Connections 1

STEEL TIMBER DESIGN Chapter 5
Connections;
Introduction;
- the framework of a steel structure consists of an assemblage of structural members joined together.
The joining of two or more components involves the design and construction of a joint that is safe,
economical and practical, i.e., capable of being built. Connections in structural steel are usually
made with fasteners such as rivets, bolts and welds.
Connections based on rigidity are classified as follows;
- Type 1;
 designated as “rigid frame”, which assumes that beam-to-column connections are
sufficiently rigid to maintain unchanged the original angles between connected parts.
- Type 2;
 designated as “simple frame”, which assumes that for gravity loading, the ends of beams and
girders are joined for shear only and are free to rotate.
- Type 3;
 designated as “semi-rigid frame”, which assumes that the connections of beams and girders
are capable of moment capacity, whose degree of rigidity is between the rigidity of Type 1
and the flexibility of Type 2.
Welded Connections;
Basic Process;
- welding is the process of joining metal pieces by heating them to a suitable temperature to produce
a plastic or fluid state such that the materials coalesce into one material. There may or may not be
pressure, and there may or may not be filler material applied. Arc welding is the general term for
the many processes that use electrical energy in the form of an electric arc to generate the heat
necessary for welding.
Types of Welding;
- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) - Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

- Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) - Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
- Electrogas Welding (EGW) - Electroslag Welding (ESW)
- Stud Welding
Weldability of Structural Steel;

- the weldability of steel is the measure of the ease of producing a crack-free and sound structural
joint. Some of the readily available structural steels are more suited to welding than others. Welding
procedures should be based on steel’s chemistry instead of the published maximum alloy content,
since most millruns are usually below the maximum alloy limits set by its specification.
86
Types of Joints;
- the type of joint depends on factors such as size and shape of the members coming into the joint,
the type of loading, the amount of joint area available and the relative costs for various types of
welds.
- Lap Joint;
- the lap joint is the most common type of welding process due to its principal advantages,
namely;
- Difference in Thickness;
 an advantage of lap joints is the ease in which plates of different thickness can be joined,
such as in double lap joints.
- Ease of Fitting;
 pieces being joined do not require the preciseness in fabricating, as do the other types of
joints. The pieces can be slightly shifted to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or to
make adjustments in length.
- Ease of Joining;
 the edges of the pieces being joined does not need special preparation and are usually sheared
or flame cut. Lap joints utilize fillet weld and are therefore equally well suited to shop or field
welding.
- Butt Joint;
- the butt joint is used mainly to join the ends of flat plates of the same or nearly the same
thickness. The principal advantage of this type is to eliminate the eccentricity developed in single
lap joints. When used properly, butt joints minimize the size of a connection and are usually
more aesthetically pleasing than built-up joints. Their principal disadvantage lies in the fact that
the edges to be connected must usually be specially prepared (beveled or ground flat) and very
carefully aligned prior to welding. Little adjustment is possible and the pieces must be carefully
detailed and fabricated. As a result, most butt joints are made in the shop where the welding
process can be more accurately controlled.
- Tee Joints;
- this type of joint is used to fabricate built-up sections such as tees, I-shapes, plate girders,
bearing stiffeners, hangers, brackets and in general, pieces framing at right angles.
- Corner Joints;
- corner joints are used principally to form built-up rectangular box sections such as those used
for columns and for beams required to resist high torsional forces.
- Edge Joints;
- edge joints are generally not considered as structural but are most frequently used to keep two or
more plates in a given plane or to maintain initial alignment.
Butt Joint Lap Joint Tee Joint Corner Joint Edge Joint 87
Types of Welds;
- Groove Welds;
- the principal used of groove welds is to connect structural members that are aligned in the same
plane. Since groove welds are usually intended to transmit the full load of the members they
joined, the weld should have the same strength as the pieces joined. Such a groove weld is
known as a complete joint penetration groove weld. When joints are designed so that the groove
welds does not extend completely through the thickness of the pieces being joined, such welds
are referred to as partial joint penetration weld.
- Fillet Weld;
- fillet weld owing to their overall economy, ease of fabricating and adaptability are most widely
used. They generally require less precision in “fitting up” because of the overlapping of pieces,
whereas the groove weld requires careful alignment with specified gap (root opening) between
pieces. The fillet weld is particularly advantageous to welding in the field or in realigning
members or connections that were fabricated within accepted tolerances but which may not fit as
accurately as desired. In addition, the edges of pieces being joined seldom need special
preparation such as beveling or squaring since the edge conditions resulting from flame cutting
or from shear cutting procedures are generally adequate.
- Slot and Plug Weld;

- slot and plug welds may be used exclusively in a connection or they may be used in
combination with fillet welds. A principal use for plug or slot welds is to transmit shear in a lap
joint when the size of the connection limits the length available for fillet or other edge welds.
Slot and plug welds are also useful in preventing overlapping parts from buckling.
Slot Weld
Groove Weld Fillet Weld Plug Weld
88
Welding Rods;
- to be able to specify the proper type of welding rod or electrode for a particular project, the design
engineer should be familiar with the electrode numbering system established by the American
Welding Society (AWS) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as follows;
Eaaabc
where: E - electrode
aaa - two- or three-digit number specifying the ultimate
tensile strength of the weld material
b - digit indicating suitability of welding position
which may be flat, horizontal, vertical or overhead
1 - suitable for all positions

2 - suitable for horizontal fillets and flat
positioning of work
c - digit indicating current supply
For the design engineer, the information that must be indicated in the design is whether the
electrode is E60, E70 or whatever.
Factors Affecting the Quality of Welded Connections;

- obtaining a satisfactory welded connection requires the combination of many individual skills,
beginning with the actual design of the weld and ending with the welding operation. The structural
engineer needs to be aware of the factors that affect the quality of a weld and design the connections
accordingly.
- proper electrodes, welding apparatus and procedures

- proper edge preparation
- control of distortion
Possible Defects in Welding;

- unless good welding techniques and procedures are used, a number of possible defects may result
relating to discontinuities within the weld. Some of the more common defects are;
- incomplete fusion
- inadequate joint penetration
- porosity
- undercutting
- inclusion of slag
- cracks
Inspection and Control;

- the enormous success and growth in recent years in the area of structural welding of buildings and
bridges could not have occurred without some means of inspection and control. The welding
89
industry has led into development of guidelines, which if followed properly, virtually insure a sound
weld. The inspection and control procedures begin before the first arc is struck, continue throughout
the welding procedure and, if necessary, a pretest of the joint should be made to assure its
satisfactory performance. Since such close supervision is not possible on every weld made, the
following items will serve as a guideline to achieve good structural welds.
- establish good welding procedures

- use only prequalified welders
- use qualified inspectors and have them present
- use special inspection techniques when necessary
Economics of Welded Built-Up Members and Connections;
- welded connections offer the designer more freedom to be innovative in his design concepts. The
designer is not bound to use standard sections but may use built-up sections deemed to be most
advantageous
- welded connections eliminate generally the use of holes in members except possibly for erection
purposes. Since it is usually the holes located at the ends that governs the design of a bolted tension
members, a welded connection will generally results in a member with a smaller cross-section
- welded connections can sometimes reduce field construction costs by the fact that members may be
shifted slightly to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or erection. Also, members may be
shortened by cutting and rejoined by suitable welding, as well as lengthened by splicing a piece of
the same cross-section
- welded connections are usually neater in appearance, providing a less cluttered effect in contrast to
bolted connections
Effective Area and Limitation of Welds;
- Groove Welds;
- Effective Area; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.2.1)
 the effective area a groove weld shall be considered as the effective length of the weld times
the effective throat thickness
 the effective length of a groove weld shall be the width of the parts joined
 the effective throat thickness of a complete penetration groove weld shall be the thickness of
the thinner part joined
 the effective throat thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as shown in Table
510-1
 the effective thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as shown in Table 510-1
90
Effective Throat Thickness of

Partial Penetration Groove Welds (NSCP, Tab. 510-1)
Welding Included Angle at Effective Throat
Welding Process
Position Root of Groove Thickness
Shielded Metal Arc
J or U joint
Submerged Arc
depth of chamfer
Bevel or
Gas Metal Arc all
V joint  600
Bevel or depth of chamfer
Flux Cored Arc
45  V joint < 60
0 0
minus 3.0 mm
Effective Throat Thickness of

Flare Groove Welds (NSCP, Tab. 510-2)
Radius (R) of Bar or Effective Throat
Type of Weld
Bend Thickness
5
Flare bevel groove all R
16
1 a
Flare V-groove all R
2
a
use (3/8)R for Gas Metal Arc Welding (except short circuiting transfer
process) when R  12 mm
 the effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld when flush to the surface of the bar or
90 O bend in a formed section shall be as shown in Table 510-2. Random sections of
production welds for each welding procedure or such test sections as may be required by
design documents shall be used to verify that the effective throat is consistently obtained
 larger effective throat thickness than those in Table 510-2 are permitted, provided the
fabricator could establish by qualification that he could consistently provide such larger
effective throat thickness. Qualification shall consist of sectioning the weld normal to its axis,
at mid-length and terminal ends. Such sectioning shall be made on a number of combinations
of material sizes representative of the range to be used in the fabrication or as required by the
designer
- Limitations; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.2.2)

 the minimum effective thickness of a partial penetration groove weld shall be as shown in
Table 510-3. Minimum effective throat thickness is determined by the thicker of the two parts
joined, except that the weld size need not exceed the thickness of the thinnest part joined. For
this exception, particular care shall be taken to provide sufficient preheat for soundness of the
weld
91
Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of
Partial Penetration Groove Welds (NSCP, Tab. 510-3)
Material Thickness of Thicker Part
Minimum Effective Throat Thickness
Joined
(mm)
(mm)
to 6 inclusive 3
over 6 to 12 5
over 12 to 20 6
over 20 to 38 8
over 38 to 57 10
over 57 to 150 12
over 150 16
- Fillet Welds;
 the effective area a fillet weld shall be taken as the effective length times the effective throat
thickness
 the effective length of fillet welds, except fillet welds in holes and slots, shall be the overall
length of the full-size fillets, including returns
 the effective throat thickness of a fillet weld shall be the shortest distance from the root of the
joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld, except for fillet welds made by the submerged arc
process, the effective throat thickness shall be taken equal to the leg size for 10 mm and
smaller fillet welds and equal to the theoretical throat plus 3.0 mm for fillets welds larger than
10 mm
 for fillet welds in holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of the centerline of
the weld along the center of the plane through the throat. In the case of overlapping fillets, the
effective area shall not exceed the nominal cross-sectional area of the hole slot in the plane of
the faying surface
 the minimum size of fillet welds shall be as shown in Table 510-4. Minimum weld size is
dependent upon the thicker of the two parts joined, except that the weld size need not exceed
the thickness of the thinner part. For this exception, particular care shall be taken to provide
sufficient preheat for soundness of the weld. Weld sizes larger than the thinner part joined are
permitted if required by calculated strength. In the as-welded condition, the distance between
the edge of the base metal and the toe of the weld may be less than 1.6 mm provided the weld
size is clearly verifiable.
92
Minimum Size of Fillet Welds (NSCP, Tab.510-4)
Material Thickness of Thicker Part Minimum Size of
Joined Fillet Weld
(mm) (mm)
to 6 inclusive 3
over 6 to 12 5
over 12 to 20 6
over 20 8
 the maximum size of fillet welds that is permitted along the edges of connected parts shall
be;
 material less than 6 mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the material
 material 6 mm or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material minus
1.6 mm, unless the weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain
full-throat thickness
 the minimum effective length of fillet welds designated on the basis of strength shall not
be less than 4 times the nominal size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered not to
exceed ¼ of its effective length. If longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in end
connections of flat bar tension members, the length of each fillet weld shall not be less than
the perpendicular distance between them. The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet
welds used in end connections of tension members shall not exceed 200 mm, unless the
member is designed on the basis of the effective net area.
 intermittent fillet welds are permitted to transfer calculated stress across a joint or faying
surface when the strength required is less than that developed by a continuous fillet weld of
the smallest permitted size and to join components of built-up members. The effective
length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than 4 times the weld
size, with a minimum of 38 mm.
 in lap joints, the minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but
not less than 25 mm. Lap joints joining plates or bars subjected to axial stress shall be fillet
welded along the end of both lapped joints, except where the deflection of the lapped part
is sufficiently restrained to prevent opening of the joint under maximum loading.
 fillet welds in holes or slots are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent the
buckling or separation of lapped parts and to join components of built-up members. Such
fillet welds may overlap. Fillet welds in slot or plug are not to be considered as plug and
slot welds.
 slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members
shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not
less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld. This provision shall apply to side and top
fillet welds connecting brackets, beam seats and similar connections, on the plane about
93
which bending moments are computed. For framing angles and simple end-plate
connections, which depend upon flexibility of the outstanding legs for connection
flexibility, end returns shall not exceed 4 times the nominal size of the weld. Fillet welds
that occur on opposite side of a common to both welds, end returns shall be indicated on
the design and detail drawings.
- Plug and Slot Welds;

 the effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the nominal cross-
sectional area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying surface.
 plug or slot welds are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent buckling of
lapped parts and to join component parts of built-up members
 the diameter for the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the part
containing it plus 8 mm, rounded to the next larger odd 1.6 mm, nor greater than the
minimum diameter plus 3 mm or 2¼ times the thickness of the weld
 the minimum center-to-center spacing of plug welds shall be 4 times the diameter of the hole
 the minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be 4
times the width of the slot. The minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction
on any line shall be 2 times the length of the slot.
 the length of the slot for a slot weld shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld. The
width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8 mm, nor
shall it be larger than 2¼ times the thickness of the weld. The ends of the slot shall be
semicircular or shall have the corners rounded to a radius not less than the thickness of the
part containing it, except those ends, which extend to the edge of the part.
 the thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16 mm or less in thickness shall be equal to the
thickness of the material. In material over 16 mm thick, the thickness of the material but not
less than 16 mm.
94
Allowable Stresses; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.5)
- except as modified by the provision of Sec. 511.5, welds shall be proportioned to meet the stress
requirements given by Table 510-5
Allowable Stresses on Welds (NSCP, Tab.510-5)

Type of Weld and
Allowable Stress Required Weld Strength Level
Stress
Complete-Penetration Groove Welds
Tension normal to “matching” weld metal shall be
same as base metal
effective area used
Compression normal
same as base metal
to effective area
Tension or weld metal with a strength level
compression parallel same as base metal equal to or less than “matching”
to axis of weld weld metal is permitted
Shear on effective 0.30 of nominal strength of weld
area metal
Partial-Penetration Groove Welds
weld metal with a strength level
Compression normal
same as base metal equal to or less than “matching”
to effective area
weld metal is permitted
Tension or weld metal with a strength level
compression parallel same as base metal equal to or less than “matching”
to axis of weld weld metal is permitted
area metal
0.30 of nominal strength of weld weld metal with a strength level
metal, except tensile stress on equal to or less than “matching”
Tension normal to
base metal shall not exceed 60% weld metal is permitted
effective area
of the yield stress of the base
metal
Fillet Welds
area metal weld metal with a strength level
Tension or equal to or less than “matching”
compression parallel same as base metal weld metal is permitted
to axis of weld
Plug and Slot Welds
Shear parallel to weld metal with a strength level
0.30 of nominal strength of weld
faying surfaces (on equal to or less than “matching”
metal
effective area) weld metal is permitted
95
Nominal Strength of Welds;
- since welds must transmit the entire load from one member to another, welds must be sized
accordingly and be formed from the correct electrode material. For design purposes fillet welds are
assumed to transmit loads through shear stress on the effective area no matter how fillets are
oriented on the structural connection.
- Groove Welds;
- complete penetration groove welds are considered to have the same strength on the effective
area as the pieces being joined. Welds subject to tension normal to the effective area must be
made with “matching” weld metal, where the properties of the weld metal are comparable to
those of the base metal. In compression, where stability of the compression is usually the major
factor, the weld metal strength is permitted to be one classification (68.95 MPa) lower than the
“matching” base metal requirement. Thus, the nominal strength of weld per length is based on
the yielding of the base metal, which gives;
Pcap = t e Fy - for tension or compression
Pcap = t e (0.40 Fy ) - for shear
where: Pcap - nominal strength of weld

te - effective throat thickness
Fy - yield stress of the base metal
- Fillet Welds;
- the strength of a fillet weld per length is based on the assumption that failure of such a weld is
by shear on the effective area whether the shear transfer is parallel to or perpendicular to the axis
of the line of the fillet weld. In fact, the strength is greater for shear transfer perpendicular to the
weld axis; however, for simplicity the situations are treated the same. Thus, the fillet weld may
be controlled by the weld electrode strength or by the base material shear strength and may be
expressed by;
Pcap = A g (0.60 Fy ) - for base metal
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu ) - for weld metal
te
a te a
a b
ab
te = 0.707a te =
a2  b2
96
Balanced Connection;
- in the design of welds connecting tension or compression
members, the welds should be as strong as the members
they connect and the connection should not introduce F1
significant eccentricity of loading. However in a number F2 T
of cases, members subjected to direct axial forces are
themselves unsymmetrical and cause eccentricities in F3
welded connections. This condition relates to largely
in-plane forces such as those within a truss. Designing
the connection shown below to eliminate eccentricity
caused by the unsymmetrical weld is called balancing the
weld.
97
EX. Determine the allowable tensile capacity of the connection shown using 10-mm weld, E60
electrodes, A36 steel plates. 20 x 300 PL
P
300 mm
Properties of L200 x 200 x 12;
L200 x 200 x 12
2 300 mm
A = 4690.77 mm
d = 200.0 mm
A plate = 20(300) = 6000.0 mm2
since, A angle < A plate ,  use, A = 4690.77 mm2
Pcap = A g (0.60 Fy )
(4690.77)(0.60)(248)
= = 697.99 kN
1000
for E60 electrodes, Fu = 415.0 MPa
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
(0.707)(10)[(2)(300)  200](0.3)(415)
= = 704.17 kN
1000
Pcap = A s (0.40 Fy )
(12)[(2)(300)  200](0.4)(248)
= = 952.32 kN
1000
 use, Pcap = 697.99 kN
98
EX. Design the fillet welds for the lap joint shown. Use E70 electrodes and A36 steel.
15 mm
P 12 mm
150 mm
200 mm
P
A1 = 15(150) = 2250 mm2
A2 = 12(200) = 2400 mm2
 use, A = 2250 mm2
Pcap = A g (0.60 Fy )
(2250)(0.60)(248)
= = 334.8 kN
1000
D = 15 – 1 = 14.0 mm
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
(0.707)(14)(Lw)(0.3)(485)
334.8 = ; Lw = 232.47 mm
1000
232.47  150
L1 = = 41.24 mm
2
since, L1 < Wp ,
D=14 mm
 use, L1 = 150 mm 2D=28 mm

150 mm
 use 150-mm weld on each side
of the joint with 28-mm end returns
99
EX. Design the welds for connecting a L150 x 90 x 10 to a 12-mm gusset plate as shown. Use E60
electrodes, A36 steel and design the weld for;
a) static loading
b) dynamic loading P
L150 x 90 x 10
Properties of L150 x 90 x 10;
A = 1871.45 mm2 d = 150.0 mm

y = 49.03 mm
for static loading,
Pcap = A g (0.60 Fy )
(1871.45)(0.60)(248)
= = 278.47 mm
1000
D = 10 – 1 = 9.0 mm
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
(0.707)(9)(Lw)(0.3)(415)
278.47 = ; Lw = 351.52 mm
1000
351.52  150
L1 = = 100.76 mm
2
since, L1 < Wp ,  use, L1 = 150 mm
for dynamic loading,
from static loading,
Lw = 2(150) + 150 = 450.0 mm
450 = L1 + L2 + 150
L1 + L2 = 300 - eqn. 1
100
(0.707)(9.0)(0.30)(415)
P'weld = = 0.792 kN/mm
1000
M NA = 0;
L 2 (0.792)(150 – 49.03) + 150(0.792)(75 – 49.03) - L1 (0.792)(49.03) = 0
38.83 L1 - 79.97 L2 = 3085.24 - eqn. 2
solving eqns. 1 and 2 simultaneously,
L1 = 227.91 mm, L2 = 72.09 mm

L2
F2
278.47 kN
150 mm
150 mm
F3
L1 150 mm F1
101
EX. A built-up plate girder is made up of 25-mm x 300-mm flanges and a 20-mm x 750-mm web. It is
subjected to a maximum shear of 600 kN. Using E60 electrodes, determine the fillet weld size for a;
a) continuous weld
b) an intermittent weld spaced at 300 mm o.c.
V = 600 kN 300 mm
Q = Ay 25 mm
750 mm
= (300)(25)(375 + 12.5) 20 mm
= 2.91 x 106 mm3
 bh 3 
I =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(20)(750)3  (300)(25)2 
= + 2  (25)(300)(387.5)2 
12  12 
= 2.96 x 109 mm4

VQ
q =
I
(600)(2.91 x 106)
= = 0.590 kN/mm
2.96 x 109
assuming 1.0-mm thick weld,
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
(0.707)(1.0)(0.3)(415)
= = 0.089 kN/mm
1000
q
Dreqd =
Pcap
(0.590)
= = 3.31 mm
(2)(0.089)
since, t max = 25.0 mm,
102
from NSCP, Tab.510-4, use, D = 8.0 mm
assume 8.0-mm weld size for the intermittent weld size,
(0.707)(8.0)(0.3)(415)
Pcap = = 0.704 kN/mm
1000
q 300 = (0.590)(300) = 177.0 kN/300 mm
177
Lw = = 125.71 mm
(2)(0.704)
 use 8.0-mm weld, 130 mm long @ 300 mm o.c.
103
EX. An LC220 x 75 x 25 x 6.0 channel is to be connected to another member by a 10-mm E70 fillet
welds. Clearance limitations permit the two members to overlap by 150 mm only. Calculate the
distance, L, required so that the maximum tension in the channel is 600 kN. L
Given: t w = 12.0 mm
80 mm
for E70 electrodes, Fu = 485.0 MPa 600 kN
60 mm
80 mm
assume a 10.0-mm thick weld,
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu ) 150 mm
(0.707)(10)(0.3)(485)
= = 1.03 kN/mm
1000
P
Lw =
Pact
600
= = 583.10 mm
1.03
583.10 = 2(150) + 2(80) + 60 + 2L; L = 31.55 mm
104
EX. Two steel plates shown below are joined by a full penetration groove weld. Determine the strength
of the connection in shear using E60 electrodes and A36 plates.
12 mm
200 mm
for the plates, P
Pcap = A v Fv
(200)(12)(0.40)(248)
= = 238.08 kN
1000
for the groove weld,
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
(200)(12)(0.30)(415)
= = 298.80 kN
1000
 Pcap = 238.08 kN
105
Eccentric Shear Connections;
- there are many situations where the loading of fillet welds is neither parallel to nor transverse to the
axis of the fillet welds. Analysis of such eccentric loading cases is complicated by the fact that the
load-deformation behaviour is a function of an angle between the direction of the resistance and the
axis if the fillet weld.
shear and pure shear and

torsion torsion bending
ex
Py
Py
Px
Px
ey
d
effective
cross-section
connection Lw
P
f' = - stress due to direct shear
A
Tr
f" = - stress due to torsional moment
Ip
where: r - radial distance from the centroid to point of stress

Ip - polar moment of inertia
For the general case shown, the components of stress caused by direct shear and from torsion
are;
Px Py
f'x = f'y =
A A
106
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the bracket shown, using E70 electrodes.
250 mm
for E70 electrodes, Fu = 485.0 MPa 100 kN
d
y
200 mm
X
assuming 1.0-mm thick weld, cg x
15 mm plate Y
A = 2(1.0)(150)
150 mm
= 300.0 mm2
 bh 3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(2)(150)(1.0)3
= + 2(150)(100) 2 = 3.0 x 106 mm4
12
 bh 3 
Iy =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(2)(1.0)(150)3
= = 5.63 x 105 mm4
12
J = Ix + Iy
= 3.0 x 106 + 5.63 x 105 = 3.56 x 106 mm4
T = Pe
= 100(250 + 75) = 32500 kN-mm
from torsion,
Ty
fx =
J
(32500 x 103)(100)
= = 912.28 N / mm 2
3.56 x 106
Tx
fy =
J
(32500 x 103)(75)
= 6
= 684.21 N / mm 2
3.56 x 10
107
from shear,
P
fy =
A
100 x 103
= = 333.33 N / mm 2
300
fres = (fx )2  (fy )2
= (912.88)2  (684.21  333.33)2 = 1367.02 N / mm 2
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
= 0.707(1.0)(0.30)(485) = 102.87 N/mm
fres
Dreqd =
Pcap
1367.02
= = 13.29 mm
102.87
try, D = 14.0 mm,
for the plate,
Pp = A v Fv
(15)(0.40)(248)
= = 1.488 kN/mm
1000
for the weld,
Pw = A w (0.30 Fu )
(0.707)(14)(0.30)(485)
= = 1.232 kN/mm
1000
since, Pw < Pp ,  ok
 use 14.0 mm weld
108
EX. Determine the fillet weld size for the bracket shown, using E70 electrodes.
300 mm 100 kN
2
1 d y
250 mm
x
cg X
12 mm plate Y
100 mm
assume, 1.0-mm thick weld,
A = 2(100) + 250 = 450.0 mm2
(2)(100)(50)
x = = 22.22 mm
450
 bh 3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(1.0)(250)3  (100)(1.0)3 
= + 2   (1.0)(100)(125)2 

12  12 
= 4.43 x 102 mm4
 bh 3 
Iy =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(250)(1.0)3 (2)(1.0)(100)3
= + (1.0)(250)(22.22) 2 + +
12 12
2(1.0)(100)(27.78) 2 = 0.44 x 106 mm4
J = Ix + Iy
= 4.43 x 106 + 0.44 x 106 = 4.87 x 106 mm4
1
Px = (100) = 44.72 kN
5
109
2
Py = (100) = 89.44 kN
5
T =  Pe
= 89.44(300 + 77.78) – 44.72(125) = 28198.64 kN-mm
from torsion,
Ty
fx =
J
(28198 .64 x 103)(125)

= 6
= 723.62 N / mm 2
4.87 x 10
Tx
fy =
J
(28198 .64 x 103)(77.78)

= = 450.27 N / mm 2
4.87 x 106
from shear,
Ph
fx =
A
44.72 x 103
= = 99.38 N / mm 2
450
Pv
fy =
A
89.44 x 103
= = 198.76 N / mm 2
450
fres = (fx )2  (fy )2
= (723.62  98.38)2  (450.27  198.76)2 = 1047.34 N / mm 2
Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu )
110
= 0.707(1.0)(0.30)(485) = 102.87 N/mm
fres
Dreqd =
Pcap
1047.34
= = 10.18 mm
102.87
 use, D = 10.5 mm
111

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Connections 1

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STEEL TIMBER DESIGN Chapter 5

Connections based on rigidity are classified as follows;

- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) - Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

Weldability of Structural Steel;

- Slot and Plug Weld;

1 - suitable for all positions

c - digit indicating current supply

Factors Affecting the Quality of Welded Connections;

- proper electrodes, welding apparatus and procedures

Possible Defects in Welding;

Inspection and Control;

- establish good welding procedures

Economics of Welded Built-Up Members and Connections;

Effective Area and Limitation of Welds;

- Effective Area; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.2.1)

Effective Throat Thickness of

Effective Throat Thickness of

- Limitations; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.2.2)

- Effective Area; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.3.1)

- Limitations; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.3.1)

- Plug and Slot Welds;

- Effective Area; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.4.1)

- Limitations; (NSCP, Sec.510.3.4.2)

Allowable Stresses on Welds (NSCP, Tab.510-5)

Pcap = t e Fy - for tension or compression

Pcap = t e (0.40 Fy ) - for shear

where: Pcap - nominal strength of weld

Pcap = A g (0.60 Fy ) - for base metal

Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu ) - for weld metal

A plate = 20(300) = 6000.0 mm2

since, A angle < A plate ,  use, A = 4690.77 mm2

for E60 electrodes, Fu = 415.0 MPa

 use, Pcap = 697.99 kN

A1 = 15(150) = 2250 mm2

A2 = 12(200) = 2400 mm2

 use, A = 2250 mm2

for E70 electrodes, Fu = 485.0 MPa

 use, L1 = 150 mm 2D=28 mm

Properties of L150 x 90 x 10;

A = 1871.45 mm2 d = 150.0 mm

for static loading,

for E60 electrodes, Fu = 415.0 MPa

since, L1 < Wp ,  use, L1 = 150 mm

for dynamic loading,

from static loading,

Lw = 2(150) + 150 = 450.0 mm

L 2 (0.792)(150 – 49.03) + 150(0.792)(75 – 49.03) - L1 (0.792)(49.03) = 0

38.83 L1 - 79.97 L2 = 3085.24 - eqn. 2

solving eqns. 1 and 2 simultaneously,

L1 = 227.91 mm, L2 = 72.09 mm

= 2.91 x 106 mm3

= 2.96 x 109 mm4

for E60 electrodes, Fu = 415.0 MPa

assuming 1.0-mm thick weld,

since, t max = 25.0 mm,

assume 8.0-mm weld size for the intermittent weld size,

q 300 = (0.590)(300) = 177.0 kN/300 mm

 use 8.0-mm weld, 130 mm long @ 300 mm o.c.

Pcap = A w (0.30 Fu ) 150 mm

583.10 = 2(150) + 2(80) + 60 + 2L; L = 31.55 mm

for the groove weld,

for E60 electrodes, Fu = 415.0 MPa

shear and pure shear and