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Petroleum Production Technology & Engineering

Lecturer: Pham Son Tung, Ph.D

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Công nghệ khai thác
Petroleum Production Engineering
Teacher’s Contact, Course Requirements,
Learning Objectives & Outlines

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Teacher’s contact
— Name: Pham Son Tung
— Lecturer at Hochiminh city University of Technology, Faculty of Geology &
Petroleum Engineering, Department of Drilling & Production.
— Office: 102B8
— Email: phamsontung@hcmut.edu.vn

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Course Requirements
— Regular attendance in class (less than 3 absences)
— Taking notes (Important: knowledge given orally during lecture will be officially
accounted in the course, moreover, sometimes erroneous slides are corrected
during lecture)
— Exercises in class
— Homework and assignments

— Personal computer with Excel

— Calculator
— Papers and pens/bics

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to understand the fundamentals of
petroleum production engineering and do some basic analyses/calculations as follows:
— Platforms & Subsurface system
— Upper & Lower completion
— Surface system
— Water-drive, Gas cap drive & Solution gas drive reservoir
— Artificial lift (Gaslift, Electrical Submersible Pump…)
— Production enhancement (Hydraulic fracturing, Acidizing)
— Production logging
— Production data analysis
— HPHT wells
— Marginal oil/gas fields
— Unconventional reservoirs

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 References
— Petroleum Production System, Economides et al., 1994
— Production Technology, Volume 1 & 2, Heriot Watt University, 1999
— Petroleum Production Engineering, A Computer – Assisted Approach, Boyun Guo
et al., 2007

— Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume IV, SPE, Editors: Clegg, Lake

— Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Bradley

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Course Outlines
— Chapter 1. Production Engineering
Introduction
— Chapter 2. Offshore facilities
— Chapter 3. Downhole equipment
— Chapter 4. Surface system
— Chapter 5. Naturally flowing wells
— Chapter 6. Artificial lift
— Chapter 7. Hydraulic fracturing
— Chapter 8. Acidizing
— Chapter 9. Production logging
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— Chapter 10. Production data analysis
— Chapter 11. Deepwater & HPHT wells
— Chapter 12. Marginal fields
— Chapter 13. Unconventional reservoirs
— Chapter 14. Reservoir fluid properties
— Chapter 15. Inflow performance
relationship
— Chapter 16. Single phase pipe flow
— Chapter 17. Multiphase pipe flow
— Chapter 18. Nodal analysis
8/27/19
 Công nghệ khai thác
Petroleum Production Engineering
Chapter 1: Production Engineering Introduction
• Oilfield lifecycle
• Production engineering
• Production engineer

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
qA lifecycle of an oil field consists of the following stages:

— Exploration
— Appraisal
— Development
— Production
— Abandonment

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Revenue Throughout Life Cycle

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Petroleum from beginning to end

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Production Technology
q Production technology is both a diverse and complex
area. It is, possible to identify several key subject
areas:
• Well Productivity
• Well Completion
• Well Stimulation
• Associated Production Problems
• Remedial and Workover Techniques
• Artificial Lift / Productivity Enhancement
• Surface Processing

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Production Engineering
• Production optimization:
• Maximum rates,
• Maximum economic longevity,
• Minimum down time,
• Maximizing magnitude and accelerating cash flow $ minimizing
cost/bbl by: minimize capital costs, minimize production costs,
minimize treatment costs, minimize workover cost
• Completion design (tubing size selection etc.)
• Artificial lift implementation (cost-benefit and optimisation)
• Lift curves for simulation (overall optimisation and forecasting)
• Reservoir monitoring (understanding and continuous improvement)

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Time Scale of Involvement of a Production Engineer
qThe inputs of production engineer will last throughout the production life of the
well, to its ultimate abandonment;
qThe production engineer will contribute to company operations on a well from
initial planning to abandonment;
qThe production engineer is involved in the initial well design and will have
interest in the drilling operation from the time that the reservoir is penetrated.
v Drilling
• Casing string design.
• Drilling fluid selection.
v Completion
• Design/installation of completion string.
v Production
• Monitoring well and completion performance.
v Workover/re-completion
• Diagnosis/recommendation/installation of new or improved production systems.
v Abandonment
• Identify candidates and procedures

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Introduction to the “System”

Surface System Stock Tanks

Choke

Separator
Gas to sale
Gathering Lines

Well

Flow Conduit

Sandface
Completion
Reservoir
Elements of Basic Onshore Production System

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 System Analysis Concepts

• Reservoir (Inflow) Performance (reservoir to well)

• Well

• (Sandface) Completion Performance (near well)

• Vertical Flow Performance (flow conduit)

• Artificial Lift (including equipment at surface)

• Surface System and Process

(chokes, piping, fluid separators, compressors etc.)

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Elements of Onshore/ Offshore Production System

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Production Surveillance, Optimisation and Enhancement
Where is the Production Gap or the Lack of Understanding?
Reservoir Completion Vertical Flow Artificial Lift
Performance Performance Performance Performance
Objective: Objective: Objective: Objective:
Pwf Single well IPR = f (t, Np ) Dp = f(q) Pwf Completion Pwf Design
Potential 2 spf
Flowing Pressure

Flowing Pressure
Flowing Pressure
Bottomhole

Bottomhole
Bottomhole
Actual
Actual
DP 12 spf
Actual
Potential
Actual Potential
Potential
Flow rate Flow rate Flow rate Flow rate
Parameters Affecting Performance:
• PVT • Perforations • Tubing and flowlines • Lift system problems
• Darcy’s law (multi-phase flow) • Sand control • Traps
• Physical description • Acid, skin • Restrictions
• Zone isolation • Erosional velocity

Services Needed to Define Unknown Reservoir Parameters:

• Production test analysis • Use of analysis software • Use of analysis software • PL, pump data
• Production logging (PL) • PL • PL • Gaslift data etc
• Cased hole logging • Calipers • Calipers

Remedial Actions and Solutions:

• Perforation • Re-perforation • Acidisation • Remedial action
• Stimulation: fracture, acid • Gravel packing • Scale removal (CT) • Re-design
• Squeeze cementing, isolation • Squeeze cementing • Velocity string (CT)
18 • Laterals • Acidisation
Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Objectives of Production Engineers
q Maximize well productivity

q Reduce skin, s:
— Stimulation
— Well completion design
q Reduce Pwf:
— Minimize pressure losses in wellbore and surface equipment
— Artificial lift

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Driving Force

— The driving force that moves fluids through the reservoir and
production system is the energy stored in the form of compressed
fluids in the reservoir.

— As the fluids move along the system components, pressure drop

occurs. The pressure in the flow direction continuously decreases
from the reservoir pressure to the final downstream pressure value
at the separator.

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Petroleum Production System

Artificial Lift
Wellbore flow
IPR (completion + skin)
Acidizing, fracturing,
completion design

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Path of Produced Fluids

— Reservoir
— Perforation, gravel pack, etc.
— Downhole equipment, casing, tubing
— Downhole artificial lift equipment
— Mixed with lift gas
— Wellhead, chokes
— Flow lines
— Manifold, mixed with production from other wells
— Separator
— Tank or compressor

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Changes during Flow

— Pressure and temperature

— Composition (mixing with fluids from other wells or lifting)
— Phase equilibrium
— Fluid properties
— Multiphase flow behaviors
— Flow assurance
— Solid formation and deposition
— Wax
— Hydrate
— Asphaltene
— Scale
— Production chemistry
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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Flow in Pipes
q Wellbore pressure drop calculation
— Single phase flow: Dphy + Dpf
— Two-phase flow: holdup, slip velocity and correlations
— Well deliverability

q Flow in horizontal pipe and surface network

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19
 Artificial lift
q Sucker Rod Pump
— Flow rate and pump speed
— Effective plunger stroke length
— Prime mover power
q ESP
— Design chart
— Number of stages
— Horse power
q Gas lift
— Flow rate and bottomhole flowing pressure
— Injection point (Hinj), GLR and pressure gradient above and
below (inside tubing)
— Gas rate required
— Injection pressure and bottomhole pressure
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8/27/19
 Formation Damage
q Damage can be caused by
— Drilling/Completion
— Production
— Stimulation
— Any operation that alter the flow conditions

q Skin Factor
— Damage skin
— Completion skin
— Combined skin effect

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Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8/27/19