Country

Where Title of the

Year Author’s Types of
Title of the Critic Paper Author The Study Theory Text Studied Aim Findings
Published Gender Methods
Was (with genre)
Conducted

1. Tradition vs.
Modernity: The
Continuing o Olivier Galland
2008 Male France
Dichotomy of o Yannick Lemel
Values in
European Society
2. The Painting of
Modern Light: o Jonathan David
2014 Male USA
Local Color before Shelly Schroeder
Regionalism
3. Local Color and
the Search for the
Musical Origin of
the Nation in the
2013 o Ian MacMillen Male Bulgaria
Early Nineteenth
Century, from the
German to the
Croatian Lands
4. A New Local
Color? Mapping
the Strategies of
o Christophe Den
Realism at the 2011 Male Belgium
Tandt
Turn of the
Twenty-First
Century
5. Critical Theory New Historical
Today, A User- and Cultural
2006 o Lois Tyson Male New York
Friendly Guide Criticism
(book) (pg. 281-313)
National
6. The Post-Colonial o Bill Ashcroft Male
London & Culture by
Studies Reader 2003 o Gareth Griffiths Male
New York Frantz Fanon
(book) o Helen Tiffin Female
(pg.153)
Realism and
Naturalism by
7. A History of George Eliot,
USA
Literary Criticism: Emile Zola,
2005 o M.A.R. Habib ? UK
From Plato to the William Dean
Australia
Present Howells,
Henry James
(pg. 469)
- Focusing on ordinary characters and situations with which the audience could identify rather than emphasizing extraordinary events
and exotic locales, realism sought to position identifiably flawed human beings within the complex webs of economic forces and
American social class. As nineteenth-century audiences saw it, realistic fiction placed less emphasis “upon the extraordinary, the
mysterious, the imaginary” than did the romance; it is “that which does not shrink from the commonplace (although art dreads the
commonplace) or from the unpleasant (although the aim of art is to give pleasure) in its effort to depict things as they are, life as it is,”
and is used “in opposition to conventionalism, to idealism, to the imaginative, and to sentimentalism” according to Bliss Perry, editor
8. Realism and of the Atlantic Monthly from 1899 to 1909 (B. Perry 1903: 269, 229, 222) [pg.92]
Regionalism ? o Donna Campbell Female ? - Equally significant is the parallel growth of regional or local fiction, terms usually used interchangeably in the nineteenth century, with
“local color” being predominant before “regionalism” was redefined by Judith Fetterley and Marjorie Pryse in the twentieth century as
(book) a more serious, more sympathetic, and less stereotypical way of writing about region. [pg.93]
- Local stories focused on the unique locales of what authors saw as a vanishing American past whose customs, dialect, and characters
the authors of the movement sought to describe and preserve. Hamlin Garland declared that “Local color in fiction is demonstrably
the life of fiction” (1960: 49). Garland added that “Local color in a novel means that is has such quality of texture and background that
it could not have been written in any other place or by any one else than a native.” (1960: 53-4), emphasizing that “[i]t cannot be done
from above nor from the outside” (1960: 61). [pg.93] & [check source Crumbling Idols by Hamlin Garland]
 Country
Where Title of the
Year Author’s Types of
Title of the Critic Paper Author The Study Theory Text Studied Aim Findings
Published Gender Methods
Was (with genre)
Conducted

- [can be used as significance of the study]: Making local color authentic (written by a native) and regional in focus, as Garland
suggests, would ensure its fidelity to real life and fascinate readers eager to learn about other regions [pg.93]
- In his essay “On the Theory and Practice of Local Color,” WP James confirms that traction: Local color “has been used on the one
hand to signify the magic of the unfamiliar, the romance of the unknown regions ‘over the hills and far away’; it is used on the other
hand, to signify the intimate touch of familiarity, the harvest of the quiet eye and loving spirit in their own little corner of earth” (James
1897: 748). [pg.93]
- An emphasis on the local, an interest in the exotic or unusual features of a region, detailed descriptions of setting, the use of dialect,
and the use of a shorter form for fiction—usually sketches or stories as opposed to novels—distinguish local color or regional fiction
from mainstream realism. [pg.93]
- Later cast by its detractors as a lighter, more comforting version of realism, one in which descriptive detail and the humorous depiction
of quaint customs painted over its lack of serious themes, local color or regional fiction faced a different sort of struggle for acceptance
as the public first embraced the genre and then dismissed it as irrelevant. [pg.93]
- There was a vision of women’s community that exists in local color fiction, especially as that community suggests a timeless or healing
realm. Realizstic and regional fiction functioned in part as narrative spaces in which ideological conflicts about immigration,
industrialization, urbanization, race, and above all national identity could be negotiated, if not resolved. Brodhead and Kaplan
emphasize the relations between cultural tourist and regional spectacle, nad Zagarell and Kaplan examine local color’s racially
conservative, nativist vision of community. Regional literature defines itself [pg.94]
…as necessarily distinct from the whole, a literature of margins, as many critics have noted. Regional fiction provided a temporary
respite from the incursions of modernity represented by an increasingly industrialized and urban national landscape. By representing
itself as a site of exclusion from and, implicitly, opposition to the dominant national culture, the region as it constructed in local color
fiction paradoxically resisted integration into mainstream American life even as it represented itself as uniquely and purely American,
a bastion of unadulterated American lineage and perfectly preserved rituals [pg.95]
- The most conspicuous group of writers, the Southwestern humorists, introduced two elements that remained a consistent presence
in local color literature: the convention of the frame story, often with an educated listener or narrator who responds to lower-class
characters; and the use of dialect to represent differences in class as well as differences in region. [pg.97]
- Many of the tales feature crude humor, prankster or trickster behavior, conservative political views, and cruelty ranging from eye-
gouging to mutilation and death. [pg.97]
- Howells (1993:69) praised The Biglow Papers, Second Series (1867) for expressing “the genuine vernacular, the true feeling, the
racy humor, and the mother-wit of the Yankee-land” [pg.98]
- By mixing realistic details and unusual characters from the mining camps with a morally conventional, sometimes sentimental, vision
of human nature and community, Harte expanded the realm of possibilities for local color writers and sparked public interest in a
form that was at once alien and familiar. [pg.101]
-
9. Local Color vs. June 14,
? ? ?
Regionalism 2006
10. Regionalism and
Oct 17, o Encyclopedia
Local Color ? ?
2019 o Cengage
Fiction
11. Regionalism and
July 20, o Donna M. Ohio,
Local Color Female -
2013 Campbell America
Fiction
12. Regionalism and
Aug 18,
Local Color in o enotes ?
2006
Short Fiction
13. The Politics of
Place:
Regionalism and
Local Color o Kari Myers
? Female ?
Fiction in Skredsvig
Nineteenth
Century US
Literature
14. A Critical
Approach to
Bulosan’s “The 1982 o Ernesto M. Hizon Male
Philippines is in
the Heart”
15. Tradition vs.
Modernity: The o Nadia M.
1996 Female ?
Quest for a Alhasani
Cultural Identity
 Country
Where Title of the
Year Author’s Types of
Title of the Critic Paper Author The Study Theory Text Studied Aim Findings
Published Gender Methods
Was (with genre)
Conducted

16. Local Color:

Configurations of
Multiculturalism o Maya Kanani Middletown,
2017 Female Connecticut
-
and Mixed-Race Stevens
Identity in Hawaii
Literature
17. Exceptionalism,
Other Wests,
2010 o Krista Comer Female Oxford -
Critical
Regionalism
18. Regionalism in - Regions subdivide a continent already sliced up into nation-states—and event then what counts as a region is far from certain. [pg.87]
English Fiction - Indeed, if we are to follow the RSL’s thinking, “the regional” is now a hopelessly old-fashioned term for the more diffuse concept of
2008 o Matthew Hart Male “place,” a word less contaminated by a sense of parochial apartness. “Place” defines RSL’s successor to the Holtby award since
Between the 2004: the Ondaatje prize, given for a “work of fiction, non-fiction, or poetry, evoking the spirit of a place.”
Wars (http://www.rslit.org/ondaatje.htm) [pg.88]
- Both nationalism and regionalism is based on consciousness, are achieved by relevant mass mobilization by respective bourgeoisie.
Whereas the former is professedly based on observed Pan Indian homogeneities of culture and calculations of advantages of an
India[n] wide market, the latter is based on the relevant regions distinctive homogeneities and demands for substantial or exclusive
19. Theorizing control by the sons of the soil over its resources and market facilities. In this sense, Regionalism can be termed as little nationalism
o Dr. Binod Kumar or regional nationalism
Regionalism in 2017 Male India - The chief characteristics of Regionalism is its territoriality
Jha
South Asia - It is [the] defensive mechanism of those sections of society, who “feel” they have been deprived of their legitimate hopes, aspirations,
shares, and rights. In other words, it emerges out of the accumulation of variation in socio, cultural, economic, and political fields.
- The regional demands are centered around (a) an end of exploitation of underprivileged communities (b) removal of disparities among
different sections of society and (c) a right to small and weaker communities to maintain their cultural identities

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will analyze the repetitive gender roles observed in 5 selected short stories of Temistokles M. Adlawan, which
have been translated to English by Merlie Alunan, and edited by Hope Sabandan-Yu. The stores are “An Almost But
Bloody Revelation”, “One Day on the Road”, “The Lizard Who Came to Live in the House of Moniko”, “Ohmick Writes to
Kadoy”, and “Because Love Is Not Blind”.
The researcher aims to answer the following questions:
1. Do the stories portray the expected—or common roles of men and women in society at the time the stories were
published?
2. Is there evidence of “Protofeminism” in any of the short stories?
3. Is there evidence of “Macho-Machunurin” behavior in any of the short stories?
4. What are the gender roles generally associated to the characters in the short stories, in terms of gender?