REVIEWER FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION UNIT I AND II

Summarized by Christine Jade F. Arreglo

LESSON ONE: Definitions of Communication 2. Responses – reactive actions from

another being on the stimulus that
Communication reached him.
- Complex concept with no universal Process of Communication:
definition.
- Derived from the Latin word Encoding > Transmission > Decoding >
communis (to share). Feedback
- Share ideas, concepts, and other
sharable values with others. LESSON THREE: The Models of
- Includes symbols, gestures, and non- Communication
verbal messages. Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR)
- Silence could be a language in itself.
- Not given a comprehensible formula.
Theoretical components used to differentiate
communication: (acc. to Frank Dance) Shannon-Weaver Theory of Communication
(Mathematical Theory of Communication)
1. Definitions are either inclusive or
restrictive. - Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren
- Should be clearly confined to what Weaver
the term means in a particular - Model intended of technical
discipline. communication.
2. Definitions are either purposive or - Conceptualized in 1948.
non-purposive.
- Should have a requirement of
purpose.
3. Definitions are either normative or
non-normative.
- Non normative does not have any
standard of success required.

LESSON TWO: The Process of Communication

Communication Discrete components of Shannon’s model:

- Two-way process in the exchange of
ideas, feelings, sentiments, or
information by two or more people.
- Sum of all things that a person does
when he wants to understand the
mind of another.
- Basic social function.
Essential factors of the communication
process:
1. Stimulus – initial force that elicits a
reaction from another being.
1. Source – message sender.
2. Message – content.
3. Transmitter – gadget used to send the
message.
4. Signal – flow of radio waves, gestures,
words and pictures being transported.
5. Channel – mode of transportation.
6. Noise – signal interference.
7. Receiver – recipient of the message.
8. Destination – final path.
 REVIEWER FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION UNIT I AND II
Summarized by Christine Jade F. Arreglo

Wilbur Schramm’s Model 4. Receiver/Decoder/Listener – gives

meaning to the message.
- Showed the importance of 5. Feedback – most important
interpersonal communication. component.
- Father of the study of communication.
Verbal Communication involves the use of
words.

Non-verbal Communication involves gestures

and symbolic moves.

Types of Communication:

Oral:

a. Words
b. Articulation
Harold Laswell’s Model
Non-verbal:
- Authored the Propaganda Techniques
in the World War. a. Body language (territory/zone or
object)
b. Signs and symbols

Written:

a. Repots
b. Memos
Laswell’s Key to Understand Communication:
c. Fax
1. Control analysis – factors that guide d. Emails
the act of communication. e. Tenders
2. Content analysis – study of the
LESSON FIVE: Effective Communication Skills
message.
3. Channel data analysis – how Management is an exercise in
information travels. communication.
4. Audience analysis – research made
on the followers of media. Rules for effective communication:
5. Effect analysis – impact of
1. The message must be clear.
information relayed.
2. The sender must deliver the message
LESSON FOUR: The Elements of clearly and concisely.
Communication 3. The receiver must be able to hear and
receive the message.
Elements of Communication (SMCRF): 4. The receiver must be able to
understand the message.
1. Sender – starts the process.
5. Interruption or distractions must be
2. Message – idea sent by the sender.
avoided.
3. Channel/Medium – oral, written or
non-verbal.
 REVIEWER FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION UNIT I AND II
Summarized by Christine Jade F. Arreglo
Empathy is defined as the ability to
understand and to feel the sentiments and
difficulties of another human being. A
listening ear and a receptive mind are factors
of empathy.
Kinds of Noise:
1. Environmental noise – this is when
you cannot hear the sender.
2. Semantic noise – misinterpretation of
message.
How to be an effective listener:
1. Listen attentively and resist
distractions.
2. Be responsive.
3. Appreciate what the speaker is
saying. Pay attention to his
expressions.
4. Use positive body language.
5. Hold your reactions and replies after
the speaker is done talking.
6. Be well informed about the topic that
the speaker is talking about.
7. Try to understand the speaker’s point
of view as the same way he perceives
it.
8. Look into the eye of the speaker as he
talks.
9. Respect the speaker’s opinion.
10. Take down notes if you deem it
necessary.
LESSON SIX: Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication
- Active relationship established
between people through language
and intercultural means.
- Happens when people from diverse
backgrounds meet and talk with each
other.
- Gives us an insight how to behave
when we meet people from different
cultures, beliefs, and religions.
- Necessary in the global village.
- “respect begets respect”
Coverage of Intercultural Communication:
1. Inter-ethnic
2. Inter-religious
3. Inter-regional
4. Individuals with different sexual
orientations
Useful tips in communicating with foreigners:
1. Learn a few phrases from their
language.
2. Talk to people who know.
3. Adjust your behavior.
4. Listen carefully and ask questions.
5. Do not be afraid to apologize.
6. Research by watching local TVs.
7. Reflect on your experiences.
Politically Correct Language
- A civilized and culture-sensitive form
of expression in the use of terms that
avoid offensive connotations
prejudicial to the reputation of any
social sector.
 REVIEWER FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION UNIT I AND II
Summarized by Christine Jade F. Arreglo
How to avoid problems in intercultural
communication:
1. Listen without judging.
2. Ask and confirm.
3. Give suggestions politely.
4. Respect differences.
5. Avoid divisive issues on occasions.
Common Problems in Intercultural
Communication:
1. Fanatic (fanaticism)
- Person who sees no wrong on a
person or group despite proofs of his
perceptions.
2. Bigot (bigotry)
- Person who holds opinions and
prejudices against a group and treats
them with hatred.
3. Dogmatist (dogmatism)
- Person who thinks his belief are
absolutely true and correct.
4. Racist (racism)
- Person who believes that his
nationality is superior and has the
right to subject and discriminate other
groups.
LESSON SEVEN: Principles and Functions of
Communication
Communication
- Tie that bind the people of a country
together.
- Needed to coordinate activities and
programs, sustain and improve the
environment, to promote social and
public security and pursue the
preservation and care of
cultural/social heritage.
Principles of Communication:
1. Content must be clear.
2. Content must be specific and reliable.
3. Content must be communal and
considerate.
4. Content must be essential.
5. Content must be understood and
appreciated accurately.
6. Content must be channelled through
the right network.
7. Content must consider the target.
Communication in the Business Setting:
1. Communication serves as the starting
point of action.
2. Communication makes the group
planning possible.
3. Communication facilitates
coordination.
4. Communication helps business
decide.
5. Communication builds management-
staff rapport.
6. Good communication leads to high
morale.
Function of Communication:
1. Communication is the soul of
government regulation, control, and
coordination.
- Needed to coordinate activities and
programs in the community.
2. Communication is the most basic tool
for social interaction.
3. Communication creates our national
identity.
- Goals and shared Values are
communicated to the society so that
people would uphold them.
 REVIEWER FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION UNIT I AND II
Summarized by Christine Jade F. Arreglo
4. Communication democratizes
information thereby empowering
people.
- Power emanates from information.
5. Communication motivates people,
and helps them express themselves
politically and artistically.
- For motivation, persuasion, and
self-expression.
Impact of Malfunction in Communication:
1. It can put people’s safety at risk.
2. It can hinder youth development.
Functions of Communication and Examples
of Applied Principles:
1. Regulation or control
2. Social Interaction
3. Motivation
4. Information
5. Emotional interaction
LESSON EIGHT: Verbal and Non-verbal Cues
and Strategies in Effective Communication
Goals why we communicate:
To inform, to persuade, to explain, and
to entertain.
Verbal Cues
- Guides to make us communicate
effectively using language and oral
speech.
The Art of Asking Questions:
1. Closed questions - are pre-conceived
questions which limit the answers of
people to a yes or a no to a set of
answers with no flexibility, or to
answers outside the list of given
choices.
2. Open questions – has nuanced
answers that reflect one’s opinions
and views.
Techniques in Using Verbal Cues:
1. Reflecting – repeating what the other
person has said using your own
words. It can also be about
expounding or giving examples and
explaining your understanding.
2. Summarizing - involves the
presentation of the main issues or
points raised in a conversation or
discussion.
Non – verbal cues
- Are gestures and body language
expressions that help us
communicate the intensity, depth,
sincerity, and good nature of our
intentions and message.
Factors to consider when using non-verbal
cues:
1. First impressions - People will
generally interpret your future
behavior and actions on the basis of
the general idea that they have
previously formed about you.
2. Formalities - It would be most
advantageous for us if we get
ourselves acquainted with the needed
formalities and manners expected of
a communicator.
3. Ethical practices - Ethical standards
are established to enable people to
treat their fellow men humanely,
fairly, and respectfully.
Ethics – art of dealing humanely, fairly and
professionally with other beings.