SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

1. A 3 phase synchronous generator produces an open circuit line voltage of 6928 V when the do
exciting current is 50 A. The AC terminals are then short-circuited, and the three line currents
are found to be 800 A.
a. Calculate the synchronous reactance per phase [5Ω]
b. Calculate the terminal voltage if three 12 Ω resistors are connected in wye across the
terminals. [6402 V]

2. A 50 Hz, three phase, 1.1 kV, star connected alternator, with a rating of 500 kVA, at a power
factor of 0.8 lagging, has resistance, per phase, of 0.075 Ω and synchronous reactance, per
phase, of j0.6 Ω. It is connected to a single load consisting of three, equal, delta connected
impedances. Each of these load impedances is comprised of resistance of 6 Ω and inductance of
5 Ω.
i) Sketch, with all relevant detail shown, the phasor diagram of the alternator when
delivering supply to the single load specified above
ii) Determine the voltage regulation when the load specified above is suddenly shed from
the alternator in question [0.18]

3. A 3-phase, 1500 kVA, star connected, 50 Hz, 2300 V alternator has a resistance between pair of
terminals as measured by direct current is 0.16 Ω. Assume the effective resistance is 1.5 times
the ohmic resistance. A field current of 70 A produces a short-circuiy current equal to full-load
current of 376 A in each line. The same field current produces an emf of 700 V on open circuit.
Determine the synchronous reactance of the machine and its full regulation at 0.8 power factor
lagging. [XS=1.068Ω; V.R=22.8%]

4. A 400 v, 50 Hz, three phase alternator, rated at 75 kVA, is star connected and driven at 1000
r/min. The windings of the alternator have a resistance, per phase, of 0.03 Ω and synchronous
reactance, at 50 Hz per phase, of j0.325 Ω. The stator of the alternator has 108 slots, with 8
conductors, per slots, in a double layer. The maximum pole flux is 8.772 x 10-3 Wb. To improve
the wave form only 80% of the pole pitch is wound.

a. Determine the smallest lagging power factor at which the alternator can deliver its rated
load [0.823]
b. According to available information about the alternator described above it may be
driven 1200 r/min. When operated at 1200 r/min the rated voltage is 480 V and the
maximum phase current is to be kept to the same value as the rated phase current
when it is driven at 1000 r/min.
Determine for the alternator, when driven at 1200 r/min, the

(i) Rated output and,[305.95 Volts]

 (ii) Smallest lagging power factor at which the alternator can deliver its rated load
[0.815]

5. A 200 kVA, 480 V, 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator with rated field current of 5A was
tested and the following data were obtained:
VOC = 540 V at the rated IF
ISC = 300 A at the rated IF
When a Dc voltage of 10 v was applied to the terminals, a current of 25 A was measured.
Find the generator’s model at the rated conditions (armature resistance and the approximate
synchronous reactance). [0.2 Ω; 1.02Ω]

6. A 480V, 50 Hz, Y-connected six pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous
reactance of 1.0 Ω. Its full load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Its friction windage
losses are 1.5 kW and core losses 1.0 kW at 50 Hz at full load. Assume the armature resistance
can be ignored. The field current has been adjusted such that the no load terminal voltage is
480V
a. what speed of rotation of this generator [1000 rpm]
b. What is the terminal voltage of the generator if
1. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging [410 V]
2. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF [468.4 V]
3. It is loaded with threated current at 0.8 PF leading[435 V]
c. What the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is
operating at the rated current and 0.8 PF lagging [93.2 %]
d. How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full load? How large is
the induced countertorque? [291.2 N; 271.3N]
e. What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? at 1.0 PF? at 0.8 PF
leading? [17.1 %; 2.6 %; -10.3%]

7. The effective resistance of a 3 – phase, Y – connected 50 Hz, 2200 V synchronous generator is

0.5 Ω per phase. On short circuit a field current of 40 A gives the full load current of 200 A. An
emf (line to line) of 1100 V is produced on open circuit with the same field current. Determine
the synchronous impedance. Also compute the power angle and voltage regulation at full – load
0.8 lagging PF. [3.18 Ω; 14.5°; 48.85%]

8. A 9-kVA, 208 V, 3-phase, Y-connected, synchronous generator has a winding resistance of 0.1
ohm per phase and a synchronous reactance of 5.6 ohms per phase. Determine the voltage
generated (exciting emf) by the machine when it is delivering full-load at 0.8 power-factor
lagging at rated voltage. Calculate the voltage regulation for rated load at 0.8 power-factor
(leading). [11.02%]
9. A 3-phase 50-Hz star-connected 2000-kVA, 2300 V alternator gives a short-circuit current of 600
A for a certain field excitation. With the same excitation, the open circuit voltage was 900 V.
The resistance between a pair of terminals was 0.12 Ω. Find full-load regulation
a. at UPF [7.3%]
b. 0.8 p.f. lagging. [23.7%]

10. A given 3-MVA, 50-Hz, 11-kV, 3φ, Y-connected alternator when supplying 100 A at zero p.f.
leading has a line-to-line voltage of 12,370 V; when the load is removed, the terminal voltage
falls down to 11,000 V. Predict the regulation of the alternator when supplying full-load at 0.8
p.f. lagging. Assume an effective resistance of 0.4 Ω per phase. [13.5%]

11. A 22 KV, 3 phase star-connected turbo- alternator with a synchronous impedance of 1.4 Ω
/phase is delivering 240 MW at unity p.f. to a 22 KV grid. If the excitation is increased by 25%,
then the turbine power is increased till the machine delivers 280 MW. Calculate the new current
and power factor. [8.66 kA; 0.565 leading]

12. A two-pole Y-connected synchronous generator rated at 300 kVA, 480 V, 60 Hz, and 0.85 PF
lagging. Its armature resistance RA is 0.04 Ω. The core losses of this generator at rated conditions
are 10 kW, and the friction and windage losses are 13 kW. The open-circuit and short-circuit
characteristics are shown in Figure

(a) What is the saturated synchronous reactance of this generator at the rated conditions? [0.687
Ω]
(b) What is the unsaturated synchronous reactance of this generator? [0.719 Ω]
(c) What are the rated current and internal generated voltage of this generator? [361@-31.8 A;
469@26 V]
(d) What field current does this generator require to operate at the rated voltage, current, and
power factor? [5.6A]
(e) What is the voltage regulation of this generator at the rated current and power factor? [69.2%]
(f) If this generator is operating at the rated conditions and the load is suddenly removed, what
will the terminal voltage be? [812 V]
(g) What are the electrical losses in this generator at rated conditions? [15.6 kW]
(h) If this machine is operating at rated conditions, what input torque must be applied to the shaft
of this generator? [779 Nm]
(i) What is the torque angle δ of this generator at rated conditions? [26°]
(j) Assume that the generator field current is adjusted to supply 480 V under rated conditions.
What is the static stability limit of this generator? (Note: You may ignore RA to make this
calculation easier.) How close is the full-load condition of this generator to the static stability
limit? [561 KW]

13. The efficiency of a 3-phase 400V, star connected synchronous motor is 95% and it takes 24A at
full load and unity power factor. What will be the induced e.m.f. and total mechanical power
developed at full load and 0.9 power factor leading? The synchronous impedance per phase is
(0.2+j2)Ω [251.55@10.3 V; 14619.32 W]

14. Two alternators running in parallel supply lighting load of 2500 kW and a motor load of 5000 kW
at 0.707 PF. One machine is loaded to 4000 kW at a PF of 0.8 lagging. What is the kW output and
PF of the other machine? [7500 kW; 0.8682]

15. A 480 V, 200 kVA, 08 PF lagging, 60 Hz two pole Y connected synchronous generator has a
synchronous reactance of 0.25 Ω and an armature resistance of 0.03 Ω. At 60 Hz, its friction and
windage losses are 6 kW, and its core losses are 4 kW. The field circuit has a dc voltage of 200 V,
and the maximum IF is 10 A. The resistance of the field circuit is adjustable over the range from
20 to 200 Ω. The OCC of the generator is shown in figure
a. How much the field current is required to make VT equal to 480 V when the generator
is running at no load? [4.55 A]
b. What the internal generated voltage of this machine at rated conditions? [322 @ 7.8°]
c. How much the field current is required to make VT equal to 480 V when the generator
is running at rated conditions? [558 V]
d. How much power and torque must the generator’s prime mover be capable of
supplying? [175.2 kW, 465 Nm]
e. Assume that the field current of the generator is adjusted to achieve rated voltage
(480 V) at full load conditions in each of the questions below.
1. What is the efficiency of the generator at rated load? [91.3%]
2. What is the voltage regulation of the generator if it is loaded to rated
kilovoltamperes with 0.8-PF lagging loads? [16.2%]
3. What is the voltage regulation of the generator if it is loaded to rated
kilovoltamperes with 0.8-PF leading loads? [-9.0%]
4. What is the voltage regulation of the generator if it is loaded to rated
kilovoltamperes with unity power-factor loads? [5.1%]
f. Assume that the field current of the generator in Problem 5-2 has been adjusted so
that it supplies rated voltage when loaded with rated current at unity power factor.
(You may ignore the effects of RA when answering these questions.)
1. What is the torque angle δ of the generator when supplying rated current at unity
power factor? [12°]
2. What is the maximum power that this generator can deliver to a unity power
factor load when the field current is adjusted to the current value? [941 kW]
3. When this generator is running at full load with unity power factor, how close is it
to the static stability limit of the machine? [196 kW]
4. Plot the torque angle δ as a function of the power supplied by the generator for
these conditions.