Tutorial III

Prepared/ compiled by G.Jothinathan

1. The sensitivity calibration block (or reference block) is to be made

of
material acoustically similar to the material being tested because:

A. Different materials are heat-treated in different ways.

B. Types of defects are different in different types of materials.
C. Attenuation is to be similar between the sensitivity calibration
block and the test materials.
D. None of the above.

2. In an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of which

the first material has a higher acoustic impedance but same
velocity as the second material, the angle of refraction will:

A. be greater the angle of incidence

B. be less than the angle of incidence
C. be the same as the angle of incidence
D. be beyond the critical angle

3. When a 30mm plate is tested by using a 5 MHz, 15 mm dia, normal

beam probe, the second back wall echo is obtained at scale division
2 and the third back wall echo at scale division 8. The equipment
has been calibrated for the test range of:

A. 0 to 100 mm
B. 50 to 100 mm
C. 20 to 70 mm
D. 20 to 50 mm

4.When setting metal path range using the V-2 block, keeping a 70
degrees probe facing the 25 mm radius, the echo from the 25mm
radius appears at scale division O and the next echo appears at
scale 7.5; the flaw detector has been calibrated for the test range of

A. 0 to 100 mm
B. 0 to 75 mm
C. 25 to 125 mm

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 D. 25 to 150 mm

5. For the case discussed in question 7 above, if all other things

remain same but the probe is substituted by a 80 degrees angle
probe, the calibrated test range is

A. 0 to 100 mm
B. 0 to 75 mm
C. 25 to 125 mm
D. 25 to 150 mm

6. The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only

those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones
in a part is called

A. an electronic gate
B. an electronic attenuator
C. an electronic DAG
D. a marker

7. An ultrasonic flaw detector is calibrated in 100 mm range. The

range will reduce if

A. The frequency of the probe is reduced

B. The size of the probe is reduced
C. The longitudinal wave probe is replaced by a shear wave probe
D. All of the above

8. Which of the following will have better resolution:

A. Highly damped probe

B. Hard surface probe
C. Low frequency probe
D. Immersion probe

9. If you are required to design a Perspex shoe to generate Rayleigh

waves in aluminum, what would be the incident angle of the
ultrasound energy (to nearest degrees) ?

A. 25 deg.
B. 27 deg.
C. 61 deg.
D. 73 deg.

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 10. A 45 degrees, 4 MHz angle beam probe is used to test a butt weld
in a 40 mm thick flat plate. The CRT is calibrated to read 0-50
mm in Depth Range Calibration. An indication is observed on the
screen at 6.0 division. The calculated surface distance of the
reflector from the beam index is :

A. 60 mm
B. 30 mm
C. 26 mm
D. 59 mm

11. For the case discussed in question 13 above, the depth of the
defect from the scanning surface is :

A. 60 mm
B. 30 mm
C. 26 mm
D. 50 mm

12. Can a double crystal probe be used as a single crystal (normal

beam) probe in case of emergency?

A. Never, since the crystal will be damaged

B. No, since the flaw detector will not work in this case
C. Yes, provided required sensitivities at required metal paths can be
demonstrated on reference blocks.
D. Yes, only when the frequency is not very high

13. What will be the thickness of a barium titanate piezoelectric

element designed to operate at a fundamental frequency of 5 MHz

A. 4.4 mm
B. 0.44 mm
C. 0.88 mm
D. 2.2 mm

14.Possibility of generation of Lamb wave in plate essentially depends on

A. The frequency of ultrasonic vibration and the thickness of the

plate.
B. The speed of scanning and the couplant

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 C. The size of probe and the piezo electric material in it
D. None of the above

15. DAC curves take care of loss of ultrasonic intensity with distance
due to

A. Attenuation only
B. Beam divergence only
C. Both attenuation and beam spread
D. Attenuation, beam spread and also improper coupling

16. The focal length of a probe in water is 100 mm. If this probe is to
be used for normal beam scanning of a 10 mm thick steel plate
with the beam focussed in the mid-section of the plate, what
should be the water path?

A. 80 mm
B. 95 mm
C. 98.75 mm
D. 100 mm

17. As you increase the frequency of a given size transducer

A. The lateral resolution is impaired

B. The beam divergence increases
C. The length of the near field increases
D. The sensitivity increases

18. The pulse applied to the electrodes of the ultrasonic search unit is

A. electrical
B. mechanical
C. Electro-mechanical
D. piezoelectrical

19. To set metal path range using V-2 block, prior knowledge of the
probe angle is necessary. This statement is

A. true
B. false
C. true for only miniature angle probe
D. false for only high frequency probes

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 20. An ultrasonic flaw detector has a maximum range of 5 meters of
steel for longitudinal waves. Calculate the maximum range it can
handle for longitudinal waves in copper.
(V steel = 5940 m/s; V copper = 4700 m/s)

A. 2m
B. 3m
C. 4m
D. 5m

21. Angle beam inspection using longitudinal waves is a special case

recommended for

A. High thickness welds in Carbon steel

B. Austenitic stainless steel welds
C. Very small diameter tubes
D. None of the above

22. A longitudinal wave having frequency of 4MHz takes 2

microseconds to travel 25mm in a material. The longitudinal
waves of 25MHZ will take how much time to travel 50mm in the
same material?

A. 2 microseconds
B. 4 microseconds
C. 100 microseconds
D. data is insufficient for calculation.

23. A normal probe has near field of 40 mm in steel. Therefore its

near field in water will be approximately

A. 10 mm
B. 20 mm
C. 160 mm
D. more data is required for calculation

24. A 2 MHz, 10mm dia 45 angle beam probe is used for testing a steel
plate. A discontinuity indication is obtained at a beam path of 35
mm. The depth of the discontinuity from the scanning surface is

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 A. 25 mm
B. not possible to be determined from the given data
C. 35 mm
D. 10 mm

25. An UT instrument is calibrated in the range of 150mm to 250mm for

normal beam probing. Which echoes will visible on the CRT screen
when it is coupled to a block of 130mm thickness

A. Initial pulse and first back wall.

B. First back wall and second back wall.
C. First back wall only.
D. There will be no echo on the screen.

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 TABLE FOR SOUND VELOCITIES

1. Aluminium VL = 6320 m/s VS = 3130 m/s.

2. Al. 250 VL = 6350 m/s. VS = 3100
m/s.
3. Beryllium VL = 12800 m/s. VS = 8710 m/s
4. Brass VL = 4430 m/s. VS = 2120 m/s
5. Copper VL = 4700 m/s. VS = 2260 m/s
6. Lucite VL = 2670 m/s. VS = 1120 m/s
7. Perspex VL = 2730 m/s. VS = 1430 m/s
8. Steel VL = 5940 m/s. VS = 3250 m/s
9. Stainless Steel VL = 5660 m/s. VS = 3120 m/s
10. Water VL = 1480 m/s.
Acoustic Impedance Z

Steel 42.1 Kg/M2. Sec

Berylium 23.3 Kg/M2. Sec
Water 1.5 Kg/M2. Sec
Barium Titanate VL = 4400 m/s density = 5.9 gm/cs

1 c 6 a 11 b 16 a 21 b
2 c 7 c 12 c 17 c 22 b
3 a 8 a 13 -- 18 a 23 a
4 c 9 c 14 a 19 b 24 b
5 c 10 -- 15 c 20 c 25 d

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1. Ultrasonic wall thickness measurement are important when -------
occur

a) Non-uniform corrosion c) Uniform corrosion

c) Pitting corrosion d) Intergranular corrosion

2. Ultrasonic waves are quickly attenuated by

a) voids b) cracks c) lamination d) stringers

3. Lamb waves have

a) constant velocity b) varying velocity c)unpredictable velocity

d) low velocity

4. High frequency crystals are more ---------- than lower frequency

crystals

a) divergent b) directional c) more attenuating d) low

attenuating

5. Ringing is dampened to improve transducer

a) sensitivity b) attenuation c) resolution d) penetration

6. The difference between a compression and shear wave is

a) a quantitative measure b) a qualitative measure

c) its velocity d) particle direction

7. As you increase the frequency of a given size transducer

a) the lateral resolution is impaired b) the beam divergence increases

c) the length of the near field increases d) the sensitivity increases

8. The wave length of a 10MHz sound wave in water is

a) 0.005in b) 0.10in c) 0.296m d) 3.00mm

9. The second critical angle at a water Plexiglas interface will be

a) 22deg. b) 33deg. c) 67deg. d) none of the above

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10. A metallic wedge is used in the construction of angle beam probe.
The mode of sound within the wedge is

a) shear b) longitudinal c) at an angle d) none of

the above

11. The sensitivity of an ultrasonic test unit depends on

a) frequency b) search unit, pulser and amplifier

c) band width and frequency d) pulse length

12. A testing technique in which the crystal is at an angle to test

surface, and ultrasonic waves enter the material being tested in a
direction at an angle to the test surface is

a) shear beam inspection b) angle beam examination

c) same as the angle of incidence d) none of the above

13. Increasing the length of the pulse applied to the search unit will

a) increase penetration but decrease resolution

b) decrease penetration and increase resolution
c) increase both penetration and resolution
d) decrease both resolution and penetration

14. Continuous wave is utilized in

a) resonance testing
b) shear wave testing
c) Lamb wave testing
d) Rod wave testing

15. Receiver circuits amplify and condition the return signals for

a) improved sensitivity b) display

c) reliability of detection d) not to miss the defect

16. The depth of the flaw cannot be detected in the -----------------

a) through transmission b) pitch-catch

c) continuous wave mode d) tandem mode

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17. Wheel type immersion units require ------- to the test part

a) water coupling b) no coupling c) oil coupling

d) either a or c

18. To vary or change the wave length of sound being used to test a
part, you will change the

a) sound wave velocity b) diameter of the transducer

c) sound wave frequency d) pulse repetition rate

19. The incident angle needed in immersion testing to developments a

70 deg. shear wave in plexiglass equals

a) 77 deg. b) 72 deg. c) 74 deg. d) 70 deg.

20. The equation sinθ = 1.08/D, describes

a) one half-beam spread angle at 20% decrease in signal from the

centerline value
b) one half-beam spread angle at 50% decrease in signal from the
centerline value
c) one half-beam spread angle at 10% decrease in signal from the
centerline value
d) beam spread angle at 10% decrease in signal from the
centerline value

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Tutorial IV
Prepared / compiled by G.Jothinathan
http://www.lavender-ndt.co.uk/onlinelearning/index.asp?
m=8-5
20 Backing material on a transducer is used to

a) damp the pulse and absorb the sound from the back of the
transducer
b) decrease the thickness of oscillations
c) increase the radial mode of oscillations
d) increase the power of the transmitted pulse.

21. An echo from an isolated gas pore is relatively low compared to its
size because

a) the pore is full of gas

b) the pore is round in shape and the reflected sound is diverged or
scattered
c) the surface of the pore is normally very smooth d) all of the above
e)none of the above

22. A plate was tested in the immersion technique, the following CRT
indication was obtained. No delay was used in the instrument. The
indication ‘E’ is

In the above set up, the specimen thickness is 40 mm and water path
distance is 8mm. There is a flaw at a depth of 10 mm from top
surface. The equipment is calibrated to 200 mm using IIW V1 block.
Provide the CRT trace. Label the echos clearly. All other things same,
provide the CRT trace when the probe is taken away from the surface
to have water path distance of 12 mm.

Velocity and acoustic impedance values

Material Velocity m/s Acoustic impedance
Longitudi Shear
nal
Steel 5900 3230 46.5
Plexiglass 2730 1430 3.2

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Water 1483 1.5

1. The full angle beam spread for 2,25 MHz ½” dia. Transducer longitudinal wave probe
in brass is:

A. 11 degrees
B. 22 degrees
C. 14 degrees
D. 28 degrees

2. The incidence angle of 12 degrees in water would produce refracted angle

(longitudinal wave) of approximately -------- in steel:

A. 68 degrees
B. 56 degrees
C. 40 degrees
D. 48 degrees

3. The velocity of sound in a material depends upon:

A. The impedance, the reflection characteristics of the material, and its melting point.
B. The density, poison’s ratio, and elastic properties of the material.
C. The grain size, density and impedance mismatch.
D. The inclusion rating, ferrite content, and orbital energy of the outermost electrons
of the molecules of the materials.
E. The emmisivity, thermal conductivity, and young’s modulus of the material.

4. Increasing the frequency of the beam in ultrasonic testing results in:

A. Improving the depth of penetration.

B. Improving the sensitivity and decreasing the penetrating power.
C. Necessitating the use of special transducers.
D. The skin effect being observed.

5. In immersion testing of steel or aluminum by compressional wave, the water path

should be greater than ____________ the maximum thickness of the specimen:

A. Twice
B. One-fourth of
C. One-third of
D. The same as
E. One-half of

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6. The acoustic impedance of aluminum for compressional waves is:

A. 1706 X 103 gm/cm.sq-sec.

B. 8451 Kg/cm.sq-sec.
C. 3703 Kg/cm.sq-sec.
D. 127 Kg/cm.sq-sec.

7. For the example illustrated in fig.1, the value of ‘t’ is :

A. 1.5”.
B. 0.5”
C. 1.0”
D. 1.25”
E. 0.75”

8. The resonant frequency of 2 cm. Thick brass plate is:

A. 0.443 MHz.
B. 0.886 MHz.
C. 0.222 MHz.
D. 0.900 KHz. E. 111 KHz.

9. In certain material, longitudinal waves take 2 microseconds to travel 10mm. The

wavelength of 5 MHz longitudinal waves in the material will be:

A. 0.5 mm
B. 1.0 mm
C. 4 mm
D. Data is insufficient for calculation.

10. When CRT is calibrated for 100 mm. of steel, the first back wall from a 100 mm.
Thick plate of certain material appears at a location corresponding to 80 mm of steel.
The velocity of ultrasonic wave in the material is:

A. 1.25 times the velocity in steel.

B. 0.8 times the velocity in steel.
C. The same as the velocity in steel.
D. Cannot be calculated from the given data.

11. Figure 2 represents the CRT pattern during an immersion testing of 20 mm. Thick
steel plate. The water path is closest to:

A. 80 mm.
B. 40 mm.
C. 20 mm.

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 D. None of the above.
12. In fig. 2 echo ‘D’ is most probably:

A. A spurious indication.
B. From a defect lying close to entry surface
C. From a defect lying close to the back surface
D. A multiple of echo ‘B’.

13. Figure 3 shows the screen representation when 60 degree probe is coupled to V-2
block and aimed at 25 mm radius. What is the range set?

A. 0 to 100 mm.
B. 25 to 125 mm.
C. 50 to 7 5 mm.
D. 75 to 150 mm.

14. The ‘Far Field’ is considered to be effective from:

A. The end of the dead zone.

B. A distance of three diameters from the crystal.
C. A distance equal to about three times near field length.
D. A distance of ½ D from the near field discontinuity.

15. When conducting contact testing by the pulse-echo technique, if the pulse repetition
frequency is set excessively high:

A. The screen trace will become too faint to see in daylight.

B. The initial pulse will disappear.
C. Phantom echoes may occur during scanning.
D. The time base will disappear.

16. In a UFD there is no external knob for setting pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
When PRF will be minimum?

A. When coarse range is set to 10 mm.

B. When the coarse range is set to 1000 mm.
C. When the ‘Suppression’ is zero.
D. When the ‘Suppression’ is maximum.
E. PRF will be same in all the cases.

17. The metal path range is set to 250 mm using the 100 mm thickness of V-1 block. The
CRT pattern is shown in the fig.6 the echoes marked as D,E,F are due to:

A. Defective V-1 block.

B. Defective probe.
C. Mode conversion after second back wall reflection.

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 D. Reflections from the side wall.
18. To set the metal path range for angle beam inspection using the radii of V-1 or V-2
blocks:

A. Only the beam angle must be known.

B. Only the probe index must be known.
C. Both the probe angle and the probe index must be known.
D. Neither the beam angle nor probe index need be known.

19. A solid 100 mm diameter carbon steel forged bar, which will be subsequently bored
to an inner diameter of 20 mm, is to be ultrasonically examined. Which of the
following statement is true?

A. It is better to do UT before boring.

B. It is better to do UT after boring.
C. UT can be done with equal ease before or after boring.
D. UT cannot be done after boring.

20. The focal length of a probe in water is 100 mm. If this probe is to be used for normal
scanning of 10 mm thick steel plate with the beam focused in the mid-section of the
plate, what should be the water path:

A. 40 mm.
B. 60 mm.
C. 80 mm.
D. 100 mm.

21. A probe with beam angle of 60 deg. in steel was calibrated for metal path using steel.
The probe was then used to inspect a stainless steel plate. A defect indication was
obtained at a metal path (as read from the CRT) of 50 mm. What was the depth of the
flaw?

A. 20.7 mm.
B. 22.5 mm.
C. 26.6 mm.
D. 28.8 mm.

22. Angle beam inspection using longitudinal wave is a special case recommended for
testing of:

A. High thickness carbon steel plates.

B. Austenatic stainless steel.
C. Very small diameter tubes
D. None of the above.

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23. ‘Transfer correction’ takes care of variation in which characteristics of reference
block (calibration block) and the object being tested?

A. Attenuation and velocity.

B. Attenuation and thickness
C. Surface roughness and thickness.
D. Surface roughness and attenuation.

24. The velocity of which mode of sound vibration depends upon material thickness and
frequency of vibration:

A. Longitudinal wave.
B. Transverse wave.
C. Raleigh wave.
D. Lamb wave.

25. In immersion testing, a beam of sound travels from water into steel. In this process:

A. The velocity of sound beam will change.

B. The frequency of sound beam will change.
C. Neither frequency nor velocity will change.
D. Both velocity and frequency will change.

26. Which of the following is connected to the vertical deflection plates of CRT in an A-
scan display mode?

A. Vertical linearity circuit.

B. Sweep circuit
C. Out-put of the receiver amplifier.
D. None of the above.

27. For accurate evaluation of flaw size, the flaw detector system should have:

A. Good sweep (or horizontal) linearity.

B. Good penetrating power.
C. Good damping control.
D. Good amplifier (or vertical) linearity.

28. In immersion testing of aluminum using water as couplant, the first critical angle of
incidence for the longitudinal more is approximately:

A. 8 degrees.
B. 14 degrees.
C. 28 degrees.
D. 32 degrees.

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 20 a 1 -- 6 -- 11 16 21 --
21 b 2 a 7 -- 12 17 22 b
22 -- 3 b 8 -- 13 18 b 23 d
-- -- 4 b 9 -- 14 a 19 a 24 d
5 b 10 -- 15 c 20 c 25 a
26 c 27 d 28 b

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 Tutorial V
Prepared / compiled by G.Jothinathan

1. Block E in Figure One below, is being used to?

a. Check beam angle

b. Calibrate the time base
c. Measure material thickness
d. Measure the probe dead zone

2. Block B in Figure One below, is being used to?

a. Measue beam angle

b. Position the beam exit point
c. Set sensitivity
d. Calibrate the time base for an angle probe

3. Block F in Figure One below, is being used to?

a. Check probe resolution

b. Calibrate the time base
c. Measure the probe dead zone
d. Construct a distance amplitude correction curve

4. Block D in Figure One below, is being used to?

a. Position the beam exit point

b. Calibrate the time base for an angle probe
c. Check probe resolution for an angle probe
d. Set sensitivity

5. Block G in Figure One below, is being used to?

a. Measure the probe dead zone

b. Measure beam angle for a zero degree probe
c. Set sensitivity
d. Calibrate the time base

6. Block A in Figure One below, is being used to?

a. Set sensitivity
b. Position the beam exit point
c. Measure beam angle
d. Check probe resolution

7. Block C in Figure One below, is being used to?

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 a. Measure the probe dead zone
b. Set sensitivity
c. Calibrate the time base
d. Check probe near surface resolution

8.. Reference reflectors giving an omnidirectional response are used most often in?

a. Immersion testing
b. Contact testing
c. Normal beam testing
d. Angle beam testing

9. If a flaw echo amplitude is equal of the calibration reflector it is assumed that the flaw is

a. Smaller than the calibration reflector

b. Larger than the calibration reflector
c. At least as large as the calibration reflector
d. The same shape as the calibration refelctor

10, change in amplitude of 14dBs is equivalent to a ratio of?

a. 2:1
b. 3.5:1
c. 5:1
d. 8:1

11. What is the diameter of the flat bottomed hole in Number 8 ASTM area amplitude
block?

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 a. 8.0mm
b. 4.8mm
c. 3.2mm
d. 0.8mm

12. When an ultrasonic wave encounters a point reflector the reflected wave is re-radiated as a?

a. Spherical wave front

b. Plane wave front
c. Either of them
d. Neither of them

13. Which of the following parameters is controlled by the operator using ultrasonic
equipment?

a. Material velocity
b. Material attenuation
c. Pulse length
d. Surface geometry

14. Which of the following arrangements would be most suitabel for the detection of a
vertical planar defect at mid depth in a double vee plate butt weld?

a. Twin crystal probe system

b. Immersion probe system
c..Tandem probe system
d. Angle probe system

15. . Laminations in plate are detected and sized using?

a. A straight beam technique

b. An angle beam technique
c. An A scan technique
d. A pulse echo technique

16. Using lower frequency probes to decrease attenuation losses will usually result in?

a. Increased sensitivity and decreased resolution

b. Decreased sensitivity and increased resolution
c. Increased sensitivity and increased resolution
d. Decreased sensitivity and decreased resolution

17. When using ultrasound to determine microstructural differences which of the

following factors is likely to be measured?

a. Grain boundary echo amplitude

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 b. Attenuation
c. Velocity
d. Attenuation and velocity

1 b 6 b 11 -- 16 d
2 a 7 c 12 a 17 d
3 a 8 d 13 c 18
4 d 9 c 14 c 19
5 d 10 -- 15 a 20

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