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Lecture29-OP Amp Frequency Response PDF
Lecture29-OP Amp Frequency Response PDF
R1 R2
Vin
Now put a capacitor in parallel with R2:
+ If s = jϖ ,
Vout 1
R2
- Vout C2 s
=−
Vin R1
R1 R2 1
Vin R2
Vout 1 C2 s R 1
C2 =− =− 2
Vin R1
R2 +
1 R1 1 + R2 C 2 s
C2 s
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
Low Pass Filter
+
Vout
-
Vout R 1
=− 2
R1 R2 Vin R1 1 + R2 C 2 s
Vin
C2
1
fH =
2π R2 C 2
fH Log(f)
•At DC (s=0), the gain remains the same as before (-R2/R1)
•At high frequency, R2C2s>>1, the gain dies off with increasing frequency
•Implements a “Low Pass Filter”: Lower frequencies are allowed to pass the filter
without attenuation. High frequencies are strongly attenuated (do not pass).
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
+ High Pass Filter
Vout Vout R2
=−
- Vin R1
R1 R2
Vin
Vout R2
=−
+ Vin 1
R1 +
Vout C1 s
- Vout RCs
=− 2 1
Vin 1 + R1C1 s
C1 R1 R2
Vin
•At DC (s=0), the gain is zero.
•At high frequency, R1C1s>>1, the gain returns to it’s full
value, (-R2/R1)
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
High Pass Filter
AV DB
R
AV DB
= 20 Log 2
R1
-3dB drop at fH
Vout R2 C1 s
=−
Vin 1 + R1C1 s
Slope = +20 dB / Decade
1
fL =
2π R1C1
fL Log(f)
•At DC (s=0), the gain is zero.
•At high frequency, R1C1s>>1, the gain returns to it’s full value, (-R2/R1)
•Implements a “High Pass Filter”: Higher frequencies are allowed to pass the filter
without attenuation. Low frequencies are strongly attenuated (do not pass).
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
Band Pass Filter (combination of high and low pass filter)
+
Vou
- t
C1 R1 R2
Vin
C2
1
R2
Vout C2 s
=−
Vin 1
R1 +
C1 s
Low High
1 Pass Pass
R2
C2 s
1
R2 +
Vout C2 s 1 R2 C1 s
=− = −
Vin 1 1 + R C s
2 2 1 + R C s
1 1
R1 +
C1 s
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
Band Pass Filter (combination of high and low pass filter)
Vout 1 R2 C1 s
= −
Vin 1 + R C s
2 2 1 + R C s
1 1
Slopes = − 20 dB / Decade
+
AV DB
-3dB drop at fH
R2
AV = 20 Log
DB
R1 f L << f H
1
fL =
2π R1C1
1
fH =
2π R2 C 2
fL fH Log(f)
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
Band Pass Filter (combination of high and low pass filter)
Vout 1 R2 C1 s
= −
Vin 1 + R C s
2 2 1 + R C s
1 1
Slopes = − 20 dB / Decade
+
AV DB
R
AV DB
= 20 Log 2
R1
More than a -3dB drop at fL and fH
fL < fH and fL → fH
fL fH Log(f)
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
General Frequency Response of a Circuit
Poles and Zeros
Generally, a circuit’s transfer function (frequency dependent gain expression) can be written as the
ratio of polynomials:
vout (τ 1z s )(1 + τ 2 z s )(1 + τ 2 z s )... vout (τ 1zϖ ) 1 − (τ 2 zϖ )2 1 − (τ 3 zϖ )2 ...
=A =A
vin (1 + τ 1 p s )(1 + τ 2 p s )(1 + τ 3 p s )... vin 1 − (τ ϖ ) 1 − (τ ϖ ) 1 − (τ ϖ ) ...
2 2
1p
2
2p 3p
Complex Roots of the numerator polynomial are called “zeros” while complex roots of the
denominator polynomial are called “poles”
Each zero causes the transfer function to “break to higher gain” (slope increases by 20 dB/decade)
Each pole causes the transfer function to “break to lower gain” (slope decreases by 20 dB/decade)
0 dB/Decade -20
ca d
e dB
/D Typically, τ=RC
e ec a
vout dB/D de
20 Log
2 0 0 dB/Decade
vin
de
eca
/D
dB
40
de
Deca
B/
0d
ϖ
2
1 1 1 1 1
ϖ= ϖ= ϖ= ϖ= ϖ=
τ 2z τ1p τ 2p τ 3p τ 3z
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Real Op Amp Frequency Response
•To this point we have assumed the open loop gain, AOpen Loop, of
the op amp is constant at all frequencies.
•Real Op amps have a frequency dependant open loop gain.
AOϖ B ϖT
AOpenLoop ( s ) = =
s +ϖ B s +ϖ B
where,
s = jϖ
AO ≡ Open loop gain at DC
ϖ B ≡ Open loop bandwidth
(
ϖ T ≡ Unity - gain frequency frequency where AOpenLoop ( s ) = 1 )
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Real Op Amp Frequency Response
AOϖ B
AOpenLoop ( jϖ ) =
ϖ 2 +ϖ B2
AO
AOpenLoop ( jϖ ) =
ϖ2
1+
ϖ B2
AOϖ B ϖT
At High Frequencies: AOpenLoop ≈ ϖ
=
ϖ
For most frequencies of interest, ω>>ωB , the product of the gain and frequency is
a constant, ωT
ϖ
f T = T ≡ Gain − Bandwidth Pr oduct (GBW )
2π
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Real Op Amp Frequency Response
GBW GBW
If the open loop bandwidth is so small, how can the op amp be useful?
The answer to this is found by considering the closed loop gain.
Previously, we found that the closed loop gain for the Non-
inverting configuration was (for finite open loop gain):
Vout AOpenLoop R1
AV ,ClosedLoop = = , where β =
Vin 1 + β AOpenLoop R1 + R 2
Using the frequency dependent open loop gain:
Vout AOpenLoop
AV ,ClosedLoop = =
Vin 1 + β AOpenLoop
AOϖ B
s +ϖ B AOϖ B Low
AV ,ClosedLoop = =
Aϖ s + ϖ B (1 + β AO ) Pass
1 + β O B
s +ϖ B
AOϖ B AO
ϖ B (1 + β AO ) (1 + β AO ) 1
AV ,ClosedLoop = = = A
s s s V ,ClosedLoop @ DC
+1 +1 1+
ϖ B (1 + β AO ) ϖ B (1 + β AO ) ϖH
where,
ϖ H ≡ Upper Cutoff Frequency (Closed Loop Bandwith ) = ϖ B (1 + β AO )
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Real Op Amp Frequency Response
Open LoopGain
The closed Loop
Amplifier has a
lower gain than Closed LoopGain
the Open Loop
Amplifier
Example: 741 Op Amp is used as a low pass filter with fL=10kHz. What is the
maximum voltage gain possible for this circuit?
From before, we can write:
(200 , 000 x 5 ) Open Loop
= (Gain x 10 , 000 ) Closed Loop
+ By sup erposition,
Vout R1 R2
v − = vout + vin
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
v- -
R2
v − = vout β + vin β
R1 R2 R1
Vin but ,
vout = −v − AV ,OpenLoop
so,
vout R2
− = vout β + vin β
AV ,OpenLoop R1
vout AV ,OpenLoop β R2
AV ,ClosedLoop = = −
vin 1 + AV ,OpenLoop β R1
The frequency behavior is the same as for the the Non-Inverting case!
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle