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Chapter 1 Getting Your Mind Loosen Up
Chapter 1 Getting Your Mind Loosen Up
Part 1 of 2
About 500 years ago it began to be recognized that the universe behaves mathematically. This was a
surprising result and still is when you think about it. Nonetheless, it is true: if you are to work with
the simplest forms of nature, you must use the language of mathematics. This section is meant to
review for you the concepts of algebra and introduce you to some of the vocabulary and tools of
physics.
1. A car travels 486 miles in 8.7 hours. What is its average speed?
3. An electron travels an astonishing 1.63 meters in 5.7 x l0-8 seconds. How fast is it moving?
4. Notebook paper measures 8.5 inches by 11 inches. What is its area? (That is, the area of
one side of the paper.)
A = 93.5 in2
5. A block of iron measures 3.6 cm by 8.4 cm by 4.4 cm. What is its volume?
Volume = l * w * h
V = (3.6 cm)(8.4 cm)(4.4 cm)
V = 133 cm3
Pay particular attention in these problems to the units. In problem 1 you divide miles by hours to get
miles/hr (read this as "miles per hour). In problem 2 you divided centimeters by seconds to get
cm/sec. In problem 4 you multiplied inches by inches to get inches 2 or "square inches". Finally, in
problem 5, by multiplying cm by cm by cm, you got cm 3 or "cubic centimeters". Keep units in mind as
you complete the next set of problems.
6. A car travels at 51.4 mi/hr for 1.6 hr. How far does it get in this time?
Distance (s) = speed * time
s = (51.4 mi/hr)(1.6 hr)
s = 82.2 mi
7. A piece of wire has a mass of 6.4 gm/cm (grams per centimeter). What is the mass of 13.6
cm of this wire?
8. Corn valley has a population of 40,200 and an area of 6.84 mi2. What is the population
density?
9. Lead has a density of 11.3 gm/cm3. What is the mass of 325 cm3 of lead?
Don't forget to be aware of units. They behave just as fractions did in basic math. Recall
how you learned to cancel:
10. Anita Solution works steadily at making a rug. She completes 15 square inches in 37.2
minutes. What is her average rate of work?
12. Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 pounds per square inch. What is the total force on a table top
27 inches wide by 43 inches long?
Be aware that you do not really need to know what the problem is all about. If you know what units
you are supposed to end up with, you can solve the problem by making sure they cancel to give the
correct final unit.
13. A block of wood measures 3.5 cm by 8.2 cm by 6.7 cm. Its mass is 131 grams. What is its
density?
14. The density of iron is 7.6 gm/cm3. What is the mass of an iron rod 0.44 cm in radius and
25 cm long?
15. A bicyclist travels at 37 ft/sec. How long does it take him to travel 1.0 feet?
16. A sound wave vibrates at 13,540 cycles/sec. How long does it take for one vibration?
t = 1/(13,540 cycle/sec)
t = 7.39 * 10-5 sec/cycle
17. Water pressure on a surface is 128 pounds/in2. What surface area will feel the force of one
pound?
As before:
18. A city has a population density of 18,757 people/mi2. How much area does this give each
person?
Again:
19. Rain drops fall on a tile surface at a density of 4,675 drops/ft2. There are 16 tiles on each
square foot of floor space. How many drops fall on each tile?
20. A stretch of desert highway outside Barstow, California still retains Burma-Shave signs
from the early 1960's. There are 18 signs/mile, and a car speeds by them at 55 mi/hr.
a) At what rate will the driver see the signs? (That is, how many signs/hour will pass by him?
b) What time interval will pass between successive signs?
a) b)
Miles will have to cancel out: interval = 1/(990 sign/hr)
interval = 1.01 * 10-3 hr/sign
rate of signs = (18 sign/mi)(55
mi/hr) note: this is 3.6 sec between signs
rate of signs = 990 sign/hr
21. One quart of Slopiton paint covers 450 ft2. Doris Open wishes to paint baseballs, each of
which has an area of 0.12 ft2. How many quarts of paint will be required to complete 3,486
baseballs?
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 12 inches
Take the relationship that 1 inch = 2.54 cm. It follows, then, that:
1 in/2.54 cm = 1
2.54 cm/1 in = 1
Since we can multiply or divide any quantity by 1 without changing its value, the
following is mathematically permissible:
In the next problems string together several factors to complete the conversions.
convert cm-->inches-->feet-->miles
convert days-->hours-->minutes
29. Convert 15 in2 to cm2. (Remember, when you square a unit, you must also square the
conversion factor.)
(15 in2)(2.54 cm/1 in)2 = (15)(6.45
cm2) = 96.8 cm2
covert meter3-->cm3-->inch3
solution:
First I must explain that nt is for newton, a metric unit of force. It converts
directly to pounds by the factor 1 pound = 4.45 newtons. (The correct
international system symbol for newton is N, but that can get confused with
another N when you're first learning the subject.)
5) Multiply it out: (3.08 lb/in2)(4.45 nt/1 lb)(1 in/2.54 cm)2 = 2.12 nt/cm2
As you can see, a systematic approach will substitute nicely for thinking or
understanding on these problems, and will free your mind for more important
matters.
Chapter 1
Getting you mind warmed up
Part 2 of 2
Here's another conversion to know, this time it's about angles. The most natural unit of angular
measure is not the degree, but the radian. We can generate 1 radian in the following manner:
1) take a circle
The last relationship, Ø = s/r, should be memorized. (Actually, memorized is a poor term. Most
relationships in physics are so reasonable that memory becomes automatic once the principle is used
a little.)
Now we will convert from radians to degrees and vice-versa. Recall that the circumference of
a circle is given by C = 2(3.14)r. That is, 2(3.14) radii can be wrapped neatly around a circle.
2(3.14) r's stretched out 2(3.14) r's wrapped around circle
Note that the interior angle defined by the end points of this wrapping is exactly one complete
circle, or 360°. But in our new improved notation, it is 2(3.14) radians. Thus we may say that
360° = 2(3.14) radians.
a) b)
(38°)(2(3.14) rad/360°) = .66 rad (.22 rad)(360°/2(3.14) rad) = 12.6°
c) d)
(3.14 rad)(360°/2(3.14) rad) = 180° (422°)(2(3.14) rad/360°) = 7.37 rad
47. Convert 0.3 revolutions to radians and 1.12 x 103 rev to rad.
49. A motor shaft turns at 28,000 rev/min. Convert this to (a) rad/sec and (b) deg/sec.
a)
(28000 rev/min)(2(3.14) rad/1 rev)(1
min/60 sec) = 2.93 * 103 rad/sec
b)
(28000 rev/min)(360°/1 rev)(1 min/60
sec) = 1.68 * 105 °/sec
a) b)
a)
Ø = (4/6 rad)(360°/2(3.14) rad)
Ø = 38.2°
b)
Ø = [(12.1/3.6) rad](360°/2(3.14)
rad)
Ø = 193°
51. Earth's moon has a diameter of 3476 km, and is located 3.84 x 105 km from Earth. What is
its apparent size in degrees, as seen from Earth?
52. The sun has the same apparent size as the moon. (That's why solar eclipses come out so
nicely.) If the sun is 9.3 x 107 miles away, what is its diameter? You will need to use problem
51 in this.
Ø = s/r
s = rØ
53. A merry-go-round rotates at 0.077 rad/sec. How long will it take to complete one full
revolution?
a) b)
In 1 second it rotates: v = s/t
(142 rad/sec)(1 sec) = 142 rad v = rØ/t
v = [(6 cm)(142)]/(1 sec)
So the rim travels s = rØ: v = 852 cm/sec
(80/2 cm)(142 rad) = 5680 cm
55*. Find the rate of angular motion, in rad/sec, of Earth about the sun.
56*. A beetle takes a joy ride on a pendulum. The string of the pendulum is 183 cm long. If
the beetle rides through a swing of 40°, how far has he traveled along the path of the
pendulum? (Your answer will be in centimeters.)
s/r = Ø
s/r = .70 rad
s = (.70)r
s = (.70)(183 cm)
s = 128 cm
57*. If the aforementioned (problem 57) beetle swings through 0.15 radians, how far has he
traveled?
s = rØ
s = (183 cm)(.15)
s = 27.5 cm
58*. If the pendulum (problem 57) at some instant is swinging at 1.4 rad/sec, how fast is the
beetle traveling in cm/sec?
Ø = s/r
1.4 = s/183 cm
s = (1.4)(183 cm)
s = 256 cm
Thus the speed is 256 cm/sec
59*. Convert the following into linear speed of the beetle (yes, still from problem 57).
a) 0.88 rad/sec
b) 2.4 x 10-5 rad/sec
c) 38 °/sec
d) 127 °/sec
b)
a)
(2.4 * 10-5 rad/sec)(183 cm) = 4.39 *
(.88 rad/sec)(183 cm) = 161 cm/sec
10-3 cm/sec
c) d)
(38 °/sec)(2(3.14) rad/360°)(183 cm) (127 °/sec)(2(3.14) rad/360°)(183 cm)
= 121 cm/sec = 406 cm/sec
Note that since a radian is dimensionless, it can be dropped in and out of any unit.
60*. A small wheel, with radius of 1.6 cm, drives a large wheel of 14.1 cm radius by their
circumferences being pressed together. If the small wheel turns at 480 rad/sec, what does the
big one turn at?
w = velocity/radius
w = (80 cm/sec)/(86 cm)
w = .930 rad/sec
velocity = w * r
v = (.930 rad/sec)(11 cm)
v = 10.2 cm/sec
I have introduced the radians and rotational velocities because they are concepts that
need some time to be thoroughly internalized. We will return to them periodically until
they come out full blast in Circular and Rotational motion. Be sure you have made sense
out of the last few problems, as they will help immensely later in the course.
Another concept that's good to be exposed to early is density. The Greek letter p (pronounced
"ro") is used to represent density.
62. The density of a block of clay is 1.4 gm/cm3. What is the mass of 288 cm3 of clay? Hint:
Let the units be your guide.
63. A block of metal measures 3.6 cm x 4.2 cm x 6.7 cm. What is its density if the mass is 346
gm?
p = mass/volume
p = 346 gm/[(3.6 cm)(4.2 cm)(6.7 cm)]
p = 3.42 gm/cm3
64. A sphere whose radius is 5.7 cm has a mass of 426 gm. What is its density? (Recall that
for a sphere, V = 4/3 r3.)
p = mass/volume
p = m/[(4/3)(3.14)(r3)]
p = (426 gm)/[(4/3)(3.14)(5.7)3]
p = 0.55 gm/cm3
65. A brass ball, density 5.6 gm/cm3, has a radius of 6.4 cm. What is its mass?
p = mass/volume
m = p * V
m = (5.6 gm/cm3)[4/3(3.14)](6.4 cm)3
m = 6.15 * 103 gm
p = m/V
V = m/p
V = (15 gm)/(1.6 gm/cm3)
V = 9.38 cm3
67. A cylinder, 5.0 cm in diameter, and 13 cm high, has a mass of 2.64 kg. What is its density
in gm/cm3?
p = m/V
p = [(2.64 kg)(1000 gm/1 kg)]/[(3.14)
(2.5 cm)2(13 cm)]
p = 10.3 gm/cm3
68*. A 422 gm cylinder is 2.2 inches high and has a density of 3.4 gm/cm3. What is its radius
in cm? (Be careful of the mixed unit systems.)
Next:
p = m/V
p = m/[(3.14)r2h]
r = [m/[(3.14)hp]]1/2
r = [(422 gm)/[(3.14)(5.59 cm)(3.4
gm/cm3)]]1/2
r = 2.66 cm
69*. A piece of pipe has an outer radius of 4.7 cm and an inner radius of 2.6 cm. What is the
mass of a 35 cm length of the pipe if its density is 8.4 gm/cm3?
m = pV
m = (8.4 gm/cm3)[(3.14)(4.7 cm)2(35
cm) - (3.14)(2.6 cm)2(35 cm)]
m = 1.42 * 104 gm
70*. A hollow sphere has an inner radius of 7.6 cm, an outer radius of 11.4 cm, and a density
of 3.8 gm/cm3. What is its mass?
As before:
m = pV
m = (3.8 gm/cm3)[(4/3)(3.14)(11.4 cm)3
- (4/3)(3.14)(7.6 cm)3]
m = 1.66 * 104 gm
I hope you noticed that in #70 and #71 that the terms could be simplified.
71*. A cylinder, 15.0 cm long and 2.5 cm in radius, is made of two different metals bonded to
make a single bar. If the densities are 4.1 gm/cm3 and 6.3 gm/cm3, what length of the lighter
metal is needed? The total mass is 1500 gm.
m = p1V1 + p2V2
m = (4.1 gm/cm3)[x * (3.14) * (2.52
cm2)] + (6.3 gm/cm3)(15 - x)[(3.14) *
(2.52 cm2)]
m = 1500 gm
72**. A hollow sphere has an outer radius of 21.6 cm and masses 6.8 x 104 gm. When the
sphere is filled with liquid whose density is 4.8 gm/cm3 the total mass rises to 16.5 x 104 gm.
What is the density of the material making up the hollow sphere?
73. Express the perimeter of each figure in terms of the given dimensions.
a) b) c)
a) b) c)
P = 2(s + 2s) P = 2s + s + [s2 + (2s)2]1/2 P = 2(3.14)r
P = 2(3s) P = 3s + (5s2)1/2
P = 6s P = [3 + 51/2]s
a) b) c)
a) b) c)
For 1/2 circle: Slant side: P = 2r + 4r + 2r + r +
P1 = 1/2[2(3.14)r] (s2 + s2)1/2 = (2)1/2s (3.14)r + r
P1 = (3.14)r P = [10 + (3.14)]r
Total:
For base: P = 2(2s) + 2(s) +
P2 = 2r (2)1/2s
P = [6 + (2)1/2]s
Total:
P = P1 + P2
P = 2r + (3.14)r
P = [2 + (3.14)]r
a) b) c)
a) b) c)
Top and Bottom (sides #1): A1 = 2[(3.14)r2] A = (2r)2 - 1/4(3.14)r2
A1 = 2(s * 2s) A2 = [2(3.14)r]h A = [4 - (3.14/4)]r2
A1 = 4s 2
A = A1 + A2
A = [2(3.14)r2 + 2(3.14)rh]
Front and Back (sides #2): A = [2(3.14)r(r + h)]
A2 = 2(s * 2s)
A2 = 4s2
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A = 10s2
I hope you've noticed the units. For perimeter, which is a linear measure, the
expressions are all in the first power of length. For area, they are in the second power of
length, for volume, the third power. There are no exceptions to this rule.
Examples:
4 (3.14)r2 must be an area.
(3.14)r2h must be a volume.
2L + 2W must be a perimeter.
a) b) c)
a) b) c)
V = 1/2(b * h) * l V = [(3.14)r ]h V = [s2 - (3.14)(s/4)2]t
2
Remember that for cylinders, whether they are circular cylinders, triangular cylinders, or anything
else, their volume is given by the area of the base times the height.
a) b) c)
a) b) c)
A1 = 2[1/2(3.14)r2] A1 = 2[(2r)2 - A1 = 1/2[4(3.14)r22]
2
1/4[(3.14)r ]] A1 = 2(3.14)r22
A2 = 1/2[2(3.14)r] A1 = [8 - (3.14/2))r2
(2r) A2 = 1/2[4(3.14)r12]
A2 = 2(3.14)r2 A2 = 2(hr) A2 = 2(3.14)r12
A2 = 2hr
A3 = (2r)(2r) A3 = (3.14)r22 - (3.14)r12
A3 = 4r 2
A3 = 1/4[2(3.14)r]h A3 = (3.14)(r22 - r12)
A3 = [(3.14)rh]/2
A = A1 + A2 + A3 A = 2(3.14)(r22 + r12) + (3.14)
A = [4 + 3(3.14)]r2 A4 = 2(2r * h) (r22 - r12)
A4 = 4rh
V = [1/2(3.14)r2] V = 1/2[(4/3)(3.14)r23] -
(2r) 3
A = [6 + (3.14/2)]rh + [8 1/2[(4/3)(3.14)r1 ]
V = (3.14)r3 - (3.14/2)]r 2 V = [2(3.14)/3][r 2
3
- r13]
V = [(2r)2 - 1/4(3.14)r2]h
V = [4 - (3.14/4)]r2h
78. Karen Pheden can run around the unusual track shown in time t. What is her average
velocity? (Express v in terms of r and t.)
velocity = distance/time
velocity = [1/2(2)(3.14)r + 2r]/t
velocity = [(3.14) + 2]r/t
79*. C. D. Twain can drive his car at a constant velocity v over any race track in the world.
How long will it take him to complete the one at left?
velocity = distance/time
time = distance/velocity
time = [4r = 4[1/4(2)(3.14)r]]/v
time = [4 + 2(3.14)]r/v
79. The object shown at right has a density r. What is its mass?
p = m/V
m = pV
m = p[(3.14)r22 - (3.14)r12]h
m = (3.14)ph(r22 - r12)
80*. If the quarter cylinder shown were to be melted down and poured into a spherical shape,
what would the radius of the completed sphere be?
4/3(3.14)R3 = 1/4(3.14)r2h
R3 = 3/16r2h
R = (3/16r2h)1/3
81** What size cube will have the same surface area as the hemisphere shown?