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Class XII Chapter 5 – Continuity and Differentiability Maths
Book Name: NCERT Solutions
Exercise 5.1
Question 1:
Prove that the function f ( x ) = 5x − 3 is continuous at x = 0, x = −3 and at x = 5.
Solution 1:
Given, f ( x ) = 5x − 3
At x = 0, f ( 0) = 5x 0-3=3
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 5 x − 3) = 5 x 0 -3=-3
x →0 x →0
 lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x →0
Hence, f is continuous at x = 0
At x = −3, f ( −3) = 5x ( -3) − 3 = −18
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 5 x − 3) = 5 x ( -3) − 3 = −18
x →3 x →3
 lim f ( x ) = f ( −3)
x →3
Thus, f is continuous at x = -3
At x = 5, f ( x ) = f (5) = 5x5− 3 = 25 − 3 = 22
lim f ( x ) = lim(5x − 3) = 5x5-3 = 22
x →5 x→5
lim f ( x ) = f ( 5)
x →5
Thus, f is continuous at x = 5
Question 2:
Examine the continuity of the function f ( x ) = 2x2 −1 at x = 3 .
Solution 2:
Given, f ( x ) = 2x2 −1
At x = 3, f ( x ) = f (3) = 2x32 −1 = 17
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x −1) = 2 x 3 − 1=17

2 2
x →3 x →3
lim f ( x ) = f = (3)
x →3
Thus, f is continuous, at x = 3
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Question 3:
Examine the following functions for continuity.
1 x 2 − 25
a) f ( x ) = x − 5 , b) f ( x ) = , x  5 , c) f ( x ) = , x  5 d) x  5 = x − 5
x−5 x+5
Solution 3:
a) Given, f ( x ) = x − 5
It is evident that f is defined at every real number k and its value at k is k − 5 .
It is also observed that lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x − 5) = k = k − 5 = f ( k )
x →k x →k
lim f ( x ) = f ( k )
x →k
Thus, f is continuous at every real number and hence, it is a continuous function.

b). Given,
For any real number k  5 , we obtain
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim =
x →k x →k x − 5 k −5
1
Also, f ( k ) = ( As k  5)
k −5
lim f ( x ) = f ( k )
x →k
Thus, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and hence, it is a continuous function.
c). Given,
x 2 − 25
f ( x) = ,x 5
x+5
For any R, c  −5 , we get
f ( x ) = lim
x 2 − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5) =
lim = lim lim ( x − 5) = ( c − 5)
x →c x →c x+5 x →c x+5 x →c
Also, f ( c ) =
( c + 5)( c − 5) = c c − 5 as c  5
( )( )
c+5
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and hence. It is continuous function.
5 − x, if x  5
d). The given function is f ( x ) = x − 5 = 
 x − 5, if x  5
This function f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a point on a real line. Then, c  5 or c = 5 or c  5
case I : c  5
Top tutor.
Then, f ( c ) = 5 − c
lim f ( x ) = lim (5 − x ) = 5 − c
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
So, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.

case II : c = 5
Then, f ( c ) = f ( 5) = (5 − 5) = 0
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 5 − x ) = ( 5 − 5) = 0
x →5− x →5
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 5) = 0
x →5+ x →5
 lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c − x →c +
case III : c  5
Then, f ( c ) = f (5) = c − 5
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x − 5) = c − 5
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Therefore, f is continuous at real numbers greater than 5.

Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.
Question 4:
Prove that the function f ( x ) = xn is continuous at x = n is a positive integer.
Solution 4:
Given, f ( x ) = xn
It is observed that f is defined at all positive integers, n , and its value at n is nn .
lim f ( n ) = lim f ( x ) = n
n n
Then,
x →n x →n
lim f ( x ) = f ( n )
x →n
Hence, f is continuous at n , where n =positive integer.
Top tutor.
Question 5:
 x, if x  1
Is the function f defined by f ( x ) = 
5, if x  1
Continuous at x = 0 ? At x = 1? ,At x = 2 ?
Solution 5:
 x, if x  1
Given, f is f ( x ) =  At x = 0,
5, if x  1
It is evident that f is defined at 0 and its value at 0 is 0 .
Then, lim f ( x ) = lim x = 0
x →0 x →0
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0)
x →0
At x = 1 ,
f is defined at 1 and its value at is 1 .
The left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim
x →1− x →1−
x=1
The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 5)
x →1+ x →1+
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x →1− x →1+
Thus, f is not continuous at x = 1

At x = 2,
f is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5.
Then, lim f ( x ) = lim f (5) = 5
x →2 x →2
lim f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
x →2
Question 6:
Find all points of discontinuous of f , where f is defined by
2 x + 3, if x  2
f ( x) = 
 2 x − 3, if x  2
Top tutor.
Solution 6:
2 x + 3, if x  2
Given, f ( x ) = 
 2 x − 3, if x  2
It is evident that the given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.
I. c2
II. c2
III. c=2
Case (i ) c  2
Then, lim f ( x ) = lim( 2x + 3) = 2c + 3
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  2

Case ( ii ) c  2
Then, f ( c ) = 2c − 3
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x − 3) = 2c − 3
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Case ( iii ) c = 2
Then, the left hand limit of f at x = 2 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x + 3) = 2x2 + 3 = 7
x →2− x →2−
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x + 3) = 2x2 − 3 = 1
x → 2+ x →2+
It is observed that the left and right hand limit of f at x = 2 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x = 2
Hence, x = 2 is the only point of discontinuity of f .
Question 7:
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by
 x + 3, if x  −3

f ( x ) =  −2 x, if − 3  x  3
6 x + 2, if x  3

Top tutor.
Solution 7:
 x + 3, if x  −3

Given, f ( x ) =  −2 x, if − 3  x  3

6 x + 2, if x  3
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I :
If c  −3 , then f ( c ) = −c + 3
lim f ( x ) = lim ( − x + 3) = −c + 3
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  −3

Case II :
If c = −3, then f ( −3) = − ( −3) + 3 = 6
lim f ( x ) = lim ( − x + 3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6

x →3− x →3−
 lim f ( x ) = lim f ( −2 x ) = 2x ( -3) = 6

x →3+ x →3+
lim f ( x ) = f ( −3)
x →3
Thus, f is continuous at x = −3
Case III :
If −3  c  3, then f ( c ) = −2c and lim f ( x ) = lim( −2x ) = −2c
x →c x →3c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous in ( −3,3) .

Case IV :
If c = 3, then the left hand limit of f at x = 3 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( −2x ) = −2x3=-6

x →3− x →3−
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 6x + 2) = 6x3+2=20

x →3+ x →3+
Case V :
Top tutor.
If c  3 , then f ( c ) = 6c + 2 and lim f ( x ) = lim( 6x + 2) =6c+2

x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

Question 8:
x
 , if x  0
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f ( x ) =  x
 0, if x = 0

Solution 8:
x
 , if x  0
Given, f ( x ) =  x
 0, if x = 0

It is known that, x  0  x = − x and x  0  x = x
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
 x −x
 = = −1 if x  0
 x x
f ( x ) =  0, if x = 0
 x
 x
= = 1 if x  0
 x x
Case I :
If c  0 , then f ( c ) = −1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( −1) = −1

x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x  0

Case II :
If c = 0 , then the left hand limit of f at x = 0 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( −1) = −1

x →0− x →0−
Top tutor.
lim f ( x ) = lim (1) = 1

x →0+ x →0+
Case III :
If c  0 , f ( c ) = 1
lim f ( x ) = lim(1) = 1
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

Question 9:
x
 x , if x  0
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f ( x ) = 
−1, if x  0

Solution 9:
x
 , if x  0
−1, if x  0

It is known that, x  0  x = − x
So, the given function can be rewritten as
x
 x , if x  0
f ( x) = 
−1, if x  0

 f ( x ) = −1 for all x  R
Let c be any real number. Then , lim f ( x ) = lim( −1) = −1
x →c x →c
Also, f ( c ) = −1 = lim f ( x )
x →c
Thus, the given function is continuous function.

Hence, there is no point of discontinuity.
Top tutor.
Question 10:
 x + 1 if x  1
Find all the points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f ( x ) =  2
 x + 1, f x  1
Solution 10:
 x + 1 if x  1
Given, f ( x ) =  2
 x + 1, f x  1
Case I : If c  1 then f ( c ) = c2 + 1and lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x 2 + 1) = c 2 + 1
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus , f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1
Case II : If c = 1 , then f ( c ) = f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = 12 + 1 = 2
2
− −
x →1 x →1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = 12 + 1 = 2
2
x →1+ x →1+
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →1
Case III : If c  1 , then f ( c ) = c + 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = c + 1
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

Hence, there is no points of discontinuity.
Question 11:
 x3 − 3, if x  2
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f ( x ) =  2
 x + 1, if x  2
Solution 11:
Top tutor.
 x3 − 3, if x  2
Given f is f ( x ) =  2
 x + 1, if x  2
Here, f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Case I :
If c  2 , then f ( c ) = c3 − 3 and lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 3) = c 3 − 3
3
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Hence, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Case II :
If c = 2 , then f ( c ) = f ( 2) = 23 − 3 = 5
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 3 ) = 23 − 3 = 5
3
− −
x →2 x →2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = 22 + 1 = 5
2
x → 2+ x → 2+
 lim1 f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
x →2
Case III :
If c  2 , then f ( c ) = c2 + 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = c 2 + 1
2
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

Hence, the given function f is continuous at every point on the real line.
So, f has no point of discontinuity.
Question 12:
 x10 − 1, if x  1
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f ( x ) =  2
 x , if x  1
Solution 12:
 x10 − 1, if x  1
Given, f is f ( x ) =  2
 x , if x  1
Top tutor.
The given f is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real number line.
Case I :
If c  1, then f ( c ) = c10 −1 and lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 1) = c10 − 1
10
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Case II :
If c = 1, then the left hand limit of f at x = 1 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 1) = 1010 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

10
− −
x →1 x →1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x ) = 1 =1
2 2
+ +
x →1 x →1
Case III :
If c  1, then f ( c ) = c2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x ) = c
2 2
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all pints x , such that x  1

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x  1 is the only point of discontinuity
of f .
Question 13:
 x + 5, if x  1
Is the function defined by f ( x ) =  a continuous function?
 x − 5, if x  1
Solution 13:
 x + 5, if x  1
Given, f ( x ) =  Given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
 x − 5, if x  1
Case I :
Top tutor.
If c  1 , then f ( 2) = c + 5 and lim f ( x ) = lim( x + 5) = c + 5

x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

Case II :
If c = 1 , then f (1) = 1 + 5 = 6
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 5) = 1 + 5 = 6
x →1− x →1−
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 5) = 1 − 5 = 4
x →1+ x →1+
It is observed that the LHL and RHL of f at x = 1 do not coincide.

Case III :
If c  1 , then f ( c ) = c − 5 and lim f ( x ) = lim( x − 5) = c − 5
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

From the above observation, it can be concluded that x = 1 is the only point of discontinuity of
f.
Question 14:
 3, if 0  x  1

Discuss the continuity of the function f , where f is defined by f ( x ) =  4, if 1  x  3
5, if 3  x  10

Solution 14:
 3, if 0  x  1

Given, f ( x ) =  4, if 1  x  3
5, if 3  x  10

The given function is defined in interval 0,10.
Let c be a point in the interval 0,10.
Case I :
Top tutor.
If 0  c  1, then f ( c ) = 3 and lim f ( x ) = lim (3) = 3

x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous in the interval [0,1).

Case II :
If c = 1, then f ( 3) = 3
The LHL of f at x = 1 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim (3) = 3

x →1− x →1−
The RHL of f at x = 1 is ,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4) = 4
x →1+ x →1+
It is observed that the LHL and RHL of f at x = 1 is not same.

Case III :
If 1  c  3, then f ( c ) = 4 lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4) = 4
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points of (1,3) .

Case IV :
If c = 3, then f ( c ) = 5
The LHL of f at x = 3 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4) = 4
x →3− x →3−
The RHL of f at x = 3 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim (5) = 5

x →3+ x →3+
It is observed that the LHL and RHL of f at x = 3 is not same.

Thus, f is discontinuous at x = 3
Case V :
If 3  c  10, then f ( c ) = 5 and lim f ( x ) = lim (5) = 5
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points of ( 3,10.

Therefore , f is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 3 .
Top tutor.
Question 15:
2 x, if x  0

Discuss that continuity of the function f , where f is defined by f ( x ) =  0, if 0  x  1
4 x, if x  1

Solution 15:
2 x, if x  0

Given, f ( x ) =  0, if 0  x  1
4 x, if x  1

lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x ) = 2c
Case I : If c  0 , then f ( c ) = 2c
x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x , for x  0

Case II :
If c = 0 , then f ( c ) = f ( 0) = 0
LHL of f at x = 0 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x ) = 2 x 0 =0
x →0− x →0−
RHL of f at x = 0 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 0) =0
x →0+ x →0+
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0)
x →0
Case III :
If 0  c  1, then f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = lim( 0) = 0
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points in ( 0,1) .
Top tutor.
Case IV :
If c = 1, then f ( c ) = f (1) = 0
LHL at x = 1 ,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 0) =0
x →1− x →1−
RHL at x = 1 ,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4x ) =4 x1= 4
x →1+ x →1+
It is observed that the LHL and RHL at x = 1 is not equal.

Hence, f is discontinuous at x = 1
Case V :
If c  1, then f ( c ) = 4c and lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4x ) = 4c
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

So, f is not continuous only at x = 1
Question 16:
−2, if x  −1

Discuss the continuity of the function f , where f is defined by f ( x ) = 2 x, if − 1  x  1
 2, if x  1

Solution 16:
−2, if x  −1

Given, f ( x ) = 2 x, if − 1  x  1
 2, if x  1

The given function is defined at all points.
Case I :
If c  −1, then f ( c ) = −2 and lim f ( x ) = lim( −2) = −2
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  −1

Case II :
If c = −1, then f ( c ) = f ( −1) = −2
Top tutor.
LHL at x = −1 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( −2) = −2
x →1− x →1−
RHL at x = −1 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim = 2 x ( -1) = −2
x →−1+ x →−1+
lim f ( x ) = f ( −1)
x →−1
Thus, f is continuous at x = −1
Case III :
If −1  c  1, then f ( c ) = 2c
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x ) = 2c
x →c x →c
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points in ( −1,1) .

Case IV :
If c = 1, then f ( c ) = f (1) = 2 x1= 2
LHL at x = 1 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x ) = 2 x1=2
x →1− x →1−
RHL at x = 1 is,
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 2 = 2
x →1 x →1
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →1
Case V :
If c  1, f ( c ) = 2 and lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 ) = 2
x →2 x →2
lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  1
Question 17:
 ax + 1, if x  3
Find the relationship be a and b so that the function f defined by f ( x ) =  is
bx + 3, if x  3
continuous at x = 3 .
Top tutor.
Solution 17:
 ax + 1, if x  3
Given, f ( x ) = 
bx + 3, if x  3
For f is to be continuous at x = 3,
lim f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = f ( 3) …..(1)
x →3− x →3
Also,
lim− f ( x ) = lim− f ( ax + 1) = 3a + 1
x →3 x →3
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( bx + 1) = 3b + 3
x →3+ x →3
f ( 3) = 3a + 1
Thus, from (1), we get
3a + 1 = 3b + 3 = 3a + 1
 3a + 1 = 3b + 3
 3a = 3b + 2
2
 a =b+
3
2
Thus, the required relationship is given by , a = b +
3
Question 18:
 ( x 2 − 2 x ) , if x  0
For what value of  is the function defined by f ( x ) =  continuous at
 4 x + 1, if x  0
x = 0 ? what about continuity at x = 1?
Solution 18:
 ( x − 2 x ) , if x  0
2
Given, f ( x ) = 
 4 x + 1, if x  0
For f to be continuous at x = 0 ,
lim f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x → 0− x →0
 lim−  ( x − 2 x ) = lim+ ( 4 x + 1) =  ( 02 − 2 x0 )
2
x →0 x →0
  ( 0 − 2 x0 ) = 4 x0+1=0
2
 0=1=0, Not possible

Hence, there is no value of  for which f is continuous at x = 0
Top tutor.
At x = 1 ,
f (1) = 4x + 1 = 4 x 1 + 1 = 5
lim ( 4 x + 1) = 4x1+1=5
x →1
 lim f ( x ) = f (1)
x →1
Hence, for any values of  , f is continuous at x = 1
Question 19:
Show that the function defined by g ( x ) = x −  x is discontinuous at all integral point.
Here  x denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x .
Solution 19:
Given, g ( x ) = x −  x
g is defined at all integral points,
Let n be a integer, then,
g ( n ) = n −  n = n − n = 0
LHL at x = n ,
lim g ( x ) = lim−  x −  x  = lim− ( x ) − lim−  x  = n − ( n − 1) = 1
x →n− x →n x →n x →n
RHL at x = n ,
lim g ( x ) = lim+  x −  x  = lim+ ( x ) − lim+  x  = n − n = 0
x →n+ x →n x →n x →n
Here, LHL and RHL at x = n is not equal.

Hence, f is not continuous at x = n
Thus, g is discontinuous at all integral points.
Question 20:
Is the function defined by f ( x ) = x2 − sin x + 5 continuous at x = p ?
Solution 20:
Given, f ( x ) = x2 − sin x + 5
At x =  , f ( x ) = f ( ) =  2 − sin  + 5 =  2 − 0 + 5 =  2 + 5
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 − sin x + 5 )
x → x →
Putting, x =  + h
Top tutor.
If x →  , then h → 0
 lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 − sin x ) + 5
x → x →
= lim ( + h ) − sin ( + h ) + 5

2
h→0  
= lim ( + h ) − lim sin ( + h ) + lim 5
2
h →0 h →0 h →0
= ( + 0 ) − lim sin  cosh + cos  + sinh  + 5

2
h →0
=  2 − limsin  cosh − lim cos  sinh + 5

h →0 h →0
=  − sin  cos 0 − cos  sin 0 + 5

2
=  2 − 0 x 1- ( -1) x0+5 =  2 + 5
 lim f ( x ) = f ( )
x→ x
Thus, the given function f is continuous at x = n
Question 21:
Discuss the continuity of the following functions.
a) f ( x ) = sin x + cos x
b) f ( x ) = sin x − cos x
c) f ( x ) = sin x x cosx
Solution 21:
We known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then g + h, g - h and g,h are also
continuous.
Let g ( x ) = sin x and h ( x ) = cos x are continuous functions.
Since, g ( x ) = sin x is defined for all real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x = c + h
If x → c , then h → 0
g ( c) = sin c
lim g ( x ) = lim g sin x
x →c x →c
= limsin ( c + h )
h →0
= lim sin c cosh + cos c sinh 

h →0
= lim ( sin c cosh ) + lim ( cos c sinh )

h →0 h →0
Top tutor.
= sin c cos 0 + cos c sin 0

= sin c + 0
= sin c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, g is a continuous function.

Let h ( x ) = cos x
It is evident that h ( x ) = cos x is defined for all real number.
If x → c , then h → 0
h ( c ) = cos c
lim h ( x ) = lim cos x
x →c x →c
= lim cos ( c + h )
h →0
= lim cos c cosh − sin c sinh 

h →0
= limcos c cosh − limsin c sinh

h →0 h →0
= cos c cos 0 − sin c sin 0

= cos c x 1 - sinc x 0 = cos c
 lim h ( x ) = h ( c )
h →0
Hence, h is a continuous function.

Thus, it can be concluded that
a) f ( x ) = g ( x ) + h ( x ) = sin x + cos x is a continuous function
b) f ( x ) = g ( x ) − h ( x ) = sin x − cos x is a continuous function
c) f ( x ) = g ( x ) x h ( x ) = sin x x cosx is a continuous function
Question 22:
Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions.
Solution 22:
We known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then
h ( x)
i. , g ( x )  0 is continuous
g ( x)
1
ii. , g ( x )  0 is continuous
g ( x)
Top tutor.
1
iii. , h ( x )  0 is continuous
h ( x)
Let g ( x ) = sin x and h ( x ) = cos x are continuous functions.
Since, g ( x ) = sin x is defined for every real number.
If x → c, then h → 0
g ( c ) = sin x
lim g ( c ) = limsin x
x →c x →c
= limsin ( c + h )
h →0
= lim sin c cosh + cos c sinh 

h →0
= lim ( sin c cosh ) + lim ( cos c sinh )

h →0 h →0

= sin c + 0 = sin c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Hence, g is a continuous function.

Let h ( x ) = cos x
Since h ( x ) = cos x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number.
Put x = c + h
h ( c ) = cos c
x →c x →c
= lim cos ( c + h )
h →0
= lim  cos c cosh − sin c sinh 

h →0
= lim cos c cosh − lim sin c sinh

h →0 h →0

= cos c x 1 - sinc x 0
= cos c
 lim h ( x ) = h ( c )
x →c
Hence, h ( x ) = cos x is continuous function.
Top tutor.
1
cos ec x = ,sin x  0 is continuous
sin x
 cos ec x , x  n ( n  Z ) is continuous
^
Thus, secant is continuous except at X = np, n I Z
1
sec x = , cos x  0 is continuous
cos x

 sec x, x  ( 2n + 1) (n  Z ) is continuous
2

Hence, secant is continuous except at x = ( 2n + 1) (n  Z )
2
cos x
cot x = , sin x  0 is continuous
sin x
 cot x, x  n ( n  Z ) is continuous
Thus, cot is continuous except at x = np , nI z
Question 23:
 sin x
 , if x  0
Find the points of discontinuity of f , where f ( x ) =  x
 x + 1, if x  0
Solution 23:
 sin x
 , if x  0
 x + 1, if x  0
Since, f is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I :
sin c  sin x  sin c
If c  0 , then f ( c ) = and lim f ( x ) = lim  =
c x → c x → c
 x  c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

Case II :
If c  0 , then f ( c ) = c + 1and lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = c + 1
x →c x →c
Top tutor.
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points for x  0

Case III :
If c = 0 , then f ( c ) = f ( 0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHLat x = 0 is,
sin x
lim− f ( x ) = lim− =1
x →0 x →0 x
RHL at x = 0 is,
lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( x + 1) = 1
x →0+ x →0
 lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x →0 x →0
Hence, f is continuous at all real points.
So, f has no point of discontinuity.
Question 24:
 2 1
 x sin , if  0
Determine if f defined by f ( x ) =  x is a continuous function?
 if x = 0
 0,
Solution 24:
 2 1
 x sin , if  0
 if x = 0
 0,
Case I :
1
If c  0 , then f ( c ) = c 2 sin
c
x →c x →c


1
x x →c
( 
)
 x →c
1
lim f ( x ) = lim  x 2 sin  = lim x 2  lim sin  = c 2 sin
x
1
c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at all points x  0

Case II :
Top tutor.
If c = 0 , then f ( 0) = 0
 1  1
lim f ( x ) = lim−  x 2 sin  = lim  x 2 sin 
x → 0− x →0  x x → 0  2
1
It is known that, −1  sin  1, x  0
x
1
 − x 2  sin  x 2
x
 1
 lim ( − x 2 )  lim  x 2 sin   lim x 2
x →0 x →0
 x  x →0
 1
 0  lim  x 2 sin   0
x →0
 x
 1
 lim  x 2 sin  = 0
x →0
 x
 lim− f ( x ) = 0
x →0
 1  1
Similarly, lim+ f ( x ) = lim+  x 2 sin  = lim  x 2 sin  = 0
x →0 x →0  x  x →0  x
 lim− f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) = lim+ f ( x )
x →0 x →0
Since, f is continuous at every real points.
So, f is a continuous function.
Question 25:
sin x − cos x, if x  0
Examine the continuity of f , where f is defined by f ( x ) = 
 1 if x = 0
Solution 25:
sin x − cos x, if x  0
Given, f ( x ) = 
 1 if x = 0
Case I :
If c  0, then f ( c ) = sin c − cos c
Top tutor.
lim f ( x ) = lim ( sin x − cos x ) = sin c − cos c

x →c x →c
 lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c
Thus, f is continuous at al points x , such that x  0

Case II :
If c = 0, then f ( 0) = −1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( sin x − cos x ) = sin 0 − cos 0 = 0 − 1 = −1
x →o − x →o
lim f ( x ) = lim ( sin x − cos x ) = sin 0 − cos 0 = 0 − 1 = −1

x →o + x →o
 lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x →o x →o
Since, f is continuous at every real point.
So, f is a continuous function.
Question 26:
Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated point.

 k cos x if x 
 , 
f ( x)  − 2x
2
atx =
 3, if x =  2
2
Solution 26:

 k cos x if x 
 ,
Given, f ( x )   − 2 x
2
 3, if x = 
2
 
The given function f is continuous at x = , it is defined at x = and if the value of the f at
2 2
 
x= equals the limit of f at x = .
2 2
  
Since, f is defined at x = and f   3
2 2
 k cos x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x→ 2
x→
 − 2x
2

Put x = +h
2
Top tutor.

Then, x → h→0
2
 
k cos  + h 
 lim f ( x ) = lim
k cos x
= lim 2 
   − 2x h → 0  
x→
2
x→
2  − 2 + h
2 
− sinh k sinh k k
= k lim = lim = .1 =
h → 0 −2 h 2 h →0 h 2 2
 
 lim f ( x ) = f  

x→
2
2
k
 =3
2
k =6
Thus, the required value of k is 6 .
Question 27:
kx 2 , if x  2
f ( x) =  at x = 2
 3, if x  2
Solution 27:
kx 2 , if x  2
Given, f ( x ) = 
 3, if x  2
The given function f is continuous at x = 2 , if f is defined at x = 2 and if the value of f at
x = 2 equals the limit of f at x = 2
Given that f is defined at x = 2 and f ( 2 ) = k ( 2 ) = 4k
2
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
x → 2− x→2
 lim− ( kx 2
) = lim ( 3) = 4k
x→2 x → 2+
 k x 2 = 3 = 4k 2
 4k = 3 = 4k
 4k = 3
3
k=
4
Top tutor.
3
Thus, the required value of k is .
4
Question 28:
kx + 1, if x  
f ( x) =  at x = 
 cos x, if x  
Solution 28:
kx + 1, if x  
Given, f ( x ) = 
 cos x, if x  
The given function f is continuous at x = p and, if f is defined at x = p and if the value of f
at x = p equals the limit of f at x = p
Since, f is defined at x = p and f ( ) = k + 1
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( )
x → − x →
 lim− ( kx + 1) = lim+ cos x = k + 1

x → x →
 k + 1 = cos  = k + 1
 k + 1 = −1 = k + 1
 k + 1 = −1 = k + 1
2
k =−

2
Thus, the required value of k is − .

Question 29:
 kx + 1, if x  5
f ( x) =  at x = 5
3 x − 5, if x  5
Solution 29:
 kx + 1, if x  5
Given, f is f ( x ) = 
3 x − 5, if x  5
Top tutor.
f is continuous at x = 5 ,if f is defined at x = 5 and if the value of f at x = 5 equals the limit of

f at x = 5
Since, f is defined at x = 5 and f (5) = kx + 1 = 5k + 1
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 5 )
x → 5− x →5
 lim− ( kx + 1) = lim+ ( 3 x − 5 ) = 5k + 1
x →5 x →5
 5k + 1 = 15 − 5 = 5k + 1
 5k + 1 = 10
9 9
 5k = 9  k = Thus, the required value of k is .
5 5
Question 30:
 5, if x  2

Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by f ( x ) = ax + b, if 2  x  10 is a
 21 if x  10

continuous function.
Solution 30:
 5, if x  2

Given, f ( x ) = ax + b, if 2  x  10
 21 if x  10

Since, the given function f is defined at all points of the real line.
If f is a continuous function, then f is continuous at all real numbers.
As f is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10
Since f is continuous at x = 2 , we obtain
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
x → 2− x →2
 lim− ( 5 ) = lim+ ( ax + b ) = 5
x→2 x→2
 5 = 2a + b = 5
 2a + b = 5 ….(1)
Since f is a continuous at x = 10 , we get
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (10 )
x →10− x →10
 lim− ( ax + b ) = lim+ ( 21) = 21

x →10 x →10
 10a + b − 21 = 21
 10a + b = 21 …..(2)
Top tutor.
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain

8a = 16  a = 2
By putting a − 2 in equation (1), we obtain

2 x 2 + b =5
 4+b = 5  b =1
Thus, the values of a and b for which f is a continuous function are 2 and 1 respectively.
Question 31:
Show that the function defined by f ( x ) = cos ( x 2 ) is a continuous function.
Solution 31:
Given , f ( x ) = cos ( x 2 )
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
functions as,
f = g o h, where g ( x ) = cos x and h ( x ) = x2

 ( goh )( x ) = g ( h ( x ) ) = g ( x 2 ) = cos ( x 2 ) = f ( x )
We have to prove that g ( x ) = cos x and h ( x ) = x2 are continuous functions.
Since, g is defined for every real number.
Then, g ( c ) = cos c
Put x = c + h
If x → c, then h → 0
lim g ( x ) = lim cos x
x →c x →c
= lim cos ( c + h )
h →0

h →0
= lim cos c cosh − lim cinc sinh

h →0 h →0

= cos c x 1- sin c x 0
=cosc
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, g ( x ) = cos x is a continuous function.
Top tutor.
h ( x ) = x2
Since, h is defined for every real points.
Let k be a real number, then h ( k ) = k 2
lim h ( x ) = lim x 2 = k 2
x →k x→k
 lim h ( x ) = h ( k )
x →k
Thus, h is a continuous function.

We known that for real valued functions g and h , such that ( g o h ) is defined at c , it g is
continuous at c and it f is continuous at g ( c ) , then ( f o h ) is continuous at c .
Thus, f ( x ) = ( g o h )( x ) = cos ( x3 ) is a continuous function.
Question 32:
Show that the function defined by f ( x ) = cos x is a continuous function.
Solution 32:
Given, f ( x ) = cos x
Since, f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
functions as, f = g oh, where g ( x ) = x and h ( x ) = cos x
 ( goh )( x ) = g ( h ( x ) ) = g ( cos x ) = cos x = f ( x )
We have to prove that g ( x ) = x and h ( x ) = cos x are continuous functions.
g ( x ) = x , can be written as
− x, if x  0
g ( x) = 
 x if x  0
Since, g is defined for all real numbers.
Case I :
If c  0, then g ( c ) = −c and lim g ( x ) = lim ( − x ) = −c
x →c x →c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Case II :
If c  0, then g ( c ) = c and lim g ( x ) = lim x = c
x →c x →c
Top tutor.
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Case III :
If c = 0, then g ( c ) = g ( 0) = 0
lim g ( x ) = lim− ( − x ) = 0
x →0 − x →0
lim g ( x ) = lim+ ( x ) = 0
x →0+ x →0
 lim− g ( x ) = lim+ g ( x ) = g ( 0 )
x →c x →c
Thus, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h ( x ) = cos x
Since, h ( x ) = cos x is defined for every real number.
If x → c, the h → 0
h ( c ) = cos c
x →c x →c
= lim cos ( c + h )
h →0

h →0
= lim cos c cosh − lim sin sinh

h →0 h →0

= cos c x 1 − sin c x 0
= cos c
 lim h ( x ) = h ( c )
x →c
Thus, h ( x ) = cos x is a continuous function.

We know that for real valued functions g and h , such that ( g oh) is defined at c , if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g ( c ) ,then ( f o g ) is continuous at c .
Hence, f ( x ) = ( goh )( x ) = g ( h ( x )) = g ( cox ) = cos x is a continuous function.
Top tutor.
Question 33:
Examine that sin x is a continuous function.
Solution 33:
Let f ( x ) = sin x
Since f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
functions as, f = g o h,
where g ( x ) = x and h ( x ) = sin x
 ( goh )( x ) = g ( h ( x ) ) = g ( sin x ) = sin x = f ( x )
We have to prove that g ( x ) = x and h ( x ) = sin x are continuous functions.
g ( x ) = x can be written as
− x, if x  0
g ( x) 
 x if x  0
Case I :
If c  0 g ( c ) = −c and lim g ( x ) = lim(− x) = −c
x →c x →c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, g is continuous at all points x , that x  0

Case II :
If c  0, then g ( c ) = c and lim g ( x ) = lim x = c
x →c x →c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Hence, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Case III :
If c = 0, then g ( c ) = g ( 0) = 0
lim g ( x ) = lim− ( − x ) = 0
x → 0− x →0
lim g ( x ) = lim+ ( x ) = 0
x → 0+ x →0
 lim− g ( x ) = lim+ ( x ) = g ( 0 )
x →0 x →0
Hence, g is continuous at x = 0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h ( x ) = sin x
Top tutor.
Since, h ( x ) = sin x is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put x = c + k
If x → c , then k → 0
h ( c ) = sin c
lim h ( x ) = limsin x
x →c x →c
= lim sin ( c + k )
k →o
= lim sin c cos k + cos c sin k 

k →o
= lim ( sin c cos k ) + lim ( cos c sin k )

k →o h →o

= sin c + 0
= sin c
 lim h ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, h is a continuous function,

It is known that for real valued functions g and h , such that ( g oh ) is defined at c , if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g ( c ) , then ( f o h ) is continuous at c .
Hence, f ( x ) = ( goh )( x ) = g ( h ( x )) = g ( sin x ) = sin x is a continuous function.
Question 34:
Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by f ( x ) = x − x + 1 .
Solution 34:
Given, f ( x ) = x − x + 1 .
The two functions, g and h , are defined as
g ( x ) = x and h ( x ) = x + 1
Then, f = g − h
g ( x ) = x can be written as
− x, if x  0
g ( x) = 
 x, if x  0
Case I :
Top tutor.
If c  0, then g ( c ) = g ( 0) = −c and lim g ( x ) = lim ( − x ) = −c

x →c x →c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Case II :
If c  0, then g ( c ) = c lim g ( x ) = lim x = c
x →c x →c
 lim g ( x ) = g ( c )
x →c
Thus, for all x  0

Case III :
If c = 0, then g ( c ) = g ( 0) = 0
lim g ( x ) = lim− ( − x ) = 0
x → 0− x →0
lim g ( x ) = lim+ g ( x ) = 0
x → 0+ x →0
 lim− g ( x ) = lim+ ( x ) = g ( 0 )
x →0 x →0
Thus, g is continuous at x = 0
Hence, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h ( x ) = x + 1 can be written as
− ( x + 1) , if , x  −1
h ( x) = 
 x + 1, if , x  −1
Since, h is defined for every real number.
Case I :
If c  −1, then h ( c ) = − ( c + 1) and lim h ( x ) = lim  − ( x + 1)  = − ( c + 1)
x →c x →c
 lim h ( x ) = h ( c )
x →c
Thus, h is continuous for x  −1

Case II :
If c  −1, then h ( c ) = c + 1 and lim h ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) = ( c + 1)
x →c x →c
 lim h ( x ) = h ( c )
x →c
Thus, h is continuous at all points x , such that x  −1

Case III :
If c = −1, then h ( c ) = h ( −1) = −1 + 1 = 0
lim h ( x ) = lim−  − ( x + 1)  = − ( −1 + 1) = 0
x →1− x →1
Top tutor.
lim h ( x ) = lim+ ( x + 1) = ( −1 + 1) = 0
x →1+ x →1
 lim− h = lim+ h ( x ) = h ( −1)

x →1 x →1
Hence, h is continuous at x = −1
Thus, it can be concluded that h is continuous for all real points.
g and h are continuous functions. Therefore, f = g − h is also a continuous function.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.
Exercise 5.2
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . sin ( x 2 + 5)
Solution 1:
Let f ( x ) = sin ( x 2 + 5) , u ( x ) = x2 + 5, and v ( t ) = sin t
Then, ( vou )( x ) = v ( u ( x ) ) = v ( x 2 + 5) = tan ( x 2 + 5) = f ( x )
Thus, f is a composite of two functions.
Put t = u ( x ) = x2 + 5
Then, we get
= ( sin t ) = cos t = cos ( x 2 + 5 )

dv d
dt dt
= ( x + 5) = ( x 2 ) + ( 5) = 2 x + 0 = 2 x
dt d 2 d d
dx dx dx dx
By chain rule of derivative,
= . = cos ( x 2 + 5 ) x 2x = 2 x cos ( x 2 + 5 )
df dv dt
dx dt dx
Alternate method
sin ( x 2 + 5 )  = cos ( x 2 + 5 )  ( x 2 + 5 )
d d
dx   dx
d 
= cos ( x 2 + 5 ) .  ( x 2 ) + ( 5 ) 
d
 dx dx 
= cos ( x 2 + 5 ) . 2 x + 0
= 2 x cos ( x 2 + 5 )
Top tutor.
Question 2:
Differentiate the functions with respect of x. cos ( sin x )
Solution 2:
Let f ( x ) = cos ( sin x ) , u ( x ) = sin x, and v ( t ) = cos t
Then, ( vou )( x ) = v (u ( x )) = v ( sin x ) = cos (sin x ) = f ( x )
Here, f is a composite function of two functions.
Put t = u ( x ) = sin x
dv d
 =  cos t  = − sin t = − sin ( sin x )
dt dt
dt d
= ( sin x ) = cos x
dx dx
By chain rule,
df dv dt
, . = − sin ( sin x ) .cos x = − cos x sin ( sin x )
dx dt dx
Alternate method
d d
cos ( sin x )  = − sin ( sinx ) . ( sin x ) = − sin ( sin x ) − cos x = − cos x sin ( sin x )
dx dx
Question 3:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. sin ( ax + b )
Solution 3:
Let f ( x ) = sin ( ax + b ) , u ( x ) = ax + b, and v ( t ) = sin t
Then, ( vou )( x ) = v (u ( x )) = v ( ax + b ) = sin ( ax + b ) = f ( x )
Here, f is a composite function of two functions u and v .
Put t = u ( x ) = ax + b
Thus,
Top tutor.
dv d
= ( sin t ) = cos t = cos ( ax + b )
dt dt
dt d d d
= ( ax + b ) = ( ax ) + ( b ) = a + 0 = a
dx dx dx dx
Hence, by chain rule, we get
df dv dt
= . = cos ( ax + b )  a = a cos ( ax + b )
dx dt dx
Alternate method
d d
sin ( ax + b )  = cos ( ax + b ) . ( ax + b )
dx dx
d d 
= cos ( ax + b ) .  ( ax ) + ( b ) 
 dx dx 
= cos ( ax + b ) . ( a + 0 )
= a cos ( ax + b )
Question 4:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. sec tan ( ( x ))
Solution 4:
Let f ( x ) = sec tan( ( x )) , u ( x ) = x , v ( t ) = tan t , and w ( s ) = sec s
( ) ( ) (
Then, ( wovou )( x ) = w v (u ( x ) ) = w v x  = w tan x = sec tan x = f ( x )
  )
Here, f is a composite function of three functions, u , v and w .
Put s = v (t ) = tan t and t = u ( x ) = x
dw d
Then, = ( sec s ) = sec s tan s = sec ( tan t ) .tan ( tan t )  s = tan t 
ds ds
( ) (
= sec tan x tan tan x ) t = x 
 
ds d
= ( tan t ) = sec 2 t = sec 2 x
dt dt
d  12  1 12 −1
dt d
=
dx dx
( )
x =  x  = .x =
dx   2
1
2 x
dt dw ds dt
Hence, by chain rule, we get, = . .
dx ds dt dx
Top tutor.
( ) (
= sec tan x tan tan x x sec 2 x x ) 1
2 x
=
1
2 x
(
sec 2 x tan x tan tan x ) ( )
=
sec 2 x sec tan ( x ) tan ( tan x )
2 x
Alternate method
d 
dx  ( ) (
sec tan x  = sec tan x .tan tan x .

d
dx
) (
tan x ) ( )
( ) (
= sec tan x .tan tan x .sec 2 x .
d
dx
)
x . ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
= sec tan x .tan tan x .sec 2 x .
1
2 x
sec ( tan x ) .tan ( tan x ) .sec ( x ) 2
=
2 x
Question 5:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X.
sin ( ax + b )
cos ( cx + d )
Solution 5:
sin ( ax + b )
Given, f ( x ) , where g ( x ) = sin ( ax + b ) and h ( x ) = cos ( cx + d )
cos ( cx + d )
g ' h − gh'
f =
h2
Consider g ( x ) = sin ( ax + b )
Let u ( x ) = ax + b , v ( t ) = sin t
Then ( vou )( x ) = v (u ( x )) = v ( ax + b ) = sin ( ax + b ) = g ( x )
 g is a composite function of two functions, u and v .
Put t = u ( x ) = ax + b
Top tutor.
dv d
= ( sin t ) = cos t = cos ( ax + b )
dt dt
dt d d d
= ( ax + b ) = ( ax ) + ( b ) = a + 0 = a
dx dx dx dx
Thus, by chain rule, we get
dg dv dt
g' = = . = cos ( ax + b ) . a = a cos ( ax + b )
dx dt dx
Consider h ( x ) = cos ( cx + d )
Let p ( x ) = cx + d , q ( y ) = cos y
Then, ( qop )( x ) = q ( p ( x )) = q ( cx + d ) = cos ( cx + d ) = h ( x )
 h is a composite function p and q .
Put y = p ( x ) = cx + d
dq d
= ( cos y ) = − sin y = − sin ( cx + d )
dy dy
dy d d d
= ( cx + d ) = ( cx ) + ( d ) = c
dx dx dx dx
Using chain rule, we get
dh dq dy
h' = = . = − sin ( cx + d ) xc= − c sin ( cx + d )
dx dy dx
a cos ( ax + b ) .cos ( cx + d ) − sin ( ax + b )−c sin cx + d 
f'=
cos ( cx + d ) 
2
a cos ( ax + b ) sin ( cx + d ) 1
= + c sin ( ax + b )  x
cos ( cx + d ) cos ( cx + d ) cos ( cx + d )
= a cos ( ax + b ) sec ( cx + d ) + c sin ( ax + b ) tan ( cx + d ) sec ( cx + d )
Question 6:
Differentiate the functions with respect of x. cos x3  sin 2 ( x5 )
Solution 6:
Given,
Top tutor.
cos x3  sin 2 ( x5 )
cos x3 .sin 2 ( x5 )  = sin 2 ( x5 ) x ( cos x3 ) + cos x3 x sin 2 ( x5 )

d d d
dx   dx dx  
= sin 2 ( x5 ) x ( -sin x3 ) x ( x3 ) + cos x3 + 2sin ( x5 ) . sin x5 

d d
dx dx
= sin x3 sin 2 ( x5 ) x 3x 2 + 2sin x5 cos x3 .cos x5 x (x )
d 5
dx
= 3x 2 sin x3 .sin 3 ( x5 ) + 2sin x5 cos x5 cos x3 . x 5x 4
= 10 x 4 sin x5 cos x5 cos x3 − 3x 2 sin x3 sin 2 ( x5 )
Question 7:
Differentiate the functions with respect of x.
2 cot ( x 2 )
Solution 7:
2 cot ( x 2 ) 
d 

dx  
x cot ( x  ) 
1 d
= 2.
2 cot ( x 2 ) dx
sin ( x 2 )
x-cosec2 ( x 2 ) x (x )
d 2
=
cos ( x ) 2
dx
sin ( x )
2
1
= x x ( 2x )
cos ( x ) sin ( x )
2 2 2
−2 x
=
cos x 2 sin x 2 sin x 2
−2 2 x
=
2sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x 2
−2 2 x
=
sin x 2 sin 2 x 2
Top tutor.
Question 8:
Differentiate the functions with respect of x. cos ( x)
Solution 8:
Let f ( x ) = cos ( x)
Also, let u ( x ) = x
And, v ( t ) = cos t
Then, ( vou )( x ) = v (u ( x ) )
=v ( x)
= cos x
= f ( x)
Since, f is a composite function of u and v,
t = u ( x) = x
d  12  1 12
Then,
dt d
=
dx dx
( ) x = x = x
dx   2
1
=
2 x
dv d
And, = ( cos t ) = − sin t
dt dt
= sin ( x)
dt dv dt
= .
dx dt dx
( )
= − sin x .
1
2 x
=−
1
2 x
( )
sin x
sin ( x )
=−
2 x
Alternate method
Top tutor.
d 
dx 
cos ( x ) = − sin ( x ) . dxd ( x )
d  12 
= − sin ( )x x x 
dx  
1 − 12
= − sin x x x
2
− sin x
=
2 x
Question 9:
Prove that the function f given by
f ( x ) = x −1 , x R is not differentiable at x = 1.
Solution 9:
Given, f ( x ) = x −1 , x R
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both
f (c + h) − f (c) f (c + h) − f (c)
lim− and lim+ are finite and equal.
k →0 h h →0 h
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 1,
Consider LHD at x = 1
f (1 + h ) − f (1) f I + h −1 1 −1
lim− = lim−
h →0 h h →0 h
h −0 −h
= lim−
h →0 h
= lim−
h →0 h
( h  0  h = −h )
= −1
Consider RHD at x = 1
f (1 + h ) − f (1) f I + h −1 − 1−1
lim+ = lim+
h →0 h h →0 h
h −0
= lim+
h →0 h
= lim+
h → 0
h
h
( h  0  h = h)
=1
Since LHD and RHD at x = 1 are not equal,
Therefore f is not differentiable at x = 1
Top tutor.
Question 10:
Prove that the greatest integer function defined by f = ( x ) =  x ,0  x  3 is not differentiable at

x = 1 and x = 2 .
Solution 10:
Given, f = ( x ) =  x ,0  x  3
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both
f (c + h) − f (c) f (c + h) − f (c)
lim− and lim+ are finite and equal.
h →0 h h →0 h
At x = 1,
consider the LHD at x = 1
lim−
f (1 + h ) − f (1)
= lim−
1 + h − 1
h →0 h h →0 h
0 −1 −1
= lim− = lim− = =
h →0 h h →0 h
Consider RHD f at x = 1
lim+
f (1 + h ) − f (1)
= lim+
1 + h1
h →0 h h →0 h
1 −1
= lim+ = lim+ 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0
Since LHD and RHD at x = 1 are not equal,

Hence, f is not differentiable at x = 1
To check the differentiable of the given function at x = 2 , consider LHD at x = 2
lim−
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2)
= lim−
 2 + h  −  2
h →0 h h →0 h
1− 2 −1
= lim− = lim− =
h →0 h h → 0 h
Now, Consider RHD at x=1
Top tutor.
lim+
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2)
= lim+
 2 + h  −  2
h →0 h h →0 h
1− 2
= lim+ = lim+ 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0
Since, LHD and RHD at x = 2 are not equal,

Hence f is not differentiable at x = 2
Exercise 5.3
Question 1:
dy
Find : 2 x + 3 y = sin x
dx
Solution 1:
Given, 2 x + 3 y = sin x
Differentiating w.r.t x , we get
d d
( 2 x + 3 y ) = ( sin x )
dy dx
Top tutor.
d d
 ( 2 x ) + ( 3 y ) = cos x
dx dx
dy
 2 + 3 = cos x
dx
dy
 3 = cos x − 2
dx
dx cos x − 2
 =
dy 3
Question 2:
dy
Find : 2 x + 3 y = sin y
dx
Solution 2:
Given, 2 x + 3 y = sin y
d d d
( 2 x ) + ( 3 y ) = ( sin y )
dx dx dx
dy dy
 2 + 3 = cos y
dx dx
By using chain rule
dy
 2= ( cosy-3 )
dx
dy 2
 =
dx cos y − 3
Question 3:
dy
Find : ax + by 2 = cos y
dx
Solution 3:
Given,
ax + by 2 = cos y
( ax ) + ( by 2 ) = ( cos y )
d d d
dx dx dx
Top tutor.
 a+b
d 2
dx
( y ) = ( cos y )
d
dx …(1)
d 2
( y ) = 2y
dy d
( cos y ) = sin y
dy
Using chain rule, we obtain dx dx and dx dx ……….(2)
From (1) and (2), we obtain
dy dy
a + b x 2y = − sin y
dx dx
dy
 ( 2by + sin y ) = a
dx
dy −a
 =
dx 2by + sin y
Question 4:
dy
Find : xy + y 2 = tan x + y
dx
Solution 4:
Given , xy + y 2 = tan x + y
d
dx
( xy + y 2 ) = ( tan x + y )
d
dx
 ( xy ) + ( y ) = ( tan x ) +
d d 2 d dy
dx dx dx dx
 d dy  dy dy
  y . ( x ) + x .  + 2 y = sec2 x + [ using product rule and chain rule ]
 dx dx  dx dx
dy dy dy dy
 y.1 + x + 2 y = sec 2 x +  ( x + 2 y − 1) = sec 2 x − y
dx dx dx dx
dy sec2 x − y
 =
dx ( x + 2 y − 1)
Question 5:
dy 2
Find : x + xy + y 2 = 100
dx
Solution 5:
Given, x 2 + xy + y 2 = 100
Top tutor.
dx
(
d 2
x + xy + y 2 ) = (100 )
d
dx
 ( x 2 ) + ( xy ) + ( y 2 ) = 0
d d d
dx dx dx
 d dy  dy
 2 x +  y. ( x ) + x.  + 2 y =0
 dx dx  dx
dy dy
 2 x + y.1 + x. + 2 y =0
dx dx
dy
 2x + y + ( x + 2 y ) = 0
dx
dy 2x + y
 =−
dx x + 2y
Question 6:
dy 2
Find : x + x 2 y + xy 2 + y 3 = 81
dx
Solution 6:
Given, x 2 + x 2 y + xy 2 + y 3 = 81
dx
(
d 3
x + x 2 y + xy 2 y 3 ) = ( 81)
d
dx
 ( x 3 ) + ( x 2 y ) + ( xy ) + ( y 3 ) = 0
d d d 2 d
dx dx dx dx
 d dy   d 
 3x 2 +  y ( x 2 ) + x 2  +  y 2 ( x ) + x ( y 2 ) + 3 y 2
d dy
=0
 dx dx   dx dx  dx
 dx   dy  dx
 3 x 2 +  y.2 x + x 2  +  y 2 .1 + x.2 y.  + 3 y 2 =0
 dy   dx  dy
 ( x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2 ) + ( 3 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) = 0
dy
dx
dy − ( 3 x + 2 xy + y )
2 2
 =
dx ( x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2 )
Top tutor.
Question 7:
dx
Find : sin 2 y + cos xy = 
dy
Solution 7:
Given, sin 2 y + cos xy = 
d
dx
( sin 2 y + cos xy ) = ( )
d
dx
…..(1)
 ( sin y ) + ( cos xy ) = 0
d 2 d
dx dx
Using chain rule, we obtain
d
dx
( sin 2 y ) = 2sin y ( sin y ) = 2sin y cos y
d
dx
dy
dx
….(2)
( cos xy ) = − sin xy ( xy ) = − sin xy  y ( x ) + x 
d d d dy
dx dx  dx dx 
 dy  dy
= − sin xy  y.1 + x  = − y sin xy − x sin xy …..(3)
 dx  dx
From (1) ,(2) and (3), we obtain
dy dy
2sin y cos y = − y sin xy − x sin xy =0
dx dx
dy
 ( 2sin y cos y − x sin xy ) = y sin xy
dx
dx
 ( sin 2 y − x sin xy ) = y sin xy
dy
dx y sin xy
 =
dy sin 2 y − x sin xy
Question 8:
dy
Find : sin 2 x + cos 2 y = 1
dx
Solution 8:
Given, sin 2 x + cos 2 y = 1
Top tutor.
dy
dx
( sin 2 x + cos 2 y ) = (1)
d
dx
 ( sin 2 x ) + ( cos 2 y ) = 0
d d
dx dx
d d
 2sin x. ( sin x ) + 2 cos y. ( cos y ) = 0
dx dx
dy
 2sin x cos x + 2 cos y ( − sin y ) . = 0
dx
dy
 sin 2 x − sin 2 y =0
dx
dx sin 2 x
 =
dy sin 2 y
Question 9:
dy  2x 
Find : y = sin −1  2 
dx  1+ x 
Solution 9:
 2x 
Given, y = sin −1  2 
 1+ x 
 2x 
y = sin −1  2 
 1+ x 
2x
 sin y
1 + x2
( sin y ) = 
d d 2x 

dx dx  1 + x 2 
……….(1)
dy d  2 x 
 cos y =  
dx dx  1 + x 2 
2x u
The function , is of the form of .
1+ x 2
v
By quotient rule, we get
d  2x  (
1 + x 2 ) ( 2 x ) − 2 x. (1 + x 2 )
d d
dx dx
 =
dx  1 + x 2  (1 + x )
2
…….(2)
=
(1 + x 2 ) .2 − 2 x 0 + 2 x  =
2 + 2x − 4x
2 3
=
2 (1 + x 2 )
(1 + x )
2 2
(1 + x )2 2
(1 + x )
2 2
Top tutor.
2x
Also, sin y =
1 + x2
 2x 
 cos y = 1 − sin 2 y = 1 −  =
2
(1 + x ) − 4 x
2 2 2
2 
 1+ x  (1 + x )
2 2
…………(3)
=
(1 − x )
2 2
=
1 − x2
(1 − x )
2 2 1 + x2
From (1), (2) and (3), we get
1 − x 2 dy 2 (1 − x )
2
x =
1 + x 2 dx (1 + x 2 )2
dy 2
 =
dx 1 + x 2
Question 10:
dx  3x − x 3  1 1
Find : y = tan −1  2 
,− x
dy  1 − 3x  3 3
Solution 10:
 3x − x3 
−1
Given , y = tan  2 
 1 − 3x 
 3x − x3 
y = tan −1  2 
 1 − 3x  ……..(1)
3x − x 3
 tan y =
1 − 3x 2
y y
3tan− tan 3
Since, we known that, tan y = 3 3 ……(2)
2 y
1 − 3tan
3
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we obtain
y
x = tan
3
Top tutor.
( x ) =  tan 
d d y
dx dx  3
y d  y
 1 = sec 2 .  
3 dx  3 
y 1 dy
 1 = sec 2 . .
3 3 dx
dy 3 3
 = =
dx sec 2 y 1 + tan 2 y
3 3
dx 3
 =
dy 1 + x 2
Question 11:
dy  1 − x2 
Find : y cos−1  2 
,0  x 1
dx  1+ x 
Solution 11:
 1 − x2 
Given, y = cos −1  2 
 1+ x 
1 − x2
 cos y =
1 + x2
y
1 − tan 2
2 = 1− x
2

y 1 + x2
1 + tan 2
2
Comparing L.H.S and R.H.S , we get
y
tan = x
2
y d  y d
Differentiating w.r.t x , we get sec2 .   = ( x )
2 dx  2  dx
y 1 d
 sec 2 x =1
2 2 dx
Top tutor.
dy 2
 =
dx sec 2 y
2
dy 2
 =
dx 1 + tan 2 y
2
dy 1
 =
dx 1 + x 2
Question 12:
dy  1 − x2 
Find : y = sin −1  2 
,0  x 1
dx  1+ x 
Solution 12:
−1 1 − x2 
Given , y = sin  2 
 1+ x 
 1 − x2 
y = sin −1  2 
 1+ x 
1 − x2
 sin y =
1 + x2
d d  1 − x2 
( sin y ) =  2  ..……(1)
dx dx  1 + x 
d dy
( sin y ) = cos y.
dx dx
2
 1 − x2 
cos y = 1 − sin y = 1 − 
2
2 
 1+ x 
=
(1 + x ) − (1 − x )
2 2 2 2
=
4x2
=
2x
(1 + x )
2 2
(1 + x )2 2 1 + x2
d 2 x dy
 ( sin y ) = … …….(2)
dx 1 + x 2 dx
d  1 − x 2  (1 + x )(1 − x ) − (1 − x )(1 + x )
'
2 2 ' 2 2
 = using quotient rule

dx  1 + x 2  (1 + x ) 2 2
Top tutor.
=
(1+x ) ( −2 x ) − (1 − x ) ( 2 x )
2 2
(1 + x ) 2 2
−2 x − 2 x 3 − 2 x + 2 x 3
=
(1 + x )
2 2
−4 x
= …..(3)
(1 + x )
2 2
From equation (1), (2), and (3), we get

2 x dy −4 x
=
1 + x dx (1 + x 2 )2
2
dy −2
 =
dx 1 + x 2
Alternate method
 1 − x2 
y = sin −1  2 
 1+ x 
1 − x2
 sin y =
1 + x2
 (1 + x 2 ) sin y = 1 − x 2
 (1 + sin y ) x 2 = 1 − sin y
1 − sin y
 x2 =
1 + sin y
2
 y y
 cos − sin 
 x2 = 
2 2
2
 y y
 cos + sin 
 2 x
y y
cos − sin
x= 2 2
y y
cos + sin
2 2
y
1 − tan
x= 2
y
1 + tan
2
  
 x = tan  − 
4 2
Top tutor.
d   y 
( x ) = .  tan  −  
d
dx dx   4 2  
 y  d  y 
 1 = sec2  −  .  − 
 4 2  dx  4 2 
   y   1 dy 
 1 = 1 + tan 2  −  .  − . 
  4 2   2 dx 
 1 dy 
 1 = (1 + x 2 )  − 
 2 dx 
dx −2
 =
dy 1 + x 2
Question 13:
dy  2x 
Find : y = cos −1  2 
, −1  x  1
dx  1+ x 
Solution 13:
 2x 
Given, y = cos −1  2 
 1+ x 
 2x 
y = cos −1  2 
 1+ x 
2x
 cos y =
1 + x2
( cos y ) = .  2 
d d 2x
dx dx  1 + x 
dy (1 + x 2 ) . ( 2 x ) − 2 x. (1 + x 2 )
d
dx
d
dx
 − sin y. =
dx (1 + x )
2 2
dy (1 + x ) x 2-2x.2x
2
 − 1 − cos y 2
=
(1+x 2 )
2
dx
  2 1− x 2 
2 x   dy ( ) 
2

  1−  2 
 = −
  1 + x   dx  (1 + x 2 )2 
  

(1 − x ) − 4 x
2 2 2
=
dy −2 (1 − x )
=
2
(1 + x )2 2 dx (1 + x2 )
Top tutor.

(1 − x ) 2 2
dy −2 (1 − x )
=
2
(1 + x ) 2 2
(1 − x2 )
2
dx
1 − x 2 dy −2 (1 − x )
2
 . =
1 + x 2 dx (1 + x 2 )
2
dy −2
 =
dx 1 + x 2
Question 14:
Find
dy
dx
(
: y = sin −1 2 x 1 − x 2 , −
1
2
x
1
2
)
Solution 14:
(
Given, y = sin −1 2 x 1 − x 2 )
(
y = sin −1 2 x 1 − x 2 )
 sin y = 2 x 1 − x 2
cos y =
dy
dx
 d
= 2 x
 dx
1 − x2 + 1 − x2 (
dx 
dx 
)
dy  x −2 x 
 1 − sin 2 y = 2 . + 1 − x2 
dx  2 1− x 
2
( )
 − x2 + 1 − x2 
2
dy
 1− 2x 1 − x = = 2
2

dx  1 − x2 
 1 − 2x2   1 − 2x2 
 1 − 4 x 2 (1 − x 2 )
dy 2 dy
= 2   (1 − 2 x ) = 2  
dx  1− x  dx  1− x 
2 2
 1 − 2 x2 
 (1 − 2 x 2 )
dy dy 2
= 2   =
dx  1− x 
2 dx 1 − x2
Top tutor.
Question 15:
dy  1  1
Find : y = sec−1  2  , 0  x 
dx  2x −1  2
Solution 15:
 1 
Given, y = sec−1  2 
 2x −1 
 1 
y = sec −1  2 
 2x −1 
1
 sec y = 2
2x −1
 cos y = 2 x 2 − 1
 2 x 2 = 1 + cos y
y
 2 x 2 = 2 cos 2
2
y
 x = cos
2
( x ) =  cos 
d d y
dx dx  2
y d  y
 1 = sin .  
2 dx  2 
−1 1 dy
 =
y 2 dx
sin
2
dy −2 −2
 = =
dx sin y y
1 − cos 2
2 2
dy −2
 =
dx 1 − x2
Top tutor.
Exercise 5.4
Question 1:
ex
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x :
sin x
Solution 1:
ex
Let y =
sin x
By using the quotient rule, we get
dy
sin x
d x
dx
( )
d
e − e x ( sin x )
dx
=
dx sin 2 x
sin x. ( e x ) − e x . ( cos x )
=
sin 2 x
e x ( sin x − cos x )
= , x  n , n Z
sin 2 x
Question 2:
−1
Differentiating the following esin x
Solution 2:
−1
Let y = esin x
dy d sin −1 x
=
dx dx
e ( )
= esin x . ( sin −1 x )
dy −1 d

dx dx
−1 1
 esin x .
1 − x2
e sin −1 x

1 − x2
−1
dy esin x
 = , x  ( −1,1)
dx 1 − x2
Top tutor.
Question 3:
Show that the function given by f ( x ) = e2x is strictly increasing on R .
Solution 3:
Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in R .
Then, we have:
x1  x2  2x1  2x2  e2 x1  e2 x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
Thus, f is strictly increasing on R .
Question 4:
2
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : e x
Solution 4:
Let y = ex
3

dy d
=
dx dx
3
( )
= e x = e x . ( x 3 ) = e x .3x 2 = 3x 2e x
3 d
dx
3 3
Question 5:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : sin ( tan −1 e− x )
Solution 5:
Let y = sin ( tan −1 e− x )
By using the chain rule, we get
: sin ( tan −1 e − x ) 
dy d
dx dx
= cos ( tan −1 e − x ) . ( tan −1 e − x )
d
dx
= cos ( tan −1 e − x ) . . ( e− x )
1 d
1+ (e )
− x 2 dx
cos ( tan −1 e − x ) d
= −2 x
.e − x . (−x)
1+ e dx
Top tutor.
e − x cos ( tan −1 e − x )
= x ( -1)
1 + e −2 x
−e− x cos ( tan −1 e − x )
=
1 + e −2 x
Question 6:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : log ( cos e x )
Solution 6:
Let y = log ( cos e x )
= log ( cos e x ) 
dy d
dx dx
. ( cos e x )
1 d
= x
cos e dx
x (
. − sin e x ) . ( e x )
1 d
=
cos e dx
− sin e xx
= .e
cos e x

= −e x tan e x , e x  ( 2n + 1) ,nN
2
Question 7:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : e x + e x + ... + e x
2 5
Solution 7:
dx
(
d x x2
e + e + ... + e x
5
)
=
d x
dx
( e )+
d x2
dx
e + ( )
d x3
dx
e +
dx
( )
d x4
e + ( )
d x5
dx
e ( )
 2 d   3 d   4 d   5 d 
= e x + e x x ( x 2 )  + e x x ( x 3 )  + e x x ( x 4 )  + e x x ( x 5 ) 
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
( ) ( ) (
= e x + e x x2x + e x x3x2 + e x x4x3 + e x x5x4
2 3 4
) ( 5
)
3
= e x + 2 xe x + 3x 2 e x + 4 x3e x + 5 x 4 e x
2 4 5
Top tutor.
Question 8:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : e x ,x 0
Solution 8:
Let y = e x
Then, y2 = e x

y2 = e x
 2y
dy
dx
=e x d
dx
x( )
dy 1 1
 2y =e x
.
dx 2 x
dy e x
 =
dx 4 y x
x
dy e
 =
dx 4 e x
x
x
dy e
 = ,x 0
dx 4 xe x
Question 9:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : l og ( l og x ) , x  1
Solution 9:
Let y = l og ( l og x )
dy d
= l og ( l og x ) 
dx dx 
1 d
= . ( l og x )
l og x dx
Top tutor.
1 1
= .
l og x x
1
= , x 1
x l og
Question 10:
cos x
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : ,x 0
log x
Solution 10:
cos x
Let y =
log x
d d
dy dx ( cos x ) x log x - cos x x ( log x )
= dx
( log x )
2
dx
1
− sin x log x − cos x x
= x
( log x )
2
−  x log x.sin x + cos x 

= ,x 0
x ( log x )
2
Question 11:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : cos ( log x + e x ) , x  0
Solution 11:
Let y = cos ( log x + e x )
Top tutor.
y = cos ( log x + e x )
= − sin log x + e x  . ( log x + e x )

dy d
dx dx
d 
= sin ( log x + e x ) .  ( log x ) + ( e x ) 
d
 dx dx 
1 
= − sin ( log x + e x ) .  + e x 
x 
1 
=  + e x  sin ( log x + e x ) , x  0
x 
Exercise 5.5
Question 1:
Differentiating the following with respect to x . cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3 x
Solution 1:
Let y = cos x.cos 2 x.cos3x
Taking log or both the side, we get
log y = log ( cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3 x )
 log y = log ( cos x ) + log ( cos 2 x ) + log(cos 3 x)
1 dy 1 d 1 d 1 d
= . ( cos x ) + . ( cos 2 x ) + . ( cos 3 x )
y dx cos x dx cos 2 x dx cos 3x dx
dy  sin x sin 2 x d sin 3 x d 
 = y − − . ( 2x ) − . ( 3x ) 
dx  cos x cos 2 x dx cos 3 x dx 
dy
 = − cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3 x  tan x + 2 tan 2 x + 3 tan 3 x 
dx
Question 2:
( x − 1)( x − 2 )
Differentiating the function with respect to x .
( x − 3)( x − 4 )( x − 5)
Top tutor.
Solution 2:
( x − 1)( x − 2 )
Let y =
( x − 3)( x − 4 )( x − 5)
( x −1)( x − 2 )
( x −3)( x − 4)( x −5)
log y = log
1
 log y = log 
 ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) 

2  ( x − 3)( x − 4 )( x − 5 ) 
 log y = log{( x − 1)( x − 2 ) − log ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) ( x − 5 ) }
1
2
1
 log y = log ( x − 1) + log ( x − 2 ) − log ( x − 3) − log ( x − 4 ) − log ( x − 5 ) 
2
 1 d 1 d 1 d 
 . ( x − 1) + . ( x − 2) − . ( x − 3) 
1 dy 1 x − 1 dx x − 2 dx x − 3 dx
=  
y dx 2  1 d 1 d 
− . ( x − 4) − . ( x − 5)
 x − 4 dx x − 5 dx 
dy y  1 1 1 1 1 
 =  + − − − 
dx 2  x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4 x − 5 

dy 1
=
( x − 1)( x − 2 )  1 + 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 
dx 2 ( x − 3)( x − 4 )( x − 5 )  x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4 x − 5 
Question 3:
Differentiating the function with respect to x. ( log x )
cos x
Solution 3:
Let y = ( log x )
cos x

log y = cos x.log ( log x )
Top tutor.
1 dy d d
. = ( cos x ) x log ( log x ) + cos x x log ( log x ) 
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 d
 . = − sin x log ( log x ) + cos x x . ( log x )
y dx logx dx
dy  cos x 1 
 = y  − sin x log ( log x ) +
log x x 
x
dx 
dy cos x  cos x 
 = ( log x )  − sin x log ( log x ) 
dx  x log x 
Question 4:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . x2 − 2sin x
Solution 4:
Let y = x 2 − 2sin x
Also, let x 2 = u and 2sin x = y
y =u−v
dy du dv
 = −
dx dx dx
u = Xx
Taking log on both sides, we get
1 du  d d 
=  ( x ) x logx + x x ( log x ) 
u dx  dx dx 
du  1
 = u 1 x log x + x x 
dx  x
du
 = x x ( log x + 1)
dx
du
 = x x (1 + log x )
dx
v = 2sin x
Taking log on both the sides
log v = sin x.log 2
Top tutor.
1 dv d
. = log 2. ( sin x )
v dx dx
dv
 = v log 2 cos x
dx
dv
 = 2sin x cos x log 2
dx
dy
 = x 2 (1 + log x ) − 2sin x cos x log 2
dx
Question 5:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . ( x + 3) , ( x + 4 ) , ( x + 5)
2 3 4
Solution 5:
Let y = ( x + 3) , ( x + 4 ) , ( x + 5)
2 3 4

log y = log ( x + 3) + log ( x + 4 ) + log ( x + 5)
2 3 4
 log y = 2log ( x + 3) + 3log ( x + 4) + 4log ( x + 5)

1 dy 1 d 1 d 1 d
. = 2. . ( x + 3) + 3. . ( x + 4 ) + 4. . ( x + 5)
y dx x + 3 dx x + 4 dx x + 5 dx
dy  2 3 4 
 = y + +
dx  x + 3 x + 4 x + 5 
dy 4  2 3 4 
 = ( x + 3) ( x + 4 ) ( x + 5 )  + +
2 3
dx  x + 3 x + 4 x + 5 
dy  2 ( x + 4 )( x + 5 ) + 3 ( x + 3)( x + 5 ) + 4 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) 
 = ( x + 3) ( x + 4 ) ( x + 5 ) 
2 3

dx  ( x + 3)( x + 4 )( x + 5) 
= ( x + 3) ( x + 4 ) ( x + 5 ) −  2 ( x 2 + 9 x + 20 ) + 3 ( x 2 + 9 x + 15 ) + 4 ( x 2 + 7 x + 12 ) 
dy

2 2 2
dx
 = ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) ( x + 5 ) ( 9 x 2 + 70 x + 133)
dy 2 3
dx
Question 6:
x  1
 1 1+ 
Differentiate the function with respect to x .  +  + x x 
 x
Solution 6:
Top tutor.
x  1
 1 1+ 
Let y =  x +  + x x 
 x
x  1
 1 1+ 
Also, let u =  x +  and v = ux x 
 x
y =u+v
dy du dv
 = + …….(1)
dx dx dx
x
 1
Then, u =  x + 
 x
x
 1
 log u = log  x + 
 x
 1
 log u = x log  x + 
 x
1 du d  1 d   1 
= ( x)  log  x +  + x  log  x +  
u dx dx  x dx   x 
1 du  1 1 d  1
 = 1x log  x +  + xx . x+ 
u dx  x  1  dx  x
x+ 
 x
 
du   1 x  1 
 = u log  x +  + x  x + 2 
  x  1
x+  
dx x 
  
 x
  1 
 x  x − 
du  1  1
=  x +  log  x +  + 
x
 
dx  x   x  1 
  x + 
 x 
1   1  x 2 + 1
x
du 
 =  x +  log  x +  + 2 
dx  x   x  x − 1
1   x2 + 1 1 
2
du  
 =x+   2 + log  x +   ….(2)
dx  x   x −1  x 
 1
 x+ 
v = x x
Top tutor.
 x x+ 1x  
 log v = log  x 
 
 1
 log v = 1 +  log x
 x
1 dv  d  1    1 d
. =  1 +   x log x + 1 +  . log x
v dx  dx  x    x  dx
1 dv  1   1 1
 =  − 2  log x + 1 +  .
v dx  x   x x
1 dv log x 1 1
 =− 2 + + 2
v dx x x x
dv  − log x + x + 1 
 = v 
dx  x2
 1
dv 1+   x + 1 − log x 
 = x x    ………(3)
dx  x2 
Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3), we get
 1
1   x2 −1 1    x + x   x + 1 − log x 
x
dy  
=  x +   2 + log  x +   + x  
dx  x  x +  x   x2 
Question 7:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . ( log x ) + xlog x
x
Solution 7:
Let y = ( log x ) + xlog x
x
Also, let u = ( log x ) and v = xlog x

x
y =u+v
dy du dv
 = + ……..(1)
dx dx dx
u = ( log x )
x
 log u = log ( log x ) 

x
 
 log u = x log ( log x )
Top tutor.
1 du d d
= ( x ) xlog ( log x ) + x. log ( log x ) 
u dx dx dx
du  1 d 
 = u 1xlog ( logx ) + x. . ( log x ) 
dx  log x dx 
du x  x 1
 = ( log x ) log ( log x ) +
log x x 
.
dx 
du x  1 
 = ( log x ) log ( log x ) +
dx  log x 
du  log ( log x ) .log x + 1 
 = ( log x ) = 
x

dx  log x 
du
= ( log x ) 1 + log x.log ( log x ) 
x −1
……(2)
dx
v = xlog x
 log v = log ( xlog x )
 log v = log x log x = ( log x )

2

1 dx d 
. = ( log x ) 
2
v dx dx 
1 dx d
 . = 2 ( log x ) . ( log x )
v dx dx
dv log x
 = 2 x log x
dx x
dv
 = 2 x log x −1.log x …….(3)
dx
Thus, from (1), (2), and (3), we get
dy
= ( log x ) 1 + log x.log ( log x )  + 2 x log x −1 log x
x +1
dx
Question 8:
( sin x ) + sin −1 x
2
Differentiate the function with respect to x
Solution 8:
Let y = ( sin x ) + sin −1 x
x
Also, let u = ( sin x ) and v = sin −1 x

x
Top tutor.
y =u+v
dy du dv
 = − ……..(1)
dx dx dx
u = ( sin x )
x
 log u = log ( sin x )

x
 log u = x log ( sin x )

1 du d d
 = ( x ) x log ( sin x ) + x x log ( sin x ) 
u dx dx dx 
du  1 d 
 = u 1.log ( sin x ) + x. . ( sin x ) 
dx  sin x dx 
du x  x 
 = ( sin x ) log ( sin x ) + .cos x 
dx  sin x 
du
 = ( sin x ) ( x cot x + log sin x )
x
….…..(2)
dx
v = sin −1 x
dv
=
1
.
d
( )
x
dx
( ) dx
2
1− x
dv 1 1
 = .
dx 1− x 2 x
dv 1
 = …..(3)
dx 2 x − x 2
Thus, from (1), (2) and (3), we get
dy 1
= ( sin x ) ( x cot x + log sin x ) +
2
dx 2 x − x2
Question 9:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . xsin x + ( sin x )
cos x
Solution 9:
Let y = xsin x + ( sin x )
cos x
Also u = xsin x and v = ( sin x )

cos x
Top tutor.
y =u+v
dy du dv
 = + ……(1)
dx dx dx
u = xsin x
 log u = log ( xsin x )
 log u = sin x log x
1 du d d
= ( sin x ) .log x + sin x. ( log x )
u dx dx dx
du  1
 = u = cos x log x + sin x  
dx  x
du  sin x 
 == xsin x cos x log x + ……(2)
dx  x 
v = ( sin x )
cos x
 log v = log ( sin x )

cos x
 log v = cox log ( sin x )

1 dv d d
= ( cos x ) xlog ( sinx ) + cos xx log ( sin x ) 
v dx dx dx
dv  1 d 
 = v  − sin x.log ( sin x ) + cos x. . ( sin x ) 
dx  sin x dx 
dv cos x  cos x 
 = ( sin x )  − sin x log sin x + cos x 
dx  sin x 
dv
 = ( sin x )  − sin x log sin x + cot x cos x 
cos x
dx
dv
 = ( sin x )  cot x cos x − sin x log sin x 
cos x
….(3)
dx
dy  sin x 
= xsin x  cos x log x +  + ( sin x )  cos x cot x − sin x log sin x 
cos x
dx  x 
Top tutor.
Question 10:
x2 + 1
Differentiate the function with respect to x . x x cos x +
x2 −1
Solution 10:
x2 + 1
Let y = x x cos x +
x2 − 1
x2 + 1
Also, let u = x x cos x and v =
x2 −1
dy du dv
 = +
dx dx dx
y =u+v
u = x x cos x
1 du d d d
= ( x ) .cos x log x + x. ( cos x ) .log x + x cos x. ( log x )
u dx dx dx dx
du  1
 = u 1.cos x.log x + x. ( − sin x ) log x + x cos x. 
dx  x
du
 = x x cos x ( cox log x − x sin x log x + cos x )
dx
du
 = x x cos x cos x (1 + log x ) − x sin x log x  …..….(2)
dx
x2 + 1
v=
x2 −1
 log v = log ( x 2 + 1) − log ( x 2 − 1)
1 dv 2x 2x
= = 2 − 2
v dx x + 1 x − 1
dv  2 x ( x 2 − 1) − 2 x ( x 2 + 1) 
 = v 
dx  ( x2 + 1)( x2 − 1) 
dv x 2 + 1  -4x 
 = 2 x 2 
dx x − 1  ( x + 1)( x 2 − 1) 
 
dv −4 x
 = …….…….(3)
dx ( x 2 − 1)2
Top tutor.
dy 4x
= x x cos x cos x (1 + log x ) − x sin x log x  −
( x − 1)
2
dx 2
Question 11:
1
Differentiate the function with respect to x . ( x cos x ) + ( x sin x ) x
x
Solution 11:
1
Let y = ( x cos x ) + ( x sin x ) x
x
1
Also, let u = ( x cos x ) and v = ( x sin x ) x
x
y =u+v
dy du dv
 = + ….(1)
dx dx dx
u = ( x cos x )
2
 log u = log ( x cos x )

x
 log u = x log ( x cos x )

 log u = x  log x + log cos x 
 log u = x log x + x log cos x
1 du d
( x + log x ) + ( x log cos x )
u dx dx
du  d d   d d 
 = u  log x. ( x ) + x. ( log x )  + log cos x. ( x ) + x. ( log cos x ) 
dx  dx dx   dx dx 
du x  1  1 d 
 = ( x cos x )  log x.1 + x.  + log cos x − 1 + x. . ( cos x ) 
dx  2  cos x dx 
du x   x 
 = ( x cos x ) ( log x + 1) + log cos x + . ( − sin x ) 
dx   cos x 
du
 = ( x cos x ) (1 + log x ) + ( log cos x − x tan x ) 
x
dx
du
 = ( x cos x ) 1 − x tan x + ( log x + log cos x ) 
x
dx
du
 = ( x cos x ) 1 − x tan x + log ( x cos x ) 
x
……(2)
dx
Top tutor.
1
v = ( x sin x ) x
1
 log v = log ( x sin x ) x
1
 log v = log ( x sin x )
x
1
 log v = ( log x + log sin x )
x
1 1
 log v = log x + log sin x
x x
1 dv d  1  d 1 
=  log x  +  log ( sin x ) 
v dx dx  x  dx  x 
1 dv  d 1 1 d   d 1 1 d 
 = log x.   + . ( log x )  +  log ( sin x ) .   + . log ( sin x )
v dx  dx  x  x dx   dx  x  x dx 
1 dv   1  1 1   1  1 1 d 
 = log x.  − 2  + .  + log ( sin x ) .  − 2  + . . ( sin x ) 
v dx   x  x x   x  x sin x dx 
1 dv 1  log(sin x) 1 
 = 2 (1 − log x) +  − + .cos x 
 
2
v dx x x x sin x
1 dv 1 1 1 − log x − log ( sin x ) + x cot x 
 = 2 ( x sin x ) x +  2
+ 
v dx x  x x2 

dv
= ( x sin x ) x 
( )
1 1 − log x − log sin x + x cot x 
2 
dx  x 

dv
= ( x sin x ) x 
( )
1 1 − log x sin x + x cot x 
………(3)
2 
dx  x 
Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3), we get
dy
= ( x cos x ) 1 − x tan x + log ( x cos x ) + ( x sin x ) x 
2 ( )
1  x cot x + 1 − log x sin x 
2 
dx  x 
Question 12:
dy
Find of function. x 2 + y 2 = 1
dx
Solution 12:
Given, x y + y x = 1
Top tutor.
Let x y = u and y x = v
Then, u + v = 1
du dv
 + =0 …………. (1)
dx dx
u = xy
 log u = log ( x y )
 log u = y log x
1 du dy d
= log x + y. ( log x )
u dx dx dx
du  dy 1
 = u log x + y.  ………. (2)
dx  dx x
du  dy y 
 = x y  log x + 
dx  dx x 
v = yx
 log v = log( y x )
 log v = x log y
1 dv d d
. = log y. ( x ) + x ( log y )
v dx dx dx
dv  1 dy 
 = v  log y.1 + x. .  ….….. (3)
dx  y dx 
dv  x dy 
 = y x  log y + 
dx  y dx 
 dy y   x dy 
x y  log x +  + y x  log y + =0
 dx x   y dx 
 ( x 2 + log x + xy y −1 ) = − ( yx y −1 + y x log y )
dy
dx
y −1
dy yx + y log y
x
 =− y
dx x log x + xy x −1
Top tutor.
Question 13:
dy
Find of function y x = x y
dx
Solution 13:
Given, y x = x y
x log y = y log x
d d d d
log y. ( x ) + x. ( log y ) = log x. ( y ) + y. ( log x )
dx dx dx dx
1 dy dy 1
 log y.1 + x. . = log x. + y.
y dx dx x
x dy dy y
 log y + = log x +
y dx dx x
x  dy y
  − log x  = − log y
y  dx x
 x − y log x  dy y − x log y
  =
 y  dx x
 x − y log x  dy y − x log y dy y  y − x log y 
  =  =  
 y  dx x dx x  x − y log x 
Question 14:
dy
of function ( cos x ) = ( cos y )
y x
Find
dx
Solution 14:
Given, ( cos x ) = ( cos y )
y x

y = log cos x = x log cos y
dy d d d
log cos x + y. ( log cos x ) = log cos y ( x ) + x ( log cos y )
dx dx dx dx
Top tutor.
dy 1 d 1 d
 log cos x. + y. . ( cos x ) = log cos y.1 + x. . ( cos y )
dx cos x dx cos y dx
dy y x dy
 log cos x + . ( − sin x ) = log cos y + ( − sin y ) .
dx cos x cos y dx
dy dy
 log cos x − y tan x = log cos y − x tan y
dx dx
dy
 ( log cos x + x tan y ) = y tan x + log cos y
dx
dy y tan x + log cos y
 =
dx x tan y + log cos x
Question 15:
dy
Find of function xy = e( x − y )
dx
Solution 15:
Given, xy = e( x − y )
log ( xy ) = log ( e x− y )
 log x + log y = ( x − y ) log e
 log x + log y = ( x − y )  1
 log x + log y = x − y
d d d dy
( log x ) + ( log y ) = ( x ) −
dx dx dx dx
1 1 dy 1
 + = 1−
x y dx x
 1  dy x − 1
 1 +  =
 y  dx x
dy y ( x − 1)
 =
dx x ( x + 1)
Top tutor.
Question 16:
Find the derivative of the function given by f ( x ) = (1 − x ) (1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )(1 + x8 ) and hence find
f ' (1)
Solution 16:
Given, f ( x ) = (1 − x ) (1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )(1 + x8 )
log f ( x ) = log (1 + x ) + log (1 + x 2 ) + log (1 + x 4 ) + log (1 + x8 )
.  f ( x )  = log (1 + x ) + log (1 + x 2 ) + log (1 + x 4 ) + log (1 + x8 )

1 d d d d d
f ( x ) dx dx dx dx dx
. (1 + x 2 ) + . (1 + x 4 ) + . (1 + x8 )
1 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d
 . f ' ( x) = . (1 + x ) +
f ( x) 1 + x dx 1 + x dx
2
1 + x dx
4
1 + x dx
8
 1 1 1 1 
 f ' ( x) = f ( x)  + .2 x + .4 x 3 + .8 x 7 
1 + x 1 + x 1+ x 1+ x 
2 4 8
 1 4 x3 8x7 
 f ' ( x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )(1 + x8 ) 
2x
+ + + 8
1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 
2 4
 1 2x1 4x13 8x17 

Therefore, f ' (1) = (1 + 1) (1 + 12 )(1 + 14 )(1 + 18 )  + + + 8
1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 
2 4
1 2 4 8
= 2x2x2x2  + + + 
2 2 2 2
 1+2+4+8 
= 16x  
 2 
15
= 16x = 120
2
Question 17:
Differentiate ( x 2 − 5x + 8)( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) in three ways mentioned below
i. By using product rule.
ii. By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial
iii. By logarithm Differentiate
Do they all given the same answer?
Solution 17:
Top tutor.
Let y = ( x2 − 5x + 8)( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
(i) Let x = x2 − 5x + 8 and u = x3 + 7 x + 9
 y = uv
dy du dv
 =
dx dv
.v + u.
dx
( By using product rule)
= ( x − 5 x + 8) . ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) + ( x 2 − 5 x + 8) . ( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
dy d 2 d

dx dx dx
= ( 2 x − 5 ) ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) + ( x 2 − 5 x + 8 )( 3x 2 + 7 )
dy

dx
= 2 x ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) − 5 ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) + x 2 ( 3x 2 + 7 ) − 5 x ( 3x 2 + 7 ) − 8 ( 3x 2 + 7 )
dy

dx
= ( 2 x 4 + 14 x 2 + 18 x ) − 5 x3 − 35 x − 45 + ( 3 x 4 + 7 x 2 ) − 15 x3 − 35 x + 24 x 2 + 56
dy

dx
dy
 = 5 x 4 − 20 x 3 + 45 x 2 + 52 x + 11
dx
(ii)
y = ( x 2 − 5 x + 8 )( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
= x 2 ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) − 5 x ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) + 8 ( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
= x5 + 7 x3 + 9 x 2 − 5 x 4 − 35 x 2 − 45 x + 8 x 3 + 56 x + 72
= x5 − 5 x 4 + 15 x3 − 26 x 2 + 11x + 72
= ( x − 5 x 4 + 15 x3 − 26 x 2 + 11x + 72 )
dy d 5

dx dx
= ( x5 ) − 5 ( x 4 ) + 15 ( x3 ) − 26 ( x 2 ) + 11 ( x ) + ( 72 )
d d d d d d
dx dx dx dx dx dx
= 5 x − 5 x 4x + 15 x 3x − 26 x 2x + 11 x 1 + 0
4 3 2
= 5 x 4 − 20 x3 + 45 x 2 − 52 x + 11
(iii) Taking log on both sides, we get
log y = log ( x 2 − 5 x + 8) + log ( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
Top tutor.
= log ( x 2 − 5 x + 8 ) + log ( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
1 dy d d
y dx dx dx
. ( x2 − 5x + 8) + 3 . ( x3 + 7 x + 9 )
1 dy 1 d 1 d
 = 2
y dx x − 5 x + 8 dx x + 7 x + 9 dx
 
x ( 3x 2 + 7 ) 
dy 1 1
 = y 2 x ( 2x-5 ) + 3
dx  x − 5x + 8 x + 7x + 9 
 2x − 5 3x 2 + 7 
= ( x − 5 x + 8 )( x + 7 x + 9 )  3
dy
 2 3
+ 3 
dx  x − 5x + 8 x + 7 x + 9 
 ( 2 x − 5 ) ( x 3 + 7 x + 9) + ( 3x 2 + 7 )( x 2 − 5 x + 8 ) 
= ( x − 5 x + 8 )( x + 7 x + 9 ) 
dy
 2 3

dx  ( x 2 − 5 x + 8) + ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) 
= 2 x ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) − 5 ( x3 + 7 x + 9 ) + 3x 2 ( x 2 − 5 x + 8 ) + 7 ( x 2 − 5 x + 8 )
dy

dx
= ( 2 x 4 + 14 x 2 + 18 x ) − 5 x 3 − 35 x − 45 + ( 3 x 4 − 15 x 3 + 24 x 2 ) + ( 7 x 2 − 35 x + 56 )
dy

dx
dy
 = 5 x 2 − 20 x 3 + 45 x 2 − 52 x + 11
dx
dy
From the above three results, we get all the result of are same.
dx
Question 18:
d du dv dw
If u , v and w are functions of x , then show that ( u.v.w ) = v.w + u .w + u.v
dx dx dx dx
In two ways-first by repeated application of product rule, second by logarithmic differentiation.
Solution 18:
Let y = u.v.w = u.( v.w)
Using product rule, we get
dy du d
= . ( v.w ) + u. ( v.w )
dx dx dx
( Again applying product rule)
dy du  dv dv 
 = v.w + u  .w + v. 
dx dx  dx dx 
dy du dv dw
 = v.w + u. .w + u.v
dx dx dx dx
Taking log on both sides of the equation y = u.v.w, we get
log y = log u + log v + log w
Top tutor.

1 dy d d d
. = ( log u ) + ( log v ) + ( log w )
y dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
 . = + +
y dx u dx v dx w dx
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
 = y + + 
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
 = u.v.w  + + 
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
dy du dv dw
 = .v.w + u. .w. + u.v.
dx dx dx dx
Exercise 5.6
Question 1:
If x and y are connected parametrically by the equation, without eliminating the parameter, find
dy
dx
x = 2at 2 , y = at 4
Solution 1:
Given x = 2at 2 and y = at 4
= ( 2at 2 ) = 2a ( t 2 ) = 2a 2t = 4at
dx d d
Then,
dt dt dt
= ( at 4 ) = a ( t 4 ) = a 4 t 3 = 4at 3
dy d d
dt dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt  4at 3
 = = = t2
dt   4at
dx
 
 dt 
Top tutor.
Question 2:
If x and y are connected parametrically by the equation, without eliminating the parameter,
dy
find
dx
x = a cos , y = b cos
Solution 2:
Given, x = a cos  and y = b cos 
dx d
Then, = ( a cos  ) = a ( − sin  ) = −a sin 
d d
dy d
= ( b cos  ) = b ( − sin  ) = −b sin 
d d
 dy 
dy  d  −b sin  b
 = = =
dx  dx  − a sin  a
 
 d 
Question 3:
dy
find
dx
x = sin t , y = cos 2t
Solution 3:
Given, x = sin t and y = cos 2t
dx d
Then, = ( sin t ) = cos t
dt dt
dy d d
= ( cos 2t ) = − sin 2t ( 2t ) = −2sin 2t
dt dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt  −2sin 2t −2 2sin t cos t
 = = = = −4sin t
dx  dx  cos t cos t
 
 dt 
Top tutor.
Question 4:
dy
find
dx
4
x = 4t , y =
t
Solution 4:
4
Given, x = 4t and y =
t
dx d
= ( 4t ) = 4
dt dt
dy d  4  d 1  −1  −4
=  =4  =4 2 = 2
dt dt  t  dt  t  t  t
 dy   −4 
dy  dt   t 2  −1
 = = = 2
dx  dx  4 t
 
 dt 
Question 5:
dy
find
dx
x = cos − cos 2 , y = sin  − sin 2
Solution 5:
Given, x = cos  − cos 2 and y = sin  − sin 2
dx d d d
Then, = ( cos  − cos 2 ) = ( cos  ) − ( cos 2 )
d d d d
= − sin  ( −2sin 2 ) = 2sin 2 − sin 
dy d d d
= ( sin  − sin 2 ) = ( sin  ) − ( sin 2 )
d d d d
= cos  − 2 cos 
 dy 
dy  d  cos  − 2 cos 
 = =
dx  dx  2sin 2 − sin 
 
 d 
Top tutor.
Question 6:
dy
find
dx
x = a ( − sin  ) , y = a (1 + cos )
Solution 6:
The given, x = a ( − sin  ) and y = a (1 + cos )
d
( sin  ) = a (1 − cos  )
dx d
Then, = a  ( ) −
d  d d 
d
( cos  ) = a 0 + ( − sin  ) = −a sin 
dy d
= a  (1) +
d  d d 
 dy    
  −2sin cos − cos
d  −a sin  2 = − cot 
 =
dy 2 2=
= =
dx  dx  a (1 − cos  ) 2sin 2

sin
 2
 
 d  2 2
Question 7:
dy
find
dx
sin 3 t cos3 t
x= ,y=
cos 2t cos 2t
Solution 7:
sin 3 t cos3 t
Given, x = and y =
cos 2t cos 2t
dx d  sin 3 t 
=
dt dt  cos 2t 
Then,
cos 2t −
d
dt
( sin 3 t ) − sin 3 t
d
dt
cos 2t
=
cos 2t
Top tutor.
d 1 d
cos 2t 3sin 2 t ( sin t ) − sin 3 t x ( cos 2t )
dt 2 cos 2t dt
=
cos 2t
sin 3 t
3 cos 2t sin 2 t cos t − ( −2sin 2t )
= 2 cos 2t
cos 2t cos 2t
3cos 2t sin t cos t + sin 2 t sin 2t
2
=
cos 2t cos 2t
dy d  cos3 t 
=
dt dt  cos 2t 
cos 2t
d
dt
( cos3 t ) − cos3 t
d
dt
(
cos 2t )
=
cos 2t
d 1 d
cos 2t 3cos 2 t ( cos t ) − cos3 t ( cos 2t )
dt 2 cos 2 t dt
=
cos 2t
1
3 cos 2t cos 2 t ( − sin t ) − cos 3 t ( −2sin 2t )
= cos 2 t
cos 2t
−3cos 2t cos 2 t sin t + cos3 t sin 2t
=
cos 2t cos 2t
 dy 
dy  dt  −3cos 2t cos 2 t sin t + cos3 t sin 2t
  =
dx  dx  3cos 2t sin 2 t cos t + sin 3 t sin 2t
 
 dt 
−3cos 2t cos 2 t sin t + cos3 t ( 2sin t cos t )
=
3cos 2t sin 2 .cos t + sin 3 t ( 2sin t cos t )
sin t cos t  −3cos 2t cos t + 2cos3 t 
=
sin t cos t 3cos 2t sin t + 2sin 3 t 
 −3 ( 2 cos 2 t − 1) cos t + 2 cos 3 t  cos 2t = ( 2cos 2 t − 1) 

=   
3 (1 − 2sin t ) sin t + 2sin t 
2 3
 cos 2t = (1 − 2sin 2 t ) 
   
Top tutor.
−4 cos3 t + 3cos t
= cos3t = 4cos3 t − 3cos t 
3sin t − 4sin 3 t
 2 
=
− cos 3t  sin 3t = 3sin t − 4sin t 
sin 3t
= − cot 3t
Question 8:
dy
find
dx
 t
x = a  cos t + log tan  , y = a sin t
 2
Solution 8:
 t
Given, x = a  cos t + log tan  and y = a sin t
 2
dx d d  t 
Then, = a  ( cos t ) +  log tan  
dt  dt dt  2 
 
 1 d t 
= a  − sin t + tan  
t dt  2 
 tan
 2 
 t t d  t 
= a  − sin t + cot sec 2  
 2 2 dt  2  
 t 
 cos 
2x 1 1
= a  − sin t + x 
t t 2
 sin cos 2 
 2 2 
 
 1 
= a  − sin t +
t t
 2sin cos 
 2 2
 1 
= a  − sin t + 
 sin t 
 − sin 2 t + 1 
= a 
 sin t 
Top tutor.
cos 2 t
=a
sin t
dy d
= a ( sin t ) = a cos t
dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt 
 = =
a cos t sin t
= = tan t
dx  dx   cos t  cos t
2
  a
 dt   sin t 
Question 9:
dy
find
dx
x = a sec, y = b tan 
Solution 9:
Given, x = a sec and y = b tan 
dx d
Then, = a. ( sec  ) = a sec  tan 
d d
dy d
=b ( tan  ) = b sec2 
d d
 dy 
dy  d  b sec2  b b cos  b 1 b
= = = sec  cot  = = x = cos ec
dx  dx  a sec  tan  a a cos  sin  a sin a
 
 d 
Question 10:
dy
find
dx
x = a ( cos +  sin  ) , y = a (sin  −  cos )
Solution 10:
Given, x = a ( cos +  sin  ) and y = a ( sin  −  cos )
Top tutor.
d
( sin  ) = a − sin  +  ( sin  ) + sin  ( )
dx d d d
Then, = a  cos  +
d  d d   d d 
= a  − sin  +  cos + sin   = a cos
d  
( cos  ) = a cos  −  ( cos  ) + cos  ( )
dx d d d
= a  ( sin  ) −
d  d d    d d 
= a  cos  +  sin  − cos  
= a sin 
 dy 
dy  d  a sin 
 = = = tan 
dx  dx  a sin 
 
 d 
Question 11:
−1 −1 dy y
If x = a
sin t
, y = a cos t , show that =−
dx x
Solution 11:
−1 −1
Given, x = a and y = a
sin t cos t
−1 −1
x = asin t
and y = a
cos t
( ) and y = ( a )
1
sin −1 t cos−1 t 2
x= a
1 1
sin −1 t cos−1 t
 x = a2 and y = a 2
1
sin −1 t
Consider x = a 2
1
log x = sin −1 t log a
2
= log a ( sin −1 t )
1 dx 1 d

x dt 2 dt
dx x 1
 = log a
dt 2 1− t2
dx x log a
 =
dt 2 1 − t 2
Top tutor.
−1 t
1 cos
Then, consider y = a 2

1
log y = cos −1 t log a
2
= log a ( cos −1 t )
1 dy 1 d

y dx 2 dt
dy y log a  −1 
 =  
dt 2  1− t2 
dy − y log a
 =
dt 2 1 − t 2
 dy   − y log a 
 
dy  dt   2 1 − t 2  y
 = = = .
dx  dx   x log a  x
   
 dt   2 1 − t 2 
Exercise 5.7
Question 1:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x + 3x + 2
2
Solution 1:
Consider, y = x 2 + 3x + 2
Then,
= ( x ) + ( 3x ) + ( 2 ) = 2 x + 3 + 0 = 2 x + 3
dy d 2 d d
dx dx dx dx
2
d y d d d
 2 = ( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x ) + ( 3) = 2 + 0 = 2
dx dx dx dx
Top tutor.
Question 2:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x 20
Solution 2:
y = x 20
Then,
= ( x ) = 20 x19
dy d 20
dx dx
d2y d
 2 = ( 20 x19 ) = 20 ( x19 ) = 20 19 x18 = 380 x18
d
dx dx dx
Question 3:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x cos x
Solution 3:
Consider, y = x cos x
Then,
dy d d d
= ( x cos x ) = cos x ( x ) + x ( cos x ) = cos x 1 + x ( − sin x ) = cos x − x sin x
dx dx dx dx
2
d y d d d
 2 =  cos x − x sin x  = ( cos x ) − ( x sin x )
dx dx dx dx

( x ) + x ( sin x )
d d
= − sin x − sin x
 dx dx 
= − sin x − ( sin x + cos x )
= − ( x cos x + 2sin x )
Question 4:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. log x
Solution 4:
Let y = log x
Then,
dy d 1
= ( log x ) =
dx dx x
d y d  1  −1
2
 2 =  = 2
dx dx  x  x
Top tutor.
Question 5:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x3 log x
Solution 5:
Let y = x3 log x
Then,
dy d 3
=  x log x  = log x
dx dx
d 3
dx
( x ) + x3
d
dx
( log x )
1
= log x 3x 2 + x3 = log x 3x 2 + x 2
x
= x (1 + 3log x )
2
d2y d 2
 =  x (1 + 3log x ) 
dx 2 dx 
= (1 + 3log x )
d 2
dx
( x ) + x 2 (1 + 3log x )
d
dx
3
= (1 + 3log x ) 2 x + x 3
x
= 2 x + 6 log x + 3 x
= 5 x + 6 x log x
= x ( 5 + 6 log x )
Question 6:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. e x sin 5x
Solution 6:
Let y = e x sin 5 x
= ( e sin 5 x ) = sin 5 x ( e x ) + e x ( sin 5 x )

dy d x d d
dx dx dx dx
d
= sin 5 x e x + e x cos 5 x ( 5 x ) = e x sin 5 x + e x cos 5 x 5
dx
= e ( sin 5 x + 5cos 5 x ) .
x
d2y d x
 = e ( sin 5 x + 5cos5 x ) 
dx 2 dx 
= ( sin 5 x + 5cos 5 x )
d x
dx
( e ) + ex
d
dx
( sin 5 x + 5cos 5 x )

( 5x ) + 5 ( − sin 5 x ) ( 5 x )
d d
= ( sin 5 x + 5cos 5 x ) e x + e x cos 5 x
 dx dx 
Top tutor.
= ex ( sin 5x + 5cos5x ) + ex (5cos5x − 25sin 5x )

Then, = ex (10cos5x − 24sin 5x ) = 2ex (5cos5x −12sin 5x )
Question 7:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. e6 x cos3x
Solution 7:
Let y = e6 x cos 3x
Then,
= ( e cos 3 x ) = cos 3 x ( e ) + e6 x
dy d 6 x d 6x d
( cos 3x )
dx dx dx dx
d d
= cos 3 x e6 x ( 6 x ) + e6 x ( − sin 3x ) ( 3x )
dx dx
= 6e cos3x − 3e sin 3x
6x 6x
……(1)
2
d y d
 2 =
dx dx
( )
6e6 x cos3x − 3e6 x sin 3x = 6 (d 6x
dx
)
e cos3x − 3 (d 6x
dx
e sin 3x )

( e ) + e6 x (sin 3x )
d 6x d
= 6 6e6 x cos 3x − 3e6 x sin 3x  − 3 sin 3x using (1)
 dx dx 
= 36e6 x co3x − 18e6 x sin 3x − 3 sin 3x e6 x 6 + e6 x cos 3x − 3
= 36e6 x co3x − 18e6 x sin 3x − 18e6 x sin 3x − 9e6 x cos 3x
= 27e6 x cos 3x − 36e6 x sin 3x
= 9e6 x ( 3cos 3x − 4sin 3x )
Question 8:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. tan −1 x
Solution 8:
Let y = tan −1 x
Then,
dy d 1
= tan −1 x =
dx dx 1 + x2
d2y d  1  d
= (1 + x 2 ) = ( −1) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x2 )
−1 d
 2 =  2 
dx dx  1 + x  dx dx
1 -2x
= x2x =
(1 + x )
2
(1 + x2 )
Top tutor.
Question 9:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. log ( log x )
Solution 9:
Consider, y = log ( log x )
Then,
dy d 1 d 1
= log ( log x )  = ( log x ) = = ( x log x )
−1
dx dx log x dx log x
d2y d  −2 d
( x log x )  = ( −1) ( x log x ) ( x log x )
−1
 =
dx 2
dx   dx
−1 
( x ) + x ( log x )
d d
= 2 
log x
( x log x )  dx dx 
−1  1  − (1 + log x )
=  log x 1x =
( x log x )
2
x  ( x log x )2
Question 10:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. sin ( log x )
Solution 10:
Let y = sin ( log x )
Then,
dy d d cos ( log x )
= sin ( log x ) = cos ( log x ) ( log x ) =
dx dx dx x
d y d  cos ( log x ) 
2
 2 =  
dx dx  x 
d d
x cos ( log x )  − cos ( log x ) ( x)
= dx dx
x2

( log x ) − cos ( log x ) 1
d
x  − sin ( log x )
=  
dx
2
x
1
− x sin ( log x ) − cos ( log x )
= x
x2
− sin ( log x ) + cos ( log x ) 
= 
x2
Top tutor.
Question 11:
d2y
If y = 5cos x − 3sin x , prove that + y=0
dx 2
Solution 11:
Given, y = 5cos x − 3sin x
Then,
dy d d d d
= ( 5cos x ) − ( 3sin x ) = 5 ( cos x ) − 3 ( sin x )
dx dx dx dx dx
= 5 ( − sin x ) − 3cos x = − (5sin x + 3cos x )
d2y d
 2 = − ( 5sin x + 3cos x )
dx dx
 d
( sin x ) + 3 ( cos x )
d
= − 5
 dx dx 
= 5cos x + 3 ( − sin x ) 
= − 5cos x − 3sin x 
= −y
d2y
 +y=0
dx 2
Hence, proved.
Question 12:
d2y
If y = cos −1 x , find in terms of y alone.
dx 2
Solution 12:
Given, y = cos −1 x
Then,
−1
−1
= ( cos −1 x ) = = − (1 − x 2 ) 2
dy d
dx dx 1 − x2
d2y d  2 2 
−1
= 
dx 2 dx 
− (1 − x ) 

−3
 1
=  −  (1 − x ) (1 − x2 )
2 2 d
 2 dx
Top tutor.
1
= x ( -2x )
2 (1 − x )
2 3
d2y −x
 = ….(i)
dx 2
(1 − x2 )
3
y = cos −1 x  x = cos y
Putting x = cos y in equation (i), we get
d2y − cos y
=
dx 2
(1 − cos y )
 3
d2y − cos y
 2 =
dx
( sin y )
 3
− cos y
=
sin 3 y
− cos y 1
= x 2
sin y sin y
d2y
 = cot y cos ec 2 y
dx 2
Question 13:
If y = 3cos ( log x ) + 4sin ( log x ) , show that x 2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0
Solution 13:
Given, y = 3cos ( log x ) + 4sin ( log x ) and x 2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0
Then,
d d
y1 = 3 cos ( log x )  + 4 sin ( log x ) 
dx dx 

( log x ) + 4 cos ( log x ) ( log x )
d d
= 3  − sin ( log x )
 dx   dx 
−3sin ( log x ) 4 cos ( log x ) 4 cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x )
 y1 = + =
x x x
d  4 cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x ) 
 y2 =  
dx  x 
Top tutor.
4cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x ) − 4cos (log x ) − 3sin (log x )( x )

' '
=x
x2
 4 cos ( log x )' − −3sin ( log x )'  − 4 cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x ).1
=x 
2
x
 −4sin ( log x ) .(log x) '− 3cos ( log x )( log x )'  − 4 cos ( log x ) + 3sin ( log x )
=x 
x2
 1 1
 −4sin ( log x ) x − 3cos ( log x ) x  − 4 cos(log x) + 3sin ( log x )
=x
x2
−4sin ( log x ) − 3cos ( log x ) − 4cos ( log x ) + 3sin ( log x )
=
x2
− sin ( log x ) − 7 cos ( log x )
x2
 x 2 y2 + xy1 + y
 − sin ( log x ) − 7 cos ( log x )   4 cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x ) 
= x2   + x  + 3cos ( log x ) + 4sin ( log x )
 x2   x 
= − sin ( log x ) − 7 cos ( log x ) + 4 cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x ) + 3cos ( log x ) + 4sin ( log x )
=0
Hence, proved.
Question 14:
d2y dy
If y = Ae + Be , show that
mx nx
2
− ( m + n ) + mny = 0
dx dx
Solution 14:
Given, y = Aemx + Benx
Then,
dy
dx
=A
dx
(
d mx
e )+ B
dx
(
d nx
e ) = A e mx
d
dx
d
( mx ) + B e nx ( nx ) = Ame mx + Bne nx
dx
d2y d
= ( Amemx + Bnenx ) = Am ( e ) + Bn (e )
d mx d nx
2
dx dx dx dx
d d
= Am e mx ( mx ) + bn e nx ( nx ) = Am 2e mx + Bn 2e nx
dx dx
Top tutor.
d2y dy
 2
− ( m + n ) + mny
dx dx
= Am2emx + Bn2enx − ( m + n ) ( Amemx + Bnenx ) + mn ( Aemx + Benx )
= Am2exmx + Bn2enx − Am2exmx − Bmnenx − Amnemx − Bn2emx + Amnemx + Bmnenx
=0
Hence, Proved.
Question 15:
d2y
If y = 500e7 x + 600e−7 x , show that = 49 y
dx 2
Solution 15:
Given, y = 500e7 x + 600e−7 x
Then,
dy
dx
= 500
dx
(
d 7x
e ) + 600 (e )
d −7 x
dx
d d
= 500 e7 x ( 7 x ) + 600 e−7 x ( −7 x )
dx dx
−7 x
= 3500e − 4200e
7x
d2y
 2 = 3500
dx
d 7x
dx
( e ) − 4200 (e )
d −7 x
dx
d d
= 3500.e7 x ( 7 x ) − 4200.e−7 x ( −7 x )
dx dx
−7 x
= 7x3500 e + 7x4200 e
7x
= 49x500e7 x + 49x600e−7 x
= 49 ( 500e7 x + 600e−7 x )
= 49 y
Hence, proved.
Question 16:
2
d 2 y  dy 
If e ( x + 1) = 1 ,show that
y
= 
dx 2  dx 
Solution 16:
Given, e y ( x + 1) = 1
Top tutor.
e y ( x + 1) = 1
1
 ey =
x +1
1
y = log
( x + 1)
dy d  1  −1 −1
= ( x + 1)   = ( x + 1) =
dx  x + 1  ( x + 1) x + 1
2
dx
d2y d  1   −1  1
 2 = =  = −  =

dx  x + 1   ( x + 1)  ( x + 1)
2 2
dx
d 2 y  −1 
2
 2 = 
dx  x +1 
2
d 2 y  dy 
 2 = 
dx  dx 
Hence, proved.
Question 17:
If y = ( tan −1 x ) , show that ( x 2 + 1) y2 + 2 x ( x 2 + 1) y1 = 2
2 2
Solution 17:
Given, y = ( tan −1 x )
2
Then,
y1 = 2 tan −1 x
d
dx
( tan −1 x )
1
 y1 = 2 tan −1 x
1 + x2
 (1 + x 2 ) y1 = 2 tan −1 x
Again Differentiating w.r.t x , we get
(1 + x 2 ) y2 + 2 xy1 = 2  1 +1x 2 

 (1 + x 2 ) y2 + 2 x (1 + x 2 ) y1 = 2
Hence, proved.
Top tutor.
Exercise 5.8
Question 1:
Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function f ( x ) = x2 + 2x − 8 , x  −4, 2
Solution 1:
Given, f ( x ) = x2 + 2 x − 8 , being polynomial function, is continuous in −4, 2 and is
differentiable in ( −4, 2) .
f ( −4 ) = ( −4 ) + 2 x ( −4 ) − 8 = 16 − 8 − 8 = 0
2
f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) + 2x2-8=4+4-8=0
2
 f ( −4) = f ( 2) = 0
 The value of f ( x ) at −4 and 2 coincides.
Rolle’s Theorem states that there is a point c  ( −4, 2) such that f ' ( c ) = 0
f ( x ) = x2 + 2x − 8
 f ' ( x ) = 2x + 2
 f ' (c) = 0
 2c + 2 = 0
 c = −1
c = −1 ( −4, 2 )
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
Question 2:
Examine if Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you say some
thing about the converse of Roller’s Theorem from these examples?
i. f ( x ) =  x for x 5,9
ii. f ( x ) =  x for x  −2, 2
iii. f ( x ) = x2 −1 for x 1, 2
Solution 2:
By Rolle’s Theorem, f : a, b → R , if
a) f is continuous on  a, b
b) f is continuous on ( a, b )
c) f ( a ) = f (b)
Top tutor.
Then, there exists some c ( a, b ) such that f ' ( c ) = 0

Thus, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of the three
conditions of the hypothesis.
(i) f ( x ) =  x for x 5,9
Since, the given function f ( x ) is not continuous at every integral point.
In general, f ( x ) is not continuous at x = 5 and x = 9
 f ( x ) is not continuous in 5,9.
Also f ( 5) = 5 = 5 and f ( 9) = 9 = 9
 f ( 5)  f ( 9)
The differentiability of f in ( 5,9) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n  ( 5,9) .
The LHD of f at x = n is.
lim'
f ( n + h) − f ( n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − 1 − n = lim 0 = 0
x →0 h x →0 h x →0' h x →0'
The RHD of f at x = n is,
lim'
f ( n + h) − f (n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − n = lim 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0'
Since LHD and RHD of f at x = n are not equal, f is not differentiable at x = n

 f is not differentiable in ( 5,9) .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.
Thus, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for f ( x ) =  x for x 5,9 .
(ii) f ( x ) =  x for x  −2, 2
It is evident that the given function f ( x ) is not continuous at every integral point.
In general, f ( x ) is not continuous at x = −2 and x = 2
 f = ( x ) is not continuous in  −2, 2.
Also, f ( −2) = 2 = −2 and f ( 2) =  2 = 2
 f ( −2)  f ( 2)
The differentiability of in ( −2, 2) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n ( −2, 2) .
The LHD of f at x = n is,
lim'
f ( n + h) − f ( n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − 1 − n = lim −1 = 
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0' h
Top tutor.
The RHD of f at x = n is,
lim'
f ( n + h) − f (n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − n = lim 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0'
Since, LHD and RHD of f at x = n are not equal, f is not differentiable at x = n

 f is not continuous in ( −2, 2) .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.
Thus, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for f ( x ) =  x for x  −2, 2
(iii) f ( x ) = x2 −1 for x 1, 2
Since, f , being a polynomial function, is continuous in 1, 2 and is differentiable in (1, 2) .
f (1) = (1) − 1 = 0
2
f ( 2) = ( 2) −1 = 3
2
 f (1)  f ( 2)
Since, f does not satisfy a condition of the hypothesis of Roller’s Theorem.
Hence, Roller’s Theorem is not applicable for f ( x ) = x2 −1 for x 1, 2 .
Question 3:
If f :  −5,5 → R is a differentiable function and if f ' ( x ) does not vanish anywhere, then prove
that f ( −5)  f ( 5) .
Solution 3:
Given, f :  −5,5 → R is a differentiable function.
Since every differentiable function is a continuous function, we obtain
a) f is continuous on  −5,5 .
b) f is continuous on ( −5,5) .
Thus, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c  ( −5,5) such that
f ( 5 ) − f ( −5 )
f ' (c) =
5 − ( −5 )
 10 f ' ( c ) = f ( 5 ) − f ( −5 )
It is also given that f ' ( x ) does not vanish anywhere.
Top tutor.
 f ' (c)  0
 10 f ' ( c )  0
 f ( 5 ) − f ( −5 )  0
 f ( 5 )  f ( −5 )
Proved.
Question 4:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if f ( x ) = x2 − 4x − 3 in the interval  a, b , where a = 1 and b = 4.
Solution 4:
Given, f ( x ) = x2 − 4x − 3
f , being a polynomial function , is a continuous in 1, 4 and is differentiable in (1, 4 ) whose
derivative is 2 x − 4
f (1) = 12 − 4x1-3=6, f ( 4 ) = 42 − 4x4 - 3= - 3
f ( b ) − f ( a ) f ( 4 ) − f (1) −3 − ( −6 ) 3
 = = = =1
b−a 4 −1 3 3
Mean Value Theorem states that there is a point c  (1, 4) such that f ' ( c ) = 1
f ' (c) = 1
 2c − 4 = 1
5 5
 c = , where c =  (1, 4 )
2 2
Thus, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function.
Question 5:
Verify Mean Value theorem, if f ( x ) = x2 − 5x2 − 3x in the interval  a, b , where a = 1 and b = 3
.Find all c  (1,3) for which f ' ( c ) = 0
Solution 5:
Given, f is f ( x ) = x2 − 5x2 − 3x
f , being a polynomial function, is continuous in 1,3 , and is differentiable in (1,3)
Whose derivative is 3x −10 x − 3.
2
Top tutor.
f (1) = 12 − 5x12 − 3x1=-7, f ( 3) = 33 − 5x32 − 3x3=27

f ( b ) − f ( a ) f ( 3) − f (1) −27 − ( −7 )
 = = = −10
b−a 3 −1 3 −1
Mean Value Theorem states that there exist a point c  (1,3) such that f ' ( c ) = −10
f ' ( c ) = −10
 3c 2 − 10c − 3 = 10
 3c 2 − 10c + 7 = 0
 3c 2 − 3c − 7c + 7 = 0
 3c ( c − 1) − 7 ( c − 1) = 0
 ( c − 1)( 3c − 7 ) = 0
7 7
 c = 1, , where c =  (1,3)
3 3
7
Thus, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function and c =  (1,3) is the only point
3
for which f ' ( c ) = 0
Question 6:
Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three functions given in the above
exercise 2.
Solution 6:
Mean Value Theorem states that for a function f : a, b → R , if
a) f is continuous on  a, b
b) f is continuous on ( a, b )
f (b) − f ( a )
Then, there exists some c  ( a, b ) such that f ' ( c ) =
b−a
Therefore, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of
the two conditions of the hypothesis.
(i) f ( x ) =  x for x 5,9
Given function f ( x ) is not continuous at every integral point.
In general, f ( x ) is not continuous at x = 5 and x = 9
 f ( x ) is not continuous in 5,9 .
The differentiability of f in ( 5,9) is checked as follows,
Top tutor.
Let n be an integer such that n ( 5,9) .

lim'
f ( n + h) − f ( n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − 1 − n = lim −1 = 
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0' h
The right hand limit of f at x = n is.
lim'
f ( n + h) − f (n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − n = lim 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0'

 f is not differentiable in ( 5,9) .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.
Thus, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for f ( x ) =  x for x 5,9
(ii) f ( x ) =  x for x  −2, 2
Since, the given function f ( x ) is not continuous at every integral point.
In general, f ( x ) is not continuous at x = −2 and x = 2
 f ( x ) is not continuous in  −2, 2 .
The differentiability of f in ( −2, 2) is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n ( −2, 2) .
lim'
f ( n + h) − f ( n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − 1 − n = lim −1 = 
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0' h
The RHD of f at x = n is.
lim'
f ( n + h) − f (n)
= lim'
 n + h −  n = lim n − n = lim 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0' h h →0'

 f is not differentiable in ( −2, 2) .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for f ( x ) =  x for x  −2, 2 .
(iii) f ( x ) = x2 −1 for x 1, 2
As f , being a polynomial function, is a continuous in 1, 2 and is differentiable in (1, 2 )
It is observed that f satisfies all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value Theorem.
Top tutor.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is applicable for f ( x ) = x2 −1 for x 1, 2

It can be proved as follows.
f (1) = 12 − 1 = 0, f ( 2 ) = 22 − 1 = 3
f ( b ) − f ( a ) f ( 2 ) − f (1) 3 − 0
 = = =3
b−a 2 −1 1
f ' ( x) = 2x
 f ' (c) = 3
 2c = 3
3
 c = = 1.5, where 1.5 1, 2
2
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
( 3x − 9 x + 5)
2 9
Solution 1:
Let y = ( 3x 2 − 9 x + 5 )
9

= ( 3x 2 − 9 x + 5)
dy d 9
=
dx dx
= 9 ( 3x 2 − 9 x + 5) ( 3x 2 − 9 x + 5)
8 d
dx
= 9 ( 3x 2 − 9 x + 5) (6x − 9)
8
= 9 ( 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5 ) 3 ( 2 x − 3)
8
= 27 ( 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5 ) ( 2 x − 3)
8
Question 2:
sin3 x + cos6 x
Solution 2:
Top tutor.
Let y = sin 3 x + cos6 x
= ( sin 3 x ) + ( cos 6 x )
dy d d

dx dx dx
d d
= 3sin 2 x ( sin x ) + 6 cos5 x ( cos x )
dx dx
= 3sin x cos x + 6co x ( − sin x )
2 5
= 3sin x cos x ( sin x − 2 cos 4 x )
Question 3:
( 5x )
3cos 2 x
Solution 3:
Let y = ( 5 x )
3cos 2 x

log y = 3cos 2 x log5x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

( cos 2 x ) + cos 2 x ( log 5 x ) 
1 dy d d
= 3 log 5 x
y dx  dx dx 

(5 x )
dy d 1 d
 = 3 y log 5 x ( − sin 2 x ) ( 2 x ) + cos 2 x
dx  dx 5 x dx 
dy  cos 2 x 
 = 3 y  −2sin 2 x log 5 x +
dx  x 
dy  3cos 2 x 
 = 3y  − 6sin 2 x log 5 x 
dx  x 
dy 3cos 2 x  3cos 2 x 
 = (5x )  x − 6sin 2 x log 5 x 
dx 
Question 4:
( )
sin −1 x x , 0  x  1
Solution 4:
Let y = sin −1 x x ( )
dy d
= sin −1 x x
dx dx
( )
Top tutor.
=
1
x
d
(x x )
( ) dx
3
1− x x
1 d  32 
= x 
1 − x3 dx  
1 3 12
= x x
1 − x3 2
3 x
= .
2 1 − x3
3 x
=
2 1 − x3
Question 5:
x
cos −1
2 , −2  x  2
2 + 7'
Solution 5:
x
cos −1
Let y = 2
2 + 7'
By quotient rule, we get
dy
d  x  x d
2 x + 7  cos −1  −  cos −1 
dx  2  2  dx
( 2x + 7 )
=
( )
2
dx 2x + 7
 
 
 −1 d  x    −1 x  1 d
2x + 7 
2 dx  2  
−  cos  ( 2x + 7)
     2  2 2 x + 7 dx
 1− x 
   
 2
=
2x + 7
−1  x 2
2x + 7 −  cos −1 
4− x 
2 2  2 2x + 7
=
2x + 7
Top tutor.
x
cos −1
− 2x + 7 2
= −
4 − x2 x ( 2 x + 7 ) ( )
2x + 7 ( 2x + 7)
 x 
 cos −1 
1 2
= − + 3 
 4 − x 2x + 7 ( 2x + 7)2 
2
 
Question 6:
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 
cot −1  ,0  x 
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  2
Solution 6:
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 
Let y = cot −1   …….(1)
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x 
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 
Then ,  
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x 
( )
2
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x
=
( 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x ) 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x
(1 + sin x ) + (1 − sin x ) + 2 (1 + sin x ) − (1 − sin x )

=
(1 + sin x ) − (1 − sin x )
2 + 2 1 − sin 2 x
=
2 sin x
1 + cos x
=
sin x
x
2 cos 2
= 2
x x
2 sin cos
2 2
x
= cot
2
Thus, equation (1) becomes
Top tutor.
 2x 
−1
y = cot  cot 
 
x
y=
2
dy 1 d
 = ( x)
dx 2 dx
dy 1
 =
dx 2
Question 7:
( log x ) , x 1
log x
Solution 7:
Let y = ( log x )
log x

log y = log x log ( log x )
1 dy d
= log x log ( log x ) 
y dx dx 
1 dy d d
 = log ( log x ) ( log x ) + log x log ( log x ) 
y dx dx dx
dy  1 1 d 
 = y log ( log x ) + log x ( log x ) 
dx  x log x dx 
dy 1 1
 = y  log ( log x ) + 
dx x x
dy log x  1 log ( log x ) 
 = ( log x )  + 
dx x x 
Question 8:
cos ( a cos x + b sin x ) , for some constant a and b .
Solution 8:
Let y = cos ( a cos x + b sin x )
Top tutor.
dy d
= cos ( a cos x + b sin x )
dx dx
dy d
 = − sin ( a cos x + b sin x ) ( a cos x + b sin x )
dx dx
= − sin ( a cos x + b sin x )  a ( − sin x ) + b cos x 
= ( a sin x + b cos x ) sin ( a cos x + b sin x )
Question 9:
 3
( sin x − cos x )(
sin x − cos x )
, x
4 4
Solution 9:
( sin x −cos x )
Let y = ( sin x − cos x )
( sin x −cos x ) 
log y = log ( sin x − cos x )
 
 log y = ( sin x − cos x ) log ( sin x − cos x )
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
1 dy d
= ( sin x − cos x ) log ( sin x − cos x ) 
y dx dx 
1 dy d d
 = log ( sin x − cos x ) ( sin x − cos x ) + ( sin x − cos x ) log ( sin x − cos x )
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 d
 = log ( sin x − cos x ) ( cos x + sin x ) + ( sin x − cos x ) ( sin x − cos x )
y dx ( sin x − cos x ) dx
dy ( sin x − cos x )
 = ( sin x − cos x ) ( cos x + sin x ) log ( sin x − cos x ) + ( cos x + sin x ) 
dx
dy ( sin x − cos x )
 = ( sin x − cos x ) ( cos x + sin x ) 1 + log ( sin x − cos x )
dx
Question 10:
x x + xa + a x + aa , for some fixed a  0 and x  0
Solution 10:
Let y = x x + x a + a x + a a
Also, let x x = u , x a = v , a x = w and a a = s
Top tutor.
y = u +v+ w+ s
dy du dv dw ds
= + + + …….(1)
dx dx dx dx dx
u = xx
 log u = log x x
 log u = x log x
1 du d d
= log x ( x ) + x ( log x )
u dx dx dx
du  1
 = u log x 1 + x 
dx  x
du
 = x x  log x + 1 = x x (1 + log x ) ….(2)
dx
v = xa
= (x )
dv d a

dx dx
dv
 = ax a −1 …..(3)
dx
w = ax
 log w = log a x
 log w = x log a
1 dw d
= log a ( x)
w dx dx
dw
 = w log a
dx
dw
 = a x log a ……(4)
dx
s = aa
Since a is constant, aa is also a constant.
ds
 =0 …….(5)
dx
From (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) , we get
dy
= x 2 (1 + log x ) + ax a −1 + a x log a + 0
dx
= x 2 (1 + log x ) + ax a −1 + a x log a
Top tutor.
Question 11:
+ ( x − 3) , for x  3
2
−3 x2
xx
Solution 11:
+ ( x − 3)
−3 x2
Let y = x x
2
and v = ( x − 3)
−3 x2
Also, let u = x x
2
y =u+v
dy du dv
= + …………(1)
dx dx dx
−3
u = xx
2
 log u = log x x ( 2
−3
)
log u = ( x 2 − 3) log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
1 du
u dx
= log x
d 2
dx
( x − 3) + ( x 2 − 3)
d
dx
( log x )
= log x 2 x + ( x 2 − 3)
1 du 1

u dx x
du  x2 − 3 
 = x x −3  + 2x log x 
2
dx  x 
Also,
v = ( x − 3)
x2
 log v = log ( x − 3)
x2
 log v = x 2 log ( x − 3)
Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get
1 dv
v dx
= log ( x − 3)
d 2
dx
( x ) + x2
d
log ( x − 3) 
dx 
1 dv 1 d
 = log ( x − 3) 2 x + x 2 ( x − 3)
v dx x − 3 dx
dv  x2 
 = v  2 x log ( x − 3) +
x − 3 
1
dx 
dv  x2 
= ( x − 3)  x − 3 + 2 x log ( x − 3) 
x2

dx  
Top tutor.
du dv
Substituting the expressions of and in equation (1), we get
dx dx
dy  x2 − 3   x2 
+ 2 x log x  + ( x − 3)  x − 3 + 2 x log ( x − 3)
x2
= x x −3 
2
dx  x   
Question 12:
dy  
Find , if y = 12 (1 − cos t ) , x = 10 ( t − sin t ) ,  t 
dx 2 2
Solution 12:
Question 13:
dy −1 −1
, if y = sin x + sin 1 − x , −1  x  1
2
Find
dx
Solution 13:
−1 −1
It is given that y = sin x + sin 1 − x
2
Top tutor.
Question 14:
dy 1
If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 , for −1  x  1 , prove that =−
(1 + x )
2
dx
Solution 14:
It is given that,
x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0
 x 1+ y = y 1+ x
Squaring both sides, we get
 ( x + y )( x − y ) = xy ( y − x )

−x
y=
(1 + x )
d d
dy (
1 + x ) ( x ) − x (1 + x ) 1 + x − x
= dx dx =
( ) = 1
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2
dx
Top tutor.
Question 15:
3
  dy 2  2
1 +   
If ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = c 2 , for some c  0 , prove that   dx   is a constant independent of
2 2
d2y
dx 2
a and b
Solution 15:
It is given that, ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = c
2 22
3 3
 ( x − a ) 2   2
3
 ( y − b )2 + ( x − a )2  2
  dy   
2

2
+  
1 +   
1
 ( y − b )2    
 ( − )
2
   y b 
  2   =   = 
dx
 d y  ( y − b) + ( x − a) 
2 2
 ( y − b ) + ( x − a )2 
2
 dx 2  −  −  
  ( y − b) ( y − b)
3 3
   
Top tutor.
=-c, which is constant and is independent of a and b
Question 16:
dy cos ( a + y )
2
If cos y = x cos ( a + y ) with cos a  1 ,prove that =

dx sin a
Solution 16:
Given, cos y = x cos ( a + y )
dy
  x sin ( a + y ) − sin y  = cos ( a + y ) ……..(1)
dx
cos y
Since cos y = x cos ( a + y ) , x =
cos ( a + y )
Then, equation (1) becomes,
dy
  cos y.sin ( a + y ) − sin y.cos ( a + y )  . = cos 2 ( a + y )
dx
Proved.
Top tutor.
Question 17:
d2y
If x = a ( cos t + t sin t ) and y = a ( sin t − t cos t ) ,find
dx 2
Solution 17:
Given, x = a ( cos t + t sin t ) and y = a ( sin t − t cos t )
dx d
 = a ( cos t + t sin t )
dt dt

( t ) + t. ( sin t )
d d
= a  − sin t + sin t
 dx dt 
= a  − sin t + sin t + t cos t  = at cos t
dy d
= a ( sin t − t cos t )
dt dt
  d d 
= a cos t − cos t ( t ) + t ( cos t ) 
  dt dt 
= a cos t − cos t − t sin t = at sin t
 dy 
dy  dt  at sin t
 = = = tan t
dx  dx  at cos t
 
 dx 
d 2 y d  dy  d dt
Then, 2 =   = ( tan t ) = sec 2 t
dx dx  dx  dx dx
= sec 2 t
1  dx dt 1 
 dt = at cos t  =
at cos t dx at cos t 
sec3 t 
= ,0  t 
at 2
Question 18:
If f ( x ) = x , show that f "( x ) exists for all real x ,and find it.
3
Solution 18:
 x, if x  0
Since, x = 
− x, if x  0
Thus, when x  0 , f ( x ) = x = x
3 3
In this case, f ' ( x ) = 3x2 and hence, f " ( x ) = 6x

When x  0, f ( x ) = x = ( − x3 ) = x3
3
Top tutor.
in this case, f ' ( x ) = 3x2 and hence, f " ( x ) = 6x

Thus, for f ( x ) = x , f "( x ) exists for all real x and is given by,
3
 6 x, if x  0
f " ( x) = 
−6 x, ifx  0
Question 19:
Using mathematical induction prove that
d n
dx
( x ) = nx x −1 for all positive integers n .
Solution 19:
To prove: P ( n ) :
d n
dx
( x ) = nx n−1 for all positive integers n
For n = 1,
d
P (1) : ( x ) = 1 = 1 x1−1
dx
 p ( n ) is true for n = 1
Let p ( k ) is true for some positive integer k .
That is , p ( k ) :
d k
dx
( x ) = kx k −1
We have to prove that p ( k + 1) is also true.
Consider
dx
( x ) = ( x xk )
d k +1 d
dx
Thus, P ( k + 1) is true whenever P ( k ) is true.

Thus, by the principal of mathematical induction, the statement P ( n ) is true for every positive
integer n .
Proved.
Top tutor.
Question 20:
Using the fact that sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B ant the differentiation, obtain the sum
formula for cosines.
Solution 20:
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
d d d
sin ( A + B )  = ( sin A cos B ) + ( cos A sin B )
dx dx dx
d d d
 cos ( A + B ) ( A + B ) = cos B ( sin A) + sin A ( cos B )
dx dx dx
d d
+ sin B ( cos A ) + cos A ( sin B )
dx dx
d d dB
 cos ( A + B ) ( A + B ) = cos B cos A + sin A ( − sin B )
dx dx dx
dA dB
+ sin B ( − sin A ) + cos A cos B
dx dx
 dA dB   dA dB 
 cos ( A + B )  +  = ( cos A cos B − sin A sin B )  + 
 dx dx   dx dx 
 cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
Question 21:
f ( x) g ( x) h ( x) f ' ( x ) g ' ( x ) h' ( x )
dy
If y = l m n , prove that = l m n
dx
a b c a b c
Solution 21:
f ( x) g ( x) h ( x)
y= l m n
a b c
 y = ( mc − nb ) f ( x ) − (lc − na ) g ( x ) + (lb − ma ) h ( x )
dy d d d
So, = ( mc − nb ) f ( x )  − ( lc − na ) g ( x )  + ( lb − ma ) h ( x ) 
dx dx dx dx
= ( mc − nb ) f ' ( x ) − (lc − na ) g ' ( x ) + (lb − ma ) h' ( x )
Top tutor.
f ' ( x) g ' ( x ) h' ( x )

= l m n
a b c
f ' ( x) g ' ( x ) h' ( x )

dy
Thus, = l m n
dx
a b c
Question 22:
2
If y = ea cos
−1
x
, −1  x  1 , show that 1 − x 2 ( ) ddxy − x dy
2
dx
−a y = 0
2
Solution 22:
−1
Given, y = ea cos x

log y = a cos−1 x log e
log y = a cos−1 x
1 dy 1
= ax
y dx 1 − x2
dy − ay
= =
dx 1 − x2
By squaring both the sides, we get
2
 dy  a2 y2
  =
 dx  1 − x
2
2
 dy 
 (1 − x )   = a 2 y 2
2
 dx 
2
(1 − x2 )  dy 
 =a y
dx 
2 2
Again, differentiating w.r.t , we get
Top tutor.
d2y  dy 
+ (1 − x 2 ) 2 = a 2 y
dy
x  dx  0
dx dx
d2y
 (1 − x ) 2 − x − a 2 y = 0
2 dy
dx dx
Top tutor.
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Book Name: NCERT Solutions

lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x −1) = 2 x 3 − 1=17

Vedantu Innovations Pvt. Ltd.

Thus, f is continuous at every real number and hence, it is a continuous function.

So, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.

Therefore, f is continuous at real numbers greater than 5.

Hence, f is continuous at n , where n =positive integer.

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

Thus, f is not continuous at x = 1

Thus, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  2

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  −3

lim f ( x ) = lim ( − x + 3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6

 lim f ( x ) = lim f ( −2 x ) = 2x ( -3) = 6

Thus, f is continuous in ( −3,3) .

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( −2x ) = −2x3=-6

The right hand limit of f at x = 3 is,

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 6x + 2) = 6x3+2=20

If c  3 , then f ( c ) = 6c + 2 and lim f ( x ) = lim( 6x + 2) =6c+2

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  3

lim f ( x ) = lim ( −1) = −1

Thus, f is continuous at all points x  0

lim f ( x ) = lim ( −1) = −1

The right hand limit of f at x = 0 is,

lim f ( x ) = lim (1) = 1

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Thus, the given function is continuous function.

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Hence, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

The given f is defined at all the points of the real line.

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

lim f ( x ) = lim ( x − 1) = 1010 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

Thus, f is continuous at all pints x , such that x  1

If c  1 , then f ( 2) = c + 5 and lim f ( x ) = lim( x + 5) = c + 5

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is,

It is observed that the LHL and RHL of f at x = 1 do not coincide.

Thus, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

If 0  c  1, then f ( c ) = 3 and lim f ( x ) = lim (3) = 3

Thus, f is continuous in the interval [0,1).

lim f ( x ) = lim (3) = 3

It is observed that the LHL and RHL of f at x = 1 is not same.

Thus, f is continuous at all points of (1,3) .

The RHL of f at x = 3 is,

lim f ( x ) = lim (5) = 5

It is observed that the LHL and RHL of f at x = 3 is not same.