter 11 – WALLS.
In seismic zones, Chapter 18 – EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANCE STRUTURES requirements must be
met.
In general, structural walls have been used
extensively in Latin America and over the past
few decades they have become more popular in
the United States.

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…Introduction

There are no significant changes in Chapter 11 for the

new ACI 318-14, yet there are some important changes
in Chapter 18. Changes are the result of certain failures
in the 2010 Chilean Earthquake. Although only 1% of the
buildings failed, there were problems with thin structural
walls. There were similar behaviors in walls in the New
Zealand earthquake of 2011.
It was observed, too, in large scale building tests in 2010
in the E Defense program where a 4-story post-
tensioned parking building was tested.

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…Introduction

In both earthquakes and the testing buckling and

spalling occurred in the main vertical bars under
certain circumstances.
The biggest surprise was that the failure
occurred at a height equivalent to 2 times the
wall thickness. This is significantly smaller that
the historic location of half the wall length.

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Chile, 2010

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Chile, 2010

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Chapter 18 – Earthquake resistance

structures

18.2.1.6 Structural systems designated as part of the seismic-force-

resisting system shall be restricted to those designated by the general
building code, or determined by other authority having jurisdiction in
areas without a legally adopted building code. Except for SDC A, for
which Chapter 18 does not apply, (a) through (h) shall be satisfied for
each structural system designated as part of the seismic-force resisting
system, in addition to 18.2.1.3 through 18.2.1.5:
(b) Ordinary reinforced concrete structural walls need not satisfy any detailing provisions
in Chapter 18, unless required by 18.2.1.3 or 18.2.1.4

(d) Intermediate precast walls shall satisfy 18.5

(g) Special structural walls shall satisfy 18.2.3 through 18.2.8 and 18.10

(h) Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete shall satisfy 18.2.3 through
18.2.8 and 18.11

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WEBINAR 54

Analysis and proportioning of structural

Wall members

18.2.2.1 The interaction of all structural and

nonstructural members that affect the linear and
nonlinear response of the structure to earthquake
motions shall be considered in the analysis.
18.2.2.3 Structural members extending below the
base of structure that are required to transmit
forces resulting from earthquake effects to the
foundation shall comply with the requirements of
Chapter 18 that are consistent with the seismic force
resisting system above the base.

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18.5—Intermediate precast structural walls

18.5.2.1 In connections between wall panels, or between

wall panels and the foundation, yielding shall be
restricted to steel elements or reinforcement.
18.5.2.2 For elements of the connection that are not
designed to yield, the required strength shall be based
on 1.5 Sy of the yielding portion of the connection.

18.5.2.3 In structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, wall piers

shall be designed in accordance with 18.10.8 or 18.14.

Special Structural Walls

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18.2.3 Anchoring to concrete

18.2.3.1 Anchors resisting earthquake-induced

forces in structures assigned to SDC C, D, E, or F shall
be in accordance with 17.2.3.

17.2.3.3 Post-installed anchors shall be qualified for earthquake loading in

accordance with ACI 355.2 or ACI 355.4. The pullout strength Np and steel
strength in shear Vsa of expansion and undercut anchors shall be based on
the results of the ACI 355.2 Simulated Seismic Tests. For adhesive
anchors, the steel strength in shear, Vsa, and the characteristic bond
stresses, τuncr and τcr, shall be based on results of the ACI 355.4 Simulated
Seismic Tests.

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Reinforcement

18.2.6.1 Reinforcement in special moment frames and special structural walls

shall be in accordance with the special seismic systems requirements of
20.2.2.
18.2.7.1 Mechanical splices shall be classified as (a) or (b): 1.25fy

(a) Type 1 – Mechanical splice conforming to 25.5.7

(b) Type 2 – Mechanical splice conforming to 25.5.7 and capable of developing the
specified tensile strength of the spliced bars
18.2.7.2 Type 1 mechanical splices shall not be located within a distance
equal to twice the member depth from the column or beam face for special
moment frames or from critical sections where yielding of the reinforcement
is likely to occur as a result of lateral displacements beyond the linear range
of behavior. Type 2 mechanical splices shall be permitted at any location,
except as noted in 18.9.2.1(c).

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…Reinforcement

18.2.8.1 Welded splices in reinforcement resisting earthquake-

induced forces shall conform to 25.5.7 and shall not be located
within a distance equal to twice the member depth from the
column or beam face for special moment frames or from critical
sections where yielding of the reinforcement is likely to occur as
a result of lateral displacements beyond the linear range of
behavior.
18.2.8.2 Welding of stirrups, ties, inserts, or other similar
elements to longitudinal reinforcement required by design shall
not be permitted.

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18.5—Intermediate precast structural walls

18.5.2.1 In connections between wall panels, or between

wall panels and the foundation, yielding shall be
restricted to steel elements or reinforcement.
18.5.2.2 For elements of the connection that are not
designed to yield, the required strength shall be based
on 1.5 Sy of the yielding portion of the connection.
18.5.2.3 In structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, wall
piers shall be designed in accordance with 18.10.8 or
18.14.

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18.10—Special structural walls

R18.10.1 Scope—This section contains requirements for the dimensions and details
of special structural walls and all components including coupling beams and wall
piers. Wall piers are defined in Chapter 2. Design provisions for vertical wall
segments depend on the aspect ratio of the wall segment in the plane of the wall
(hw/ℓw), and the aspect ratio of the horizontal cross section (ℓw/bw), and generally
follow the descriptions in Table R18.10.1. The limiting aspect ratios for wall piers
are based on engineering judgment. It is intended that flexural yielding of the
vertical reinforcement in the pier should limit shear demand on the pier.

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Reinforcement

18.10.2.1 The distributed web reinforcement ratios, ρℓ and ρt,

for structural walls shall be at least 0.0025, except that if Vu
does not exceed Acvλ √fc’, ρℓ and ρt shall be permitted to be
reduced to the values in 11.6. Reinforcement spacing each way
in structural walls shall not exceed 18 in. Reinforcement
contributing to Vn shall be continuous and shall be distributed
across the shear plane.
18.10.2.2 At least two curtains of reinforcement shall be used in
a wall if Vu > Acvλ √fc’ or hw/ℓw ≥ 2.0, in which hw and ℓw refer to
height and length of entire wall, respectively.

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Two layers of reinforcement

The requirement of two layers of longitudinal

reinforcement in Walls that resist substantial shear force
is based on:
Under regular construction maintaining a single layer in the
center is not necessarily accomplished.
The existence of reinforcement near the surface reduces
fragmentation of the concrete in cases of extreme cracking.
In slender walls a double layer improves lateral stability in the
compression zone under cyclic loads.

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…Two layers of reinforcement

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Development Length

18.10.2.3 Reinforcement in structural walls shall be developed or

spliced for fy in tension in accordance with 25.4, 25.5, and (a) through
(c):
(a) Longitudinal reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is
no longer required to resist flexure by least 0.8ℓw, except at the top of a wall
(b) At locations where yielding of longitudinal reinforcement is likely to
occur as a result of lateral displacements, development lengths of
longitudinal reinforcement shall be 1.25 times the values calculated for fy in
tension
(c) Mechanical splices of reinforcement shall conform to 18.2.7 and welded
splices of reinforcement shall conform to 18.2.8

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Shear Strength

18.10.4.1 Vn of structural walls shall not exceed:

where the coefficient αc is 3.0 for hw/ℓw ≤ 1.5, is 2.0 for hw/ℓw ≥ 2.0, and varies
linearly between 3.0 and 2.0 for hw/ℓw between 1.5 and 2.0.
18.10.4.2 In 18.10.4.1, the value of ratio hw/ℓw used to calculate Vn for
segments of a wall shall be the greater of the ratios for the entire wall and the
segment of wall considered.
18.10.4.3 Walls shall have distributed shear reinforcement in two orthogonal
directions in the plane of the wall. If hw/ℓw does not exceed 2.0,
reinforcement ratio ρℓ shall be at least the reinforcement ratio ρt.

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…Shear Strength

18.10.4.4 For all vertical wall segments sharing a common

lateral force, Vn shall not be taken greater than 8Acv √fc’, where
Acv is the gross area of concrete bounded by web thickness and
length of section. For any one of the individual vertical wall
segments, Vn shall not be taken greater than 10Acw √fc’ , where
wall segment considered.
18.10.4.5 For horizontal wall segments and coupling beams, Vn
shall not be taken greater than 10Acw √fc’ , where Acw is the area
of concrete section of a horizontal wall segment or coupling
beam.

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Horizontal Segment

Horizontal wall segments in 18.10.4.5 refer

to wall sections between two vertically
aligned openings (refer to Fig. R18.10.4.5).
It is, in effect, a vertical wall segment
rotated through 90 degrees. A horizontal
wall segment is also referred to as a
coupling beam when the openings are
aligned vertically over the building height.
When designing a horizontal wall segment
or coupling beam, ρt refers to vertical
reinforcement and ρℓ refers to horizontal
reinforcement.

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18.10.5 Design for flexure and axial force

18.10.5.1 Structural walls and portions of such walls subject to

combined flexure and axial loads shall be designed in
accordance with 22.4. Concrete and developed longitudinal
reinforcement within effective flange widths, boundary
elements, and the wall web shall be considered effective. The
effects of openings shall be considered.
18.10.5.2 Unless a more detailed analysis is performed, effective
flange widths of flanged sections shall extend from the face of
the web a distance equal to the lesser of one-half the distance
to an adjacent wall web and 25 percent of the total wall height.
22.4—Axial strength or combined flexural
and axial strength

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SIGNIFICANT CHANGE

Due to the change of the location of the plastic

hinge and the reinforcement buckling several
changes where introduced to avoid failure.
The requirements for controlled displacement are
applicable to cantilever walls on the critical section
at the base and to walls that the height to length
ratio exceeds 2, hw/ℓw > 2 .

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18.10.6 Boundary elements of

special structural walls

18.10.6.1 The need for special boundary elements at

the edges of structural walls shall be evaluated in
accordance with 18.10.6.2 or 18.10.6.3. The
requirements of 18.10.6.4 and 18.10.6.5 shall also
be satisfied.
18.10.6.2 Walls or wall piers with hw/ℓw ≥ 2.0 that are
effectively continuous from the base of structure to
top of wall and are designed to have a single critical
section for flexure and axial loads shall satisfy (a) and
(b) or shall be designed by 18.10.6.3:

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…18.10.6 Boundary elements of

special structural walls

(a) Compression zones shall be reinforced with special boundary elements

where

and c corresponds to the largest neutral axis depth calculated for the factored
axial force and nominal moment strength consistent with the direction of the
design displacement δu. Ratio δu/hw shall not be taken less than 0.005.
(b) Where special boundary elements are required by (a), the special boundary
element transverse reinforcement shall extend vertically above and below the
critical section at least the greater of ℓw and Mu/4Vu , except as permitted in
18.10.6.4(g).

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Limits to c

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UNIT DEFORMATION

Equation 18.10,6.2 follows from a displacement based approach

(Moehle 1992; Wallace and Orakcal 2002). The approach
assumes that special boundary elements are required to
confine the concrete where the strain at the extreme
compression fiber if the Wall exceeds a critical value when the
Wall is displaced 1.5 times the design displacement.
The multiplier of 1.5 on design displacement was added to
equation 18.10.6.2 in the 2014 version of this code to produce
detailing requirements more consistent with the building code
performance intent of a low pressure of a low probability of
collapse in Maximum Considered Earthquake level shaking.

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…UNIT DEFORMATION

The lower limit of 0.005 on the quantity δu/hw

requires special boundary elements if Wall
boundary longitudinal reinforcement tensile
strain does not reach approximately twice the
limit used to define tension controlled beam
sections according to 21.2.2.
The lower limit of 0.005 on the quantity δu/hw
requires moderate Wall deformation capacity for
stiff buildings.

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Considerations for factor 1.5

1. The deflection amplification factor Cd of ASCE 7

may underestimate displacement response.
2. Because collapse prevention under the maximum
considered earthquake is the prime objective of
IBC/ASCE 7 seismic design, maybe displacements
caused by the maximum considered earthquake,
rather than the design earthquake, should be
considered. The maximum considered earthquake is
150% as strong as the design earthquake.

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…Considerations for factor 1.5

3. There is dispersion in seismic response, making

it desirable to aim at an estimate that is not far
from the expected upper-bound response.
4. Damping may be lower than the 5% value
assumed in the ASCE 7 design spectrum. The
1.5 factor is applied to the design displacement
to emphasize that it is the design displacement
that is modified (rather than changing the
constant in the denominator to 900).

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Boundary Elements

18.10.6.3 Structural walls not designed in accordance with

18.10.6.2 shall have special boundary elements at boundaries
and edges around openings of structural walls where the
maximum extreme fiber compressive stress, corresponding to
load combinations including earthquake effects E, exceeds
0.2fc′. The special boundary element shall be permitted to be
discontinued where the calculated compressive stress is less
than 0.15fc′. Stresses shall be calculated for the factored loads
using a linearly elastic model and gross section properties. For
walls with flanges, an effective flange width as given in
18.10.5.2 shall be used.

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Special Boundary Elements

(a) The boundary element shall extend horizontally from the extreme
compression fiber a distance at least the greater of c – 0.1ℓw and c/2,
where c is the largest neutral axis depth calculated for the factored
axial force and nominal moment strength consistent with δu.
(b) Width of the flexural compression zone, b, over the horizontal
distance calculated by 18.10.6.4(a), including flange if present, shall
be at least hu/16.
(c) For walls or wall piers with hw/ℓw ≥ 2.0 that are effectively
continuous from the base of structure to top of wall, designed to
have a single critical section for flexure and axial loads, and with c/ℓw
≥ 3/8, width of the flexural compression zone b over the length
calculated in 18.10.6.4(a) shall be greater than or equal to 12 in.

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…Special Boundary Elements

(d) In flanged sections, the boundary element shall include the

effective flange width in compression and shall extend at least 12 in.
into the web.
(e) The boundary element transverse reinforcement shall satisfy
18.7.5.2(a) through (e) and 18.7.5.3, except the value hx in 18.7.5.2
shall not exceed the lesser of 14 in. and two-thirds of the boundary
element thickness, and the transverse reinforcement spacing limit of
18.7.5.3(a) shall be one-third of the least dimension of the boundary
element.
(f) The amount of transverse reinforcement shall be in accordance
with Table 18.10.6.4(f).

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Transverse Reinforcement

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Fig. R18.10.6.4.1—Development of wall horizontal

reinforcement in confined boundary element.

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Details

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Details

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Details

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COUPLING BEAMS

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Coupling Beam

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Coupling Beam…

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WALL PIERS

18.10.8.1 Walls piers shall satisfy the special

moment frame requirements for columns in
18.7.4, 18.7.5 y 18.7.6, with joint faces taken as
the top and bottom of the clear height of the
Wall pier.

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Wall Piers Edge of Wall

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THE END

92

Using ACI 318 for the Design of Shear Walls

and Earthquake-Resistant Shear Walls
Questions?

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Using ACI 318 for the Design of Shear Walls

and Earthquake-Resistant Shear Walls
www.ACIUniversity.com

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