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Formulae 145 511 3 20190913150722 PDF
Formulae 145 511 3 20190913150722 PDF
Formulae 145 511 3 20190913150722 PDF
FORMULAE
Properties :
1. A ∪ B = B ∪ A
2. (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
3. A ∪ ∅ = A
4. A ∪ A = A
5. A ∪ A′ = U
6. If A ⊂ B then A ∪ B = B
7. U ∪ A = U
8. A ⊂ (A ∪ B), B ⊂ (A ∪ B)
9. A ∩ B = B ∩ A
10. (A ∩ B) ⊂ A, (A ∩ B) ⊂ B
11. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
12. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
13. (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
14. ∅ ∩ A = ∅
15. A ∩ A = A
16. A ∩ A′ = ∅
17. If A ⊂ B then A ∩ B = A
18. U ∩ A = A
19. (A’)’ = A
20. ∅′ = U where U is the universal set
21. U’ = ∅
Difference of sets :
1. A – B is a subset of A and B – A is a subset of B.
2. The sets A – B, A ∩ B, B − A are mutually disjoint sets. The intersection of any of these two sets is the
null set.
3. A – B = A ∩ B ′
4. B – A = A’ ∩ B
5. A ∪ B = (A − B) ∪ (A ∩ B) ∪ (B − A)
If n(A) = m then n[P(A)] = 2m – 1 where n[P(A)] is the number of proper subsets of set A.
De Morgan’s Laws :
1. (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
2. (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
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4. n(A’ ∩ B) + n(A ∩ B) = n(B)
5. n(A ∩ B′) + n(A ∩ B) + n(A’ ∩ B) = n(A ∪ B)
For any sets A, B, and C
6. n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A ∩ B) − n(B ∩ C) − n(C ∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
Types of functions :
1. One-one function :
A function A → B is said to be one-one if distinct elements in A have distinct images in B. i.e. x1, x2 ∈ A
such that x1 ≠ x2 then f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
2. Onto Function :
A function A → B is said to be onto if every element of B is the image of some element of A under the
function f. If f is onto then for every y ∈ B their exists at least one element x ∈ A such that y = f(x). If
f is onto then range of f = codomain of f
3. Into function :
The function A → B is such that there exists at least one element in B which has no preimage in A,
then f is said to be an into function.
Hence, the range of f is a proper subset of its codomain B.
4. Even and odd function :
A function f is said to be an even function, if f(-x) = f(x) for all x ∈ R
A function f is said to be an odd function, if f(-x) = -f(x) for all x ∈ R
5. The greatest integer function (or step function) :
If x ∈ R then the greatest integer not exceeding x is denoted by [x].
6. Composite function :
Let f:A → B and g:B → C be two functions where domain of g is same as co-domain of f then we define
the composite function of f and g from A to C denoted by g∘f(x) = g[f(x)]
7. Inverse function :
If f:A → B is one-one onto, g:B → A which is also one-one, onto such that g∘f:A → A and
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f∘g:B → B are both identity functions then f and g are called as inverse functions of each other.
Function g is denoted by f-1 and is read as f-inverse. Hence, a function f-1 as f-1 : B →
A such that if f(x) = y then f-1 (y) = x.
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Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
FORMULAE
Complex Number
4. Properties of arguments
i. arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2mπ for some integer m.
ii. arg (z1 / z2) = arg (z1) – arg (z2) + 2mπ for some integer m.
iii. arg (z2) = 2arg (z) + 2 mπ for some integer m.
iv. arg (z) = 0 ⇔ z is a positive real number
v. arg (z) = ± π/2 ⇔ z is purely imaginary and z ≠ 0
5. Properties of conjugate
i. zz
2
ii. zz z
iii. z1 z2 z1 z2
iv. z+z 2Re(z)
v. z- z 2iIm(z)
vi. z1z2 z1 z2
z1 z1
vii. (z2 0)
z2 z2
6. Rotation theorem
z z z z
if P(z1 ), Q(z2 ) and R(z3 ) are three complex numbers and PQR =, then 3 2 = 3 2 ei
z1 z2 z1 z2
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7. Demoivre’s Theorem :
Case I: if n is any integer then
i. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
ii. (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) (cos θ2 + i sin θ2) (cosθ3 + i sin θ2) (cos θ3 + i sin θ3) ……..(cos θn + i sin θn) = cos
(θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + ………..θn) + i sin (θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + ………… + θn)
2k p 2k p
Case II: if p,q Z and q 0 then (cos + i sin ) cos i sin
p/q
q q
Where k = 0, 1, 2, 3,……………, q – 1
Quadratic Equation
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A quadratic equation whose roots are α & β, is (x – α) (x β) = 0 i.e. x2 (α + β)x + αβ = 0
2. Nature of Roots:
Consider the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 having α, β as its roots; D ≡ b2 – 4ac
3. Common Roots :
Consider two quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 & a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0.
a1 b1 c1
i. if two quadratic equations have both roots common, then
a2 b2 c2
c1 a2 c2a1 b1 c2 b2c1
ii. if only one root is common, then =
a1 b2 a2 b1 c1 a2 c2a1
5. Location of Roots :
Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ˃ 0 & a·b·c ∈ R
i. Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number ‘x0’ are b2 4ac ≥ 0;
f (x0) ˃ 0 & ( b/2a) ˃ x0.
ii. Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x 0’ are b2 4ac ≥
0; f(x0) ˃ 0 & ( b/2a) ˂ x0.
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iii. Conditions that both roots of f(x) =0 to lie on either side of the number ‘x0’ (in other words the
number ‘x0’ lies between the roots of f(x) = 0) is f (x0) ˂ 0.
iv. Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers x1 and x2, (x1 ˂ x2) are
b2 – 4ac ≥0; f(x1) ˃0; f(x2) ˃ 0 & x1 ˂ ( b/2a) ˂ x2.
v. Conditions for exactly one root of f(x) =0 to lie in the internal (x1, x2) i.e. x1 < x < x2 is f (x1) · f (x2)
< 0.
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Matrices and Determinants
FORMULAE
Properties of Transpose :
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
3. (AB)T = BTAT
4. (kA)T = k(A)T
5. IT = I
6. Tr(A) = tr (A)T
7. (A1A2A3…..An – 1An)T = 𝐴𝑇𝑛 𝐴𝑇𝑛−1 … … 𝐴𝑇3 𝐴𝑇2 𝐴1𝑇
Rank of matrix :
A number is said to be the rank of a m × n matrix A if
Every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is singular and there exists at least one square sub
matrix of order r which is non-singular.
The rank of matrix is the order of the highest order non-singular sub matrix.
x1 y 1 1
1
1. The area of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is x2 y 2 1.
2
x3 y 3 1
i. As area is a positive quantity, hence always take the absolute value of determinant.
ii. If area of triangle is given, then use both positive and negative value of the determinant.
iii. Three points A, B and C are collinear if area of triangle ABC is zero.
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2. Cramer’s Rule :
Consider, a system of linear equations a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2, a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
D Dy D
D = a2 b2 c2 , Dx = d2 b2 c2 , Dy = a2 d2 c2 , Dz = a2 b2 d2 and x x , y ,z z
D D D
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
i. If D ≠ 0 then the system has unique solution.
ii. If D = 0, the syetem may have infinite number of solutions or no solution.
iii. A system of lienar euqations is said to be consistent if it has at least are solution otherwise it is
inconsistent.
Properties of Determinants :
1. The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchnaged, then sign of determinant chnages.
3. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical then the valie of determinant is zero.
4. If all the elements of any rwo (or column) of a matrix A are zero then |A| = 0
5. If each elements of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k then the value
gets multiplied by k.
6. If some or all elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as sum of two (or more)
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants.
7. If each element of any row or column of a determinant the equimultiples of correspoding elements
of other rwo (or column) are added then value of determinant remains the same.
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Permutations and Combinations
FORMULAE
b. Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of ‘p’ alike objects of one type ‘q’
alike objects of second type and ‘r’ alike of third type is
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) – 1
c. Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of ‘n’ objects where ‘p’ alike of
one type ‘q’ alike of second type and ‘r’ alike of third type and rest
n – (p + q + r) are different, is
(p + 1) (q+1) (r + 1) 2n – (p + q + r) – 1
7. Multinomial Theorem :
Coefficient of xr in expansion of (1 – x)–n = n + r – 1Cr (n ∈ N)
8. Let N = pa qb rc ……… where p, q, r ….. are distinct primes & a, b, c… are natural numbers then :
a. The total numbers of divisors of N including 1 & N is = (a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1) ……..
b. The sum of these divisors is =
(p0 + p1 + p2 + …….. pa)( q0 + q1 + q2 + ……. + qb) (r0 + r1 + r2 + …….. + rc....)
c. Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors is
1
a 1 b 1 c 1 ..... if N is a not perfect sqaure
2
1
a 1 b 1 c 1 ..... 1 if N is a perfect sqaure
2
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d. Number of ways in which number N can be resolved into as a product of two factors which are
relatively prime (or co-prime) to each other is equal to 2n – 1 where n is the number of different
prime factors in N.
9. Dearrangement:
Number of ways in which ’n’ letters can be put in ‘n’ corresponding envelopes such that no letter
1 1 1 1 1
goes to correct envelope is n! 1 ...... (1)n
1! 2! 3! 4! n!
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Mathematical Induction
FORMULAE
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Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications
FORMULAE
n!
3. Multinomial Theorem : (x1 x2 x3 ......x k )n
r1 r2 .... rk n r1 !r2 !....rk !
x1r1 ..x2r2 ....x rkk
n
If A B = I+F where I and n are positive integers n being odd and 0 ˂ f ˂ 1 then (I + f) f =
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Sequence and Series
FORMULAE
Properties of A.P.
i. If a, b, c are in A.P. ⇒ 2b = a + c & a, b, c are in A.P. ⇒ a + d = b + c
ii. Three numbers in A.P. can be taken as a – d a, a + d; four numbers in A.P. can be taken as a – 3d, a – d,
a + d, a + 3d; five numbers in A.P. are a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d & six terms in A.P. are a – 5d, a – 3d,
a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
iii. Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning & end = sum of first & last term.
A
r 1
r nA where A is the single A.M.between a & b.
Geometric Progression: a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ………. is G.P. with a as the first term & r as common ratio.
i. nth term = a rn-1
a(r n 1)
r 1
ii. Sum of the first n terms i.e. Sn r 1
na , r=1
a
iii. Sum of an infinite G.P. when r 1 is given by S
1r
r 1 .
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Important Results
n n n
i. (a
r 1
r br ) a r br .
r 1 r 1
n n
ii. k a
r 1
r k ar .
r 1
n
iii. k nk; where k is a constant.
r 1
n
n(n 1)
iv. r 1 2 3 .... n
r 1 2
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
v. r
r 1
2
12 22 32 ...... n2
6
n
n2 (n 1)2
vi. r3 13 23 33 ........ n3
r 1 4
n
vii. 2 a i a j (a1 a2 ..... a n )2 (a12 a22 ...... a2n )
i j1
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Limits Continuity and Differentiability
FORMULAE
Application of derivative
f(h) b
And equation of tangent is y-b = (x a)
ha
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6. Rolle’s Theorem:
If a function f defined on [a, b) is
i. Continuous on [a, b]
ii. derivable on (a, b) and
iii. f(a) = f (b)
Then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a < c < b) such that f ‘ (c) = 0
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Limit of function
2. Indeterminant Forms :
0
, ,0 , o ,0o , and 1 .
0
3. Standard Limits :
sin x tan x sin 1 x tan 1 x ex 1 n(1 x)
Limit 1, Limit 1, Limit 1, Limit 1, Limit 1, Limit 1
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
x
1 ax 1 xn an
Limit (1+x)1/x e, Limit 1 e, Limit log e a, a 0, Limit na n 1 .
x 0 x
x x 0 x x 0 x a
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Method of Differentiation
2. Basic Theorems
d
i. (f g) f '(x) g '(x)
dx
d d
ii. (kf(x) k f(x)
dx dx
d
iii. (f(x).g(x)) f(x)g '(x) g(x)f '(x)
dx
d f(x) g(x)f '(x) f(x)g '(x)
iv.
dx g(x) g2 (x)
d
v. (f(g(x))) f '(g(x))g '(x)
dx
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4. Differentiation using substitution
Following substitutions are normally used to simplify these expression.
i. x2 a2 by substituting x = a tan , where -
2 2
ii. a2 x2 by substituting x = a sin , where -
2 2
iii. x2 a2 by substituting x = a cos , where [0,],
2
x a
iv. by substituting x = a cos , where (0,]
ax
5. Logarithmic Differentiation
i. a product of a number of functions
ii. a quotient of functions
iii. a function which is the power of other function i. e. [f(x)]g(x)
then by taking logarithm we can simplify these functions and differentiate.
Such type of differentiation is known as logarithmic differentiation.
6. Parametric Differentiation
dy dy / d
if y = f() & x = g()where is a parameter, then
dx dx / d
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Integral Calculus
FORMULAE
a
4. f(x) dx = (f(x) f( x)) dx = 0
a a
2 f(x)dx f( x) = f(x)
a 0
0 f( x) = f(x)
b b
5. f(x) dx = f(a b x)dx
a a
a a
6. f(x) dx = f(a x) dx
0 0
a
0 f(x) dx = 0 (f(x) f(2a x)) dx = 0
2a a
2 f(x)dx f(2a x) = f(x)
7.
0 f(2a x) = f(x)
8. if f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then
nT T a nT T
mT
f(x) dx = (n-m) f(x)dx, m n z,
0
nT
f(x) dx = f(x)dx, n z, a R
0
b nT a
a nT
f(x) dx = f(x) dx, n z, a,b R
a
b b b
9. if (x) f(x) (x) for a x b, then (x) dx f(x) dx (x) dx
a a a
b
10. if m f(x) M for a x b, then m(b a) f(x)dx M(b a)
a
b b
11. f(x) dx f(x) dx
a a
b
12. if f(x) 0 on [a,b]then f(x) dx 0
a
h(x)
dF(x)
Leibnitz Theorem: if F(x) =
g(x)
f(t) dt, then
dx
h'(x) f(h(x)-g'(x)f(g(x))
Indefiinite Intergration
1. If f & a are functions of x such that g’(x) = f(x) then,
d
f(x)dx g(x) c dx {g(x) c} f(x), where c is called the constant of intergration .
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2. Standard Formula :
(ax b)n1
(ax b) dx = c, n 1
n
i.
a(n 1)
dx 1
ii. ax b a n(ax b) c
1
e
ax b
iii. dx eax b c
a
1 a px q
iv. a px q
dx c;a 0
p na
1
v. sin (ax+b) dx =- a cos (ax+b)+c
1
vi. cos(ax b)dx sin (ax+b)+c
a
1
vii. tan (ax+b)dx= n sec(ax+b)+c
a
1
viii. cot(ax b)dx n sin (ax+b)+c
a
1
ix. sec2 (ax b)dx tan (ax+b)+c
a
1
cosec (ax b)dx a cot (ax+b)+c
2
x.
x
xi. sec x dx = n tan c
n (secx + tanx) + c OR
4 2
x
xii. cosec x dx = n (cosecx-cotx)+c or n tan c OR - n (cosecx+cotx)+c
2
dx x
xiii. sin-1 c
a x
2 2 a
dx 1 x
xiv. a x
2 2
tan1 c
a a
dx 1 x
xv. sec-1 c
x x2 a2 a a
dx
xvi. n x x2 a2 c
x a2
2
dx
xvii. n x x2 a2 c
x a
2 2
dx 1 ax
xviii. a 2
x 2
2a
n
ax
c
dx 1 x a
xix. x 2
a 2
2a
n
xa
c
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x 2 a2 x
a x dx= a x sin-1 c
2 2 2
xx.
2 2 a
x a2 x x2 a2
xxi. x2 a2 dx
2
x2 a2
2
n
a
c
x 2 a2 x x 2 a2
xxii. x2 a2 dx
2
x a2 n
2 a
c
3. Intergration by Substitutions
If we substitute f(x) = t then f’(x) dx = dt
4. Integration by Part:
d
(f(x)g(x))dx f(x)(g(x))dx dx (f(x))(g(x))dx dx
dx dx
5. Integration of type ax
bx c
,
2
ax bx c
2
, ax2 bx c dx
b
Make the substitution x t
2a
6. Integration of type
px q px q
ax bx c
2
dx,
ax bx c
2
dx, (px q) ax2 bx c dx
b
Make the substitution x t , then split the integral as some of two integrals one containing the
2a
linear term and the other containing constant term.
dx dx dx x
ii. OR OR put tan t
a bsin x a bcos x a + bsinx+ ccosx 2
a.cos x b.sin x c d
iii. dx.Express Nr A(Dr) + B (Dr)+c & proceed.
.cosx+m.sinx+n dx
8. Integration of type
x2 1
x4 kx2 1 dx where k is any constant.
1
Divide Nr & Dr by x2 & put x ∓ t.
x
9. Integration of type
dx dx
(ax b) px q
OR
(ax bx c) px q
2
; put px+q=t 2
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dx 1 dx 1
(ax b) px2 qx r
, put ax+b= ;
t (ax 2
b) px2 q
, put x=
t
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Differential Equations
FORMULAE
Solution :
y(I.F.) Q(x)(I.F.)dx C
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Coordinate Geometry
FORMULAE
Circle
1. Intercepts made by Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Axes :
a. 2 g2 c on x - axis
b. 2 f 2 c on y-aixs
3. Tangent :
a. Slope form : y mx a 1 m2
b. Point form : xx1 + yy1 = a2 or T = O
c. Parametric form : x cos α + y sin α = a.
5. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is S1 = x12 y12 2gx1 2fy 1 c at P(x1, y1)
6. The equation of the chord of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 with P(x1, y1) as the mid point of
the chord is given by
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) = x12 y12 2gx1 2fy1
T = S1
8. Chord of Contact : T = 0
2LR
i. Length of chord of contact =
R 2 L2
RL3
ii. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact =
R 2 L2
2RL
iii. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x1, y1) = 2 2
L R
iv. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT1T2 is: (x – x1) (x + g) +(y – y1)(y + f) = 0.
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Parabola
Equation of tangent in x x x 1 x 1
y at y at y b 2 y b 2
parametric form t t t t t t
Equation of normal in tx + y = 2at tx + y = 2at – tx + y = 3bt2 tx + y = bt2
parametric form + at3 at3
If the vertex of the parabola is at the point B(h, k) and its latus rectum is of length 4a, then its
equation is
(y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) or (y – k)2 = -4a(x – h)
(x – h)2 = 4a(y – k) or (x – h)2 = -4a(y – k)
Ellipse
1.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
1, a b 1, a b
a2 b2 a2 b2
Coordinates of the centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Coordinates of the vertices (a, 0) and (-a, 0) (0, b) and (0, -b)
Coordinates of foci (ae, 0) and (-ae, 0) (0, be) and (0, -be)
Length of major axis 2a 2b
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
Equation of major axis y=0 x=0
Equation of minor axis x=0 y=0
Equation of the directrices a a b b
x and x x and x
e e e e
Eccentricity b2 a2
e 1 e 1
a2 b2
Length of the latus rectum 2b2 2a 2
a b
Focal distances of a point (x, y) a ± ex b ± ey
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If the centre of the ellipse is at point (h, k) and the directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate
x h y k
2 2
2. Auxiliary Circle : x2 + y2 = a2
x2 y 2
5. Line and an Ellipse: The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse 1 in two points real, coincident
a2 b2
or imaginary according as c2 is ˂ = or ˃ a2m2 + b2.
xx1 yy 1
6. Tangents : Slope form: y = mx ± a2 m2 b2 , Point form : 2
1,
a b2
x cos ysin
Parametric form : 1
a b
7. Normal :
a2 x b2 y
a b , ax.sec - by cosec = (a b ), y mx
2 2 2 2
a2 b2 m
x1 y1 a2 b2 m2
8. Director Circle : x2 + y2 = a2 + b2
Hyperbola
x2 y 2
1. Standard Equation: Standard equation of the hyperbola is 1 , where b2 = a2
a2 b2
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Equation of the y=0 x=0
transverse axis
Equation of conjugate x=0 y=0
axis
Focal distances of any ex ± a ey ± a
point (x1, y1)
2. Auxiliary Circle : x2 + y2 = a2
5. Tangents :
i. Slope form : y = m a2 m2 b2
xx1 yy 1
ii. Point form : at the point (x1 , y 1 ) is 2
1
a b2
x sec y tan
iii. Parametric form : 1
a b
6. Normals :-
a2 x b2 y
a. at the point (x1 ,y 1 ) is a2 b2 a2e2 .
x1 y1
ax by
b. at the point P ( a sec , b tan ) is a2 b2 a2 e2
sec tan
x y x y x2 y 2
7. Asymptotes : 0 and 0. Pair of asymptotes : 2 2 0.
a b a b a b
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3D Geometry
FORMULAE
3-Dimension
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
2 2 2
2. Distance formula : , AB= OB OA
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8. Equation of A Plane: General form ax + by + cz + d = 0, where a, b, c are not all zero, a, b, c, d ∈ R.
i. Normal form : x + my + nz = p
ii. Plane through the point (x1,y1,z1) : a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0
x y z
iii. Intercept Form : 1
a b c
iv. Vector form : r a n 0 or r n a n
v. Any plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + λ = 0
d1 d2
Distance between ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is =
a2 b2 c2
(i) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given vectors :
r a b c (parametric form) where & are scalars. or r b c a b c
(non parametric form)
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11. Angle Bisectors
i. The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0
and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
a1 x b1 y c1 z d1 a x b2 y c2z d2
2
a1 b1 c1
2 2 2
a22 b22 c22
ii. Bisector of acute/obtuse angle: First make both the constant terms positive. Then
a1a2+b1b2+c1c2 ˃ 0 ⇒ origin lies on obtuse angle
a1a2+b1b2+c1c2 ˂ 0 ⇒ origin lies in acute angle
A Line
1. Equation of a Line
i. A straight line is intersection of two planes.
a. It is represented by two planes a1x+b1y+c1z+d1 = 0 and a2x+b2y+c2z+d2=0
b. Family of planes : a1x+b1y+c1z+d1 + k(a2x+b2y+c2z+d2) = 0
x x1 y y 1 z z1
ii. Symmertric form : r
a b c
iii. Vector equation : r a b
iv. Reduction of Cartesian form of equation of a line to vector form & vice versa.
x x1 y y 1 z z1
r (x1 i y 1 j z1 k) (ai bj ck)
a b c
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iv. Condition for parallel a + bm + cn = 0 b n 0
3. Condition For A Line to Lie In A Plane
x x1 y y 1 z z1
i. Cartesian form: Line would lie in a plane
m n
ax + by + cz + d = 0, if ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 & a + bm + cn = 0.
ii. Vector form : Line r a b would lie in the plane r n d if b n 0& a n d
4. Skew Lines:
i. The straight lines which are not parallel and non-coplanar i.e. non-intersecting are called skew
' ' '
lines. if m n 0, then lines are skew
' m' n'
ii. Vector Form : For lines r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 to be skew b1 b2 a2 a1 0
iii. Shortest distance between lines r a1 b& r a2 b is d =
a 2 a b
1
5. Sphere
General equation of a sphere is x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. ( u, v, w) is the centre
and u2 v2 w2 d is the radius of the sphere.
Sphere in Diameter form :
The equation of the sphere on the line joining the points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2)
As diameter is given by (x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2) + (z – z1)(z – z2) = 0
Straight Line
mx2 nx1 my 2 ny 1
2. Section Formula : x ; y=
mn mn
4. Area of a Triangle :
x1 y 1 1
1
ABC = x2 y 2 1
2
x3 y 3 1
5. Slope Formula :
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y1 y2
i. Line joining two points (x1 y 1 )&(x2 y 2 ),m=
x1 x 2
x1 y1 1
6. Condition of collinearity of three points : x2 y2 1 0
x3 y3 1
m1 m2
7. Angle between two straight lines : tan =
1 m1 m2
a1 b1 c1
11. Condition of Concurrency : of three straight lines aix + biy + ci = 0, I = 1,2,3 is a2 b2 c2 0
a3 b3 c3
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Vector Algebra
FORMULAE
unit vector perpendicular to both a & b such that a, b& n forms a right handed screw system.
2. Geometrically a b = area of the parallelogram, whose adjacent sides are represented by a & b
3. i i j j k k 0;i j k, j k i, k i j
i j k
4. if a a1 i a2 j a3 k & b b1 i b2 j b3 k then a b a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
5.
a b O a and b are parallel (collinear) a 0, b 0 i.e.a Kb, where K is a scalar
ab
6. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is n
ab
i. if a, b& c are the pv's of 3 points A,B & C then the vector area of a triangle ABC=
1
a b b c c a . The points A,B & C are collinear if a b b c c a 0
2
1
ii. Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d1 & d2 is given by d1 d2
2
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a a a b
2 2 2 2
iii. Lagrange Identity : a b a b ab
a b bb
a1 a 2 a3
v. If a a1 i a2 j a3 k;b b1 i b2 j b3 k & c c1 i c2 j c3 k then a b c b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
vii. Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & A a ,B b and C c be the vertices
1
= a b c
6
viii. The position vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv’s of its vertices are a, b,c & d are
1
given by a b c d
4
5. Vector Triple Product : a b c a c b a b c, a b c a c b b c a
i. a b c a b c , in general
6. Reciprocal System of Vectors
if a, b, c & a ', b', c' two sets of non coplanar vectors such that a a ' b b' c c' then the two
b c ca ab
systems are called Reciprocal System of vectors, where a ' , b' ,c
a b c a b c a b c
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Statistic and Probability
FORMULAE
P A
n
mn
1 P(A)
P(A B)
3. Conditional Probability : P(A/B) =
P(B)
5. Expectation :
If a value Mi is associated with a probability of pi then the expectation is given by p M
i i
n
6. Total Probability Theorem : P(A) P(Bi ).P(A / Bi )
i 1
7. Bayes’ Theorem :
If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B1, B2, ……Bn and
P(B ).P(A / Bi )
the probabilities P(A/B1), P(A/B2) ….. P(A/Bn) are known, then P(Bi/A) = n i
P(Bi ).P(A / Bi )
i 1
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8. Binomial Probability Distribution :
p x p x
i i
i. Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is given by :
p
i i
i
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Trigonometry
FORMULAE
Basics
Intervals:
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding
domains. If there are two numbers a, b ∈ R such that a ˂ b. we can define four types of intervals as
follows:
Symbols Used
i. Open interval: (a, b) = {x:a ˂ x ˂ b} i.e. end points are not included ( ) or ] [
ii. Closed interval: [a, b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b} i.e. end points are also included. []
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
iii. Open-closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a ˂ x ≤ b} ( ] or ] ]
iv. Closed – open interval : [a, b) = x : a ≤ x ˂ b} [ ) or [ [
1. Properties of Modulus:
For any a, b ∈ R
a a
a 0, a a , a a, a a, ab a b , ,
b b
ab a b , a b a b
2. Trigonometric Identities :
i. Sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
ii. 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
iii. 1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x
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CD CD
d. cosC cosD= 2 sin sin
2 2
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iv. sin2 sin2 ,cos2 cos2 , tan2 tan2 n .
P -2
i. sin 1(sin x) = x, - x
2 2
ii. cos-1 (cos x) = x; 0 ≤ x ≤ π
iii. tan 1(tanx)=x; - x
2 2
iv. cot-1 (cot x) = x; 0˂x˂π
v. sec1(sec x) = x; 0 x ,x
2
vi. cosec1(cosec x) = x; x 0,- x<
2 2
P–3
i. sin-1 (-x) = sin-1x, -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
ii. tan-1 (-x) = -tan-1 x, x ∈ R
iii. cos-1(-x) = π – cos-1x, -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
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iv. cot-1 (-x) = π – cot-1 x, x ∈ R
P–5
i. sin-1x cos1 x , 1 x 1
2
ii. tan 1 x cot 1 x , x R
2
iii. cosec1x sec1 x , x 1
2
i. sin-1 2x 1 x2
= -2sin -1 x
if x>
1
2
1
1
2sin x if x < -
2
2cos1 x if 0 x 1
ii. cos-1 (2x2 1) =
2 -2cos x if -1 x<0
-1
2tan 1 x if x 1
2x
iii. tan-1 = 2 tan x if x <-1
-1
1 x2
- 2tan x if x > 1
-1
2tan 1 x if x 1
2x
iv. sin-1 = -2tan-1 x if x >1
1 x2
1
- 2tan x if x<-1
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1 x2 2tan 1 x if x 0
v. cos-1 =
1 x2 -1
-2 tan x if x < 0
x y z xyz
if tan-1 x tan 1 y tan 1 z tan 1 if, x > 0,y > 0,z > 0 & (xy+yz+zx) < 1
1 xy yz zx
NOTE:
i. If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = π then x + y + z = xyz
ii. If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
iii. tan-11 + tan-12 + tan-13 = π
1 1
iv. tan1 1 tan1 tan1
2 3 2
Solution of Triangle
a b c
1. Sine Rule :
sin A sin B sin C
2. Cosine Formula :
b2 c2 a2
i. cos A =
2bc
c a2 b2
2
ii. cosB =
2ca
a b2 c2
2
iii. cos C =
2ab
3. Projection Formula :
i. a = b cos C + c cos B
ii. b = c cos A + a cos C
iii. c = a cos B + b cos A
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1 1 1
6. Area of Triangle (Δ) : ab sin C= bc sin A = ca sin B = s(s a)(s b)(s c)
2 2 2
7. M – n Rule :
If BD: DC = m : n, then
(m+n) cot θ = m cot α – n cot β
= n cot B – m cot C
8. Radius of Circumcircle :
a b c abc
R
2sin A 2sin B 2sinC 4
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1
ii. Length of median from the angle A = ma 2b2 2c2 a2
2
2
iii. Length of altitude from the angle A = Aa
a
12. The Distances of the Special Points from Vertices and Sides of Triangle :
i. Circumcentre (O) : OA = R & Oa = R cos A
A
ii. Incentre (I) : IA = r cosec & la r
2
A
iii. Excentre (l1): l1A = r1 cos ec
2
iv. Orthocenter: HA = 2R cos A & Ha = 2R cos B cos C
1 2
v. Centroid (G) : GA 2b2 2c2 a2 & Ga
3 3a
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Mathematical Reasoning
FORMULAE
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