GS. TS. TRAN VAN DICH . PGS. TS. NGO TRI PHUC Fem THUVIENSACH.OMEK.COMVN sé TAY THEP THE GIGI {In lan thit 2 cé sta chita, bd sung) NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOI - 2006LOLNOI DAU San khi “SE tay sit dung thép thé gigi" xudi ban, chuing 161 dd nhan duoc nhiéu thi, dién ctla déc gid héi thém vé néi dung cfing nh nhiing ¥ kién hoan ngénk, b6 sung ngi dung cudn séch thém phong phii, nhdm sit dung cé hiéu qud va thiét thitc hon. Viée xudt ban tan du con 66 nhie do vay nhan Idn tdi ban nay, cdc tie gid 1 vé in dn, cdch trink bay, 6 loi xin Idi va chdn thanh cdm on cde ban doc gid, cde ban déng nghiép xa gdn va cling xin bay 16 niém xtic déng vi tac phdm cia minh dd duge cde ban dén nkan mor cach trén irong, va nhut vay cudn sdch phan néo dd gép ich cho xa héi, Ching t6i cling xin dé tén sdch la “SO tay thép thé gidt” trong lan xudt ban thit hai nay. Hign nay, thi wiring v@i lieu gung thép dang hét site soi dong, khong chi trong nitéc ma con trén cd thé gidi. Viéc gia nhdp Té chite Thuong mai thé gidi (WTO) ctta nie ta dang ti edn, do vay viéo nhan thite day dit vé vat lieu thép dé biél cach sit dung va quan IS xudt nhap khdw ld vé cling cdn thiéi. Do didu kién khach quan, clitng t6i chi xin duoc tra loi var bé sung mét 56 ngi dung sat: Khi chon dé gigi thiéu nhiing mac thép tidu biéu thidmg sit dung, di da tham khdo nhiéu tac phém cia nitie ngodi va cita cde ban déng aghiép, nlumng van con mang tinh “chit quan", cé nhiéu mac thép céc ban dée gid khong tim thay. Méi loai lai c6 nhiéu mac thép gidng nhiéu khae it, nhieu mic thép dd qué cti, do vay cde ban nén suy dién tit cde mde thép wide va sai d6 dé tim ra gidi phap. Lé hop kim thi phdi cé mot pham vi ham lugng nkét dink, pham vi ham luong dé 1a khdc nhau véi méi loai thép, dac biét ld cdc nguyen 16 vi tong. Cé nluing ngiyén 16 la thanh phdn qui ciia mac thép nay, nhung tai la lap chdt cé hai cho mde thép kide. Dé gitip cdc ban hiét cu thé hon xii mai em phit luc 7. Trong lan tat ben nay ching t6i gidi thiéu thém hai chitong: chitong 8 va chung 9 vé phuong phap biéu thi mac thép ctia Han Quée va Dai Loan la hai nitée abt tac ma Viét Nam dang cé moi quan hé kink 1& twong dé nhiéu. Nhung do diéu kign thoi gian chitng (i chi xin gidi thidu tién chudn thép khong ef va bén nhiét, day la nhitng scin phdm ma hai mréc nay dang scin xudt, chiém mot thj phén lin ten thé gid. Chiing t0i citng stta chita mOt 86 sai séi cha fdn saat bén wide.Qui céch tien chudn thép cila cdc medc khong nging thay d6i, nhiéu mac thép va loai thép méi ad due b6 sung. Cac nitic cong nghigp phat ign dang c6 xu thé’ s6\ hod mac thép va logi thép dé tién phd cap va stt dung. Chde chan khéng con ldu nita kj ne mac thép sé duoc sO hod. Vi dy, Trung Quoc dé thank lap mot uy ban nghién citt s6 hod tiéu chudn thép tit ném 1995, nay dd cong bé dé xin 9 kién cho vide thay déi. Dii dd cd ging stta chita sai sét trong tn xudt bdn Adu tién va bo sung thém mot sO kién thite méi cho ldn tdi bdn nay, song chdc vdn chua the dap tng ditoc yéu céu ddy dit cita cdc déc gid va cdc ban ding nghiép. Mor tan nita chiing totxin ditac tit {di va chan thank cdm on! Ce the gid PGS.1S Ngo Tri Phite GS.T8 Tran Van DichCACH SU DUNG 86 TAY A. Noi dung ctia sé tay Cuén s6 tay gidi thigu sé ligu vé qui cach vat liéu gang. thép cua 9 quéc gia san xuat gang, thép hang dau thé gidi va cdc nuéc dang su dung tiéu chudn ISO. The tw sip xép mae thép ciia cde nude duoc trinh bién theo hé thong tiéu chudn ttong tu, theo mife dé quen thuec véi Vier Nam ro di: Vier Nam, Lien bang Nga, Trg Quéc, ISO, Nhat Bin, Duic, Phap, Thuy Dién, Anh, My. Chuong f giGi thigu va phan tich cic phuong phip biéu thi cic mie thép va gang cua cée nue va 16 chife tién chuan quéc té ISO. Dé so sinh va dé nim bat duoe qui luat biéu thi mde thép va gang cla ede nude, tude tién ching ti gidi thigu tém lvoe nhiing nét co ban ctia qui luat biéu thi mde thép vA gang cha Vigt Nam hién dang duce su dung. Phuong phdp biéu thi duoc gidi thiéu o day co tinh dai dién cho phuong php biéu thi cdc loai mac thép trén thé gidi. Cie chong 2, 3 var 4 gi6i thieu cie mac thép, thanh phin hos hoc, co tinh va cong nghe nhiét luyen cua cau nhom thép: thép két cau. thép khong gi, thép ben nhiet va hop kim ben mhiét, thép cong cu va hop kim cing. Cade churong 5 va 6 gidi thiéu thép dic va gang dtic. Chirony 7 gidi thigu sin phdm, thanh phin hod hoc va tinh nang cla thép va hop kim Lam que han Sau méi chuong cé liét ké ban déi chiéu cic mac thép va gang cimmg loai cua cae nude va ISO. Trong phan phy luc c6 gidi thigu cdc cong thie ly thuyet tinh trong luong ctta céc Joai thép, cdc k¥ hiéu xudr nhap khau vat liéu kim loai cing véi ban déi chiéu thuat nad va ham § thuéng ding trong cae van ban thuyét minh xuat nhap khdu sat thép. Ngoai ra, trong phan phu Juc con trinh bay cae dimh nghia va thuat ngit chuyén mon vé phuong phap san auat, gia cong, tinh nang v...v cua thép va gang B. Phuong phap xu ly dac biét trang viée bien soan Dé don gian hod cae chuong, cae dé muc. chiing 161 duva vio phan thép két cau 6 chutong 2 cdc loai thép 16 xe thép 6 an. thep hap kum thap chong &n mon trong moi (rudng Abi quyén, thep dap ngudi va thép bulong Se vit (thép qui ché), thép day xich, thép binh chita chiu «p luc, thép bén néng nhiét 46 thap...2. DE dam bao su hoan chinh cilia hé thong 1iéu chudn cing nhu hoan chinh viée tra ctu. ching ti gdp Jai mot bo phan oho mac thép chuyen ding, voi cic Joai thép khdc ¢6 lien quan nbicu vdi nhau ma ngurdi su dung da quen. Pdi VOI mOt sé tiéu chudn cil tuy d& duye thay thé hoan tan bing tiéu chudn moi nbung vi do hé théing mac thép theo tigu chudn cb da co thei gian sir dung lau dai (thanh 1p quiin), dé tién che doc gia stv dung ching 161 van dua vao. C. Mé6t sé ¥ kién trong bién soan cuén stich 1. Nguyén tic bién soan la “chinh x4c, mdi, tinh va thye dung” va noi dung duge lay tir tigu chudin gang thép dang hicn hanh ctia cac mde cong nghiép phat trién wen thé gidi. Vi ndi dung cua cudn sach Ta dé 56, cho aén chiing toi chi gidi thigu mot cach c6 Iya chon thich hop, nham cung cap cho déc gia nhiing thong tia that can thiét khi can xir ly nhimg van dé chuyén mon. Néu mudén hiéu duge mat cach wing tan xin dc gid can of vao sé liu liéu chudn cua cde nguyén bin chinh quéc. 2. Phan gidi thigu qui cach vi tinh nang cua thép duc, gang dic ya co tinh duge wich ra tir ede tiéu chuan ¢6 lién quan dang su dung. © c6 thé xem IA sé ligu cd gid ui dé tham khio. Khi thay déi chaéu y clia vat dic sé tae ra su thay déi vé cu tinh. So liu d day chi thich hop vi cdc chi tiét dic c6 hinh dang don gin, cé chiéu day déng déu, con d6i vdi cde vat dite c6 101 gid, chiéu diy khong déng déu thi chi c6 pia tri tong wy tng vai cde chiéu diy khac nhau. Thict ké vat dic nén can cit vio gid tri do thuc cla b6 mau va cae tai ligu tham khao khac. 3. Tiéu chan gang thép cila céc nude luén luen thay Adi va luén luén duye bé sung. do vay. phai duoc bd sung va déi mdi. Khi bién soan, do gidi han cita thoi gian (tir khi bien soan téi thai diém xual ban) nén vd thé con ¢6 nhiing phan chua kip b6 sung. D. Cac véin dé can luu ¥ khi tra ettu hode doi chiéu so sanh cde mac thép 1. Déi chiéu quan he gitta cic mac thép ella cdc nude chi yeu dua vao thanh phan hoa hoe cia mac thép (con m6r sé thép phi hop kim thi dua vao d6 ben co tinh}, nhung phum vi gidi han cua thanh phan mac thép khac nhau hoac 16 chic kim wong khéc nhau, cde nhin té cong nghé san xual va gia cong khée nhau v. v... déu 6 thé din dé tinh nang khae nhau hay néi mot cdch khac chat luong khae nhau. Do vay, khi di chiéu mae thép chi cé thé phan dinh méi quan hé wong 6quan v6i nha mA thdi, nhat LA khi Iya chon mot mie thép cho mot cong tinh (1hong thudng cin phai qua thuc nghiém coi mdi can ct dé Iya chon). 2. Trong ban doi chiéu cdc mac thép, néu thay xudt hién trude ky higu mde thép co = " tue 1& biéu thi dat bO phan thanh phan nguyén té hod fige tuong tu nhau, dé chi su khde biét IA sé cd mot uguyén 16 cd bit nao dé cé ham lung cao hon hoae thap hon (hoae la uguyén 16 hgp kim vi long). 3. Ban déi chieu cde méc gang diic chit yéu 1a can cit vao dé bén nen & day chi c6 thé phan anh moi quan hé wong tw nhau ma thi Khi lua chon can luu ¥ rat 6 thé cé mot tinh nang khdée ndo dé xuat bign ma din dén su khie nhau ca cdc mic thép 4. Ban d6i chiéu cdc mac hop kim eting chu yeu dya vi str dung va lay teu chuan cla [SO lam chudn, Mot mac hop kim eimg vat. cd thé ¢6 nhiéu cong dung cho nén c6 thé thay mat made hop kim cing trong ban déi chiéu xuat hign 6 ahidu noi io phum 5. Cac dau chan (.) giita cdc con sé trong toan bo chuong 2 1ré di c6 gid tri nhu dau phay (,}. c bing taChuong 1 PHUONG PHAP BIEU THI MAC THEP CUA CAC NUGC 1.1. Tiéu chudn mac thép cia iét Nam Id. Khai quat vé phitong phap biéu ihi mac thép theo tiéu chudn Vigt Nam (TCV N) Phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép qui dink theo tiéu chudn Viér Nam TCVN 1659 - 75 dua vao nguyén tac diing ky hiéu hod hoc cia nguyén 16 bing chit La Tinh dé chi nguyén to va chit sé A Rap ktm theo dé chi ham lugng. Sau dé c6 tén goi loai thép kem theo. Vé co ban, tuong tu nhu phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cha Lien X6 cit hode cia Lien bang Nga hién nay va phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cia Trang Quoc. Dén nay tiéu chuan vé thép cia Viet Nam con chua dé cap dén nhiéu Linh vyc nhat 1a loai thép hop kim va thép chuyén ding nhu thép chéng an mdn khi quyén, thép dé cat got, thép chéng mai mon cao... cho dén céc loai gang. Hién nay cdc tiéu chun nay dang duoc bé sung din. Thi du: TCVN 1765 - 75 thép két cau cacbon thong dung. TCVN 1766 - 75 thép két cu cacbon chét lugng. TCVN 1767 - 75 thép dan héi (1d xo). TCVN 1822 - 76 thép dung cu (cong cu) cacbon. TCVN 1823 - 76 thép dung cu (cong cu) hop kim. TCVN 3104 - 79 thép két cdu hgp kim thap. TCVN 2735 - 78 thép chéng an mon va bén néng. TCVN 1651 - 85 thép cét bétong cén ndng. TCVN 5709 - 93 thép ket cfu ding trong xAy dumg viv... 11.2. Phan logi va biéu thi mac thép theo TCVN 1. Thép cacbon thong dung TCVN chia mde thép thanh 3 nhém A, B va C. Nhém A chi co tinh. Nhém B chi thanh phan hoa. hoc.Nhém C chi cd co tinh va thanh phan hod hoc. Ky hiéu biéu thi mdc thép bang CT, ham ¥ C - cacbon, T - thép. Mic thép thuéc nhém nao thi truée ky hiéu mac thép c6 ghi ky higu nhém riéng: nhom A thi khong ghi. Sau ky hiéu méc thép o6 2 chit so biéu thi gidi han bén kéo t6i thigu cia mac thép 6 va don vj tinh bang KG/mm?*. Cac mde thép cia cdc nhom nhu sau: Nhom A ; CT31, CT33. CT34, CT38, CT42, CTSt, CT61 Nhém B : BCT3i, BCT33. BCT34, BCT38, BCT42, BCTS!, BCT61 Nhém C: CCT34, OCT38, CCT42, CCTS2 Phuong phap khir oxy cia cdc mic thép khong duoc biéu thi, bai vi vé nguyén tac cé thé khir 6xy bat ky 6 mdc thép nao theo thoa thudn cia ngudi san xuat va tiéu ding. Vida CT33 - thép cacbon thong dung nhém A(bao dam co tinh) theo qui dinh cé6 66 bn kéo t6i thiéu 1a 33 kG/ mm? . BCT31 -thép cacbon thong dung nhém B (bao dam thanh phan hod hoc theo qui dink) cé d6 bén kéo t6i thiéu 31 kG/ mm’v...v. 2. Thép cacbon chat lugng Dya vao ham luong Mn cé trong mac thép ngudi ta chia thép cacbon chat ugng ra 2 nhém: nhém chita Mn thutmg va nhém chita Mn nang cao (ham higng trong khofng 1 + 1,2%) c6 thém ky hiéu Mn sau mée thép. Ky higu mc thép Ja“ C “ biéu thi thép cacbon chat lwong, sau ky higu mdc thép cd 1 dén 2 chit s6 biéu thi ham luong cacbon trung binh tinh theo phan van. Cuéi mac thép biéu thi phuong phap khir Oxy, khir king: bd qua khong ghi; khit soi: " s “, khit ntka ling “ae. Vidu C8, - thép cacbon chat lugng cé 0,08% cacbon (trung binh) khit oxy bing phuong phdp khit sdi. C15Mn - thép cacbon chat long cé ham Luong Mn nang cao, chita 0,15% cacbon (trung binh) khir éxy bing phuong phdp Ying. Theo TCVN cé 22 mac thép cacbon chat Iuong thudc nhém } va II smc thép cacbon chat luong thudc nhém 2. ie3. Thép dé bén cao Mac thép nay gém 2 phan: 2 chit sé dimg dau biéu thi ham luong cacbon trung binh theo phén van va ky hiéu chi nguyen té hop kim dimg sau dé thudng 14 Mn, Cr, Si, Ni...Sau nguyén té hop kim khong c6 chit sé biéu thj ham Iuong trung binh cia nguyén té dé, néu ham long khoang 1%, con vuot qua 1,5% thi thém sé 2. Qui luat biéu thi cling nhu déi véi thép hop kim noi chung. ‘Vi du: thép 14Mn - thép chia cacbon trung binh 0,14% va ham luong Mn khodng 1%, thép 14Mn2 co ham tuong Mn t6i 16%. Dac diém cua Joai thép nay 18 40 bén cao va chia ra nhiéu cap do bén. Cap 46 bén thap nhat cia thép aay cing In hon 50% cdp do bén thap nhat tuong tng cia thép cacbon thong dung. Thép hop kim thap dé bén cao thudc joai thép chat lung cé him Iuong photpho P < 0,035% va lu hujnh S < 0,040%. Thép hop kim thap oo tinh chéng an mon khf quyén tot, 4. Thép chuyén ding Thép chuyén ding gém thép cét bétong va thép két cu cacbon. a) Thép cot béténg Thép duoc chia 1am 4 nhém : Cl, CI, CI, CIV, trong dé CI 1a thép wn tron, cén CII + CIV thudng 1a thép van (cé gan). Tat nhién thép c6t betong von J thép cacbon thong dung CT. ‘Thép cét bétong nhém CI cé cic méc: CT33-3, CT33n3, CT33s3 cla nhém A va CCT33-3, CCT33n2 , CCT33s3 cha nhém C. Sé 3 sau cing cia mdc thép nhém A 1a chi cdc chi tiéu o,, 5 (6.) va th: uén nguéi phai dat yeu cdu. Cdn trong nhém C chit sé 2 chi cae chi tien thanh phan hod hoc, co tinh: o,, 6, va thit uén ngudi, con sé 3 khidic s6 21a them thir d6 dai va dap. Thép cét bétong nhém Ci ché tao tir cic mac thép nhém CCTSI- 2 hodc CCTS1n2. Thép cét béténg nhém CII] dugc ché wo tir thép hop kim thap do bén cao voi: - $6 - 9 mm 1a 25Mn2Si, 35MnSi va 18MnSi, - ¢ =10 - 40 mm 18 cdc mac thép 25Mn2Si va 35MnSi. Thép cét bétong nhém CIV véi $ 10 - 18 mm duge ché tao tit mac thép hop kim thdp: 20GMn22r. 4b) Thép kéi cau cacbon hode thép dan héi (thép 1 xo) Loai thép nay duge biéu thi nhu thép hop kim thap va thép cacbon chat lugng. 5. Céc loai thép khong gi, bén nhiét Pay IA loai thép hop kim cao biéa thi hu thép hop kim. Hién nay theo TCVN cé 23 mac rat chung chung, khong phan biét r6 rang nu thép cia Lién bang Nga va cla Trung Quéc. 6. Thép dung cu (céng eu) Hién nay m6i cd TCVN vé thép dung cu (céng cu) cacbon va thép dung cu (cong cu) hop kim ma chua c6 titu chuén TCVN vé thép gi va hop kim cing. a) Thép dung cu (céng cu) cacbon Thép céng cu cacbon duge ky hiéu “CD“ (C - cacbon, D - dung cu) sau dé 1a cc chit s6 (2 dén 3 chi sd) chi ham luong cacbon trung binh theo phan van, néu ham lugng Ma trén 0,35% thi them chit Mn (nhung ham lugng Mn khong duge vugt qua 0,60%), cudi mac thép cé chit A chi chat Ivong cao. Nhu vay, thép dung cu (cong cy) cacbon c6 2 nhém: nhém chat lugng tot (khong cd A) va chat tung cao (c6 A & cud). b) Thép dung cu (cong cu) hop kim Trong mac thép, 2 hoac 3 chir sé dau chi ham lugng cacbon trung binh tinh theo phdn van, sau dé 1a ky hiéu nguyén t6 hop kim chinh.va chit sé kém theo, néu cé, chi ham tugng phan tram con khéng 6 chi khoang 1%. B6i vdi loai thép hep kim cao déu cd ché do nhiét luyén km theo va pham vi sit dung. 7. Cée loai thép khde Thép 6 lan, thép chiu luc, thép néi hoi, ... theo cdc tigu chudn: 1658 - 87, 1660 - 87, 1811 - 76, 1765 - 75, 1766 - 75... duge qui dinh tuong tu nhu cia Lién bang Nga. 1.2. Tieu chudn mac thép cia Lién bang Nga 1.2.1. Gidi thiéu phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép theo tiéu chudn eila Lién bang FOCT TOCT ky higu tigu chudn cia Lien X6 cf. Hién nay Lién bang Nga va cdc quée gia doc lap SNG van ding ky hiéu nay lam ky hieu tiéu chudn cho qudc gia minh. Phuong phap biéu thi mac gang thép 12theo tiéu chudn TOCT co ban 1a phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cia Viti Nam va Trung Quéc dang ding chi cé mot sé it mac thép [A ngoai le. Ten va cong dung cua nguyén té héa hoc trong m4c thép ca Nga déu str dung chit cai tiéng Nga dé biéu thi (xem bang 1.1). Bang 1.1. Chir cdi tiéng Nga biéu thi tan nguyen to hop kim trong mdc thép Ki hieu Ten nguyén (6 hop kim Chit efi La Tinh (1 thay thé] Tigng Nga___| Tiéng Viet va ki higu hod hoc. tong ung A ‘A3oT Nito (N) A 6 Hnobuii Niobi (Nb) B B Bonbeppam_| Vonfram (W) Vv r Mapraney | Mangan (Mn) S A Men Déng (Cu) D K Ko6anbT Céban (Co) Kk M Monu6gex | Molipden (Mo) M. H Hiwene Niken (Ni) N n ‘osbop Phot pho (P) P Pp Bop Bo(B) R Cc Kpemanit | Silic (Si) 8 T Turan Titan (Ti) T ¥ Yrnepon Cacbor (C) U > Bavaguit | Vanadi (¥) FE x Xpom Crom (Cr) Ch uy ifMpkonwa | Ziconi (Zn) : 9) LAmomuynii_| Nhom (AL) Ju Ghi chi: (1): Chit edi La Tinh thutng duge ding trong ede mae thép te oct. Chi cdi thay thé thudng ding trudc hodc sau ca ky hiéu mac thép (bang 1.2). Bang 1.2. Chir cdi dung trude hoc sau thudg ding trong ky higu méc thép Chir cai] nghia tigng Vier] Trude [Ch cdi] “Y nghia dng | Trdc Nga hote saufl Nga Viet hoc sau c Thép (thép cacbon) | Truée ac ‘Thép dé ct got | Trude T thong dung hata chi, Thép s6i Sau ‘Thép dé cat gor ) Truéc ia A chia luu huyah Thép nita s6i Sau Thép dung ey { Trude Ac y cackon Ch | Thép lang Sau im] “Thee ¢ kan Truée A Thép chat Iwgng | Saw E Thep tt Trete Ww Thép chat lvong | Sau cB Thép que hin | Trrdc cag an Thép day (sci) Sau ii Thép dic ‘Sai 13Doi khi tong ti€u chuén [OCT hoac trong séch bio tiéng Nga 6 thé gap mot sé mac thép ci, thudng viél tong dau méc ding sau mac thép chinh, k¥ hieu thutng ding va ¥ nghia cita ching nhu sau: AA; thép khong gi crom-niken. >K: thép khong gi crom va thép bén nhiet. ‘3: thép ding tong céng nghiép dién. ‘Ov: méc thép nghién ciiu thir nghiém. OMT: mac thép thi nghi¢m cong nghiép. Ding sau nhing ky hiéu nay 1a chit s6 (hode sé thit tu), vi duz AIT (tong duong véi 1Cri8Ni9Ti cua Vist Nam hode Trung Quéc), OV107 (tie 1a 4OX10C2M cha Nga), 9288 (ttc 1a 07X16H6 cla Nga), 9310 (thép cong nghi¢p dién) v.v. 1.2.2. Phitong phap biéu thi mac thép theo tiéu chudn OCT 1. Thép cacbon thong dung Tieu chudn TOCT truéc day chia thép cacbon thong dung thanh 3 Joai: A, B, B. Tiéu chuan POCT 380-88 duoc cong bé gan day khong chia mde thép thanh 3 loai trén vi cting khong thé hién loai 16 luyen. Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cla chiing 1a: Ding ddu mac thép (bo phan chi: thé) 1 Cr, chit so dang sau 1 + 6 biéu thi hang muc chat lugng phai dam bao. Cr 0: thép cé ham luong lwu huynh, photpho vuot qui dinh Cr: dim bio 6,, 0, 8 va tinh udn ngudi Cr 2: déng thi con dam bao thanh phan héa hoc Cr 3 + 6: déng thdi cdn dim bao do va dap, trong dé: Cr 3: & nhidt do +20°C Cr4: 8 nhigt d6 -20°C Cr 5: qua xir if thai higu (d6i vi thép tém van 1a nhiét do +20°C) Cr 6: 6 nhiét do - 40°C (chi ding cho thép tam) Dé bigu thi phuong php khit Oxy khdc nhau, hu t6 mac thép 6 cdc ky hiéu sau; 14KI: thép soi. TIC: thép nita s6i CTT: thép lang Doi vdi thép cé ham lugng mangan tuong déi cao thi gitta sé thir wr (chit s6) va ky hiéu o hau t6 c6 chit cdi FP. Vi du: Cr.2PCT1- bieu thi thép lang sé 2 cé ham lurong mangan khé cao. Nhung phuong phép biéu thi mac thép cha thép thong dung ndi trén la phuong phap mang tinh tam thdi. Trong mét sé tigu chudn TOCT dugc cong bé trong nhiing nim gin day da sit dung giéi han duéi cia do bén chay dé két hop véi mac thép tigu chudn quéc té ISO. Vi du doi chiéu mac thép mé} vA mdc thép ci theo tiéu chudn TOCT 27772-88 (bang 1.3). Bang 1.3. So sinh mde thép cit vé mdc thép mai ‘Mic thép méi Mic thép ob 235 CE3KI3 C25 CT.3NC5, CT.3CUS kC355 CT3ITic, CL3rCH C275 cT3nc C285 CT.3Ch, Cr 3rCi, CL3LNC Vi du: Me thép méi C235, biéu thi o, 2 235MPa, Chit s6 2 va S & cudi mac | thép cii la phy thérn dé bao dam yeu cau cita loai thép do. 2. Thép két eau cacbon chat tiong Mac thép cita thép két cau cacbon chat luong (b6 phan chi thé) lay ham lugng cacbon tung binh (@,) dé biéu thi. Néu ham luong Mangan trong thép tuong d6i cao thi ghi them ky hiéu “I” (mangan). Thép chat lugng cao cé ham luong Jiu huynh, phét pho trong thép khd thap thi them chit cdi A o hau 6. Dang sau chir s6 cua mac thép s6i va thép mia soi cé ky higu_Kri va lic, thép lang thi khong céin ky higu. Vi du: 10 «I- thép séi chat luijng chita cacbon trung binh @, [a 0,10%; 10 - thép lang cdcbon chat Jugng chia cacbon trung binh @, 14 0.10%; 301- thép cacbon chat lugng chifa cacbon trung binh a, 1a 0.30%, ham Iueng mangan tuong ddi cao; 454A - thép cacbon chat Juong cao chtta cacbon trung binh w¢ 1a 0.45%. 53. Thép hop kim thap dé bén cao Dé théng nhst véi éu chudn quéc té ISO, trong tiéu chudn thép do bén cao c4n néng (FOCT 19281-89) da thay ddi mac thép bang cach ding gidi han chay (do bén chay) dé biéu thi, Hién nay co 9 mac thép véi cac cap do bén 1a 265, 295, 315, 325, 345, 355, 375, 390, 440, tat ca déu dig don vi la MPa. Trong ti¢u chudn da giit lai hé thong thanh phan hoa hoc biéu thi trudc day. Mac thép bao gém chit s6 biéu thi ham Ivgng cachon trung binh (,%x100), nguyen 16 hop kim (chi cai) va ham Iwong (chit sé) hyp thinh. Khi ham Ivang nguyén t6 hop kim 21,45% thi dang sau chit cdi chi nguyén t6 46.c6 ghi sé 2, néu <1,45% thi khong ghi sé ma chi ghi chit cdi cla nguyén t6. Vi du: 187240] biéu thi thép hop kim thdp chita w, < 0,14% +0,22%, Oy, < 1,30% + 1,70%, déng thi cé chia Al, V, Cu. 4. Thép chuyén ding rong thép hop kim thap va thép cacbon déu cé mot phan cia thép thong dung va thép chuyén ding. Thép chuyén ding 14 loai thép cé cong dung chuyén nganh, nh: thép cét bétong, thép ding ché tao tau thuyén, thép ndi hoi, thép ding 1am cau, thép ding lam dung sat viv. a) Thép c6i bé1éng ‘Trong tiu chudén FOCT 5781 c6 11 mée thép, dén [a thép hop kim thap, phuong phdp biéu thi cia chting giéng véi phuong phap ding thinh phén hda hoc dé biéu thi thép hop kim thap 46 bén cao thong dung. b)Thép dang ché tao tau thuyén Trong tigu chudn [OCT 5521 cé 2 loai déu 6 tinh han ding trong két c4u than thuyén. Mot loai la thép do bén thong thudng, 6 4 miéc thép A, B, D, E, C, gidi han chay cia ching déu 14 239MPa, mot loai IA thép do bén cao, mac thép la A x x, D x x, Ex x. Trong a6 x x bicu thi cap do bén, vi du A32 biéu thi cap 32 kG (tic 1a 315MPa), D40 biéu thi cap 40 kG (tic 1a 395MPa). ¢) Thép néi hoi Mac thép cacbon ding cho néi boi cé thém hau té K, vi du 15K, 20K, cén méc thép hop kim khong cé hau t6, vi du 12XM. d) Thép ding lam cdu 16Trony tidu chuan thép ding cho ket cau cau OCT 6713) cé 3 mae thép, déu 1a thép hop kim thap. phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép gidng véi phuong phap biéu thi thép hop kim thap do bén cao thong dung. e) Thép ding lam ditong sit Mac thép ca thép dudng ray (TOCT 9960) 1a M x x (n), bong 46 x x biéu thi ham luong caebon trung binh («.%x 100}, (n) ding chit cdi dé biéu thi nguyen té hop kim vi luong, vi du M737 (chia Ti). Thép dig ché tao banh xe, vanh xe. mayo xe vin chua hinh than ahom ma mae thép theo ti¢u chuaén FOCT 398 va FOCT 10791 chi ding sé thet tu 1,2 dé biéu thi 5. Vhép két cdu hop kim va thép lo xo Méc thép cia 2 Joai thép ndy ding chit sé bigu thi ham wong cacbon trung binh (.% x 100), do chit edi bigu thi nguyen t hop kim va ham luong (chi s6) hap thanh. Neuyén tic bicu thi nguyén t6 hop kim giéng vdi phuong phdp biéu thi cha thép hop kim thap do bén cao. i loai ay déu lA thép chat luonge va thép chat Jugng cao. chinh vi vay doi vdi mac thép chat long cao cd thém hau 16 A dé phan biet. vi du 30XTCA, 60C2FA. 6. Thép dé cat got Chif cdi ding dau cla mae thép dé cat got c6 2 loa: chit A biéu thi thép dé cAt got chia leu huynh; AC bigu thi thép dé cat got chia chi; sau dé 12 ham lugng cachon trung binh (@,%x100), Dd véi thép dé cit got chia luu huynh, mangan ma ham tuong mangan khé cao thi dang sau chit s6 them ch. Vidu: AdO0 18 thép dé cat got c6 ham long Mn khd cao. hm lugng cacbon trung binh @, = 0.40%. Thép dé cat got chia chi due chia thanh thép cacbon va thép hop kim, wong d6 mac thép cacbon do AC + ham luong cacbon trung binh (ch ) tac think; mac thép hop kin Gi de nhu ACZOXTHM), ngoai viée biéw thi fam Luong cacbon trung binh 1a 0.20% ra, con ghi ky hiéu cua nguyén t6 hop kim va ham luong cila no. 7. Thép 6 lan cacbon crém cao Dumg dau mde thép 6 Jan cacbon crm cao TA chit edi LL, han: {ugng cacbon khong ghi, ham lugng crom due biéu th} bang git tri trung binh (o, % x 10). Vi du: LU X45 - bigu thi thép 6 lan chia mg, trang binh 1a 1.5%. Déi véi thép co him Luong silic vit mangan cao thi ghi 70 ki higu nguyen t6 CI, vi du LUXISCF. 178. Thép dung cu (cong cu) Sau day sé \4n \ugt giéi thiéu phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cita thép dung cu cacbon, thép dung cu hop kim va thép gid. a) Thép dang ca ciichon Ding ddu mac thép cua thép dung cu cécbon 1 chit ding sau biéu thi ham lugng cAcbon Sink quan («¢Sh x 10) dé biéu thi. Vi du: y7 - thép dung cu cécbon chita a, trung binh 12 0,7%. Néu ham. lugng mangan trong thép tuong d6i cao thi thém ky hiéu nguyen té “pe. thép dung cn cdcbon chéit lung cao thi thém hau 15“ A". Vi du: Y8UA - thép dung cu cacbon chat long cao chita we trung binh 1A 0.8% vi chrta ham Iuong mangan khé cao. b) Thép dung cu hop kim Phuong phap bigu thi nguyén té hop kim gidng voi thép ket cau hop kim, chi cé biéu thi ham luong cacbon khae hau. Déi vi thép chia ham luong cdcbon 2 1,0% thi khéng ghi r ham Juong cachon, vi du: XBI, X12M®. Déi véi thép chia ham jong cécbon trung binh < 1.0% thi dimg ham luong cacbon tung binh (a % x 10) dé biéu thi, vi du: 3X3B8® - thép dung cu hop kim c@ @e = 0,27% ~ 0,33%, te, = 20% ~ 2,5%, By =7,5% ~ 85%, @y = 0,256 ~0,5%. Thép dung cu hop kim khéng co loai thép chat long va thép chat luong cao, cho nén tat ca mac thép khong thém hau to “A”. ©} Thép gié Ngoai mic thép cA bigt ra, thép gid khong chi him luong cdcbon, thong thuong chi ky hiéu him iugng cua cdc nguyén w vonphoram, mélipden, vanadium, coban. Dimg dau mic thép 1a chit cdi “P” biéu thi thép gid, chit s6 sau dé biéu thi phan trim ham luong tung binh cia vonphoram. Vi du: P18 - thép gid chtia W trung binh 1a 18%, tuong duong véi thép WI8Cr4V cha Trung Quéc (GB). Ddi vidi thép chita molipden, coban va chita vanadium vi ham yong cao thi lin Iuot ding chit cdi “M", “K”, So" va chit so sau chit cdi dé biéu thi ham hugng 46. Vi du: PISK5¢2 - thép gid chéa trung binh my =18%, eq = 5% ~ 2,5%, Oy = 2%. DOi voi Mot s6 mac thép cao te, trude day thudng ding cach viet tit dé biéu thi, vi du: “PI8KS™ vit tit thank “PKS “PISK 10" viet tat think “PK 10”. Can luu ¥ diém nay khi tra mac thép. Ww9. Thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét vé co ban giéng v6i phuong php bigu thi thép két cau hop kim. Nhiing ky higu chit cai ding dé biéu thi nguyén to hop kim trong mac thép duge ghi trong bang 1.J: ham lugng cacbon (C) thudng duge biéu thi bing ham lvong wung binh (@,% x 100), him \wong cacbon cuc thap cing nhu vay. Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cil tude day thutng khong ky hiéu ham lugng cacbon: khi can thiét, ding ham Luong ¢: hinh (ca,% x 100) dé bieu t u ding chit s6 “00” de bieu thi. Xem bang 1.4. 6 thé thay 16 su khaic bist gidia mac thép cii va mac thép mdi. Bang 1.4. Su khée nhau give mde thép cit va mde thép moi Mac thép moi © Me thép ca ~ O3X16HISM3 COX LOHISM3 O8N22HOT OX221157 1aXi41BR2@P XL4HBDP | LSNSM XSM 30X13 4 NUS | 40X9C2 4x9c2 \ Neoai ra, trudc day cing lang chit cai DK hoae K dé biéu thi thép khong pi crom, dig chit cdi 9A hoae A dé biéu thi thép khong gi crém-niken. 10. Hop kim chiu dn mon va hop kim bén nhiét Méc cia 2 loai hop kim nay van duge biéu thi theo phuong phap tude day (khong chi ra ham tugng cucbon). Déi vai nguyen hyp kin, chi yéu biéu thi nguyén (6 niken va him \wong cia nd, cn cde nguyén 16 hop kim khde chi biéu thi chit cdi, khong biéu thi ham luong. Vi du: Mac hop kim XH40B, XH77BTHO, XH85MI0 v.v. 411. Hop kim dién 116 cao Phuong phap biéu thi co ban gidng voi thép kel cfu hop kim, nhung ham Jugng cacbon thudng khong dugc thé hign, vi du X20H80. Néu hop kim c6 ham lugng cacbon < 0,70% thi dimg chit sé 0 dé biéu thi ham tugng cacbon, wi dy OX25105A. i912. Thép que han va thép ding cho han ddp Ding dau mac thép que han 1A chit Ca.. ding diu mac thép cia thép dang cho han dap lai 1a chit Hn-. Hai leai thép nay vé eo ban bao g6m thép cacbon chat lvong, thép hop kim thép d6 bén cao , thép két au hop kim, thép khong gi bén nhiét, hop kim chiu an mon va thép gid viv... Phuong, phip bigu thi wong duong voi cdc loai thép trén, dong théi gitta chit cdi tién t6 va mac thép phia sau cd mot dau ngang phan cach, dé biu thi su khdc biet. Vidu: Cs-i8XPCA, Hn-P6M3 13. Thép ding trong cng nghiép dién Mac thép do 4 chit sé cau thanh, y nghia cla chi sé nhur sau: + Chi s6 thir abat dé phan loai: 1- thép silic khong dink hudag can ndng: 2- thép silic khong dink hudng cin nguoi: 3 - thép silic dink hudng cain nguoi. + Chit s6 thi hai biéu thi hiim Inong silie % (abe trong Iuong): 0 + 10.40 + 0.80; 2:50.80 21,80; 3: 1,80 +>2.80; 4: 2,80 + + Chit sé thir ba bicu thi nhém tir tinh: 0 - nh6m c6 tri sé tén ho 1G PL ajant UE - nhOM Py gait 2 = AHEM Py py HOME Pi se 6 - NHS cusng do cam ting tir cha ti trudng yeu, tie 1a By: 7 - nhém cudng dé cAm ting tr cla tix trading trung binh, tic 12 B,, hode By. + Chit so thir tu thudng 1a s6 thi tu. Phuiong phdp biéu thi mac thép ci khong gidng nhau hodn toan, diag dau 1 chit cai 9, ding sau do 2 chit sé hoae 4 chit s6 cau thanh. trong. d6, chit sé thi nhat (1 = 4) bieu thi chit so thit hai (1 = 4) biéu thi tinh nang dign tir chit 96 tht ba va thie tu (0, 00) biéu thi mite dé dinh huéng hat tinh U ua thép silic cain ngudi. Doi chidu mac thép cil va mac thép mdi cé thé thay duge moi quan hé va su khac biét trong phuong phap biéu thi (bing 1.5). Jing c&p ham lugng silic; 20Bang 1.5. D6i chiéu cdc mac thép ci vd moi cua Lién bang Nga dung trong cong nghiép dién | Ndethépindi | Mic hep of Mic hep mic Mic thép cii | (ai ati 2m 31000 RI 922 an ~ Tsz200 1413 333 4 33100 1514 943A, 334 3411 } | 2011 30108 3424 | 93608 “| Le 1 44. Hop kim chinh xéc Phuong phdp bigu thi mac cua hop kim chinh xéc duoc chia thanh 2 hé thdng: Mot hé thong la hop kim dién tro cao, phuong phap biéu thi mdc gidng nhu 6 trén; mot hé thong bao gém 6 loai hep kim chinh xdc, tic 14 hop kim tir yéu, hgp kim tit cing, hop kim dan na, hop kim dan héi, hop kim siéu dan, kim loai kép (duplex metal). Phuong phap biéu thj mas hop kim nbw sau: Mac thong thudng do chit sé (ham luong trung binh cua nguyén 16 chinh) va ky hiéu chi cai (cdc nguyén t6 hop kim) hop thanh. Vi du: 34HKM - bigu thi chtta nguyén 6 chinh [A Ni, © = 34% (ham luong trung binh); ngoai ra con c6 w= 28.5% + 30,0% va w= 2,8% + 3.2%, chi biéu thi ky higu nguyén t6 ma khong biéu thi ham luong. Néu khong cé su tring lap véi mac can bén, thi cé thé luoc bo di, ging nhu vi dy néu én. Vé du: 35KX4c, 35KXB@, 36KXBOD, vi la day mac ¢6 ham lugng vanadium (®) khdc nhau, cho nén phai thé hién 16 ham |ugng vanadi. Can chi ¥ trong mac hop kim chinh xde, trude tién phai thé hién ham Ivong, sau dé moi thé hién ky higu nguyén to hop kim, phuong phdp nay khong gidng véi phuong phdp biéu thi nguyén t6 hgp kim trong mac thép cila thép hop kim. Ket cau cla kim loai kép cé 2 ldp hodc 3 16p, mac cia né ding ‘TB x x x/x x dé biéu thi, TB biéu thi kim loai kép, 3 chii sé va 2 chit sé ding sau biéu thi kim loai hoac hgp kim khdc nhau. Vi du: 6120/11, bidu thi kim loai kép do /190 (déng thau) va 36H ghép Ja 21415. Thép dic Do cde loai thép déu cé chi ti€t thép tic, mde thép cua thép diic IA mac thép cila cdc loai thép tuong tng kém theo chit edi hu 16 J]. Vi du: 311 - biéu thi thép dic cacbon 35;'20X13N1 - biéu thi thép dtic khong gi 20X03. 16. Gang dic Mac ctta gang xdm ding CY x x dé biu thi, vi du CU15 - biéu thi gang xam c6 0,21SOMPa. Mac cila gang cau ding BY x x dé biéu thi, wi du BU3S - biéu thi gang cfu c6 6,2350MPa. Mic cia gang dic c6 inh xn ding KU x x dé biéu thi, vi du K433-8 biéu thi gang dic c6 tinh rén c6 o,2 325MPa va 6 28%. Méc cba gang dic chéng mai mon ding AUC-x, AUB-x, AUK-x dé biéu thi. Trong 46, C - Gratit dang tim mau x4m; B - Grafit dang cau; K - Grafit dang soi kéo dai; x - s6 thir tr. Vi du: ANC-5, AMYB-1, AUK-2 vv. Chit c4i tién 16 cla mée gang dic hop kim 1a YW, dang sau biéu thi nguyén t6 hop kim va ham lugng trung binh cua nguyén 16 dé, phuong phap biéu thi vé co ban gidng voi phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cha thép hop kim, nhung khong thé hién ham lung cacbon. Vi du: 4X28 fi gang dic crom cao; UPRN3 la gang diic mangan cao chifa déng; YH2X ia gang diic niken thap, : 1.3. Tiéu chudn mac thép cia Trung Quéc 13.1 Khdi quat vé phitong phap bieu thi mée * thep theo tiéu chudn GB (Trung Quéc) Phuong phip biéu thi mac thép cua Trung Quée duce can ci theo quy dinh cua “Phuong phép biéu thi méc sin phim gang thép” (GB221-79) trong tiéu chuan quéc gia va sir dung nguyén tac kéi hop gidta chit cdi phién am Han ngi, ky higu hod hoc va cdc chit sé A Rap. 1. Nguyén té hod hoc trong mde thép Sir dung ky hiéu hod hoc quéc té,RE dé biéu thi nguyén 16 dat hiém hdn hop (bing 1.6). 22Bang 1.6, Ki higu nguyén 16 hod hoc Ten | Kehicn Tén | Ke hicul] Ten agevén ia] Ky higw aguven ta] —onguver wi |] nguyen te] nguyen nguyen to hod hoc 1 hod hod hoc hoc Sat Fe Liti ui Actini Ac Mangan | Mn. Berili Be Borum B Crom Cr Magié | Mg Carbon c Niken | Ni Canxi | Ca Silic Si Coban | Co Diconi |] Zr Séien Se Déng cu Thies si [teu Te Vonfram | W chi Pb Arsenic As Molipden | Mo Banu | Bi Leu huynh |S Vanadium| V Xedi Cs Phot pho P ‘Titan Ti Bari Ba Nito N Nhém Al Lathanum | La Oxy oO Nidbi Nb Serium | Ce Hidro u Tantan | Ta Samarium | Sm Kim logi dat | RE hiém 2. Tén sdn pham, cong dung, phwong phap luyén va dic Thong thudng ngudi ta str dung chit cai viet Han ngé dé biéu thi (bang 1.7). cua phién am Bang 1.7. - dla Nguén géc chit cai Chit edi | Vi tri trong $ nghia viet tt vier tat [mde thép Chit Han | Phitn am A Cusi Cao cp (thép chét lugng cao) mm [Cao A Cust Ky higu ding cp chat Inong (thép phi hop kim) Bw [ce B CuGi Ky higu ding cap chat Iuong cao (Qhép phi hgp kim chat lugng) B Cuéi Thép nita soi “| Ban BL. Dau Thép (tigu chuda) qui che” SRR | Biao Luo 23Tip bing 1.7 Chi cai Vi ui trong Ngudn géc chit cat Viel tat |_-mde thép ¥ nghia — tet tet | . Chit Han | Phién am c Cudi Cap die bidt cao (sieu) Hi [Chao Cc Cust, Thép ding déng tau Fy Chuan Cc Casi Ky hiew dang ep chit long . (chép phi hop kim chat tugng) | A | Chuan D Cubi Ky higu ding ep chat Izong (thép phi hop kim ehat temgy | # — | Chuan Dd Cuéi “Thép tham 161 thip [di DQ | Dao Thép silic can nguéi dinh huéng ding trong cong nghi¢p| HB HX | Dian Qu di¢n DR Diu Thép sific cn nguoi ding . trong cong nghigp dign BR | Dian Re DT Dau Gang sach diing trong céng - nghiép diga "| Dian Tie DW | Dau Thép silic cn ngudi khong dink huténg, ding trong céng | 4436 | Dian Wu aghiép dién DZ ‘pau Thép Ong ding cho Khoan sau : dia chat Se | DiZhi E Cust Cap dae bigt [Te FE Cudi Thép soi we _| Fei G Dau Thép San 1 | Gua GH Dau Hap kim bén nbiét 6 bién a dug. HA | GaoHe G Cudi Thép ding cho ndi hoi __| Guo a Cusi Thép diing cho binh cao Ap HE | Gao ceng Hi Daw ‘Thép ding cho que han H Han nT Dau Gang xém (diic) Fe [Mai tie J Gitta Thép Bb théi khong kh( tinh . kiém BR | Han I Gitta Hyp kim chinh xac tf [ing K pau Hop kim dic chiu abiét th [ing [K. Cui Thép ding cho Khai thic mo a _| Kuang KT Dau Gang dic c6 thé ren A | Ke tie L Cus Thép ding ché tao khung xe @ | Liang M Dau Thép xich neo (thép mat xich) | 4# | Mao ML Dav ‘Thép buldng, Sc vit SARK | Mac luc NS Dau Hop kim chiu an mon Wt fh | Nai shi Q Dau GiGi han chy fa | Qu Q Cudi Thép ding xay cdu # [Qiao QT Dau Gang cau (dic) ER _[ Qin se R Casi ‘Thép ding cho thing 4p lyc % "| Rong i STiép bang 1.7 Ngu6n géc chit edi Chat edi | Vi url trong ¥ aghia vide vit visi tit | mac thép Chit Hin | Phien am RT Dau Gang diac chiu obiét 3B [Re tie T Dau Thép cong cu cacbon wR [Tan TZ Cudi Thép lang dac biet FR [re zhen U Diu Thép dudng ray H__ [Gui ¥ Gitta Thép 1d thoi oxy _ [Yang Y Dau Thép dé ft got m (yi Zz Cus Thép lang & {Zhen ZG Diu Thép dic $64 }Zhu gang ZU Dau ‘Thép dic ding cho true can $648 [Zhu gun 3. Ham luong nguyén té héa hoc chit yéu trong thép (% theo trong luong } Sit dung chi so A Rap dé bigu thi ham lugng nguyén t6 hod hoc trong méc thép. Nhiing nguyén tac néu trén trong mot sd truéng hop dac biét cé thé sit dung hén hgp. Vi du: Mc thép 6 lan ding G Cr] SSiMn dé biéu thi. Tuy nhién, ti¢u chudn GB 211-79 cé mot sé loai thép tiéu chadn mdi 1a thép két cdu phi hop kim (thép két cdu cacbon) va thép hop kim thap dQ bén cao sit dung tiéu chudn quéc té vé gid wi gidi han chay Mpa dé biéu thi. Ngoai ra, hgp kim chiu nhiét, hop kim chiu an mon, hep kim chinh xéc...cfing c6 phuong phdp biéu thi mac riéng cha ching. Den nay, Trung Quéc v4n chua cé mét tiéu chudén mdi vé kg hiéu théng nhat. Ot thiéu va phan loai cdc phumg phdp biéu thi mac thép theo tiéu chudn GB 1. Thép két cdu cacbon Nguyen tén goi 1A thép cacbon thong dung. ‘Trudéc day, mdc thép nay theo tigu chudn GB 221-79 duge chia thanh ba nhém : A, B va dic biét. Hién nay, theo tiéu chudn quéc té, m4c thép trong tiéu chudn GB 700-88 dugc biéu thi nhu sau; . Qxxx 00 Trong do: Q - lay gidi han chay cia vat li¢u thép dé dat tén. XxX - xem *, 25O60 - xem **. * Diing ddu mac thép Ia chit cdi Q, chit 56 ding sau biéu thi gid ui cia gidi han chay MPa, Vi du: Q235, 1a thép £6 oy = 235 MPa. ** Khi can thiét, dang sau méc thép cé thé cé ky higu bidu thi dang cap chat lugng va phuong phap khir oxy. Ky hiéu dang cap chat lugng chia thanh céc loai: A, B,C, D. KY hi¢uphuong phap khir oxy nhu sau: F - thép soi; b - thép nia soi; Z- thép king: TZ - thép lang dac biet. Vi du: Q235-AF 1a thép soi loai A. Thép cacbon chuyén ding, vi dy thép lim cdu...Vé co ban sit dung nhu phuong phap biéu thi cua thép két cdu cacbon, nhung dang sau mac thép cé kém theo chit cai dé biéu thi cong dung. Xem bang 1.7. 2. Thép két edu cacbon chat luong Hai chit sé dau tién trong mac thép biéu thi ham lugng cacbon cia thép, thuéng sit dung ham lugng cacbor trung binh x 100% dé biéu thi, vi du: thép cé ham ‘ugng cacbon tung binh 1A 0,45%, mac thép 1A 45. Thép ket cdu cacbon chat lugng cé ham luong mangan tuong ddi cao, c6 ky higu Mn, vi dy, 50 Mn. Thép ling ding nh6m (Al) khir 6xy phai c6 ky biéu Al, vi du, 08 Al. ‘Thép ling khong can thém chit cai Z, D6i véi thép sdi, thép nua si va thép két cfu cacbon chat lugng chuyén-ding thi dang sau mac thép c6 ky hiéu rigng. Vi du: thép nua soi cé him luong cacbon trang binh = 0,10% thi mac thép la 10b. 3. Thép dung cu cachon Ding dau mac’ thép 1a chi cdi T, chit s6 dimg sau biéu thi ham lugng cacbon trung binh x 10%, vi du: T8-biéu thi ham Iuong cacbon trung binh 18 0,8%. Déi voi thép cé ham lugng mangan tuong déi cao, ky tu diing sai cila mac thép c6 ky hi¢u Mn. Ham luong phot pho, luu huynh cia thép cong cy cacbon chat luong tuong déi thap thi ding sau mac thép cd kém thém chit cdi A. Vidu: T8Mn, T8MnA. 4. Thép dé cdt got Ding diu mac thép 1a chit cai Y €é phan bit vdi thép ket cau cacbon chat luong, chit s6 dimg sau biéu thi ham Ivong cacbon, thudng sit dung him lugng cacbon tung binh x 100% dé biéu thi, vi du, thép 26dé cat got ¢é ham lugng cacbon trung binh = 0,3% thi mac thép la Y30. Doi voi thép c6 ham fuong mangan tuong dGi cao thi dimg sau cita mac thép cé kg hiéu Mn, vi du: Y40Mn. Thép dé cat got chita thém chi (Pb) hoac canxi (Ca), thi hau té cua mac thép cé ky hiéu Pb hoac Ca. Vi dy: Y12Pb, Y45Ca, Nhung mac thép dé cat got c6 chia thém Iuu huynh thi khong ghi thém chi “S”. 5. Thép hop kim thap dé bén cao Loai thép nay trong ti€u chudn cf (GB 1591-88) due goi 1a thép ket cau hyp kim thdp. Vé co ban, phuong php biéu thi mac thép gidng voi thép két cu hop kim. Trong ti¢u chudin mdi (GB/T 1591-94) goi 1a thép két céu hop kim thap do bén cao. Dé phi hop véi teu chuan quéc 16, ngudi ta dat ten mac thép trén co sé gidi han chay: ding dau mac thép la chit c4i “Q”, thong nhat véi mac thép hién hanh cia thép két edu cachon, chit s6 dimg sau biéu thi gid tri o, va chia thanh 5 dang cap dé bén. Trong cing loat dang cap d6 bén lai co 5 dang cap chat luong A, B, C, DE, vidu, thép 16Mn trudc day, nay goi 1A Q345; néu chat Iuong thudc loai D thi mac thép méi Ka Q345-D. Cling ging nhu thép ISMnTi truée day, mac thép mdi 14 Q390. D6i vGi thép hgp kim thap dO bén cao chuyén ding, tude khi tiéu chudn chua duoc hiéu dinh thi vin sit dung mde thép cil ¢6 kém thém hau 16. Vi du: thép 16Mn, loai thép chuyén ding xay céu Ia 16Mnq, * loai thép chuyén ding !am dim be 616 1A [6MnL, loai thép chuyén ding cho thing 4p luc la 16MnR. 6. Thép két cdu hop kim a) Hai chi? sé dimg dau trong mac thép Hai chit s6 nay 1a biéu thi ham Ivong cacbon trung binh x 100%. b) Nguyén t& hop kim chit yéu trong thép (trit nguyén 16 hop kim vi luong cd biét) Thong thudng ham lugong nguyén t6 hop kim dugc biéu thi bang %. Khi ham luong trung binh < 1,5%, trong mac thép thudng chi ghi ky hiéu cia nguyén t6 ma khong ghi ham long, nhu vay trong mot s6 trudng hop dac bier dé dan dén su nhdm lan, cho nén sau ky biéu cla nguyén 16 <6 thém chit sé 1, vi dy: mc thép 12CrMoV, ham lugng crém @¢, 14 0,4 + 1,6%; mac thép 12Cr1MoV, ham lugng crém Wo, 14 0,9 = 1,2%, thanh phin cén lai déu tuong tng. Khi ham luong 27tung binh cia nguyen 16 hop kim 2 1.5%, = 2,5%, 2 3.5%...thi ding sau ky higu nguyen 16 phai chi rd ham lugng. C6 thé biéu thi wong ting I cic 86 2,3,4..., vidu: 36Mn28i. £) Cae nguyén W hop kim khdc trong thép Céc nguyén 16 nhu vanadi, titan, borum, dat hiém..déu thudc nguyén t6 hop kim vi lrgng, ham luong rat thap nhung van phai dugc thé hién trong mac thép. Vi du, trong thép 20MnVB, luong vanadi a, la 0,07 + 0,12%; borim w, 14 0,001 + 0,005%. d) Thép chat lwong cap cao Phai thém chit cai A vao dang sau mac thép nay dé phan biéi vdi thép chat luong c4p thudng. ¢) Thép két cdu hop kim chuyén ding Ding diiu (hoac hau t6) mac thép 1A ky higu thé bién cong dung cia loai thép nay. Vi du, thép bulong, 6c vit chuyén ding 30CrMnSi, biéu thi mac thép 1a ML30CrMnSi. Cling giéng nhu thép c6 tinh thdm ti, hau t6 cla mac thép 1a chit H. 7. Thép lo xo Thép 16 so dua trén thanh phan hod hoc duge chia thanh hai loai: thép 10 xo cacbon va thép 1d xo hop kim. Phuong phap biéu thi méc thép cha thép 18 xo cacbon vé co ban gidng voi thép két cfu cacbon chat lugng, con thép 1d xo hop kim thi giéng véi thép két cfu hgp kim. 8. Thép 6 lan (vong bi) Thép 6 lan theo tiéu chun hién hanh duge chia lam 3 loai, phuong phép biéu thi mac thép cia ching khong giéng nhau. a) Thép 6 [tin od ham hong crém, cachon cao Dimg dau mac thép 14 chit G, ham long cacbon kh6ng duge néu ra, dang ham luong crom trung binh x 10% dé biéu thi, vi du, GCr15. b) Thép 6 lan tham cacbon Vé co ban, méc thép nay tuong tng vi mac thép ket cau hop kim, nhung dmg dau mae thép 1a chit G, vi du, G20CrMo. c) Thép 6 lan khéng gi cacbon cao Gidng voi mac thép cia thép khong gi, truéc mac thép hing nhat thiét phai c6 chit G, vi du, 9Cr18Mo. 289. Thép dung cu hop kim va thép gid (téc d6 edt cao) Khi ham lugng cacbon trung binh cla méc thép dung cu hop kim > 1.0%, thi khong ky hiéw him Ivgng cacbon; khi ham lugng cacbon trung binh < 1,0%, thi cé ky hiéu, ding s6 x 10% dé biéu thi. Vi du: CrMn; 9Mn2V. Phuong phap biéu thi ham \ugng nguyén té hgp kim trong thép vé co ban gidng voi thép két c4u hop kim. Nhung d6i vGi m4c thép dung cu hop kim cé ham luong crom ivong doi thap thi ham luong crom dimg x 10% dé biéu thi va truéc chit s6 biéu thi ham Luong cé thém sé. 0 dé phan biét véi phuong phdp biéu thi theo phan tram cba ham lugng nguyén t6, vi du, Cr06. ‘Thong thuéng mac thép gid khong biéu thi ham luong cacbon, ma chi biéu thi phdn tram him Jvong trung binh cila cdc loai nguyén 16 hop kim. Vi du: méc thép gié hé vonfram 18-4-1 duoc biéu thi 1a WI18Cr4V. Doi véi mac thép cd chit cai C dimg d4u, biéu thi ham lugng cacbon cua né cao hon mac thép khdc khong c6 chit C ding dau. 10. Thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét. Ham lung cacbon trong mac thép su dung x 10% dé biéu thi. Vi du: ham lugng cacbon trung binh cira thép 9Cr18Ni10 14 0,9%, néu ham luong cacbon trong thép < 0.03% hoac < 0,08%, thi tude mac thép dimg 0 0 va O dé biéu thi, vi dy: OOCr18NiL0, Ocrl3... D6i vi nguyén t6 hop kim chinh trong thép thi sit dung phan trim dé biéu thi, nhung Titan, Niobium, Zirconium, Nito...thi duge ky higu dya theo phuong phap bigu thj cita thép ket cu hop kim chia nguyen té hop kim vi lugng da néu 6 trén. 11. Thép ditng lam day han (16i que han) Day han ding @é han adi cic loai thép duoc chia thanh : day han thép két c&u cacbon, day han thép hop kim thap, day han thép bén nhiér, day hin thép khong gi.... Mac thép duoc biéu thi nhu mac thép cba chinh loai thép dé, déng théi dimg dau mde thép phai co chit H dé phan biét. Vi du: day han thép khong gi la H2Cr13, 6 thé phan biat vdi thép khong gi la 2Cr13. Khi mot sé day han dua vao ham lugng tu huyoh, phot pho dé phan dang cap, thi ding hau t6 cla mac thép dé biéu thi, vi du: HOBA, HOSE, HO8C. Hau t6 A: c6 ag, a) < 0,030%; E: c6 ws, wp C: c6 @,, w, < 0,015%; nhiing mac thép khong kém theo hau ep < 0,035%.12. Thép silic ditng trong cng nghiép dién Céng thite ching dé ky hiéu thép silic la: OO xxx-xx Trong d6: OO - chit cai tin t6, biéu thi loai sin phdm. XXX - gid tri cho phép tén hao 16i sét lon nhat. xx - do day danh nghia (mm) x 100%. Chit cdi tién t6: DR - thep silic can ndng, gid tri tn hao Wi sdt P”jayq X 100%. DW - thép silic cén nguéi khong dinh hudng, gid tri tén hao 10i sft P'seas X 100%. DQ - thép silic cn ngudi dioh hudng, gid tri hao tén sat P* ju X100%. Vi du: mac thép DR325-35 biéu thi thép silic can néng cé gid tei Prog 1 3,25Wkg (t6n that dign 3,25 W/ | kg 161 sit), 66 day 1a 0,35mm. Mac thép DQ137-35 biéu thi thép silic cin ngudi dink hudng cé gid Ui Prag 1a 1,37Wikg, d6 day 18 0,35mm. 13. Sdt céng nghiép ditng trong cong nghiép dién Mac cia né gém chi cai DT va chit so hop thanh. DT biéu thi sat cong nghiép ding trong cong nghiép dién, chi sé biéu thi sé thit we mac sat cong nghiép khée nhau, vi du: DT3. Chit cdi kém theo dang sau chit sé biéw thi tinh nang dién tir A - cao cap, E - dac cap, C - siéu cap, vi du: DT8A. Ghi chit: Pye) VAP’ yoo 18 gid try t8n hao li khi tir hod vat lieu 1oi sit d tan 86 50Hz dén J,5T va 1,77. 14. Hop kim dién tré (hop kim nbiét dign tro cao) Cach ky higu cha hop kim dién 6 co ban gidng nhu cach ky hidu cua thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét, nhung doi vdi hgp kim NiCr 6 thé khong ky hiéu ham luong cacbon. Vi du: Ocr25A15 biéu thi hop kim trung binh chita w¢,< 25%.) < 5%, (oe S 0,06%. 15. Hop kim chinh xc Ky hiéu chung cia hop kim chinh xc Ia: x J XX 30Trong d6: X - ky higu ciia chit sé phan loai duoc phan thanh 1:6 loai J - biéu thi hop kim chinh xac. XX - $6 thi tu hop kim. Y nghia cia chir cai J va chit s6 phn loai nhu sau: 1.5 = hop kim tir mém 2. J - hop kim tir vinh citu bién dang 3. J- hop kim dan hdi 4.J- hop kim gian no 5.1 kim loai kép 6.3 - hop kim dién 1 chinh xac ‘Tren nguyen tac, sé the tit hop kim phai ding gid wi ham luong phan trim trung binh cia nguyén té chinh (trix Fe) dé biéu thi, nhung néu s6 tht ty bi Lap lai thi phai diéu chinh cho hop ly. 16. Hop kim nhiét d6 cao (hop kim lam viée 6 nhiét d6 cao} Ky hi¢u cia hop kim nhiét do cao bién dang ding chit cai GH céng vdi 4 chit s6 hop thanh. Chit sé tht nhat biéu thi sé phan loai, trong do: 1- hop kim nén sat xtr]y¥ dung dich dac hod bén. 2- hop kim nén sat xir ly thoi hiéu hod cing. 3- hop kim nén Niken xi ly dung dich dac hoa bén 4- hop kim nén Niken xiry thai hiéu hod citing Chit 6 thit 2 = 4 bidu thj sé higu cia hyp kim giéng véi s6 higu chit GH + 2 heac 3 chi sé. Mac cit hop kim dtic mhiét do cao sit dung chit cdi K cong véi ba chit sé hop thanh. Chit sé thi nhat biéu thi s6 phan loai, nghia cua nd gidng nhu 6 txén. Chit sé tha 2 + 3 bidu thi ky hiéu céa hop kim gidng vdi ky hiéu ci K + 2 chit sd. 17. Hop kim chiu an mon (chiu dn mén hod hoc) Mac cia hop kim chiu an mon sit dung chi cdi tién t6 cong voi ba chit s6 hop thanh. NS - hop kim bién dang chiu an mon, vi du: NS312. HNS - hop kim han ndi chiu an mon, vi du: HNS112. ZNS - hop kim dic chiu an mon, vi dy: ZNS113. Y nghia ba chit s6 sau tién t6 cita ky higu: 31Chit sO thi: nhat bidu thi s6 phan loai, gidng véi hop kim bién dang nhiét d@ cao. * Chit s6 thi hai biéu thi mot loat hgp kim, trong d6: { - hop kim he NiCr. 2- hop kim hé NiMo. 3-hopkim he NiCrMo. —4- hop kim he NiCrMoCu. Chi s6 thit ba 1A s6 thf tu hop kim. 18. Hop kim citng Mac hgp kim cimg do 2 chit cdi va chit sé hop thanh, ¢6 nhung ky hiéu kém theo chit cdi 6 sau chit s6. Chit hit nhat: Y biéu thi hop kim citing. Chir cai thir hai va chit s6 G biéu thi hop kim vonfram- céban, chit cdi sau né bi€u thi ham lugng coban trong bgp kim: T biéu thi hop kim vonfram-titan-coban, chif cai sau no biéu thi ham luong TiC trong hop kim: W biéu thi hop kim thong dung, chit s6 sau nd 1a sé thu tu; N biéu thi hop kim nén caebit-titan khéng chtta coban, cd niken, mOlipden lam chat két dinh. C6 nhing mac hop kim vonfram c6ban, sau chit s6 lai kém theo chit ci: X biéu thi hop kim hat tinh thé nhé; C biéu thi hop kim hat tinh thé tho: A biéu thi hgp kim chia TaC. 19. Thép dic Tieu chudn cia thép dic va gang diic thuéng thuoc tiéu chudn cia nganh co khi, con trong tigu chudn GB211-79 chi dua ra quy dinh vé nguyén tac. . Thép dtic duge chia thanh thép dic cacbon, thép dic hop kim, thép dic khong gi chiu axit, thép dtic bén nhiét...Mac thép cla ching déu duge biéu thi bing phuong phdp biéu thi cita chinh loai thép 46, déng thdi dig diu mdc thép c6 chit ZG dé phan biét véi cdc loat thép bién dang khdc. Déi véi thép duc ding cho truc can thi trude mae thép phai c6 chit cdi ZU. Vi dy: mac thép ZG45, chinh 14 thép dic cacbon ¢6 ham lugng cacbon trung binh a= 0,45%. Mac thép ZGICrE8Ni9Ti 1a thép diic khong gi chiu axit cé thanh phan thép khong gi gan gidng voi 1CrL8Ni9Ti. 20. Gang dtic Phin Ién mac gang dic do cht cdi dig dau va chit sé sau dé hyp thanh. Chit cai tién t6 dé phan Joai gang dic, ¥ nghia cla né nhu sau: 32HT - gang xdm. QT - gang cau. KT - gang ¢é tinh rén. RT - gang bén nhiét. Chit s6 dang sau chit cdi ky hiéu cua ba loai gang dic (HT, QT. RT) biéu thi 46 bén kéo MPa va gid tri nho nhat cla d6 gidn dai (%), 3 gilta c6 mot vach ngan phan cdch. Vi du: mac QT 600-3 biéu thi gang cu co 6, = 6O0Mpa, 5 = 3%. Mac gang chiu nhiét do RT + ky hiéu nguyén t6 hop kim + chit s6 hop thanh. Ché sé biéu thi ham luong trung binh cia nguyén t6 hop kim x 100, gitta ky hiéu nguyén té va chit s6 cé gach ngén dé ngan cach. Vidu: mac RTCr-1.5 biéu thi gang chiu nhiét chia @, = 1,5%. 1.4. Mac thép theo tiéu chudn quéc té ISO ISO IA k¥ hieu tiéu chudn cia 16 chic Tiév chudn quéc 1& (International Organization for Standardization). Theo tigu chudn ISO cita t6 chite niy duoc cong bé truéc nim 1985 thi da sé mac thép ding 86 thi tu hoac lay do bén dé biéu thi ma chua hinh thanh m6t phuong phap biéu thi mac thép c6 hé théng. Boi vay, cdc nude sir dung déu Khéng truc tigp theo ky higu cia ISO, ma ding hé thong ky higu trong nude. Sau khi t6 chic tiéu chudn cia cong déng Chau Au dugc thinh lap, t6 chic ISO cong bé tiéu chudn sau nim 1986 thi biéu thi, cdc méc thép cht yeu theo hé théng ky hiéu cla tiéu chudn Chau Au (EN). Nhung vé co ban, bé thong ky bigu EN dutc dinh ra trén co sé hé théng ky higu tiéu chuan DIN cla Dc da duge cai tién, vi du nhu ky hiéu phu va tién t6 cia mde thép duge déi thinh chif cai tiéng Anh tir - chit cai tiéng Duc, ¥ nghia cua né van mang ¥ nghia tiéng Anh, nhu vay cing 6 loi cho gias luu, trao déi. Déng thoi, méc thép cia tiéu chudn ISO trong 10 nam gin day cling ¢6 su thay ddi rat lon. Nam 1989, 18 chic ISO lai cong bé mot van kién k¥ thuat "Ding ky hiéu chit cai dé biéu thi mac thép (phuomg phap biéu thi)". Day duge coi la sing kién dé xay dung hé théng méc thép quéc té théng nhat, hon nita sau khi bé sung, ISO da ding phuong phép biéu thi nay dau tien. Duong nhién, tiéu chugn [SO cd trude van kién nay, néu chua cd su higu dink van thu6c tiéu chuan hién hanh cing van st dung phuong phdp biéu thi trude a6 Tieu chudn qui nap hién hanh cla ISO cé ket hop véi qui dinh eda van kién ky thuat wén duge phan loai nhu sau: 3314.4. Tiéu chudn ISO ding ce tinh dé bieu thi mac thép Két cau chu thé cita loai mac thép may bao g6i Chit cai tién 16 + Gid tri do bén co hoc (chi 56). Khi can thiét ¢6 thé thém chit cdi hau t6 dé biéu thi. Biéu thi loai thép duoc 1an Jugt gidi thiéu sau day. 1, Thép két eda va thép cong trinh phi hop kim (thép két cau edebon) Chit cai tién 06 cita thép két cau phi hop kim IA chif cdi" S", vi du $235. Chét cai tién 16 ciia thép céng tinh phi hep kim 1a chi” B”, vi du: £235. Chif sé bidu thi giéi han chay > 235 MPa (gidi han dudi ctia do bén chay véi chiéu day ciia u < 16mm. Néu d6 day cira vat liéu Ién hon thi gidi han dudi @ bén chay phai giam tong ung). Trude day, chif cai tién t6 ciia cdc loai mac thép nay 1 "Fe" déng thai ding gid tri do bén kéo dé bidu thi, vi du Fe 360 ( tuong duong v6i E 235), do bén kéo 2 360 MPa. Sau nay co nhing loai mac thép da déi lai biing c4ch ding gidi han chdy dé biéu thi, mac thép cia né van la Fe x x x. Nhiing tiéu chudn nay do chua cé tieu chun mdi dé thay thé, nén né van hign hanh. Hai loai thép tren thudng ding chi cai hau t6 kém theo: AB.CD.E dé biéu thi cap chat luong khac nhau, dong thai biéu thi gid tri va dap dac trung AKV dui céc nhiét do khac nhau. (bing 1.8). Bang 1.8. Chif cdi héiu t6 bidu thi cd’p chét lueng khéc nhau trong tiéu chuén ISO | Ky hiéu cap chat lueng (*) Nhigt 46 CC) Axl (khong nhé hon} A Khong quy dink B 30 a : € 0 7 7 D -20 27 E “50 7 oc 0 40 DD “20 40 CVE, CC, DD cha yéu ding cho hau 18 eta mae thép dé bén cao. 342. Thép hop kim thdp dé bén cao Phuong phap bigu thi mac thép hop kim thép dé bén cao gidng vi thép cong trinh phi hop kim . Theo quy dinh cia ISO 4950 va Ti gidi han dudi cia gidi han chay cua toai thép nay la 355 MPa dén 690 MPa ( mac thép la E 355 + E 690). Dé phan bier cap chat lucng, ngu6i ta sis dung chit céi hau ws CC, DD ( xem ¥ nghia 6 bang 1.8), vidu; mac thép la E 355CC, B 35SDD 3. Thép chong an mon trong méi trudng khi quyén (thép bén khi quyén) Thép nay con duoc goi lA thép chong an mon trong khéng khi, phuong phaip biéu thi mac thép co bam gidng voi thép cong trinh phi hgp kim , hon nita chit cdi hau 16 kém theo W biéu thi dic tinh cia toa thép nay. Trong ti¢u chudn cia [SO 4952: 1981 (E) ¢6 hai mac thép Fe 235w va Fe 355w, do tiéu chuan dugc dinh ra uudc nam 1981, cho nén chi cdi tiém (6 18 chit Fe. Dé phan biét ding cap chat long ngudi ta da sit dung chit cai hau t A, B, C, D. Trong dé dang cap C, D con qui dinh phai chtia it nhat mét foai nguyén t6 [am nho min hat tink thé duéi day: a, 2 0.015%; @y, = 0,015~0,060%. Wy = 0,02-0,15%. Wy = 0,02~0,10%. 4. Cac logi thép khéc Doi vi mac thép tam, thép ng, thép cot betong, tieu chudn ISO trude day sit dung chit cdi tién t6 va so the tu dé biéu thi. Trong tiéu chudn dinh ra tit nhimg nam 80 td lai day, c6 mot sé mac thép sir dung céng thitc chung: chif cdi tién W + gid wi do bén cu hoc (chit 56), khi can thiét cé thé them chit cai hau 16. - Chir cdi tién 6 nhu: P- thép tam; PL - thép t&m ding 6 nhiét do thap; PH - thép tam ding 6 nhiét do cao; T - thép Gng: TS - thép 6ng khong han; TW - 6ng han; B - thép cot bétdng; RB - thép c6t béténg trdn vin; 35PB - thép cét béténg (tron) tron. - Chit cai hau té kém theo phu: N - thudng hod (hoac can), thudng hoa + ram. Q- toi + ram ( hoc hod cig két tha). Phuong php biéu thi mac thép clia cac loai thép trén vé co ban ging vai thép cong trinh phi hgp kim cho nén khdng liét ké timg loai mot, 1.4.2. Tiéu chudn ISO ding thanh phd» hod hoc dé bidu thi mde thép 1. Thép phi hop kim thich hop cho nhiét tuyén Loai thép nay tuong dvong véi thép cacbon chat lugng cila Viet Nam va Trung Quéc. Chit cdi tién (6 14 chi C, chit 36 ding sau 1a gid (ri trung binh caa ham hong cacbon x 100, vi du: C25 biéu thi thép cé ham lugng «, trung binh 1a 0,25%., Loai thép nay duoc phan thinh thép chat fugng va thép chat long cao, khéc nha la do ham Itong lu huynh va phdt pho c6 hau t6 kém theo EX vi MX dé biéu thi, Vida: C25: Op < 0,045%, w, < 0,045%. C25E4: w, £ 0,035%, w, <0,035%. C25M2: wp 0,035%, w, = 0,020% + 0,040%. Ham lugng C, Si, Mn cda 3 médc thép trén gidng nhau, mac - thép cé hau t6 kém theo EX, MX cé ham lvong bm huynh, phot pho tuong déi thap nén né 1 thép chat rong cao cap . EX ding cho thép chia ham lvong luu huynh khéng c6 gid ti gidt han dui (x » % S max x 100), MX ding cho thép chtfa ham lugng hu huynh cd quy dinh gidi han wen, gidi han dudi (x =% S min x100). Tiéu chudn ISO duoc dinh ra wuée nhing nam 8 ISO 683. 18: 1976 (tiGu chudn nay van IA tiéu chudn hié chat luong va thép chat luong cao c6 ham Jugng luu huynh va phot pho kh6ng gidng nhau, str dung chi cdi hau 16 trudc day. Vidu: C25: ap $0,050%, @, < 0,050%. C25e: 0, < 0,035%, w, $ 0,035 %. C25ea: wp $ 0,035%, , = 0,020% + 0.035%, 36€25 eb: w, < 0,035%, o, = 0,030% = 0,050%. Trong thai ky qué do cia vige cdi tin tieu chudn ISO, hai phuong phap bigu thi hau t6 gidi thigu 6 trén dang cing tén tai. 2. Thép két edu hop kim va thép 1 xo Nhiing mac thép duge ligt ké trong ti¢u chudn nhw thép nhi luyén héa 16t (ISO 683-1:1987}, thép hod cing bé mat ISO 683-10: .1987; 683-11: 1987) va thép 10 xo ( ISO 683-14: 1992), phuong phaip biéu thi cia ching déu giéng vdi phuong phdp biéu thi cla hé théng DIN17006 cita Dite. Vidu (xem cy thé & muc 1.6.1 cla chuong 1): 36 CrNiMo 4 Trong ds: 36 - ham lugng cacbon trung binh (c0,%x100). CrNiMo — ky higu nguyén t6 hop kim. 4 - ham Iwong tung binh cla nguyén t6 hop kim thir nhat (Cr) va s6 nhan véi_nguyén 16 dé (bang 1.9). Khi can thiét, sin phdm cita loai thép nay sit dung chit cdi hau (6 kgm theo dé biéu thj trang thai nhiét luyén v.v, nhumg chit cai hau t6 ciia chting hoan toin khong gidng voi chi cdi hau 16 cla trang théi nhigt luyén trong mac thép cia Diic, c6 thé ligt ké 6 bing 1.9. Bang 1.9. Chir edi hau t6 biéu thi trang thai nhist luyen trong tiéu chudn ISO ud ¥ nghia ctia ching Chit cat ¥ nghia Chit cat Yogha | dai dien dai dign TU Chua qua xir ly TQF Qua ahiet liyén bien dan; TTA Qua i men TOB | Qua wi dang nhier TAC ‘Qua city hoa TP Qua niet luyén ket ta hod cung ™ Qua aurly co uhigt Tr Qua ram - TN Qua thudng hox Choge can |] TSR Qua xit ly Khir dng suat ngudi trong khong khi) TS ua xu ly dung dich dic TS Qua xir ly tinh eat ngudi [TQ Qua oi H Dam bao tinh than ti TOW | Qua toi nude E Diing dé dap ngudi TQO ‘Qua 16 dau 1C Qua gia cong ngudi TOA ‘Qua 16i khong khi TAC Qua gia cOng nong ngud: TQS ‘Qua ti mudi 373. Thép dé céit got Trong tiéu chun ISO (ISO 683-9: 1988), dua vao cach nhiet luyén khdc nhau ma dua ra 3 loai thép, dé Ki: thép dé c&t got khong nhiét luyén, thép dé cat got cd hod cting bé mat va thép dé cat got cd ti truc tip. Nhung méc thép cita thép dé cat got chi yéu lai biéu thi theo thanh phan hod hoc vi duoc chia thanh thép dé cat got chifa juu huyoh (ky higu thép 10820) thép dé cat got chia mangantlue huynh (vi du, 44SMn28) va thép dé cat got cé chita thém chi (vf du, 12SMnPb 35). Phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cia ching giéng nhu thép két cdu hop kim. 4. Thép dap nguét va thép ép nguoi Theo ti€u chuan cla ISO (ISO 4954: 1993) thép 1 chia thanh hai loai ai nay duge hép qua nhiét luyén va khong qua nhigt fuyén, Thép dap ngudi va thép ép ngudi khong nhiet luyén déu Ja thép phi hop kim, chit cdi tién 16 cha mac thép 1& CC, chit s6 ding sau bigu thi him Ivong cacbon trung binh (C,,2x100). Chi edi hau to kém theo thudng co: X - thép khong soi; K - thép ling: A - thép lang nhom. Thép dp ngudi va thép ép ngudi qua nhiét luyén bao gém thép hgp kim va thép phi hop kim. Chit cai tién t cla mac thép phi hop kim la chit CE, phan con lai gidng véi phuong phdp biéu thi mdc thép cia thép chat luong cao phi hgp kim, vi du: CE 20E4. Mac thép hop kim ching chit cai hau 16 kem theo E, vi du: 18 CrMo4E. Nhu vay, phuong phdp biéu thi hau t6 gidng véi thép két cau hop kim. 5. Thép 6 lan ‘Theo hé théng tiéu chudn cla ISO, mac thép 6 lan hién hanh ra doi vao nim 1976, mac thép van dang s6 thir ty dé bi€u thi: Type L+ Ja thép 6 lan hop ti hoan toan (tite la thép 6 lan cacbon - crom cao); Type 10+ 1618 thép 6 lin hod cimg bé mit; Type 20+ 21 12 thép 6 lan khéng gi: Type 30 = 32 4a thép é lan bén nhigt dé cao. S6 thi ur truéc sau cilia thép 6 lain khong lién tuc dung dé du phong. 6. Thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét Theo hé thing ti¢u chun cla ISO, mde thép khong gi hién anh duoc ra ddi vao nhing nam 1980, mac thép van ding sé thtt we dé biéu thi khong cé tinh quy wat, cé thé quy vé nhimg loai sau: ~ Mac thép dang Ferit: Type ITh 1: 2: 8; 8a; 8b; 8c; 9c; Fl. ~ Mac thep dang Martensite: Type 3; 4; 5;7 9a; 9b. - Mac thép dang Austenite: 10+ 24va A2= A4.. 38Theo tiéu chudn cla ISO, mic thép bén nhiée hién hanh cing thee tiguchudn cia nhiing nim 1980, mac thép do chifedi tién 6H + 86 thir tu hop thanh. Mac thép H1 + H7 thudc thép dang Ferit, H10 + H18 thudc thép dang Austenite. Nhung trong ti¢u chudn ISO thép ché 120 duge ra ddi vao nam 1992 cé ding phuong phép biéu thi mdi, giéng véi phuong php bidu thi mac thép hop kim cao theo ti¢u chuan DIN ctia Diic. 7. Thép dung cu phi hop kim va thép dung cu hop kim Thép dung cu phi hop kim efing duge goi la thép dung cu cacbon, chit cai tién 16 cla mac thép 14 cae chit TC, chit so dang sau biéu thi ham lugng cachon tung binh (@q, x 100%). Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cia thép dung cu hop kim gidng v6i thép két cau hop kim, loai thép ¢é him lugng cacbon trung binh vugt qué 1,00% thi dimg 3 chit s6 dé biéu thi. 8. Thép gid Chit cdi tin to cba mac thép 18 HS, chit sd dang sau Lin lvot biéu thi % cla ham lwong W.Mo, V, Co. Vidu: HS 2 9 1 g Trong dé: HS - thép gid. 218 HOy D 1A Byt0 11a %Oy 81a BO, Thép gid Khong chia Mo ding chit s6 0 dé biéu thi, thep gid khong chita Co thi khong céin them sé 0 chi cén ding 3 nhém chit so dé biéu thi 1a duge. 1.4.3. Mac thép chuyén ding trong tiéu chudn ISO Sau day s& gidi thigu mot sd mac san phdm gang thép chuyén ding. i. Thép duéng ray Vidu: R68 C5 Trong dé: 39R - thép dung ray. 68 - do bén kéo > 680 MPa, C5 - ham luong we 4a 0,5% hoac cfing o6 thé biéu thi nguyén to hop kim. 2. Thép tém, thép bang ding dép ép a) Sdn phd khéng cd lép ma Vidu: DH2R Trong a6: TD - kéo dai hoac dap sau. H - can nong sé ding cho.can ngudt. 2- dang cap kéo thong thudng (1- dang c4p thong thudng, 2 - dang cap kéo dai thong thudng, 3 - dang cap kéo dai 1én, 4 - dang cap kéo dai Ién nhat). R - théi higu (thép sdi). b) Sdn phdim c6 lap ma kim loa DATL Z 275 M Trong dé: D4TL gidng nhu 6 trén (TL 1a thuat ngit lép ma). Z - ma kém thim nhiet (ZF la hop kim ma Zn-Fe; ZE la ma dién Zn; AS 1d ma AL-Si; SN 1a ma Sn). 275 - gid tri gidi han duéi cla trong lugng lép ma/g.m?, M - cé hoa kém bay lén (ky higu ‘kém theo dé bidu thi dac trung). 3. Thép tém méng, thép bang a) Thép tém mong, thép téin den (khong ma) T P50 D Trong dé: T - thép tam mong, thép bang (cé ma thiéc va khong ma). P50 - biéu thi tmg suat chay trung binh SOOMPa, D - cén ngudi hai Lin (néu khong c6 ky higu 1a cén ngudi | lin),b) Thép idm bang méng ma thiéc ‘TPSOD-E 5,6/2,8 Trong d6: TPS50D - giéng nhu @ trén. E- ma dién (H IA ma nhting), 5,6/2,8 - trong lugng [dp ma danh nghia mot mat Ta 5,6g/m?. mét mat 14 2,8m*, c) Thép tdm, thép bang ding cho cong nghiép dien MG 11135 ‘Trong 46: M - thép tém cho cong nghiép dién. G - hat tinh thé cé dinh huéng (khong ky higu: khong dinh huéng). LL = gid tri tan hao Wi sit: Pry) = LLLWkg 01 x LLWikg). 35 - do day danh nghia (0,01 x 35 = 0,35mm) 14.4. Mac thép diic va gang ditc trong tiéu chudn ISO 1. Thép dic Trong tiéu chuan ISO cé ligt ké 2 loai thép dic: thép dic ding trong c6ng trinh thong thudng va thép dic dé bén cao ding trong két cau céng trinh, Vi du: Grade 200-400 W Trong dé: Grade: diing cap thép dic. 200 - gidi han chay 2 200MPa. 400 - do bén kéo 2 400MPa. W - thép diic cé thé han néi (khong ky hiéu: thép diic khéng c6 tinh han). D6i voi ky hiéu hau té kem theo W, vi dac trung cé tinh han, cho nén bat bude phai c6 yéu cau nghiém ngat vé thanh phan hod hoc, ngoai gid tri gidi han trén (max) qui dinh ham lugng C, Si, Mn, P, $ ra, con qui dinh gia tri trén (max) cla ham long nguyén t6 cdn lai vA 4lténg ham hong nguyén té cdn lai < 1.00%. Déi véi thép diic khong cd ky hiéw hau té thi chi qui dinh gid tri gidi han trén clla ham Iuong P,S, thanh phan hod hoc con lai sé do hai bén cung- cdu thoa thuan. 2. Giang dite a) Gang xim Mac gang x4m_ cé hai phuong phép biéu thi. Mot loai ding do bén kéo (MPa) dé biéu thi, vi du: Grage 100 chinh 14 gang xim co do bén kéo o, > 100MPa. Mot loai ding dé cimg BS ( HBS) dé biéu thi, vi du: H375 chinh la gang xdm_ c6 gid tri do cing Brinelt trang binh 1a HBS 175. bj Gang cdu Mac gang cu sii dung gis tri gidt han dudi (min) " Grade + do bén kéo + do gifin di” aé biéu thi, vi du: ky hiéu Grade 400-15 bigu thi gang cu c6.o, 2 400 MPa va 62 159%. ©) Gang dite v6 thé sen Gang dic cé thé rén duoc chia ra thanh gang dtic tam trang va gang dtic tam den, chit cdi tién 16 " W" biéu thi tam trang, chit” B" biéu thi tm den, dang sau sit dung hai nhém chit sé Han lugt biéu thi gid tri gidi han duéi cla do bén kéo va do gian dai. Vi du: W 38-12 biéu thi gang duc tam tring cé o, 2 380 MPa va 62 12%; B30-06 biéu thi gang dic tam den 6 o, > 300 MPa va 52 64%. oh) Gang dite Austenite Gang dic Austenite duoc chia ra thinh gang dtic Austenite graphite dang t€m va gang dtic Austenite graphite dang cau, chit cai tién t6 " L" biéu thi graphite dang tam, ” S” biéu thi graphite dang cau, dang sau sur dung ky higu nguyén té hop kim chinh va sé phan tram ham Ivong trung binh cia ching dé biéu thi. Vi du: L- NiSiCr 30 5 5 bigu thi gang diic Austenite graphite dang tim chia «4, < 28% ~ 32%, tg, $ 5% ~ 6%, Oe, $ 4,5% ~ 5,5%. S- NiSiCr 30 5 5 biéu thi gang dic Austenite graphite dang cau, thanh phan hod hoc cua né giéng nhw trén. 1.5. Tiéu chudn mic thép cia Nhat Ban 1.5.4, Khdi qudt vé phuong phap biéu thi nue thép theo tiéu chudn HS 42JIS la ky higu cia téu chudin cong ngbiép Nhat Ban WJapanese Industrial Standard). Qui cach vat li¢u gang thép JIS duge chia thanh gang. thép va vat liéu thép. Gang lai duge phan thanh gang thoi, hop kim gang va gang ditc. Thép duce chia thanh thép thong dung, thép da biét va thép rén dic, trong dé thép dac biét dya vao dic tinh lai duoc chia thanh thép két cau, thép dung cu, thép cong cu dac biét... Vat ligu thép dua vao hinh dang duge chia thanh thép day, thép iam day, thép tam méng, thép dng, thép sqji v.v... Dic diém cia hé thong mac thép theo Wéu chuan JIS Nhat Ban La: khong nhiing biéu thi loai thép mA cdn biéu thi ching loai var liéu thép, c6 nhiing mac thép cdn thé bién cong dang. Trong mac thép, tén da so sit dung chit cai tiéng Anh, mot bo phan nhé sit dung chit La Ma phién am. Vé co ban, két c4u chil thé etia mac thép duye cau thanh béi ba ba phan: + Bo phan thit nhat cua mac thép sir dung chit cdi tién 16, biéu thi phan loa vat lieu. Vi du S biéu thi thép (Steel), F biéu thi gang (Ferrum), M_ biéu thi vat ligu tir tinh hoac kim toai thudn (Magnet, Metallic)... Nhiing ky higu cé chit S ding dau cing o6 wutng hop ngoai le, vi du, SP biéu thi gang kinh (Spiegeleisen); S_x x biéu thi thép tam Silic can ngudi (S 1a viet tit cha Silicon); SiMn biéu thi hop kim Siticon - Mangan ( Silicon - Manganese}. + BO phan thi hai cla mac thép sit dung chit cai tiéng Anh hoic chit La Ma phién am tén dé biéu thi cong dung, ching loai vat thép va ché phdm vat dic. Chét cdi 6 vi tri thit hai cla mac thép da 30 la: K - dung cu (Kégu). W - thép day, thép soi (wire). U - sis dung dic biét (use), C - vat diic (casting). P - thép tam (plate), F - vat rén (forging). T - éng thép (tube). Hé dé phan biét hon, bo phan this hai cla mac thép thudng sir dung mot té hop chit cai dé bidu thi, Chit cdi dai dién bo phan thé nhat va tht hai cia thép két cau dugc ghi trong bang 1.10. Phuong php 43biéu thi mac thép cia thép két cdu khd phic tap, né khong gidng vdi cdc loai mac thép khdc (xem chi tiét 6 muc 1.5.2). Bang 1.10. Chir cdi dai dién cla cdc nhém thép Nhém thép | Chircai dai dien Nhém thép Chit efi dai : Thép cacbon | Sx xC,Sxx CK Thép hop kim SCM crom - molipden Thép mangan | SMn Thép hgp kim niken- | SNC crom Thép hop kim) | SMnC Thép hgp kim SNCM mangan - er6m niken - crém -molipden ‘Thép crom SCr Thép hop kim nhom- | SACM crom - molipden Tir bang 1.10 c6 thé thay: nguyén t6 hop kim don trong mac thép ding ky hieu hod hoc quéc té dé biéu thi: nhiéu nguyén to hop kim ngoai Mn ra déu sit dung chit cdi dau dé biéu thi. Vi du Cr > C, Ni>N,Mo>M, AI>A. + Bé phan thit ba cita mac thép I hoac sé thi ty thép hodc gid tri gidi han duéi cia d6 bén. S6 thé ty mac thép 1-3 chit 80. Vi du SUP3, SUP 12 ( thép ld xo), SUS 401 (thép khong gi), SS400 (thép ket cdu cacbon). C6 mac thép dang sau chir sO thit tu con thém chi cdi hau td A, B, C, dé biéu thi dang cap chat lugng, ching loai va do day khac nhau. + Sau chil thé cia mac thép (bao gém-bd phan thi nha, bo phan thit hai va bd phan thit ba), c6 thé thém ky hiéu hau t6 biéu thi hinh dang vat ligu thép, phuong phap ché tao va nhiét luyén. Vi du: 38400-D2 14 thép cacbon ding trong két cau, can ngudi co dung sai cap 1] vi dé bén kéo kh6ng nhé hon 410MPa. SUS 410 -A-D Ia thép khong gi kéo ngudi 410 qua t. KY hiéu biéu thi hinh dang thép: hit s6, biéu thi loai thép - CP: thép tam cn ngudi. —_- HP: thép tim cn néng. - CS: thép bang cn ngudi. -HS: thép bing can néng. 44- TB: thép 6ng ding cho thiét - TP: thép éng dung cho duéng dng dan. bi trao 46i nhiét, néi hoi. - WR: thép day. K§ hiéu bidu thi phuong phap ché tao: - R: thép séi. - A: Nhom (khir 6xy), thép ling, - K: thép ling. ~ SH: éng thép khong han, can nong. - SC: Ong thép khong hin, cén ngusi. -E: ong han dién wé - B: ong han d6i dau. -A: ong han dién hé quang. - D9: kéo ngudi (9: biéu thi dang cap do chinh xdc), - G7: mai got (7: biéu thi ding cap dé chinh xac ). - TS: cat got ( 8: bidu thi ding c4p d6 chinh xc), Ky hiéu biéu thi phuong phap nhiét luyén- - Aca, - S: xir ly dung dich dac hoac nhiét luyén hod tét. - N: thing hod. -Q: toi Ram. -SR: xirly khir tng sudt du. 1.5.2 Phuong phdp biéu thi mdc thép trong tiéu chudn JIS i. Thép két cdu thong dung Trong tiéu chudn cita thép két cau cacbon thong dung (IIS G3101-1978), mac thép cé ky hiéu nhu sau: S$ 400 Trong d6: S - thép (steel). S (tiép theo) - ding trong két cau (structural). 400 - dd bén kéo = 400MPa. Trong tiéu chudn eda thép két cdu cacbon cé tinh han (IS G3106-1992) mac thép cd ¥ hiéu nhu sau: SM 400 A Trong dé: S - thép (steel). M.- cacbon trung binh (medium carbon). 48400 - hau t6: biéu thi do bén kéo 2 400Mpa A - biéu thi dang cap chat lugng. Chit cdi hau 16 cia loai thép ndy c6 2 loai. MOt loai la mac thép kém theo chit cai A, B, C biéu thi dé bén kéo va gidi han chay gidng nhau, chi c6 cong va dap khdéc nhau: A- bigu thi khong qui dinh, B - biéu thi Ayy 2 27] ( 0°C), C- biéu thi Agy 2475 (0°C). Mot loai 18 mac thép kém theo nhimg chit c4i YA, YB, trong d6 ¥ biéu thi giéi han chay (yield strength), ciing cd nghia 1 khi do bén kéo tuong duong thi gidi han chay cao hon. Vidu: SM 490A: a, 2 490MPa, o, 2 325 MPa. SM 490YA: c, 2 490MPa, 6, 2 365 MPa. 2. Thép két cau ditng trong ché tao may Loai thép nay tong duong vi thép két cau hop kim va thép két cfu cacbon chat Juong cla Trung Quoc. Trong tiéu chudn cita thép cacbon chat luong (JIS G4051 - 1984), mac thép co ky hiéu nhu sau: S15C Trong d6: S - thép (steel). 15 - ham lugng cacbon trung binh 0,15%. C-- thép cacbon chat luong, CK - thép tham cacbon. Trong ticu chudn cia thép hop kim (IS G4102 = 4106, 4052), mde thép 6 ky higu ntur sau: S 0OO x xx O Trong dé: S -thép. OOO - nguyén té hop kim chinh. x - chif sé thay thé ham lugng nguyén t6 hop kim chinh. xx ~ ham luong cacbon trang binh (%). © - hau 6.Doi véi cng thc chung cia mac thép ndi trén, can gidi thich thém mét s6 diém sau: a) Ky hiéu nguyén tS’ hop kim chinh Phuong phép biéu thi duge gidi thigu @ muc 1.5.1 va bang 1.10. b) Ky hiéu thay thé chit sé ham luong nguyén (6 hop kim chink Cin cit ao him Iuong nguyén t6 ding 4 chit sé chan thay thé dé bidu thi, (bang 1.11). Bang 1.11. Chir sé thay thé ham Iugng (% trong luong) cla nguyén to hop kim chinh va déi chiéu udi pham vi ham lugng nguyén #6. Chit sé thay thé Thép | Théphopkim | Thép | Théphopkim crém ham long nguyén |_mangan | mangan-crom | _crém = mOlipden 16 _hop kim chinh Mn Mn Cr Cr Cr Mo >1,00 [>1,00) >0,30 | 30.30 | 0.30 | 50.15 2 <130 | <130} <090 | 0,30 | <0,80 | ~>0,80 |” >0.15 4 <1,60 | <1.60 | <0,90_| >140 | <1.40 | <030 70,30 | >1,40 20,15 6 >iG0 1 >1,60 | <0,90 | <2.00 | >1,40 0,30 - - 7. = 20,80} 30,30 8 0,20 2015 2 <2,00 <1,25 <0,70 | <1,00 <0.40 >2,00 20,25, 20,70 | >0,40 270,15 4 «2,50 <125 «2,00 | <1.50 | Lo.4o 32.50 30,25 2,00 30.15 34 . 6 <3.00 <125 3,50 | >100 | Lo 36,25 20,70 | >0.15 8 >3.00 <0,25 23,50 | 10,00W/kg thi ding 4 chit sé dé biéu thi, vi du: 50A1300, Vi du méc thép silic dinh huéng nhu sau: 27 P20 Trong 46: 27- do day danh nghia x 100% (0.27 mm). P - dinh huéng theo cam ding tit cao (chit G 1a dink huéng théng dung). 120 - tri s6 t6n hao [Gi sit x 100% (P y4=1,20W/kg). 1.5.3. K¥ hiéu cdc logi thép két cdu va cong trinh theo tien chudn HS 1. Thép xy dung cong trinh va ket cdu (bang 1.14) Bang 1.14 . Chir cdi cia mac thép xay dung cong trinh vd két edu Chit ai Ten vat lieu thép Catt cai ‘Ten vat ligu thép thay thé thay the SB Thép cacbor, ding cho SM Thép két cau cain cd thing 4p luc va ndi hoi, tinh han thép hop kim molipden SB-M__ | Gidng nhir ren SMA Thép ket clu can ndng 6 tinh han bén trong khi quyénTiép bang 1.14 Chit eat Ten vat lieu thép Chir cai thay thé thay thé Ten vat ligu thép SBC Thép wn dung cho day|[_ SPA-C xich Thép can nguol dd bén cao trong khi quyén SBPD ‘Thép trdn cét béting dur SPA-H ting luc ‘Thép cin néng 40 bén cao trong khi quyén SBPR | Thép trén van cot beng SPTFS Thép crém khong dying lye ma thiée SD | Thép won van cot barong SR Thép won cot bérong SGD | Thép cacbon thong dung SRB Thép cacbon ti ché 6 mai bong SGD-D_[Thép mai bing SRR Thép cot betong tai che SHK | Théphinh chit H SS Thép cin ding trong két cau thong thuong SKK | Thép Sng SSC Thép hinh can ngudi ft bién dang ding trong két cfu thong thydng SKY | Thép im cudn dng Sv ‘Thép tron dinh rive SWH Thép hinh chi ding trong két cau 6 tinh han 2. Thép dimng cho thing dp luc (bdng 1.15) Bang 1.15. Ki higu chir cdi cha méc thép dung cho thing dp lye Kihigu Ten thep SB Thép cacbon ding cho thing ap luc vic not hoi SBxxM | Thép tém chda mé lip den ding cho thing ap lye va ndi hoi SBV Thép 1am hyp kim ding cho thing &p lye va n6i hei SCMV | Thép tm hop kim crOm mo lip den ding cho thing dp luc va nol hoi 53Tigp bang 1.15 Ki higu Ten thép SEV “Thép tam do bén cao ding cho thing 4p hye nhiet do trung bink SG “Thép det Va thép tiim ding cho binh khf cao 4p SGV ‘Thép tm cacbon ding cho thing ap Iyc mbiét 46 trung binh vi | nhigt do cao SLA ‘Thép t4m cacbon ding cho thing Ap Itc nhiét dd thap: | SLxN | Thép tain chia aiken ding cho thing ap lye nhiét da thap SPV “Thép tm diing cho thing dp lye ahier do thurtng SQV x A | Thép tim hop kim hod bén ding cho thing ép luc. phan thinh 2 @y* loai A vaB Ghi chui: (B)*- th@m chit cdi (sau cling) dé biéu thi thép qua nbigt luyen: Q- xit ic hod ban thép tam; P-- niet luyén khis tng sust; TQ- mau thir qua ohiét luyén hod bén: SR - miu thir e6 nhiét luyan kh Gag sud 3. Thép tdim (det) va thép tdm (det) c6 lép ma (bang 1.16) Bang 1.16. Ki hiéu char cdi cua mde thép Kihigu ‘Ten thép SAxC ‘Thép tm mong ma nhom nhiét nhting SAxD ‘Thép wim mong ma nhem obit ahing SAxD “Thép tm mong ma nhom nhiét nhiing SAPIT “Thép tam, thép det cdn néng ding cho xe dng co SDP ‘Thép tim lop mai SECC Thép tam (det) can ngudi ma dién Kem SECD SECE SECCT ‘Thép det va tim mong ma dién kém (thir kéo} 34Tiép bang 1.16 Ki hiéu ‘Ten thép SECD ‘Thép det vi tm mong dap ngudi ma dign kém SECEN Thép det vi tam mong dap ngudt ma dién kém khong thoi hiu [SEH ‘Thép det va Lam mong can ndng ma dign kém thong dung SEHD Thép det vi tim mong cdn nong ma dién kem dap ép SEHE Thép det va tim méng cdn ndng ma dién kém dap ép sau ‘SPB “Thép tam ma thiéc SPCC “Thép det va im mong cacbon cin ngudi thong thutmg SPCCT ‘Thep det va iam mong cacbon edn ngudi thong thutmg (thir kéoy SPCD Thép det va im mong cachon edn ngudi dap ép SPCE Thép det va tam ming cacbon cain ngudi dap sau SPCEN Thép det va tim mong cacbon can ngudi dap sau khong tinh thoi j hieu SPEC ‘Thép tam va thép det do bén cao cn nguéi ding cho xe dong co SPFH “Thép tam va thép det do bén cao can néng ding xe dong co SPGA “Thép tam mong ma bac SPGC Thép tm mong ma kém thong thuting SPGD ‘Thép tim méng ma kem dap ép SPGD Thép tam méng ma kém dap su SPGH Thép tim méng ma em diing cho tam gon sng thong Uudng SPDR ‘Thép tm méng ma kém ding lp mai aha SPGS ‘Thép wim méng ma kéim ding trong két ca SPGW ‘Thép tam méng ma kém ding cho tim gon song xay dung SPHC SPHD ‘Thép det va tin mém cain néng dap ép SPHE SPHT Thép dei cacbon cain néng ding cudn dng SPP Thép det va tém mong tring men khir cacbon SPTE Thep tam ma dien thi¢e SPTH s¥ Thép tim cin néng Ghi chit: chit cai & dudi ky higu: C - thong dung; D - ding dé ép hoac dap; E - dung d€ dap sau. 5556 4. Ong thép (being 1.17) Bang 1.17. Ki hiéu chit cdi cila mdc dng thép Kihign Ten thép Kihigu Ten thep ‘SCM-TK "STH Gng thép khong hin ranh ding cho binh khi cao ap SPC-A STK Ong thép hop kim ding trong ket cau thong thiudng. wo. _ STKM | Gng thép cacbon ding trong SCPE Ong thép hop kim két cdu may ding trong ket scpp cau STKR | Gng thép hinh vung ding P 6 ket cai Sng thép gon trong két cu thong thueng song STKS Ong thép hop kim ding trong SCPR ket cau STM-C | Gng thép khong han inh SCP-RS ding Cong Kchoan tham da «lap ong) SGP Hé ong thép|[SFM-R” | Gng chep khong han sanh cacbon 6 ghép ding trong khoan tham dd néi (e6t khoan} SGPW | Gng nude ma kém || STO Ong thep khong fan ranh ding trong ging du STAM x| Ong thép cacbon || STPA Ong thép hop kim ding tong xG han dign tr dong hé théng éng cho xe dong co STAM x | Ong thép cacbon |] STPG Gng thép cacbon ding trong xH han dien ie ding hé thOng Gng ap Tuc cho xe dong co (aii han chdy cao) * STB Ong thép cacbon ff STPL Ong thép ding trong hé thong dang tong. thiét Sng nhiét do thap bi trac ddi nhiet néi hoiTiép bang 1.17 Kihigu Ten thép Kf higu Ten thép STBA Ong thép hop kim |] STPT Gng thép cacbon dang tong dimg tong thiét hé théing Sng nhiet do cao bj rao dé: niet n6i hei STBL Ong thép dang |] STPY Ong thép cacbon c6 tinh han trong thiét bi trac diing trong hé thdng ong d6i nhige ohigt 40 thap sic Gng thép cacbon ff STS Gng thép cacbon chiu cao ap dang trong chuyén tdi khi Gng thép cacbon ding trong 1d nung STFA Ong thép hap kim ding trong 10 nung 5. Thép cugn va thép day (bang 1.18) Bang 1.18. Kj higu chit cdi cia mac thép eugn va day Kihiew Ten thép sw ‘Thép day cacbon cao kéo ngudi SWCD (1) | Thép cuén cacbon cao kéo nguéi ding trong béténg ct thép dy ting lye SWCH (3) | Thép cuén cacbon gia cong ngudi SWCR(D | Thép cuén cot bétong dit ting luc ¢6 cacbon kéo ngudi SWM (4) _ | Thép day cacbon thap SWMC | Thép day cé son mau SWMG | Thép cudn ma kém cacbon thio lam 16i day cap dign SWMV | Thép day phil mau bang chat déo hit co SWO (5) | ‘Thép day ram dau cacbon ding trong 10 xo van SWOCV-V | Thép day ram dau hop kim erom-vanacli dung trong {6 xo van 3758 Tiép bang 1.18 Kihiéu Ten thép SWOSC-V | Thép day ram déu hgp kim silic-crom dong trong van I xo SWOSM — | Thép day Id xo hop kim silic-mangan ram dau SWO-M | Thép day ram du cacbon ding trong Id xo van SWP (2) | Day dn piano SWPD ep cudn bén cdp va soi vin ding trong cét béténg du dng lye SWPR ‘Thép cudn bén cap ding trong cét thép béténg dy dng luc SRG Thép day cacbon ding trong gia cOng ngudi ¢ SWRH (6) | Thép cubn cacbor cao ‘SWRM Thép cudn cacbon thap ‘SWRS (6)_| Thép cudn ding lam day dan piano | SWRY Thép cuon ding lam i que han dién boc thude Sswy ‘Day {81 que han dién boc thudc Ghi chi: (1) - can cir vao co tinh Lai chia thanh 3 loai A, B, C. (2) - cam cg vao cng dung lai chia thanh 3 logi A, B. V. (3) - cudi ky hiéu kém theo chir R 1a thép sdi, chit K 1a thép ing, chit A thép ling nhom. (4) - cudi ky hi@u kem theo chat -B 1a thép day thong dung. ch -A 1A hoac ram, chit -G 1a day ma kém, chit -N 1a day ding dé ché tao dinh. (5) - can cit vao do bén kéo chia thanh 2 loai A, B. (6) - can cit vao him luong mangan chia thanh 2 toai A, B.6. Thép rén (bang 1.19) Bang 1.19. Ki hiéu chit cdi cia mde thép rén Ky higu Ten thép Ky ‘Ten thép hiéu SF “Thép rén cacbon SFNCM | Thép ren hiken- crém-molipden thong dung FR ‘hai thép rén cacbon SEVA | Théprén hop kim ding trong thing ap luc nhiét d6 cao SFCM | Thép ren crom-and lip den|[SFVC | Thépren cacbon thong dung * | ding tong thing 4p lye SFHV | Thép rn hop kim ding trong |[ SFVQ | Thép stn hop kim ay thing dp hye nhiét dé cao hod tét ding trong thing ap luc SFL Thép ren ding trong thing 4p |{SFVV | Thép ren ding ue nhiét d6 thap trong thing 4p luc qua xit ly chan khong Ghi chir, (1) - ct i vo uhiet dO ram chia thanh 2 loai A, B. 7. Mae gang dtic ve thép dite (bdng 1.20) Bang 1.20. Ky hiéu chu cdi cla mdc gang dtic va thép dic Ky ‘Ten thép Ky higu Ten thép hiéu Dd Gng gang dic od tinh | SCMnCr | Thép duc mangan cron dO rn bén cao ding trong két cau DF Gng gang dic di hinn |] SCMnCrM | Thép dic“ mangan-crém- 6 tink ren mélipden do bén cao ding rong két cau DPF | Ong gang dic co tinh || SCMaH Thép dic mangan cao ren 59Tiép bang 1.20 E Ky Ten thép Ky higu Ten thép higu FC | Gang xam SCMnM | Thép dic mangan- mélipden dd bén cao ding tong két cau FCD | Gang cau SCNGM | Thép dic niken-crom- mélipden do bén cao ding trong két cau FCM | Gang tam den cé tinh || SCPH Thép dic ding trong cao B ren ip nhigt 46 cao FCM | Gang die peclit SCPH-CF | Gng thép dic i tam ding Pp tong cao dp nhiét do cao FCM | Gang tam ting co tah |{ SCPL Thép dic ding trong ha ap Ww ren nhiét do thap SC | Thép dae cachon SCS Thép dic khong gt SCC | Thép dtic cacbon 6 }j SCSiIMn Thép dic silic-mangan do bén cao ding trong ket bén cao ding trong ket cat cau SCCr | Thép hop kim thap do | Scw Thép duc két eau cd tinh M dén cao ding trong két han cau SCH | Thép diic chiu abiét SCW-CF | Gng thép diic Hi tam ding trong ket cau SCM |‘Thép mangan do bén z a theo a0 daiva | E-qua ti onan x] ie ita a thant phan | 3 tham cacbon T- thép lo huynh (hoac phot | hod hoc: ky 4-gidi han G-quau P sf P 8 q di¢n cam — | pho) tuong doi higu nguyén | chay yathi | mém ing hap séeacdou | nghiemeen ay aaa toi LE-twgp | L-chiukiém Ky hiew ae hoac HF _ qua lo dign hd sand nguyen t6 Fa quang teeth meee cacbon S-thir be mat nay 5 hiém cha) HI- ti - Ham lug: ne y qua (ol Ment’? © | Qe the dap | cgebon | dO dal va | care eng cao ngudi (co thé ép. tan bé mat PP-sit | co thé bigndang | Ky hieu K- qua gia cong. neudi) heen 10 | chay va thir | cong ngugi wehigp a }op kim, o R- thép Hing nghiém rén 5 SS- thé Ham hong | dau hoae (abu céin P| s-esthé han ‘ 101, k ue han - hop kim udn va do. nguor, keo a nang chi |e non chay hoac daivadap | PUL.) = thép pea Thomas | Uo thép se: Chitcdi phia | 8dobén | N-aua a. | 2-06 thé kéo rude X nhiet do cao_| "Sng hod TL- thép le th er dO ca ni chust Ham hong jose 6 ben Nr- qua tham cacbot a W-thep Id ” 5 oua’a ki wai $= qua i khit ting sudt 61Tigp bing 1.21 Phuong =] Pham vidic | Trang thai xi ' Dic tnmg ban div | Bo phan cha | P* Trang tnd hap layés | chit cdi dai dien) thé teung (chit | ly (chit cai dai (chit cdi cdi dai dign) ign) dai dién) Y -thep 1 Kyhigu 9-dgo tinh vé | W ~khvong qua thdi oxy nguyént — | didn hoic ta | mhiet iuyén hop kim a Chong V- qua nhiét china Ham luomg | Shem ren, | Hyg hod 15 em theo: hap kim | hoae wen). B- tinh Ghi chat: kiém (mdi 1d mét kiéu thi Mac thép cila hé thong DIN 17006 duoc chia thanh 2 loai biéu thi theo do bén cia vat ligu va thinh phan hod hoc. Ngoai ra, con cd phuong phap biéu thi mac gang diic va thép dic, duge chia thanh nhur sau: 1. Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép theo dé bén cia vat ligu Phuong phap biéu thi nay chi thich hgp ding cho thép phi hop kim. Chi thé cia mdc thép do chit cai St (vit tt cla Stahl) va gid wi 40 bén kéo (MPa hoc N/mm”) theo sau hop thanh. Khi can thiét, ¢ ding truéc va sau cla bé phan chi thé lai cé k¥ hieu cdc loai chit céi * hoac chir s6 nhu da duge li¢t ké trong bang 1.24. Vi du: St 33 - thép cacbon cé gid tri gidi han dudi cla dé bén kéo Ja 310MPa. USt 37, RSt 37 - thép soi (USO) va thép lang (RSt) c6 gid tri gidi han duéi cua dé bén kéo 14 360 MPa. QS137 - 3U, Q- c6 thé dap ngudi, -3 - dim bao do dai va dap, U- biéu thi khéng qua nhiét luyén. May nam gan day, Duc va céc nuéc Tay Au ciing sir dung mac thép theo tiéu chun Chau Au, vi du: EN 1025-94. Doi voi thép phi hop kim, mac thép méi cia né 14 S xxx (méc thép trude nam 1994 la Fe xxx), ba chit s6 ding sau chit cai S biéu thi iri gidi han dudi cia giéi han chay MPa, khi can thiét cd thé them ky hiéw hau t6 dé biéu thi trang thai va dang cap chat luong. Can cit vao duing kinh hoac do day 62khac nhau cita vat ligu thép, thanh phan hod hoc (ché yéu la ham lugng cacbon) cha cing mét mac thép c6 thé duge diéu chinh mot cdch thich hop. Mac thép méi thép cét béténg cha Bric 18 BSt xxx + ba chit sé dang sau chi cdi hau 16: BSt bigu thi gid trj gidi han duéi cla gidi han chay MPa, no giéng véi phuong phap biéu thj theo tiéu chudn Chau Au. 2. Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép theo thanh phan hod hoc (% trong luong) Phuong phap biéu thi nay cé thé chia lim ba loai la thép phi hop kim, thép hop kim va thép hop kim cao. a)Thép phi hop kim D6i véi thép cacbon, chi khi sit dung ma cdc tinh nang cilia thép quan trong hon d6 bén kéo, hoac khi ngudi ti¢u dig can tién hanh nhiét luyén (nhu thép tham cacbon, thép nhiét luyén hoa tét) thi mdi ding phuong phdp biéu thi theo thanh phén hod hoc. Chit thé mdc thép 1a do ky hiéu cacbon C va chi sé biéu thi phan tram ham luong cacbon trung binh hop thanh. Khi cdn thiét co thé thém vao ding trudée chi thé mac thép chit cai viet tat va chit s6 nhu da ligt ké trong bang 1.21.Vi du: C15 - thép tham cacbon 6 ham lugng cacbon trung binh , 1a 0,15%. C35N - thép nhiét luyén hod tét cé ham lugng cacbon tung binh @¢ 1a 0,35%, N biéu thi qua xi ly thudng hoa. Theo yéu cau chét lugng, déi véi thép cacbon (mite gidi han cha ham luong Iu huynh, phot pho) va cong dung khéng giéng nhau thi 06 thé 6 cde chit cai truée mac thép nhu Ck, Cm, Cf, Cq...: Cx x - ham lugng luu huynh, phot pho trong thép @) va @, < 0.045% (xx biéu thi chit s6 cia ph4n tram ham luong cachon tung binh). Cac ky hiéu duéi day cfing twong tu. Ck x x - thép chat luong can khong ché ham lugng Iuu huynh, phét pho. Cm x x - thép chat lutong can khong ché ham Ivong luu huynh, lugng itu huynh trong thép 1a 0,020 + 0,035%. Cf x x - thép toi bé mat. Cq x x - thép dap nguoi. 63b. Thép hop kim thdp va thép hop kim ‘Tieu chudn DIN cia Ditc quy dinh: khi trong thép a, 2 0,50%, On 2 0,80%, ©4, VA O,2 0,10%, Oo, 2 0.,25% thi nhing nguyén t6 nay méi duoc goi i nguyén té hop kim. Quy dinh nay khéc mét chiit vdi “Phan loai thép” (ISO 4948/1) duge cong bé gin day cia tien chudn quéc té ISO vé gidi han ham luong nguyén t6 hop kim déi véi thép phi hop kim va thép hop kim. Su khdc biét nay c6 thé 18 do théi gian dinh ra tiéu chuan DIN 17006 tuong déi sém. Chi thé ky higu thép cia tiéu chudn DIN 1a do chit sé biéu thi ham hrong phan van cécbon, ky higu nguyén 16 hop kim va chit s6 bigu m lvong nguyén 16 hop kim tao thanh. Nguyén té hop kim ding hod hoc dé biéu thi, déng théi né duoc sip xép theo thit nr it cua ham lugng nguyén 16 hop kim. Khi ham luong gidng nhau thi xép theo chif cdi thu tu. Phuong phap biéu thi gid tri ham luong cia nguyén t6 hop kim duce ghi trong bang 1.22. Bang 1.22. Phuong phap biéu thi gid tri ham luong nguyén té hop kim cia thép hop kim thdp vé thép hap kim Nguyen 16 hop kim S6(K % cua him iuveng trong binhy Gr Co, Min, Ni, Si, W a AL, Be, Cu, Mo, Nb, Pb, Ta, Ti, ¥, Zr 10 CeNP.S 100 B i006 Do chit sé ding ding sau ky higu nguyén t trong mac thép I tich sO biéu thj ham Iuong trung binh cia nguyén (6 hop kim va sé trong bang |.22,cho nén khi mudn tinh thanh phan hod hoc trong ky hiéu thép nay thi phai chia cho s ban déiu. Vi du: 13Cr2 - Biéu thj thép crom cé ham luong cacbon trung binh 1a 0,13%, ham Iuong crém trung binh 1 2/4 = 0,5%. 25CrMo4 - Biéu thi thép hop kim mélipden - crom c6 ham luong cdéchon srung binh 0,25%, ham Ivong crém trung binh JA 4/4=1 %, va c6 chita molipden. 64Trong mét s6 ur liéu vA ban vé, néu mudén ghi 6 trang thdi mhiét luyén cha né thi ding chéf cdi thay thé dugc quy dinh trong bang 1.12. Vidu: 13Cr2E - biéu thi thép chifa lugng , trung binh 1A 0,13%, @e, £0,5% di qua (6i thm cacbon. 25CrMo4V - biéu thi thép chifa luong trung binh: a, < 0.25%, Oc, $ 1%, déng théi c6 chia mOlipden qua nhiét luyén hod tét. c) Thép hap kim cao Nhiing loai thép cé ham lugng mot loai nguyén té trén 5% duce goi la thép hop kim cao, Dau ky hiéu cila loai thép nay 18 chit cdi X, tigp do 1A chit so biéu thi ham Itong cacbon trung binh theo phin van va ky hiéu nguyén t6 hop kim (sap xép theo thi? tu him Ivong cao thdp), cudi cing la gid tri phan tram tung binh chi 6 ham luong cla céc nguyen té hop kim chinh lam tron s6 bing khong véi sé 1é 0,4 tre. xudng va bang 1 voi sé le ti 0,5 tro len. Vidu: X1OCrNi18 8 BA thép khong gi chia oe $ 0,10%, c, < 18%. Oy, 5 8%. XLOCrNiTH18 9 2 18 thép khong gi chifa a < 0.10%, @e, < 18%, @y, 59%, Oy $2% Néu ham luong cacbon khong quan trong (khdng cin ghi nhd)) thi chit cai “X” 6 thé dua luge bd. d) Thép cong cu cachon B6 phan chu thé cha mac thép nay gidng vi phuong phap biéu thi mdc thép phi hop kim 6 trén do C x x + W x tao thanh. C x x biéu thi chit sé phan van ham lung cachon trung binh. W biéu thi thép céng cu (Werkzeugst), trong dé: WI - chat iuong cap F. W2 - chat luong cap TI. W3 - chat Iuong cap IIT. WS - cong dung va chat Iuong dac biét. e) Thép dung cu cat got t6c dé nhanh (thép gid) + Ding dau mac thép ta chit “S”, biéu thi thép dung cu cat got téc d6 cao hay thép gid (Schnellarbeitsst-ahle) 65+ Dang sau do 3 hoac 4 nhém chit sé dai dién cho ham lugng trung binh cha nguyén t6 hop kim tao thanh, gitta cdc nhém chit sé phai ding dudng gach ngan dé ngan cach. Mi nhém chit sé duoc sip xép theo thi ty W-Mo-V-Co. Riéng Cr khong céin phai biéu thi + Ham luong nguyén 16 hop kim duoc biéu thi bang chit s6 (truc tiép ding so phan trim trong luong cla ham lugng trung binh dé biéu thi thi khéng cén nhan véi chi s6). + Thép gid khong chita Mo thi ding chit s6 “0” dé biéu thi, nhumg doi vdi thép gid khong chita Co thi chi ding 3 nhém chit sé trudc dé biéu thi lA duoc ma khong cain ding s6 “0” dé biéu thi. Thép gid cia Dic ong nhiing nam gan day cling duge sir dung nhu mac thép tiéu chudn Chau Au, dimg dau mde thép cla né i chit cai “HS” (tigng Anh la: High Speed), phuong phép biéu thi déu gidng nhau. Vi du: S 12-1-4-5 (HS 12-1-4-5) bidu thi thép gid voi wy= 12%. O,=1%. Wy= 4%, e,= 5%, OG= 4%. S 18-0-1 (HS 12-0-t) biéu thi thép gid vdi w,, =18%, khong chita M, vA C,, con oy =1% VA Og = 4%, tuong duong véi thép WL8Cr4V clia Trung Quéc. 4) Thép die Dig dau méc thép dic 1a chit “GS” hoac “G”. Khi can thiét, dic khuoén ¢6 thé truée dau gach ngan thém chit “K”, dic ly tam cé thé thém “Z”, vi du nhu GS-K-xx hoac GS-Z-xx. Mat khac, phuong phdp biéu thi mdc thép diic gidng véi thép bién dang di duge néu 4 tren. Khi cén thiét, cing c6 thé ding cdc loai chit s6 hoae chit cAi 6 bang 1.21 va chi s6 6 bang 1.22 dé biéu thj mac thép duic, Déi véi thép dic phi hgp kim thi co hai phuong phap biéu thi: phuong phap biéu thi theo d6 bén va phuong phap biéu thi theo thinh phan hoi hoc. Nhimg déi voi thép diic hop kim thi chi ding thinh phan hod hoc dé biéu thi. Vidu: + Thép diic phi hop kim (dya vao do bén dé bigu thi): GS-52 - thép diic cd d6 bén kéo 1a 520MPa. GS-L45 - thép dic chéng moi trutng kiém cé do bén kéo 18 450MPa. 66+ Thép dic phi hop kim (dua vao % trong tugng ciia thank phan hod hoc dé biéu thi): GS-C10 - thép dic chia @_ = 0,10%. GS-C10MnSi - thép dic chtta @, = 0,10%, con ham Luong mangan tuong ddi cao va ding silic khit oxy. GS-C35F60 - thép atic chita wp =0,35% v6 do bén kéo 18 6QOMPa. + Thép diic hop kim (dua vio % trong Ivong thanh phin hod hoc dé biéu thi): GS-15SCr3E - thép die crdm chita @ = 0,15%,W¢, = 0,75%, qua tdi tham cacbon. GS-25CIMoS6V + S65 - thép diic hop kim mélipden crm chita @¢ $0,25%, We, £1,2%, y= 0,6%, sau khi qua nhiét luyén hod tot, do bén kéo dat 650MPa, qua a khir ting suat. GS-B-55Cr6G - thép diic 1d dign chita a, = 0,55%, Wg, = 1,5%, qua umém. + Thép dic hgp kim cao (dua vao% trong lugng cia thanh phan hod hoc dé biéu thy): G-X15CrNi18 8 - thép dic khong gi chifta a= 0,15%, @g =18%, y= B%- . G-X40CINi26 14 - thép diic bén ahiet chita a= 0.40%, @, = 26%, Oy=14%. h) Gang dite + Mac gang diic chu yéu co hai pluong phap biéu thi : mot loai do chit cdi tién 16 + chit sé tao thanh (chit sé biéu thi co tinh) va mt loai khac do chit céi tién té + ky hiéu nguyén t6 hgp kins + chit sé tao thanh chit s6 biéu thi harn luong % theo trong Iuong cia nguyén to chinh. + Mac gang dic loai | lai chia thanh hai trudng hgp: Triténg kop 1: Sau chit cdi chi c6 | nhém chit s6 biéu thi gid i nho nhat cla do. bén kéo (MPa). Triténg hop 2: Sau chit cdi c6 2 nhém chit s6 dé biéu thi gid tri nho nhat cua d6 bén kéo va d6 gidn dai (%). Vi du: GG-20 - gang x4m cé 66 bén kéo 2 20 MPa. 67On GGG-40 - gang cdu c6 do bén kéo >40 MPa. GGV-30 - gang giun cé do bén kéo 230 MPa. GTS-35-10 - gang tam den cé thé rén c6 d@ bén kéo > 35MPa va d6 gidin dai 210% (ky hiéu cii 1a GTS-35). GTW-45-07 - gang tam tring oé thé rin cé do bén kéo 245 Mpa va 6 gifn dai > 7% (ky hidu co 1a GTW-45). + Phuong phap biéu thi mac gang diic loai 2. nhu sau: GGL-NiMn 13 7- gang diic austenite graphite dang tim c6 chita =13% VA Oy=7%. GGG-NiC 20 2 - gang diic austenite graphite dang cau cd wy= 20% VA Wg = 2%. G-X300NiC 4 2 - gang dic chéng mai mon chtta trung binh: @ =3,00%, @y, = 4% Va We, =2%, Ngoai ra, chit ci tién t6 1a GGK bidu thi gang dac cimg ngudi, GGZ biéu thi gang diic ly tam. 1.6.2. Phuong phiip biéu thi 36 hiéu vat liu bang chit sO cla hé thong DIN 17007 1. Sé higw vét liu he (W- Nr) S6 higu do 7 chit sO hop thanh, ham nghfa biéu thi cla cdc cht sO nhu sau: X XXXK XX Trong a6: Chit s6 thit nhat: loai thép. Chit sé 2 + 5: nhém thép. Chit s6 6 + kém theo chit s6, phuong phép sn xudt va trang thai nhiet luygn cua thép. 68 2. Chit s6 thir nhdt ctta sé hiéu vat liéu O - gang va Ferro. 1- thép va thép dic. 2- kim loai nang (trit gang thép). —-3- kim loai nhe. 4 =8- vat liéu phi kim logi. 3. Chit 86 thit hai va thir ba cia so hiéu vat liéuChir sé quan trong nhat 1a chif s6 thit hai va thi ba, ching biéu thi cdc nhém va ching loai thép, trong dé: 00 + 06 - thép cacbon, trong dé phan I6n 1 loai thép "OL", nay da duge dua vao nhém "00". 90 = 96 - thép cacbon chuyén ding. 07 va 97 - thép dé cat got c6é ham tugng luw huynh va phét pho tuong ddi cao. 08 + 09 - thép ham long Mangan, Silic tuong déi cao. Trong han 16n 1a loai thép nhém "08", nay da duge dua vao nhom "04" 5", mot b6 phan loai nhém “O9" nay duge dua vao nhém "06". dé, va 10 - sit cOng nghi¢p ding trong cong nghiép dién va thép cacbon cé tinh nang vat ly dac biét. 11 + 12 - thép két cdu cacbon chat luong. 15 + 18 - thép cong cu cacbon. 20 + 28 - thép cong cu hop kim (bao gém thép diicy 32 +33 - thép cong cu cat got tc dO cao (thép gid). 34 + 35 - thép chiu mai va thép 6 lan. 36 + 39 - vat liéu c6 tinh nang vat ly dac biét (bao gém vat ligu tr tinh). 40 + 45 - thép khong gi. 47 + 48 va 49 - vat ligu bén mhi&t va thép bén hist. 50 = 85- thép ket cau hop kim. 88 - hop kim ctmg. Ngoai ra, c6 mot sé chit sO nhu-"13", " thdi van duge giit lai dé ding vao va 4. Chit sO thit 4 va thit 5 trong sé hiéu vat liéu ", "55", "64"... fam liu phat trién mdi. G day khong c6 qui luat nhat dinh ma dya vio ham lugng cacbon hoac ham Iuvong hgp kim cila né dé phan biét. 5. Chit s6 thit 6 va thir 7 trong sé hiéu vat ligu Day ta cdc chir s6 phu, thuéng thi khong duoc chi ra trong tiéu chudn nhung van duoc ding. Chit s6 thir 6 duge ding dé biéu thi cong nghé dic va luyén thép; chit s6 tht 7 duge ding dé biéu thi trang thai ohiét luyén. ¥ nghia cu thé ciia né duge ghi trong bang 1.23. 69Bang 1.23. g nghia cila chit sé thir 6 vd thit 7, chit sé phu trong 86 hiéu vat liéu Chit 36 Y nghia cu thé Chir so thu 7 Y nghia cu thé thit 6 Khong quan trong hoae Khong qua ohiét khong qui dink juyen hodc dang uy 0 o do (sau khi gia cOng bign dang khong nhét inh phai tién banh nhiét luyén) 1 Thép s6i 1d choi tinh kiém L Thuting hoa 2 | Thép ling 1d thoi tinh kiém 2 Omém 3 | Thép s6i vi phaong phap 3 Sau khi nbice Iuyén luyén dae biét. 6 Unh cd got tit 4 | Thép ling voi phwong phap 4 Nhiét luyén nang cao luyén dae biet do dai 3 | Thép soi ld mactanh 5 Nhiét luyén hod wr 6 “Thép lang 16 mactanh. 6 Nhiét luyén nang cao do cung 7 | Thép soi Id thai oxy 7 Biéa dang ngudi & — | Thép ling lo théi oxy & Bia dang ngud: héa eting dan hd: 9 | Thép id dien 9 Can ci thee quy dink nhiét luyén ae bier L7, Tiéu chudn mac thép cia Phap (NF) L741. Khai qudi vé phucng phdp bién thi mac thép cia tiéw chudn NF NF 1a ky higu tiéu chuan cia Phap (Nomnes Francaises), tiéu chuan NF 1a do Hiép hoi tigu chudn hod cha Phép (AFNOR - Association Francaise de Normlisation) ban hanh, Phdép con cé tiéu chuan AIR do Cuc tiéu chudn hod BO Hang khong ban hanh, nhung phan nay khong gidi thigu 6 day 701. Hé théng sdn phdm gang thép trong tiéu chudn NF Tiéu chudn k¥ thuat cua san phém gang thép phan Ién duge bién soan trong hé théng NFAxx-xxx, mot phan nhé duoc bién soan trong hé thong NFC - xxx. Vidu: NF A 32 - thép diic, gang dic. A33 - cdc foai thép hop kim. A35- thép hinh va thép cay cén néng (qui dinh kich thuée xem he thdng A 45). A36- tam cdn ngudi va cdn nong (qui dinh kich thudc xem hé thong A 46). A 37 - cin ngudi, kéo ngudi va thép hinh uén ngudi (qui dinh kich thudc lién quan xem hé théng A 47). A.4Q- phan loai kich thud va hinh dang sin phim. A 48 - Ong dic. A 49- Ong thép. C28 - vat liéu tt tinh. Can cif vio phan loai tigu chudn & (ren, c6 thé tra ct mac thép, thanh phan hod hgc, co tinh va yéu cdu chat Ivong cla cdc loai san pham gang thép. 2. Hé théng phan loai thép Phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cila tigu chudn NF I dua theo hé théng ph4n loai gang thép. Hé théng phan loai thép nhu sau: a) Thép phi hop kim Thép phi hgp kim thong dung: thép loai A. ‘Thép phi hop kim thich hop cho nhiét luyén. - Thép phi hop kim diing trong ket cau gém: thép loai C va thép Joai XC. - Thép cong cu phi hop kim. - Thép phi hgp kim chuyén ding. b) Thép hop kim ‘Thép hop kim thap do bén cao: thép loai A aLThép hop kim thich hgp cho nhiét tuyén: - Thép hop kim ding trong két cau. - Thép hop kim cao. 3. Su khde biét gita phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cia Dic va cia Phap Phuong phép bin thi méc thép cila tiéu chun NF Phap va phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép ciia tiéu chuan DIN Bite khong khac nhau nhiéu. Chang qua gitfa hai foai nay: mét 1A ding do bén vat ligu dé biéu thi con mot La ding thanh phan hoa hoc dé biéu thi. Nhung diém khéc nhau 1A ky higu nguyén 6 hop kim cta nude Phap sit dung chit cdi ti¢ng Phdp, cdn nude Ditc thi lai sir dung ky hiéu hod hoc quéc té. Hai nude déu sit dung gid tri ham lugng nguyén t6 hop kim nhan véi sé nhan dé biéu thi (bang 1.24). Ham luong nguyén 16 hop kim chu yéu cila mac thép hop kim cao hau nhw duge chi truc tiép ma khong ding s6 nhan. Déi véi chit cdi tién 6 cua mac thép hop kim cao, nude Diic ding "X" dé biéu thi con nude Phép ding "Z" dé biéu thi, vi du, ciing mot méc thép bén nhiér, nude Drie goi 1a X 15Cr NiSi 20 12 cdn nude Phap goi 1A ZISCNS20 12. Bang 1.24. Chit edi tiéng Phap ud sé nhan ham Iuong etia nguyén t6 hop kim biéu thi trong mdc thép Ten goi vaky | Chitcai sir SS ]] Tengoivaky | Chircai sit | 86 higu hod hgc | dunguong | ohan |] higuhedboc | dung wong | naa cia nguyén 6 | ky hieu thép cha nguyen t6 | ky hieu thép : cr c 4 Mo D 10 Co K 4 No Nb 10 Mn M 4 Pb Pb 10 Ni N 4 Ta Ta 10 | {Si i 4 T T 10 Ww Ww 4 v v 10 Al A 10 a Ze 10 Be Be 10 N A 100 cu UF 10 B B 1000 Ghi chai: 86 nhan cia W wong du chudn fl 2 10. 72.Trong nhing nam gan day do cong déng Chau Au quy dinh, cdc mide thinh vién phai cimg sir dung tiéu chudn Chau Au (EN), vi vay, 1iéu chudn NF duoc dinh ra va hieu dinh vao nhiing nam 90 da bi anh hudéng béi phuong phdp biéu thi mac thép cua tiéu chudn Chau Au. sé ti¢u chuan moi cing sir dung tiéu chudn Chau Au, k¥ hi a EN, Trén thuc 1€ nude Phap c6 hai loai phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cing t6n tai. 17.2. Cach phan loat va phicng phdp biéw thi mic thép cia tiéu chudn NF 1. Thép phi hop kim thong dung Loai thép nay tuong duong voi thép cacbon thong dung va thép. cachon co ham long mangan iuong, déi cao cla Trung Quéc. Trong tigu chudn NE, thép phi hop kim thong dung duge goi 1a thép loai A, mac thép thay thé ctla né nhu: A33, A 37, A42, A 48, A 52. trong dé, hai chit $6 biéu thi gid tri gidi han dudi cla dé ben kéo (kKG/mm*; LkG/mm* = LON/mm’). Trong nhiing nam pain day, thép phi hop kim cia Phip cing sit dung tiéu chun Chau Au. Vi du: NF EN 10025 (94), mac thép mdi cla né 1 8, ba chit sO dang sau chit cdi biéu thi gid tri gidi han duéi (MPa), vi dy, S 185 tuong duong vai mac thép cfi A Chit cai tin t6 S cla mae thép biéu thi thép ding trong ket cau; E biéu thi thép ding trong céng tinh. 2. Thép hop kim thap dé ben cao Loai thép nay tuong duong vdi thép hop kim thap do bén cao cia Trung Quéc. Trong tiéu chuin NF, né cing duge got J thép loai A. 1a thép c6 ham luong cacbon va t6ng lueng nguyén té hop kim tuong 46i thap, gidi han chy Ién hon 275 MPa. Mac thép thay thé cia né a A 510, P 460 (tuong dutong v6i A 590), Ba chit sé ding sau chit cai biéu thi gid tr gidi han dui cua gidi han chay (MPa). Chit cdi tién 16 truée P ca mac thép biéu thi thép ding ché tao thing dp luc, L biéu thi thép ding ché tao dug Ong. Khi can thiét, mac thép hop kim thap c6 thé thém hau té dé biéu thi dang cap chat Iuong va trang thai chiie. Ngoai mac thép cua hai loai thép tren, com cé mc thép tong tiga chuan méi nhu: thép cét bétong, thép cét bétong dit ting luc, thép duéng ray he, thép hgp kim thap. Thép hgp kim thap can ngudi cling déu st: dung phuong phap bidu thi dé bén vat ligu. Diéu ctin phai chu y 13 phan dn cae mac thép theo ti¢u chudn cha Phip (NF) ding chit so dé biéu thi gis tri gidi han dudi cha do bén kéo cho phii hgp voi mac 73thép theo tiéu chudn Chau Au (EN) duoc sta déi tong nhitag nam gan day, Ngoai nhitng mac thép 4 bidt ra con ding chi s6 dé biéu thi gid ui gidi han dudi cia gict han chay dé théng nhat voi phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cua tidu chin quéc té ISO. 3. Thép két cau phi hop kim Loai thép nay tong duong v6i thép két c@u cacbon chat luong cua Trung Quéc, ching bao gdm: thép hop kim cachon - mangan cé ham luong mangan trung binh 2 1% ding thanh phan hoa hoc dé biéu thi mdc thép, Can ctf vio yeu cau him Ivong phét pho, km hujnh khée nhau, chia ra thép laai C va thép loai XC. a) Thép logi C Mae thép: C10, C12, C20, C30... C 45, C55, C60, C75. Chir s6 ding sau chifedi C biéu thi gid tri ham wong cacbon trung binh (x 100} cua thép. Vi du, C20 biéu thi thép cacbon chat luong cé ham iuong cacbon trung binh 1A 0,20%. Ham lwong phétpho, Iau huynh cha né déu < 0.04%, b) Thép loui XC Mac thép XC10, XC12, XC12, XC15, XC 18,... KC85. XC90, XC100, XC125. Chir sé dang sau chit cdi X cing biéu thi gia ti ham lvong cacbon trung binh (%). Ham long phot pho, luu huynh cia né déu < 0,035%, gidi han ham Ivgng phot pho, jw huynh cia thép loai XC cén chat ché hon gidi han cia thép Joai C. Doi vdi thép loai XC ding dé cén tam moéng va thép Ong, khéng ché gidi han him luong phot pho va lu huynh cng nghiém ngat, chat ché hon. 4. Thép két cau hop kim Mac thép ket cau hop kim ding thanh phn hod hoc dé bicu hi: + Chit trung binh, lay tr ¥ mo du cia mac thép biéu thi ham lugng cacbon 6 100 lan cla C% dé bicu thi. + Tiép dén diing chif cai ing Phap dé biéu thi cdc nguyen té hop kim chinh (xem bang 1.24). + Chit sé dang sau chiy cdi biéu thi ham yong cia nguyén to hop kim ding phép nhan sé phan tram ham [ugng trung binh cia nguyén té chinh voi sé nhan cia nguyén t6 dé dugc ligt ke wong bang 1.24 dé bidu thi. 74+ Néu ham luong nguyén 16 hop kim trong thép thép hon $0 véi quy dinh duéi day thi khong phai ding chir cai dé bitu thi nguyén 16: yy S 1.2%, gS 1.2%, Oy $0,50%, Me, $ 0.25%, Onn ¥ 0.10%. oy = 005%. Nhing nguyén t6 vi lugng nhu Ti. Nb, Zr. .N... cdin phai dua vao cic chit cai duge ligt ké trong bang 1.6 dé biéu thi. Vidu l: Thép tham cacbon 18CD6, thanh phin gém: ¢ O14 + :0,20% y= 1,20 + 1,60%, Oy= O14 ~1,15%, @,= OS + 0,25%. Chit s6 trong mae thép: 18 - bi€u thi ham lugng cacbon binh quan [a 0,18%; 6 - biéu thi ham lugng aiken 6/ 4 = 1,5%, Vi du 2: Thép nhiet luyén hod bén chia borum 38MBS5 (mac thép cla NF) hodc 38MnBS (mac thép mi cua EN), thanh phan cita nd 26m: = 0,36 + 0.42%, cy, HIS + 1.45%,c= 0,0008 + 0,005%. ¥ nghia cla chit s6’trong mac thép duge suy ra tho vi du 1. 5. Thép dé edt got ; 1992 va NF A 35 - 560: 1986) néu ra ba loai thép dé cat got: thép dé cat got chia Pb, thé dé cat got chita $ va thép dé ct got phic hop mangan - luu huynh, Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép ctia ba loai thép dé cat got nay khong gi6ng nhau: a) Mae ctia thép dé cat got chita chi Mac nay do chit cai dai dien loai thép niy + chat sé biéu thi gid rj do bén kéo + ky higu nguyen té chinh hop thanh, vi du: AD 37 Pb Trong d6: AD - ky hiéu thép dé cat got chita chi. 37 - gid tri gidi han dudi cia dé bén kéo ( 2 360MPa). Pb - ky higu nguyén t6 chinh. b) Mae cua thép dé céét got chita hen huynh Mac nay do chit c4i dai dién loai thép nay + chit s6 biéu thi ham Ivong hru huynh + k¥ higu nguyén 16 kém theo tao than. Vi du: S 250 Pb Trong a6: S- ky higu thép dé cat got chifa lw huynh. 75250- gid ti gidi han dui cla ham Ivong uu buynh (ox = 0,25 + 0,32%). Pb - ky higu nguyén t6 phu. c) Mac cita thép dé céit got phite hop mangan, li Inonh Vé co ban, mac nay dua vao phyong phdp biéu thi mac thép cia thép hop kim két cdu, nhumg & gitia them vao chit cdi F biéu thi thép de cat got. Vi du: 35MF6 Trong d6: 35 - ham lugng cacbon hin quan (@, = 0,33 + 0.39%). M - kg hieu nguyen té mangan. F- ky higu thep 2 cat got 6 - gid tri gidi han cia ham long mangan (6/4 = 1,5%). 6. Thép lo xo ‘Trong tiéu chuan NF (NF A35-571: 1984) néu ra hai loai thép 1 xo, dé 1a thép fd xo phi hop kim va thép 13 xo hop kim, Thép 13 xo phi hop kim chi cd hai mae thép: RE375 va RH 388, biéu thi sy khac nhau vé cong dung va dang cap bén, R biéu thi thép 18 xo (tiéng Phap: Ressort t4 18 x0) bigu thi mac cia thép 1d xo hop kim 14 can ct vio thank phan hod hoc dé biéu thi, va né gidng voi phuong phap bien thi mac cla thép két cau hop kim da duge néu 6 tren, 7. Thép 6 tan Trong tiéu chudn NF néu ra ce loai thép 6 lan, nhu thép é lan cacbon- crém cao, thép 6 lan tham cacbon, thép 6 lan khong gi va thép 3 lan nhiat a6 cao, ngodi ra cn cé thép phi hop kim chat rong ding cho cfc chi tiét dang gid dé, dinh rivé. Mac cil ca thép 6 lan déu ding thinh phin hod hoc dé biéu thi, tong dé chit cdi biéu thi nguyén to hop kim thép (xem bang 1.6). Tigu chudn méi (NF A35-565; 1994) da duge higu dinh trong nhimg nam pin day theo phuong phap biéu thi cua ti¢u chudn Chau Au EN (ding ky hi nguyen 16 hod hoc quée we dé biéu thi). Phuong phap biéu thi mac cua thép 6 lan dai thé cé thé chia thanh 3 loai nhu sau: a) Mac ctia thép 6 ldn cacbon-crom cao va thép 6 ién thé cacbor Gidng véi phuong php biéu thi mac thép hop kim két cau. 16Vidu: Thép 6 lan cacbon-crom cao 100C CrMn6 (mde mép cf 1A 100CM6). chit s6 trong mac thép: 100- ham lugng C trung binh; 6 - ham luong Cr trung binh tite 1a; 6/4 =1,5%. Ham lugng thanh phan hoa hoc chit yéu cha né la % theo trong luong: », = 0,90 + 1,05%; = 1.40 + 1,65%, Oy,= 1,00 + 1.20%, 0, = 0.025%, 0,= 0.015%. Thép 6 lan thdém cacbon 20Ni CrMo? (mde thép ci 1a 20NCD7), chit s& trong mac thép: 20- ham jugng C trung binh; 7 - ham luong Ni wung binh tac 1a 7/4=1.75%. Ham lugng thanh phan hod hoe chi yéu ctla né 1a % theo trong luong: © 7 = 022%, Oy, = 1,65 + 2,00%, e, < 0.40 = 0,60%, cy, = 6,20 + 0,30%, ham luong P va $ giéng nu ven. b) Mac ctia thép 6 ldn Khong gi va thép 6 lan bén nhiét dé cao Giong véi phuong phip biéu thi mac ctia thép hop kim cao (sé gidi thiéu ¢ dudi). ° Vi du: ‘Thép 6 lan bén nhiét d6 cao X85WMoCrV6-5-4 (mae thép cit li SWDCV6), chit sé trong mac thép; 85 - ham Ivong C wung binh; 6-5-4 - lan luot biéu thi ham lvong tung binh cla W, Mo, Cr. Him lugng thank phan hod hoc chi yéu cia né li % theo trong Ivong: a, = 0,80 + 0,90%, my = 6,00 +6,70%, Oy, = 4,5 + 5.50%, Og = 4.00 = 4,50%, m= 1,60 + 2.00%, ©, = 5,50%, @» = 0,030%, 0 = 0.015%. c) Thep ding trong link kign é lan Cé 4 mac thép phi hop kim, vé co ban ching gidng v6i phuong phap bidu thi méc thép cita thép phi hop kim chat tuong. Vidu: Méc thép C48E3: C48 - hiim luong cacbon trung binh cia thép phi hop kim, E3 - ding cap ham lugng luu huynh, phot pho thap: P < 0.025%, $< 0,15%. 8. Thép hop kim cao (trit thép gi6) Khi trong thép cé mot loai nguyén t6 hop kim vuot qué 5%, thi thép d6 duoc goi 1A thép hop kim cao. Thép khéng gi va thép bén nhiét déu thudc thép hop kim cao, biéu thi mac thép bang thanh phiin hod hoc nbu made thép hop kim két cau, nhung cé nhiéu diém khong gidng véi phuong phap biéu thi mac cia thép hop kim ket cau, dé 1a: 77- Dung déu mac thép 1 chit cai viét hoa Z: - Phuong phap biéu thi ham lugng cacbon giéng véi thép hop kim ket cau; - Nguyén 16 hop kim ding chit cai bang 1.23). lugng cla né lay chit s tron 86) dé biéu thi, khong Jay so du: - Dé don gian hoa mac thép chi biéu thi bam luoag nguyén 16 hop kim chinh. con nguyén (6 hop kim khdc chi ghi chit cai dai dién. Vi du nhu sau: ing Phap dé biéu thi (xem ham luong trung binb (am +Thép khong gi cacbon cuc thap: Z3CNDU 22 07 A Trong d6: Z- ky hiéu thép hop kim cao. 3 - ham lugng cacbon (40.03%). CNDU - biéu thi c6 chita Cr, Ni, Mo, Cu. 22 - ham lugng Cr uung binh (a,,= 21 + 23%), 07 - ham [vgng Ni trung binh (@,,= A - chia N (ham luong khong biéu thi}. +Thép bén nhiét: ZIGCNWT 1713B Trong do: + 75%), Z- ky hiéu thép hop kim cao. 10 - ham lueng cacbon trung binh (e,.= 0,07 + 0,12%) CNWT - biéu thi cé chtta Cr, Ni, W. Ti 17 - ham lugng Cr trung binh (@,,=16 + 18%). 13 - ham hong Ni trung bin (oy, =12 + 14%) B- cha B (ham bigng khong bigu thi. Tidu chuta cia Phap duge ban hanh gan day phan 1én sir dung phaong phép biéu thi cia tiéu chudn Chau Au (EN), giéng voi phutong phip biéu thi mac thép hgp kim cao tia Dute: 78- Ding dau mic thép hop kim [A chit cdi viet hoa X, khong ding chit Z; - Nguyén 16 hgp kim su dung ky higu nguyén 16 hod hoc quéc 1, khong dimg chit cdi tiéng Phap. Trong mot sé tu ligu va tigu chuan, hai loai mac thép ci va méi cing 16n tai. 9. Thép dung cu Trong tiéu chudn thép cong cu (thép dung ew) do NF A3 1992 ban hinh nam 1992, mac thép cia Phap d& duge chuyén sung bicu thi theo mac thép cia ti¢u chuaép Chau Au (EN), nbung thép cong cy ciia tiéu chudn EN lay tigu chudn DIN cia Bite lam co sé. Tuy nhien. ching loai thép theo tiéu chudn clla hai nude khong hoan toan eidng nhau. 590: a) Thep dung ca phi hap kim ‘Thép dung cu phi hep kim (bao gém thép dung cu 6 nguyén w hop kim vi lugng V hoac Cr} do sit dung phuong phap biéu thi cia tiéu chuan EN, mac thép cu va moi da c6 su thay ddi rat l6n. Cong thiic chung clia mac thép mdi C xxx ExU x Trong do: C- thép cachon chat Ivong. xxx - ham lweng cac bon trung binh (hai hoac ba chit 86). ExU - dang cap him luong uu huynh, phot pho. x - k¥ higu phy (khi cho | tugng nho V hoae Cr) Chi s@ biéu thi ding cap ham juong luu hiynh, phot pho trong mac thép: E2U: @,, @s £ 0,020%. E3U: a. O.£ 0.025%. Eau: Wp, @.< 0.035%. Ky hiéu phu: V1- chifa @y trung binh 14 0.1% (a, = 0,05 + 0,2%). Cr4- chtfa @,, trung binh 140.4% (@¢, = 0,20 + 0,50%), 79Phuong phap biéu thi méc méi cia thép dung cu phi hop kim c6 su thay déi rat ln, (bang 1.25). Bang 1.25. Déi chiéur mac thép eti vd mae thép moi cua thép cong cu phi hop kim theo tiéu chudn NF ‘Mae thép cb Mac thép mdi Yi 70 CI0E2U ¥, 80 C30E2U ¥, 90 COOE2U Y) 105 C1OSE2U | ¥,105V C10SE2U V1 ~ i Y; 120 CI20E30 Y.140 CHO EBU ¥3120C CI20B3UCr4 ~ ¥2140C CléOE3U G4 Y38 C38E4U Y,42 CREST” Yas CAE ¥, 55 C5SE4U | |~ ¥65 COsEaU b) Thép dung cu hop kim (bao gém thép dung cu chin va dap thép ding cu c6 gidi han din héi cao va thép dung cu chin mai mon, bén nhige, chiu din mon...) Phuong phap biéu thi mac ctia thép dung cu hop kim lai dude chia thanh 2 foai. Mot 1a thép dung cu c6 ham lugng nguyen té hop kim don < 5%, gidng vdi phuong phdp biéu thi mac cla thép hop kim kéi cau ké tren. Trong mac thép cil, dung dau 1a chit cdi Y (biéu thi thép cong cul). nhung mac thép mdi lai str dung phuong phap biéu thi cia tiéu chudn EN, luge bat chir cdi Y. Vidu: ¥ 42 CD4 (ci) va 42Cr Mo4 (indi). Mot loai khdc 1a thép dung cu co him luang mot nguyén té nae dé 2 5%, giéng nhu phuong phdp biéu thi mac cla thép hop kim cao ké tren, Ding dau cac loai mac thép cé nay Ia chit cdi Z, trong khi dé 80.mac thép mdi tai chit cai X. Vi du; ZZNKDT 18-08-05 (cil); X2NiCOMt 18-8-5 (mdi). od Phép dung cu cét ic dé cao (thép gid) dung phuong php biéu thi cila tigu chudn EN véi Mac thép cii cua thép gid trong tigu chudn NF duge bieu thi theo phuong phap bi¢u thi mac cita thép hgp kim cao, vi vay mac thép yat dai. Mac thép tong tiéu chuan mdi lai can crt theo phuong phap bigu thi mac cua thép gié theo tigu chun EN, Dac diém co ban cila nd la: + Ditug dau mac thép 14 chit HS biéu thi thép gid. + Diing sau do 3 hoac 4 nhém chit s6 biéu thi ham Iuong wing binh cita nguyén (6 hgp kim hop thanh, chit s6 duoc Jam tr 86, khong can sir dung phuong phap sO nhan nhur trong bang 1.24 + Cac nhém chit sé duge sap xép theo thi ty W-Moe-V-Co va khong edn biéu thi Cr. Thép khéng chita Co chi ding 3 nhém chit s6 truéc, con thép khong chia Mo thi nhém thi 2 ding chit sé 0 dé bigu thi. + Ham lugng cacbon thudng khéng dugc néu ra. Nhung thép c6 ham luong nguyén 16 hop kim giéng nhau, ma ham lugng cacbon khdc nhau thi mde thép cua thép chiia ham lugng cacbon tuong 46i cao phai them chit edi hau 16" HC". vi du cho trong bing 1.26. Bang 1.26, Déi chiéu mac cit va mdi clia thép gid theo tiéu chudin NF Mac thép ct Mic thép mai ETOWDCV06-05-04-02 AS6-5-E2 ZROWCY 18-04-01 BSI8-0-7 Z8SWDCV 06-05-04-02 NS6-5-2 ZIOWDCV 06-05-04-02 HS6 -5-2HC | Z85DCWVO08-04-02-01 11S2-8-1 ZIOODCWY 09-04-02-02 S292 7120 WDCV 06-05.04-03 TiS6-5-3 ZI3OWDCY 06-05-04-04 HS6-5-4 ZSOWKCY 18-05-04-01 HS18-1-1-5 ZBOWKCV 18-10-04-02 HS18--0-2-10 al_Tiéf bing 1.26 “Mae thép co Mae thép mdi ] Z8SWDKCV 06-05-05 -4-02 HS6-5-2-5 ! | Z9GWDKCVO5-05-05-04-02 | HS6-5-2-S11C 4 | ZWKCDVO07-05-04-04-02 | HS7-4-25 °° | ZILODKCWV09-08-04-02-01— [AS2-9-1-8 7 ZI3CWKCDV 10-10-04-04-03 | HS10-4-3-10 oT ZI3OKWDCV12-07.06.04-03 | TS7-6-3-12 ~ 7 ZiGOWKVC12-05-05-04 HS12 ~ ~ Nhu vay, gitia mc thép ct vA mac thép méi cila thép g16 6 8 thay d6i rt Ién, cho nén bang 1.26 cd thé dé tham Khao khi can thict. 10. Thép silic Mac cia thép silic do ch cai tién 16 + chi sé gid wi dn hao 16i sit + chi sé do day + chi cai hau 16 hop thanh. Vi du, FeM140-308, FoM117-30P, Fe¥ 1000-65HD. Cong thie chung ctta mae thép Silic duge trint bay mhu sau: OO xxx xxO Trong do: OO - chit cai tin 16 bigu thi chung logi sin phdm. xxx - gid tri t6n hao 16i sat 1dn nhat cho phép (ba hoac b6n chit xx - do day danh nghia (mm) x 100. O - chit cdi u té biéu thi dac tinh cla thép. Chil cai tién 16: FeM - thép silic dinh hudng, gid ui t6n hao 16i sat Py, x 100. FeN - thép silic khong dinh hudng, gid tri tén hao Idit sit Prisn x 100. Chi cai hau 6: N - gid ti ton hao 101 sit thong thudng. S - gid tri tén that sat thap. P~ cam img tircao 82HD - thép phi hop kim khdng dinh hudng (ban thinh phim). HE - thép hop kim khong dinh hung (ban thanh phim). 1, Cac loai thép khae ‘Trong tiéu chuén NF con cé thé gap mot sé loai mac thép khdc khong bao gém nhimg loai thép ndi ven. Vidu: Chit cdi tién td cita mac thép dng: TU - éng thép khong han ranh. TS - dng thép cé hanh ranh. Chit cdi tién t6 ca mac thép tam: PF - thép tam dling cho két cau gan bién P - san phém det ding cho thing dp luc BS - thép (im ding cho binh khi han Chit cai tién té ctia mac thép ren: F - vat én théng dung Ghi chit: ¥ nghia cla P,,«, VA Piss nhu da gidi thigu 6 diém 13 muc 1.3.2. 12. Thép die Phuong phap biéu thi mac cla thép dic thudng ding mac thép co bin va them chit cdi hau te M. a} Thép dite phi hop kim Dang do bén cia vat liéu dé bigu thi. Vi du: £20-40M; thép dic phi hop kim dimg cho céng tinh co o, 2 200 MPa, va o, 2 400 MPa. A 420CP-M: thép diic phi hop kim ding cho thing 4p luc va ndi hoi cé o, > 400 MPa b) Thép diic hyp kim Thép dite hop kim biéu thi thanh phén hoa hoc, vi du: 15 CD 505M Trong dé: 8315 - ham lugng o,. trung binh 14 0.15%. CD - biéu thi-cé chtta Cr, Mo. 5 - ham luong @,, trung binh 1.25% (5/4 = 1.25%). 05 - ham Luong o,,, trung binh La 0.5% (khong ding thita s6). M -k§ hiéu thép dite. ch Thép dic bén nhiet, thép khéng gi Dua theo phuong phép biéu thi mac thép cla thép hop kim cao, vi du: ZACND 19 13M Trong dé: Z- ky higu thép hgp kim cao. 4- ham lugng @¢ trung binh 14 0,04%. CND - biéu thi cd chita Cr, Ni, Mo. 19 - ham long «,, trung binh 1a19%. 13- ham Ivong ,,, trung binh 1413%. M - kg hiéu thép dtc. dj) Thép dite ding 6 nhiét dé thap Dimg ddu mac thép la chi cdi F. Can ctt vio nhiét dé lam viéc mA chia thanh céc nhém ding cap: A, B, C vi du: FA-M, FC-M. Nhém C lai duge chia thanh Cl, C2, C3. Nhiét dé lam viée cha thép duc nhom C 1a thap nhat. 13. Gang dite Trong mac gang duc c6 mot bo phan ding d6 bén dé biéu thi, int bd phan kinic ding thanh phn hod hoc dé biéu thi. Chir cai tign t6 ctla mde thudng cé ¥ nghia nhu sau: FGL: gang xém. FB: gang chéng mai mon. PGS: gang cau. L: gang austenite graphite dang tam. MB: gang déo tam tring. S: gang austenite graphite dang cau. MN: gang déo (am den. Vidu: 84Mac gang x4m PGL 150 biéu thio, 2 1SOMPa. Mac gang cdu EGS 500-7 bigu thi, 2 SOOMPa. Mac gang dic tam tring c6 thé ron MB 380 -12 bigu thi 6, 2 380MPa, 52 12% Mac gang duc chong mai mon FBCr9NiS biéu thi ham iuong irung binh: @,, = 9% Va Oy, = 5% Mac gang duic austenite graphite dang tam L-NM 13-7 bicu thi ham lugng tung binh: ©, = 13% vA w,,, = 7% Nhiing ky higu khdc tuy khong due néu ra nhung c6 thé theo cach qui dinh trén day ma suy ra 1.8. Tiéu chuan mac thép cua Thuy Dién (SS) LSA. Khai quat vé phuong phép bien thi mae thép theo tiéu chudn SS Mac thép cua Thuy Dign tude day ding phuong phap bigu thi theo ti@u chudn cong nghiép Thuy Dién SIS (Svensk Industri Standard), hign nay phiin Ia sit dung tieu chudin quéc gia Thuy Dién SS (Svensk Standard). Phucng phap biéu thi mac thép ca Thuy Dién c6 lién quan toi su phan foai thép. Thong thug chia thép thanh 2 loai: thép hgp kim va thép phi hop kim. Ngoai ra cdn c6 thé phan Joai theo cong dung nhuw sau + Thép két cau thong dung. + Thép ket cau ding cho ché tao may. + Thép ding trong thing #p luc. + Thép hod cing bé mat. + Thép héa t6t (nhiét luyén héa tt). + Thép dé cat got. + Thép ld xo. + Thép dung cu. + Thép khong gi Mac thép ctla tiéu chuan SIS ding 4 chit s6 dé biéu thi, dai bo phan la do MNC (Metall Norm Cetralen) dé xudt. Mac thép cia tiéu chudn SS trén nguyén tic 1a thém chit sé 14 6 trude 4 chi s6 ndi tren 85de biéu thi. Nhung trong cdc tai lieu kf thuat vé mde thép Wong nhdng nam gai i viel co ban gidng véi phuong phap biéu thi méc thép cila tigu chuiin SIS. 1.3.2. Gidi thiéu phitong phap biéu thi mde thép thee tien chudn SS Trong mac thép 4 chit s6 cla ti¢u chudn S814, cha sé dau tién diing 4é phan biét thép phi hop kim hode thép hop kim: | x x x biéu thi thép phi hop kim; 2 x x x biéu thi thép hep kim. Chit sé thir nhat vat cha sé thir hai hep thanh hat chit s6 dau c6 ¥ nghia khac nhau trong thép phi hgp kim va thép hop kim. 1. Thép phi hop kim Chu sé thé nhat va chi sé thi hai cia mac thép Jan lugt hop thanh nhing nhém 12, 13, 14, ..., 18. Ngoai nhém 19 ra, wong mac thép cla nhém 12 dén ahém 18, ham lugng cacbon 1a tir thap dén cao. Néu Iya chon theo céng dung thi: +12x%%, 13x x, 14x xx - thép cacbon tha] ham lung cacbon khac nhau ciia thép cay, thép tam, thép ong, phoi ren, vi du nh thép két cau théng dung, thép ding trong thimg. &p luc, thép thm cacbon. Nhting mac thép gidng nbau con duoc chia than thép lang, thép nia soi. thép soi. + 15x x, 16x x - thép cacbon trung binh, nhu thép hda tét, thép ding t6i bé mar gia nhiét bang ngon lia va gia nhiét cam tng. +17xx- thép 16 xa cachon. + 18x x - thép dung cy cacbon. +19 x%x%- thép dé cat got. Dé thuan tién tra ctu c6 thé se sinh qua vi du doi chiéu gitta mac thép cla thép phi hgp kim tiéu chudn SIS véi mac thép cila thép cacbon chat higng ca Trung Quoc nhu sau: SIS1412 - gan gidng voi thep 20 ciia Trung Quoc (GB). STS1650 - gin gidng véi thép 45 cia Trung Quéc (GB). SIS1880 - gin piéng véi thép T10 cia Trung Quée (GB). Chit s6 thir ba va chit 86 thit tu biéu thi loai thép cé thanh phan hoi hac nhau cua cing mt loai thép hoac mét nhém thép. 362. Thép hop kim Té hop cia chit 56 thir nhat va chi sé thit hai cha mac thép ding dé bicu thi nguyén 16 hop kim chinh trong thép (thong thudng 1a chi nguyén té co ham luong cao nhat). Neuyén t6 hgp kim chinh va loai thép ma hai chit sé dang truéc dai dién 1a: + 20x x - thép Si, ché yéu IA thép 1d xo chifa Si. + 21x x - thép Mn, ngoai loai thép cd biét ra, thong thudng 14 loai thép chita C <0,30% 422 x x - thép Cr véi Cr <10%. +23 x x - thép Cr cao vdi Cr >10%, phan Idn 1a thép bén nhigt va thép khéng gi, mot bo phan nhé Ja thép dung cu chtta ham Luong Cr cao, +25 x x ~ thép Ni cao. +26 x x= thép xirly lam nhé min hat tinh thé. +27 x x - thép gid chita W. Mo, Cr, V boac thép dung cu hop kim. +29 x x - loai thép khde, thép chtta Al hoac V G day hai sé higu 24 x x; 28 x x khong c6 dé chi dién vio s WU. Gidi thiéu cée mac thép hop kim tiéu chudin SIS gin gidng v6i mac thép hop kim eta Trung Quée S1S2090 - gn gidng véi thép ld xo hop kim 55Si2Mn cila Trung Quée (GB). 8152230 - gén gidng voi thép két cau hop kim 50CrMn cia Trung Quée (GB). SIS2320 - gin ging vdi thép khong gi 1Cr13 cilia Trung Quéc (GB). SIS2722 - g4n gidng vi thép gi6 W6MoSCr4V2 cia Trung Quéc (GB). Chir sé that ba va chit sd thé tr cua mée thép biéu thi loai thép ma pham vi thanh phan trong cing mét nhom thép cd mot chit khée nhau. Phuong phap biéu thi nay tuong ty nh phuong phép bigu thj mac thép phi hop kim. 871.9. Tiéu chuan mac thép cia Anh 1.9.1. Khai qudat vé phuang phap biéw tht mac thép theo tiéu chudn BS © Anb, tigu chudn thutng ding ta ti¢u chuan BS (British Standard). Hon muti nam té tai phuong phé ie biéu tht mac gang thép trong, ti¢u chuain BS di cé sy 6 re ic thép cua thép cacbon, thép hop kim va thép khong gi theo tiéu Sal BS970 tue day duoc biéu thi 1a En x x, trong d6 x x Ba chit sé ky higu c6 s6 1+ 3, nhumg khong nhat dinh JA s6 thé tu thudn, cing khong nhat dinh cé ¥ nghia dac biét. Ngoai ra, mc thép cong cu BS duoc chia thanh 6 loai theo céng dung. Phuong phap biéu thi cua nhém mic nay trude day chit yéu duge thé hién theo cong dung, khong biéu thi thanh phin hoa hoc cia thép, ciing thiéu su phan loai hop Ly. a mac thép moi phat wién rai khd xen vao. Dé xem xét dén van dé khong day du nay, hiép hoi tiéu chuan Anh Quéc (BSI - British Standard Institution) da khdi thao mét tai liéu ky thud cé tien quan dén phyong phdp biéu thi mdc gang thép, dua ra hé théng mac thép chir sd cita thép khong gi, thép cacbon. thép hyp kim, bén canh dé da img dung tiéu chuan BS 970 hi Ih. Dong thai, hiép hoi tigu chuan Anh Quée (BSI) ta mot trong 18 thanh vien cia by ban Géu chudn Chau Au (EN), do dé viée thuc hién rong rai tic chudn Chau Au (mor phuong phap biéu thi mac gang thép tuong d6i hoin thién) c6 anh hudng téi h¢ théng mde thép uéu chuan BS cia Anh quéc Két cau co ban etia ede thép wong tigu chudn BS 970 hién hinh ohu saw K XX OO xx Trong 46: X - vi tri dau lién, chit sé chi ching loai, xx - vi tf thit 2,3: chit sé, biéu thi dac tinh, thanh phan héa hoc hode sé thit tu nhém thép. O - vj tei thet 4: chit cai biéu thi diéu kién cung img hoc loai hinh vat liéu. XX - vj ui thit 5,6: chit sO biéu thi ham tugng cacbon hodc nhém thép co thanh phan co ban gidng nhau. Loai thép duoc biéu thi bing chi sé dau tien wong mac thép cho trong bang 1.27. B8Bang 1.27. Logi thép duoc biéu thi bang chit sd déu tién Chis dau a 1 2 én Thép caebon . Loai thép Ham Ivong mangan | Ham Iuong cd thong thudng mangan khi cao | D8 cat got Chie so dau [3 3 5-9 1 én | ‘Thép khong gi * Loai thép Loai austenit Loai martensite va | Phan loai dng tan Oat austenite ferit xem 6 bang 1-28 ¥ nghia cha chit sé 6 vi wi thi hai va vi ti thé ba trong méc thép It toai thép. Vi rf thi wr trong mac thép [a chit cdi dé biéu thi diéu kign cung ing va loai hinh vat ligu. Chit cdi duoc sit dung gdm A, M. H, S, y nghia cla ching nhw sau: A - biéu thi cung tmg theo thanh phan héa hoc, A; thay thé cila Analyse. M - biéu thi phai dam bao co tinh, M: thay thé cla Mechanical. H - biéu thi dam bdo tinh tham toi, H: thay thé cua Hardenability. S - biéu thi thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét, S: thay thé cla Stainless, 1.9.2. Gidi thiéu phuong phdp bidu thi mde thép theo tien chudin BS : 1. Thép cacbon a) Thép cacbon thong dung chita mangan Chit sé dau tien ca mac thép 1d 86 0, chit s6 thit hai va thi ba biéu thi ham long mangan trung binh (@,,%x 100), chit sO thi nam va thi sdu biéu thi ham luong cachon trung binh ( %x 100). 89Vidu: + O40A10 - biéu thi ham Inong teung binh cla: me = 0.10%, Gy, = 6.40%, cung tng bie dam theo thanh phan hda hoc, gan gidng vGi thép 10 ctta mac thép Trung Quéc (GB). + 070M26 - biéu thi ham Juong trung bink cla: w, = 0.26%. Wyn = 0,70%, cung ting bao dam theo theo co tinh. : + O80H41 - biéu thi ham hyong trung binh cla: @, = 0,41%6, yn = 0.80%, Cung ing bdo dam theo tinh tham 186i. b)Thép cachon chita hant tuong mangan tong adi cao Chir 56 dau tign ciia mac thép A 86 1; 16 hop cita chit $6 thé hai va thir ba biéu thi ham lugig mangaa trung binh ((@,),%x LOG), chit so thd nam va tht sdu van biéu thi ham lugng cacbon tung binh (0, x LOO). Vidu: + 125A15 - biéu thi ham luong tung binh ctta: o, = 0.15%. Oqy 1,25%, cung ting bao dam theo thinh phan héa hoc + 150M19 - bigu thj ham lugng trung binh cla: w = 0.19%, Opn =1,50%, cng itng, bdo dim theo eo tinh. oy Thép cachon chita Bo “ Ham luong mangan ciia loai thép nay ciing kha cao, cho nén chit sé ther nhat cla mac thép a s6 1, chit sé thet hai 1a sé 7 hodc so 8 biéu thi nhém thép chita Bo. Vi tf thi w 1a chit H. Chit sé thi nam va unit sdu 1& ham long cacbon trung binh (@ % x 100). Vidu + 170H20 - biéu thi thép cachon chita Bo va céc ham Luong tung bink: ©, = 0,20% (0,17 + 0,23%), ay, = 6.95% (0,80+1.10%), 64 = 0,0005% + 0.005% véi yéu cau bao dim tinh thm tdi. + 185H40 - biéu thi thép cacbon chia Bo va cdc ham lugng ung binh, ag = 0,40% (0,36+0,45%), ,,, =1.50% (1,25+1.175%), ham luong ©, giéng nhu 6 trén, yéu cau bao dam tinh tham toi. dj Thép cacbou dé cat got Chir s6 dau tién ca mac thép 1a 86 2: chit sé thit hai va thit ba biéu thi ham lugng luu huynh uung binh hoac nho nhat (aw. %x 100). 90,Chit sé thir nam va tht sda cing biéu thi ham lugng cacbea trung binh (o.% x100). Vidu: + 216M28 - biéu thi thép dé cat got hé twu huynh chiia cdc ham lugng tung binh: ©, = 0.28%, @, = 0,16%, chit M biéu thi cung dng bag dam theo co tinh, thinh phin hoa lige cla n6 gin gidng véi mac thép Y30 cilia Trung Quoée 2, Thép hap kim Loai thép nay bao gém thép kel cau hap kim, thép id xo, thép d lan. Ba chit sé tude mae thép bop kim biéu thi loai thép hode nhont thép, trong 46, chit sé thir nhat va thit hai ding sé 50 + 99 dé biéu thi, chi sé thit nam va uni su bigu thi ham luong cacbon tung binh (we%x100). Bang 1.28 14 nhom thép ding ch@ s6 thé nhat va thi hai dé bidu thi Vi du: 4+ 708A30 - bigu thi thép hop kim crom~- mélipden chia W¢ = 0.28 + 0,33%, We, = 0,90 + 1,20%, yy, = O15 + 0,25% (gin gidng véi thép kéi cu hop kim 30CrMo cita Trung Quéc). +735A50 -bigu thi thép hop kim crém - vanadi_ chia 0.80 = 1.10%, wy > 0,15%, thutmg ding Jam thép Wo xo (gn gidng véi thép 10 S0CrV cia Trung Quéc) +535A99 - biéu thi thép hop kim cacbon-crém cao chia w, 0,95 + 1.10%, me, =1.20 = 1,60%, chi yeu ding lam thép é tam (gn gidng voi thep 6 lan GCr15 cita Trung Quéc). Bang 1.28. Nhém thép hop kim ding chit si thi nat v6 thit hai dé bidu thi Chir sé thi |” Nhoin thép Chit s6 thir Nhém thép | hat va thi hai halt v3 thé hai 150 Thép niken Taép MaNiMo ~ | oT | (ei Tai de phdng) (git lady prong) | / 32 ‘Thép eran (or, Thép NiCrMo (o, trung binh <1%) trung Binh <4%) [33 Thép cron (i, Thép NiCrMo (os; . trung binh 21%) unung binh 1%21.59%) atChit 96 thet hat vi thet hai “Nhom thép ‘Chit so thir anhat va thit hai ] Tiép bang 1.28 "Nhoin thép 1 54259 “(Git lai dt phong) |] 82 ‘Thép NiCrMo (2,5, teung binh 1,5%+3%) 60 ~~) Thép MnMo 83 Thép NiCrMo (ax, rung binh 3%#4.5%) 61262 (quit ai cir phong) |[g4z80 (ei Tai du phong) 6 PThép NiCr ios, ([ 87 Thep CrNiIMo (Cela | trung binh nguyen 0 chinh > 1%) \ 1,15) 64 Thep NiCr, (88 (gir loi du phong) trung binh 11%+2.5%} 65 | Thép NiCr (, 89 Thép CrMoV tung bin : 2.5% 44.5%) 66 ‘Thep NiMo 9 Thép C1MoAl “ (gir lai du phong) 791 TY (git lar di phone) 70 Thép CrMo (a, |] 92 Thép SiMaMo trung Vinh <1.1%) 7 (gilt lai de phong) 4] 93 (gitt Iai dur phong) 72 Thép CrMo tm, |] 94 ~ Thép MoNiCrMo. rung bink 23%) 7 | Thép CV (ait lai du phongy (gitt lar diz phong) 2. Thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét (thép ché tao van) Ky higu mdc thép khong gi va thép bén nhi¢t 1A chit edi 6 vi wi thir tr S. Chit s@ thi ahat, thi hai, tha ba biéu thi loai inh va day nhém thép, vé co ban giény véi day mac thép cla thép khéng gi theo ti¢u chudin AISI cita M¥. 92Vi du: +2xx Sx x- bicu thi thép khong gi Austenite CrMnNiN chia niken, 2.x x $x x khae biet voi day 3.x x Sx x va cing khac biét voi day 2.x x Mx x clia thep dé cat got. +3xx Sx x - bitu thi thép khong gi Austenite, bao gm nhém thép CrNi, thép CrNiMo, vi du: thép 304515 twong dyong véi thép khing gi 304 theo tigu chudn AISI cia Mg, con thép 304812 tong duong v6i thép khong gi cacbon si¢u thip 3041 theo titu chudn AISI cua My. +4xx Sx x - biéu thi thép khong gi Martensite va thép khong it. Vi du: 403S17 1a thép khong gi Ferit loai Cr13, tong duong khéng gi 403 theo tiéu chuan AIST; 441829 1a thép khong gi got chia lvu huynh cao va chia Se. tuy thanh phan héa hoc giéng véi thanh phan hoa hoc cua thép 441 theo titu chudn AISI ctia Mg (nhung thép 441 khéng chifa S cao va Se). 4. Thép dung cu Mac thép dung cu va thép lim khuén cha Anh duoe liét ke trong titu chudn BS 4659 (1989). Mie thép do 2 chit cdi va chit s urcé tir | dén 2 chit s6 hop thanh, ¢6 mde thép con kém theo chit 0 ban giéng vi hé thong mac thép dung cu ti€u chuan AISI cla My, chit cai hau t6 chu yéu ding dé phan biét cdc loai thép khéc nhau tong nhém cé thinh phan co bin giéng nhau. He thong ky higu cu thé nhu sau: BW x - thép dung cu cacbon 16i nude, x biéu thi chit sé thi ty (gidng nhu 6 dusi), vidu: BWIA, BW1B, BW2, v.v. BS x - thép dung cu chiu va dap, vi du: BS}, BSS. v.v. BO x - thép dung cu hop kim téi dau, vi du: BO2. vv. BA x - thép dung cu hop kim toi khong khi, vi dy: BA]. BA6. ve BD x - thép khuén dap ngudi, vi du: BD2, BD2A. vv. BH x x - thép khudn dap néng, vf du: BHt2, BH26. v.v. Cong ¢6 ki hiéu BH224/5 1a thép khuon rén. BP x x - thép khuon ép nhua, vi du: BP20. v.v. BF x x - thép dung cu cacbon vonphram, vi du: BF1. 93BL x - thép dung cu hop kim thap cong dung dac chang, vi du: BI. BT x (x) thép gio hé vonphram, vi du: BT1, BT42. vv BM. x (x) - thép gié hé molipden vonphram. vf du: BM2, BM34. vv 5. Thép cong nghiép dién Theo ti@u chudin BS6404 (1988), mac thép cong nghiep dién cé kat cdu co ban nhu sau: XXk XxX QO Xx Trong dé: Xxx - bigu thi ui sé hao t6n 104 sat x 100. xx - 6 day danh nghia (mm) x 100 O - bidu thi trang thai va Logi hie x- biéu thi diéu kién thts nghiém co tan s6 10Hz. a) Thép silic khéng dinh huéng Vi du, mac thép 520-65-E5 biéu thi thép silic khong dinh huéng cé tri 86 t6n that st do thu trong tan sé SOHz 1& < 5,20, dé day 140,65mm, mac thep 350-65-A6 biéu thi do thir trong tan s6 60Hz, A biéu thi trang thai a, y nghia cia cdc chi s6 con lai gidng nhu tren. b) Thep silic dink Inting Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép giéng nhu tén, trong dé ¥ nghia k¥ hiéu chit cdi thudng ditng la: N - t6n hao {6i sit binh thutng. S -16n hao 16i st thap. P- cdm ting tit cao. 6. Thép dic ‘Tong hop hai tigu chudn BS3100 (nam 1991) va BS3146 (nam 1992 duyét lai), phuong phap biéu thi mac thép diic theo loai hinh vat {igu khde nhau nhu sau: 94a) Thép diic diing trong két edit va cong inh Mac thép do chif cdi tién 16 thém chit sé tao thanh, Y nghia cua chit cdi dai dién cho cdc loai thép due nhu sau: A x- thép diic cacbon va thép diic C-Mn, x 1d chit so biéu thi 36 thé tu (gidng nhu ¢ dudi). AL x, BL x - thép dtic ding 6 abiét 0 thap. Bx - thép dic ding 6 nhiét d6 cao. BU x - thép die c6 do bén cao. AW x - thép dac chéng mai mon va héa citng bé mat, BW x - thép dic chéng mai mon, aa mon, AM x - thép diic c6 dé dan tir cao. b)Thep die chiu dn mon va bén nhiéi Mac thép cia loai tnep nay c6 hai day: 3x x CxxvadxxC X x, trong dé chur cdi C bicu thi thép dic, phuong phap biéu thi cla cdc thagh phan con lai giéng nhu mac thép khong gi- 0) Thép dite chinh xdc va hep kin dic chink xac Mac thép do cht cdi va chit s6 (s6 thit ty) tao thanh, Chit cai duge su dung nhu sau: CLA x - thép die chinh xdc hop kim thap va cachon. ANC x - thép diic chinh xdc chiu an mon, bén nhiét va hop kim dtc chinh xde Ni-Co. Hat loai vat ligu ddc chinh xdc & trén déu cé thé them hau to A.B, C... dé biéu thi ding cdp chit luang khée nbau, 7. Gang dic Phuong phap bidu thi mi duc trong ti€u chudn BS cé hai loai. MOt loai diing toan bd cha sd dé biéu thi. Mét loai ding chi cai tién 16 (hoac chit s6) kém thém sé thi ey dé biéu thi. a) Gang xan Mac cia gang xam su dung ba chit sé dé biéu thi. Vi du: 150 - biéu thi gang x4m co do bén kéo 2150MPa. b) Gang cau Mac cla gang cdu sit dung phan s6 dé biéu thi. Vi du: 9510/2 - biéu thi gang cau c6 dé bén kéo > JOOMPa, 46 gidin dit 22%. 400/181.20, trong dé hau 16 L20 biéu thi digu & mhiet do -20°C phi én kém theo 2 9J ahr don chiéc), thanh phan cin tai ging nhu tren. yeu céu cong va da phuong phap biéu thi c «) Gang dite c6 the rén (gang deo} Mae ciia gang dtic c6 thé rén sir dung chit cdi tiga té va them hai nhém chit sé dé biéu thi, Chit cdi duge sit dung nhw sau: B- gang deo tam den. W - gang déo tam trang. P-- gang déo Peclit. Nh6ém chit s6 dang trudc biéu thi do bén kéo (ay, MPa)x10. nhom chit sé ding sau biéu thi do gidin dai (8, %). Vi du: W40-05, bigu thi gang diic tam tring c6 thé rén ding mau thi tiu chudn () 12mm) do diroe Gp 2 400MPa va 8 2 5%. d) Gang dite choiig méi mon Mac ctta gang ditc chong mai mon str dung chif so tién t6 va chi cdi hau 16 (A, B, ..., E) dé bidu thi, Vi dus LA, trong a6, chit so biéu thi phan loai, ¥ nghia cdc chit sé cla né la: 1 gang dic chéng mai man phi hop kim va hop kim tha 2- gang dite chéng mai mon hop kim NiCr, = gang dtic chéng mii mdn crém cao. Chit cai ding sau I ky higu thd tu. ¢) Gang dite Ausieniie Mac cita gang diic Austenite sir dung chit cai tién 16 va chit sé hau 16 dé bigu thi. Vi du: FL, S2.,, trong dé, chit cai bigu thi phan loai, y nghia cua ching 1a: F - gang diic Austenite graphite dang tim; S- gang dic Austenite graphite dang cau. Chir sé biéu thi s6 thir uw.1.10. Tiéu chuan mac thép cia M¥ L1OL, Khat quar biéu thi mac thép cia MF dc 16 chite tiéu chudn va phuong pliap M¥ cé khodng hon 400 té chic lam céng viéc tigu chuan hoa. Mac cia cdc san pham gang thép thudng sir dung phuong phap bigu thi cla t6 chic tieu chuan cla My, O M§, 6 mét 56 16 chic tiéu chuain ndi tiéng c6 lién quan toi vat Ligu kim loai (bang 1.29). Bang 1.29. Té chiic tiéu chudn lién quan tdi vat figu kim loai (Mo) [ Krhic ~ jeu chudn Kihiéu cia | Téchite Geu chuan tien chudn, téu chuan I - ACI HO: dic hop kim My ASME Higp hoi ky sir co kbi My AIST TIoi gang thép My ASTM Higp hol vat lien va thit nghiém My AMS Hoi qui phgam Kithuatvat [PAWS | Hoi hin My ligu hang khong vd ty My ANSI Vien iu chun quéc gia || SAE Hip hoi ky su 6 t6 My My ASM Hoi kim loai My ~ ~ ' Cac t6-chitc nay déu c6 hé thong mac thép va tidu chuén riéng cua minh. Vi nguyén nhan lich str, cho nén phucng phap biéu thi mac gang thép cla MY cé rat nhiéu loai, hon nfia cing rat khé thong nhat lai. Dé tanh su nham Lan cé thé xay ra, déng thoi dé phii hop vdi yeu cau phat trién vat ligu méi va thdi dai tin hoc, tir nam 1974, cdc chite nhu ASTM va SAE da dua ra “Phuong dn hé thong chit sé thong ahat ca méc kim loai_ va hgp kim” (Unified Numbering System for Metals and Elloys), goi tit fa hé théng UNS, sau nay duge hi¢u dinh hoan thién hon. Phuong phép bigu thi mac thép cla he thong UNS nay d@ duoc sit dung trong mot sé fai ligu vé ticu chudn va sé tay thors, dung cua MY, dong thoi duge lit ké cing véi hé thong mac thép cha tigu chudn tude day, nhung hé thong UNS 1A he thong phi tiéu chudn, cho nén khong thé thay thé duoc cde hé théng mic thép tiéu chudn. I. Tiéu chudn cia ANSI Tieu chudn cia Vien tien chudn quée gia My (ANSI - American National Standards Institute) duoc sir dung rong rai trong finh vue céng nghiép. Chitc nang chi yéu cua 16 chife nay 1a diéu tiét 97phdi hop cong viéc 1am hé théng ticu chudn mang tinh tw nguyén, sap xép cdc t6 chic thich hop dim nhan cong vige Yam hé théng 1icu chuan. giai quyét céc mau thudn trong céng viée tiéu chudn va traink nhéing céng vie tring lap. Nhung 16 chite nay khong tu dinh ra ticu chudn. ma né chi Iya chon dé céng bé mot bé phan tiCu chuan trong tiéu chudn cia cac 16 chic khde 1a tigu chudn quéc gia MY. Vi du, khi su dung tigu chuan cla cdc t6 chic ASTM. AWS 16 chite tid chuan ny di sir dung phién higu kép nhu: ANSI/ASTM x x - x x. ANSI/AWS x x - x x. Trong loai tiéu chudn nay phai ding he thong ky hiéu cita cdc 16 chute da ding. 2. Tiéu chudn OO Tieu chudn va guy phara ciia Chinh quyén Lién bang My (QQ) do Cue quan ly hanh chinh Mj (GSA) cong bé va chit yéu cung cap cho co quan Chinh quyén lién bang sit dung, vi dy, ky higu tie ta QQA-200/10, Ngoai ra, MIL, FED 1a nhifng quy pham va ticu chuiin quan su cha chinh phi MY do Bo quée phong MY (DOD) cone bd, chi gigi han cht yéu la qui pham thiét bj hoac vat li¢u. san pharn cho quin sur st dung. Do vay, chting t6i sé khéng gidi thiéu hai hé thang ky I nay. 3. Tiéu chudn ASTM Tiéu chuan cla Hiép hoi thir nghigm va vai gu Mg (ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials) duge sur dung rong rai cho vat Jigu gang thép. trong dé rat nhiéu tiéu chuan hoan todn c6 thé dap ting due yéu cau dit hang. Dac diém cta tigu chun ASTM la cé thé dai dién cho ¥ kign higp thuong théng nhat coa ba ben: nha mdy thép, to chite dinh ra tiéu chudn va khach hang, vi vay ASTM duoc goi la mot 16 chiic tiéu chudn “Hiép thuong nhat tr?” wo nguyén chap hanh Ién nhat. Rat nhiéu didu kien k¥ thuat ca ASTM da duoc Higp hoi ky suco khi cla MY sta déi chat it hoac khong sita déi. Tuy tiéu chuan ASTM duoc img dung rong nhung trén thuc té hé théng mae thép da so lai 1d mugn cila cac t6 chite teu chin khde. Vi du, mde thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét chu yéu muon hé théng mac cia ticu chuan AISI. mac thép duc chi yéu muon hé théng mde cla tiéu chuan ACL. Trong tigu chudn ASTM chi cé mot s0 it 1A sir dung mac rieng, cht yeu 6 nhiing loai sau: a) Moe thép sti dung widi han dé bén kéo dé bidu thi Vi du: trong (igu chudn ASTM 516/516M. mde cap 70 bigu thi do bén kéo Li 70 ksi (= 482MPa). 98b) Mac thép ding chit cdi A, B, C..dé bidu thi ching loci va ding cap Vi du: trong tigu chudn ASTM 106-91, mde cap A biéu thi thép cacbon trung binh chtia ©, = 0.25%. cap B biéu thi thép cacbon trung binh chita = 0,30% ©) Mée thép ding che’ tao Gig thép thibny kém iheo chit edi nen te PT TP Vi du: TP304, T22, P22... Do phuong phap biéu thi mac cha tiéu chuin ASTM thigu tioh quy iuat, cho nén ching 161 khong gioi thigu sau, chi ken he va gidi thiéu so qua khi gidi thidu hé théng UNS va cdc tieu chuan khac. 4. Tiéu chudn cia ASME Higp hoi Ki su co khi Mj (ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers) chit yéu dinh ra ti¢u chuan cia vat liéu ding trong néi hoi va thing dp luc. Trong nhiéu truéng hop, ASME st dung he thong ticu chuan ASTM, khi dé ding sau mac thép thém hai chi SA, nghia la; ASMESA x x - x x. nhung mac thép khong nhiéu. 5. Tiéu chudn etia AWS Tieu chudn cla Hoi han My (AWS - American Welding Society) duge soan thao cho han néi, ché tao, thir nghiém, hdo dam chat lugng. céc thao téc han noi trong déng taw, cdc cong trinh xay dung 1én, cde nginh céng nghi¢p khdéc. Méc cha AWS i diving diu méc tiéu chuan AWS va chia theo ching logi nhut sau: E - que hin, day hin, R - cuén day han, B - vat ligu han dong tim: 6. Qui pham ky thuat vat ligu hang khéng vi tru My (AMS - Acrospasc Material Specifications) do Hiép hoi k¥ su 0 t6 (SAE) cong b6. Tuyét dai da sé mac clia AMS déu thude vat lidu dig trong hang khong vi try. Trong qui pham kf that nay, yeu cdu déi véi co tinh cba Val ligu bet sti nghiém agar, khit khe hon nhiéu so véi vat lieu thép ding 6 cic noi khéc, tuy cé thinh phan héa hc gidng nhau. 7. Tiéu chudn cia ASM Hoi kim loai M¥ (ASM - American Socicty for Metals) rat dé bi nham lan v6i ky higu AMS néu tren. Hoi ASM 14 mot trong nhimg ju chudn cia AMS 99t6 chiic hoc thuat néi tigng cia MY, di xudt ban rat nhiéu sch bao o6 trinh do cao. Trude day, tiéu chudn thép dung cu ASM da ting luu ong rhi & MY, ding div mac thép lan lugt co ki hiéu J, I, I, .V, ding sau them chit cai A, B,C... hode Al, A2, A3...Chit so La ma I~V lan luot biéu thi thép dung cu cacbon, thép dung cu dip ngudi, thép dung cu chiu va dap, thép dung cu dap néng, thép gid. Nhung sau 46, nhimg mac thép nay dan dfn bi thay thé béi hé théng mac thép dung cu cla tiéu chudn AISI/SAE. Dudi day sé lan luot gidi thigu mac thép theo riéu chuan AISI/SAE, mac thép tigu chudn ACI va mac thép cua hé théng UNS cita My. 1.10.2. Phuong phdp biéu thi mde thép ci tiéw chudn AISI va SAE Mac sin phdm gang thép cha MY thudng gap nhiéu nhat hign nay 1a mae thép cia tiéu chudn AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) va SAE (American Society of Automotive Engineers). Sau day sé lan luot gidi thieu phuong phap biéu thi mac thép cla thép két cau, thép 6 lan, thép bao dam tinh tham téi (thép H), thép dung cu, thép khong gi, thép bén nhiét cia tigu chudn AISI va SAE. 1. Thép két cau Phuong phép biéu thi mac thép cua tiéu chun ATS] va SAE ndi chung gidng nhau, chi c6 ki higu tién 16 ciia mac thép cé mot s6 diém khac bidt, phwamg phap biéu thi cu thé nhw sau: a). Phitong phip biéu thi mae thép ctia tiéu chudn SAE Mac thép thutmg sit dung 4 chit sé dé biéu thi. 2 chit s6 ding trude thé hién loai thép, 2 chit s6 diing sau thé hién ham hong cécbon trung binh trong thép (o,% x 100). Hé thong mac thép duge trinh bay trong bang 1.30. Bang 1.30. Hé thong mac thép eda tiéu chudn SAE He théng chi sé | Phan loai nhém thép Ox Thep die ede bon hode thép dic hap kim thap Otxx Thép dic e6 dé bén cao 10xx Thép cae bon ( < @,,,=1,0% ) Thxx. Thép dé cat got chia ho buynh Lex Thép dé cat got chia liu huyah va fuu huyah, phot pho 13xx Thép Mangan (cog, =1,75% } 100He thing chit se Phan joai nhon thép 15xx Thép cacbon e6 him lutong onangan kha cao » 23xx. Thép niken (a, =3 5%) 25xx Thép niken an, =5% _ 3ixx ‘Thep niken-crdm (¢ng, = 1.25%. im,,= 0.6540,8% ) 32xx ‘Thép niken-crom (ey, =1.75%. tog, =1.07% ) 33x Thép muken-crdm (or) = 3.25%, w,, =1.50#1.57% ) Mo ‘Thép miken-crOm (dy, =3.0%. 0g, =0.77% ) | Axx Thep malipden (ey, =O0.240.23% ) i Axx Thép crom-molipden (0.50.95, 4, =O. | ABKX Thep Ni-Cr-Mo (ox, = 182%, 0; | 43BVKx Thép Ni-Cr-Mo, chia Boru va Vanadium | 44xx Thép Molipden (iy, = 0.4+0,52% 46xx “Thep Ni-Mo Co 022025%) ‘| ATxx Thép Cr-Ni-Mo (,, =1.05, 0,45, W,= 0,2+0,35% ) | A8xx Thép Ni-Mo (0%, = 3.5%. s,, ‘SOx ‘Thép crdm (inp, = 0.27 ~ 0.65% } Sixx Thép crom (0,,= 0.8 ~ LOS% } [olax Thép crom-vanadiuun - TIxx Thép vontram-crdm (w, =13.5416.5%. tg, =3.5% ) | T2xx Thép vonfram-crom (09, =1,75%. We, = 0.75% ) Bix Trép Ni-Cr-Mo itn, = 0.3%, ta 86xx Thép Ni-Cr-Mo (0s, BIxx Thép Ni-Cr-Mo (0345, 15%. hy, = O25% ) 88x Thép Ni-Cr-Mo (Wp, = 9.35%. Og, = 0.5%, Oy, = 0.35% ) 1 92ax Thép Silic- Mangan O3ex Thép NE-Cr-Mo fag, = 3.25%, 0, =1.2% @ yy = O13% J DANK Thep Ni-Cr-Mo (0, = 0,45%. We, O12% 9 Ix “Thep Ni-Cr-Mo (wy, = 0.55%. 0, = 0.2%. (Oy, = O.2% ) 98xx “Thép Ni-Cr-Mo (iy, #1.0%, tp, = 08%, ty, = O.25% ) Chit §. Trong ngoac don 1a him long trung binh ena nguyén 16 hop kim. Le —d cia MOt s6 mac thép cd thém chit cdi B hoac L va ding sau mot sé mée thép [A chit cVi du: xxB xx-loaithépchitabora vid xx Lx x - Loai thép chia chi, vidu: 12L14. xx x x LC- Loai thép cacbon siéu thap, @, $ 0.03%, b). Phucong phap biéu thi mae thép cia tiéu chudn AIST Mac thép cita AISA cing sit dung day 4 chit s6, hé thong ky higu cu thé va hé thong mac thép tiéu chuan AISA va SAE giéng ahau, boi way he thong mac thép cia ching 1a thong dung ahi nhau. Nhung mac thép cua hai tiéu chuan nay cling co nhiing diém khong giéng nhau, vi du: + Trong tiéu chuan ATS], mot s6 mac thép kém theo chit cai tién té hoac hau té: tién t6 C biéu thi thép cacbon, B biéu thi thép 10 Besseme, E biéu thi thép !8 dién, hau to F bi¢u thi thép dé cat got. + Mot s6 day mac thép chi theo tigu chudn AISI mdi c6, vi du: 28 x x- thép niken chita w,, = 8,50 + 9,50%. - 83 x x - Thép mangan-mélipden chtta @,, =1,30 + 1,60% , Opps = 9.20% = 1,30%. - 99 x x - Thép niken-crom-mélipden chita @,, =1,00 + 130%, Oc, = 040 = 0,60%, wy, = 0,20 + 0,30%. 2. Thép 6 lan Mac thép 6 lin cacbon-crém cao cla tigu chudn AIS] va tidu chudn SAE do § chit sé tao thanh: Chit sé thi nhat 5 bigu thi thép crom. Chir s6 thir 2 biéu thi ham Iueng crom nhu sau: 0-03,,=0,5%: 1+ @y, =1.0%; 2- Og, = 145%. Chit sO thir ba, tht tu, thir nam bigu thi ham luong cacbon trung binh (@% x 100) Vi du: Mae thép 52100- biéu thi thép 6 lan cachon cao, crom cao chifa my = 0,95 + 1.10%, We, = 1.30+1,60%. Day mac thép cu thé duge winh bay trong bang 1.31. 102,Bang 1.31. Day mde thép 6 lan cacbon - crém cao ctig téu chudin AISI ud SAE 1 a _. AIST SAE} UNS Logi thep Fsc1co | 50100 | GS0986 | Thép é lan crém thap . ES1100 | 51100 ] G51986 | Thép 6 Lan crom trung binh E52100 | 52100 | G52986 | ‘Thép 6 lan crém cao L 3. Thép bdo dam tinh tham toi (thép H) Thép bao dam tinh thém toi cia tiéu chudn AISI va SAE bao g6m trong day mac thép clia thép két cau, déng thdi str dung chit cdi hau t6 H dé bigu thi (H; Hardenability }, cho nén con duge goi tit la thép H. Vi du: 4140H, 5132 H, .... 4. Thép dung cu Thép dung cu cla M¥ sir dung rong rai phucng phap biéu thi mac thép cia tigu chudn AISI - SAE. Trong tiéu chudn ASTM hién hanh vin sir dung hé théng mac thép may. Méc thép g6m chit efi bigu thi ching loai thép va chit 6 thi i hop thanh, don gidn va 16 rang, nhung thanh phan hod hoc cia thép khong biéu thi true quan. Day mac thép cu thé nhu sau: W x- thép dung cu toi nude, thép dung cu cacbon théng thudng hoae thép chifa ham lugng Cr, V thdp x Ia sé thi ty (nhu ¢ dudi), vi dy: W3. S x- thép dung cu chiu va dap. O x- thép dung cu 10i va lam ngudi bang dau. A x- thép dung cu toi va 1am ngudi trong khong khi. D x- thép dung cy loai crém cao, cacbon cao. HI x- thép khuén dap néng loai crom cao, cacbon trung binh. H2 x- thép khuon dap néng hé vonfram. H4 x- thép khuén dap néng hé mol T x: thép gid hé vonfram. M x- thép gid hé molipden. 103L x- thép dung cu hop kim thap dac ching. F x- thép dung cy vénfram-cacbon. P x- thép dung cy loai cacbon thép, bao gém thép lam khuén dic nihua. 5. Thép khong gi va ihép bén nhiét Mac thép cua thép khong gi va thép bén nhiét cla MY dya vao céng nghé gia cong duoc phan Jam hai loai: thép rén va thép diic. Mac thép ren chu yéu sit dung day ky hieu cia tiéu chudn AISI, dong thoi cling sit dung day ky hicu cia tiu chudn SAE, chung mac thép dic phan ton surding day ky hiéu cia tiéu chuan ACL a) Mac thép cater ties chudn AIST Mac thép nay do 3 chif sé tao thanh. Chir sé ther nhat bigu thi chung loai thép, chit s6 thet hai, thét ba biéu thi thig tu. Cu thé nhu sau: 2x x - thép austenite crém-mangan-niken-nito, x x [a sé the te (gidng nhw phia duéi). 3x x - thép austenite niken-crom, 4x x - thép mactensite cr6ém cao vi thép ferit crém cao, cachon thap. 5x x - thép mactensite crom thap. b) Mac thép cia tiéu chudn SAE Mac thép nay sit dung § chit 56 dé biéu thi, 3 chit s6 ddu biéu thi loai hinh thép, 2 chit s6 sau chi biéu thi thf tu ( ging nhu 86 thé uw cua tiéu chufn AEST ). Cu thé nhu sau: 302 x x - thép bén nhiét khOng gi austenite crém-mangan-niken, x x biéu thi s6 thir we. 303 x x - thép bén nhigt khong gi austenite niken-crom (thép rn). 514 x x - thép bén nhiét khong gi mactensite cr6m cao va thép bén nhiét khong gi ferit crém cao cacbon thap (thép ren). 515 x % - thép mactensite crom thap (thép ren), 60 x x x - thép bén nhiét dimg trong nhigt do dudi 650 °C (thép diic), x x x 1 chit so ky hiéu ging nhu tigu chuin AISI (phia duéi efing whe vay). 70 x x x - Thép bén nhigt ding trong nhiét dO trén 650°Cithép du). 1041.10.3 Phuong phap biéu thi mac thép dite bén nhiét va thép khong gi cua tiéu chuan ACT ACI 1a ki higu cua H6i dic hop kim M¥. Méec thép dic ben ohigt va thép dic khong gi ciia tiéu chuan ACI do 2 chit cai tao thanh hoje dang sau chit cai thém chi s6 bidw thi him lugng cacbon va chit cdi biéu thi nguyén t6 hop kim. Chi cdi the nhat cla mac thép thug, a chit C hoae chi H. Thép loai C bieu thi thép dic chiv axit siz dung trong nhiét dé dudi 630°C, thép loai H biéu thi thép déc bén nhiét ding trong nhiét do tren 650°C. Chit cai tht hai cua mac thép loai C thi ham luong niken khdc nhau (bing 1.32). nay lai ki hi¢u chit s6, biéu thi phn van cia ham luong cacbon. Gitta chit s6 va chit cdi phai them dau gach ngang ngin. Vi du: CE - 30 1a thép de chiu axit chtta C < 0,3%, Cr = 26 =30%, Ni = 8 +11%. Chi cai thit hai cla mac thép loai H ciing 1A chit A, B,C, D. bigu thj ham lugng niken khéc nhau (bang 1.32). Thong thudng khong ky higu tri s6 cla ham fugng cdc bon. Vidu: HC a thép dite chiu ahiét chita C < 0,5 %, Cr = 26+30%, Ni < 4%. Bang 1.32 . Ham lugng niken duge chit cdi thr hai biéu thi trong mde thép cia tigu chudn ACT Chit Pham vikim || Chir [Phan vena |] Chit | Phan wham cdi fuong niken cdi hiromg niken edi | luong niker A <10 F 9,0 = 12.0 T 33,0 +370 B <20 H 110+ 14.0 U 370+ 41,0 c <40 1 14,0 + 18.0 w 38,0 + 62.0 Dd 4.07.0 K 18.0 + 22.0 x 64,0 = 68,0 E 80=110 N 23.0=27,0 Dang sau chif s6 ca m6t s6 mac thép (chu yéu 1a thép loai C) con ki higu thém chit cdi, vi du: C biéu thi thém vao Cb (Nb), M biéu thi thém vio Mo, F biéu thi tinh nang dé cat got. Vi du: CF-8C; CF-16 F. 1051.10.4, Phuong phap biéu thi mae thép cia tieu chuan UNS UNS La céeh goi @ thdng chit s6 théing mhat cla mac kim loai va hop kim (nhy da gidi thigu G phan 1rén), UNS st dung sd li¢u k¥ thuat cla ASTM E507 va SAE J1086, va di duge st dung mot phan cia tigu chuan ASTM. Day mac thép cia he théng UNS vé co ban di duoc bién soan sau khi cé thay déi, diéu chinh va thong nhat trén co so tntde day cha cdc t6 chite tiéu chudn MY. Day mic thép déu do mot chit cai tién 16 dai dién thép hoac hop kim va 5 chit s6 tao thanh, Vidu Dx xx xx -thép vat tigu cé qui dinh vé co tinh. Gx xxx x - thép két céu hop kim va cdc bon, bao g6m ca thép 6 lan. Hx xxx X- thép bao dam {nh tham toi (thép H). Tx Xx x x~ thép dung cu, bao gdm thép dung cu rn edn va thép dic. SxxxXx- thép khong gi, thép bén nhiét. Naxx xx - thép hop kim chia Ni. va hop kim cé thank phan chinh la Ni. Kxxxxx-thép hop kim thap va cde loai thép khac. Jxx x x x- thép dic cdc bon va thép dic hop kim, bao gdm thép dhic khong gi va thép dite bén nhiet. Fxxxxx- gang dtc. Wxxxxx- vat ligu han. Sau day la phan loai mac thép cua hé thong UNS. 1, Thép két edu hop kim va cacbon Chit cdi 1ién to ca mae thep 1a chir G, bdn chit sé dau trong nam chit sd 1a str dung ky hiéu chit s6 cia diy mac thep tigu chudn AISI va SAE, chit s@ thir nam (chit sO cu6i cing) thudng 1a s6 0. Néu biéu thi tinh nang dac biét (cong dung va nguyén W dac biét trong thép) thi ding céc chit s6 khde dé biéu thi. Vidu: Gxx xxx J thé hign ching logi thép cé chita Boraa,G xx xxx 4 biéu thi thép dé cat got chiia chi. 106Dé doi chi€u mac thép cia UNS va mac thép cla AISI/ SAE 6 thé xem bang 1.33. Bang 1.33. Déi chiéu mde thep két cd UNS ud AIS SAE | uns AlSii SAE | UNS ausisae | | G1o0s0 10s ” eseas0 8045 : ~ Gulito | wa? cso | eez2 40230 4023 casso | 9055 | GA7150 | ans G50461 | SOBAG 651450 sis] asiasi 31845 61200 so cour 94817 2. Thép é lan Mac thép 6 tan nam wong day mdc thép két cau, chit s6 cudi cing ctia né 14 $6 6, biéu thi thép 6 lan. Ngoai thép 6 lan cacbon - crém cao va, con cé thép 6 lan thim cacbon G 33106 (tong duong vdi AIS] E 3310) va cde loai thép 6 lan khéc nhu G 40076, G43406 va G7 1406. Trong tigu chudn cla ASTM, thép 6 lan cacbon - crém cao chi cé mt mac thép 1a str dung mac thép cua UNS, con lai van su dung mac thép cia SAE, (thép 6 lan khéng gi, thép 6 lan tham cdc bon déu khong sit dung mdc thép cia UNS). Riéng thép 6 lin c6 tinh tham t6i surdung phan cap 1, 2. 3, 4 dé thé hien. 3. Thép bdo dam cé tinh tham téi Thép nay con goi 1a thép H. trong hé thong UNS né duve hinh thanh mot day riéng. Trong 5 chit s6 o dang sau chi cdi tién t6 H che mic thép, bén chit s6 dau vé co ban git jay mac thép cla AIST va SAE. Chir s6 thi nam cing thuGng Ki sé 0, chit sé thi 5 cua thép chia bora van dimg sé | dé biéu thi. Vidu: UNS H41400 - tuong duong voi AIS] 4140H. UNS H51320 - tuong duong véi AISI 5132H. UNS H94171 - trong duong véi AISI 94B17H (gém cée loa thép chia Bora). 1074. Thép dung cu Chit cdi tién wW eta mac thép dung cu 18 chi T, ding sau to 3 chit sO tao thin. Trong dé, ba chit s6 dig trude biéu thi phan foal the dung cu. Vidu: 1 x x biéu thi loai thép gid. 2 xx biéu thi loai thép khudn dap néng, 3.x x bidu thi loai thép khudn dap ngudi 9 x x biGu thi loai thép dung cu duc. Hai chit s6 cudi cing vé co ban gidng voi day mé AISI/ SAE da néu @ tren, ohung mac thép cla thép dung cu m6 phéng theo day mac thép cla ACI va ASTM. Dé doi ch mac thép dung cu cita hé thong UNS véi mic thép cla AISI/ SAE va ACV ASTM co thé xem bing 1.34 va 1.35. Bang 1.34. 8i chiéu mac thép dung cu theo he théng UNS voi AISI/ SAE UNS Nhdni thép va dac wimg [ae ee cee T1i3xx| Thép gis the molipden) . Mx TH20x x | Thép gid (he vontram) TR | 72081 x | Thép dung cu lam khuén dap nong (loacrém cao.| Hx cacbon trung biah) pongo x | THD dung cu lam khan dap néng (he véniram) } yyy y T2084 x Thép-dung cu Am khuén dap néng (hé mélipden} Hax T3O1 x x) Thép dgng cy fim khuén dap ngudi (hop Kin tung) Ax Binh) 308 x x) MB dung An Khuen png fo xi De “Chép dung cu 10: dau TRISax ox TAIO xx | Thép dung cu chin va dap Sx T516.x x | Thép lam khuon (loa cacbon hap} Px [606 x x} Thép dung cy cacbon-vanfram Fx | T612 x x| Thép dung cu hop kim thap Lx T7239 x x| Thép dung ey (i nude wx 108Bang 1.35. Dai chiéu mac thép dung cu dtc theo hé théing UNS udi ACI/ ASTM ie tp) adm thép va dee nung Mac wg 1901 x xj Thép dung cu dic lam khuon nguoi flog CAY JCA x T904 x x | Phép duny cu die fam khuda ngudi (loxi CD) JOD x “T908 x x [Thép dung cu de lam khuon néng CHixx TOS x x | Thép dung cu dic toi dau, cox 7919 x «| Thép dung cu dic chiu va dap CS« 5. Thép khong gi va thép bén whi¢ Bigu thi mac thép sit dung tié t6 $ them nam chit s6. Daly ky hieu cua ba chit s6 déu vé co ban 1a sit dung mac thép khong, gi cla AISI, hai chit s6 cudi cing chit yéu ding dé phan loai thép cé thanh phan chinh giéng nhau thanh cing mot nhém, nhung ¢é thanh phan ca biét Khic nhau hoac chia nguyén t6 dat biét. Day méc thép cu thé va cach di chiéu v6i mac thép cua AISI duoc crinh bay trong bang 1.36. Bang 1.36. Day méc _thép bén nhiét, khong gi cia hé théng UNS vd AISI Ma thep Nhow thép va dge ning M ae ' Six xxx! Thép khong gi két tha hoa cing - S2.x xxx) Thép austenite niken 2xx S3xxxx Thép austenite crom-niken, thép ket tia hoa cimg | 3xx i S4x xxx) Thép Mac site, thép ferit, thép ket tia héacimg | 4xx 85xx xXx} Thép bén nhiét crom 109Tuy nhién, day mac thép diém khong gidng nhau, cl cil hé thong UNS va AISI cing cé nhing ou gom: + Day Si x x x x ca he thong UNS nay la thép khong gi két tia héa cting. Hé thong AISI khong c6 day | x x, mA sir dung day 63 x dé biéu thi thép khong gi két ta héa cing + Day 3.x x cia ATS] toan bé [a thép austenite niken-crom, day x 1a thép mactensite crom cao va thép ferit crom cao, cacbon thip. dine 2 day chit sé nay cits hé thong UNS khong ¢6 pham vi nay. déng thoi cd tang thém mdi 86 mac thép khong gi két tua héa cimg, ky hi¢u cla mac thép la can cit vao ky hieu dac trung cla mac Thép hucng phar thudng din Vidu: AM - 350. hé thong UNS biéu thi 14 $35000. Custom 455, hé thong UNS biéu thi lA $45500. 6. Hop kim chua aiken va hop kim co thanh phén chinh la Ni Trude day, loai v éu hop kim nay khéng c6 day chit so hoan chinh va thdng nhat, chil yét dung mac thuong pham hoadc mac hop kim ctia nha sin xuat hoc ella cae héi hoe thuat. Day ky higu chit sé cla hé théng UNS 1A N x x x x x, hai ch@ sé dau biéu thi phan nhom téa co sé thanh phfin cha yéu, ba chi sé sau sir dung chir sé hoae sé thi tu dace trung ctia mac thép thuong phdm hose méec hop kim thong, dung. Vidu: UN-SNO06601 tuong duong véi Incone 1601. UNSNO7090 tuong ducng v4i Nimonic 90, Day mac thép cy thé va cach déi chiéu voi cde mac khde duge trinh bay Wrong, bing 1.37. . Bang 1.37 cho thay, day ky higu chi sé duge phan thanh 6 nhom dua trén co so thanh phan hod hoc 14 chi yéu sau: Ni, Ni- Cu, Ni - Cr, Ni - Fe - Cr, Ni - Mo, Ni - Co. ‘Trong dé, ngoai tit nhém Ni va Ni - Co ra, can ci vao dic dim ctia 16 chic c6 thé phan thanh hai Losi hop kim: hop kim héa ben dung dich dac va hgp kim héa cring két tha. Chit s6 thd hai cla hop kim héa ben “dung dich dac 1A s6 chan, chit sé thir hai cla hop kim héa citing két (a 1a 86 dac bier. 110Bang 1.37. Hop kin cha niken vd hop kim ¢6 think phén chink te niker clic hé thong UNS UNS | Nhdni va dée ming UNS Nhim vi dae mig _| rovse{ ons wens |r NOB. x Mop iow Ni thus cht NO9x xx ae un Fe-Cr, hoa NOS xxx Gilat NlOx xx ode dich te | NO4 x x x ee Rin Neu, he bén Nixes | Gitwi ; | : s Hop in NiECu hoa ane mize | oie NOT Axe, Hep kum Ni-Cr, hoa cling | 7. Thép silic ding trong cong nghiép dién He théng UNS dug hinh thanh tir ASTM E527 chua co day mac thép ding trong cong nghi¢p ¢ién. Dudi day IA vi du vé mac thép sific ding wong cong nghiép dién cba tieu chuan ASTM: Trang dé: 36 - biéu thj do Ky! 36F 130. y danh nghia (0,36mm). E - ky higu phan loai (loai F- thép silic). 130 - Ui s6 hao t6n 16i sat (X 100) Pyseo = 1.30 T higu phan loai va ¥ nghia nhu sau: C- 1am mong, tri s6 hao tn 18i sat P,<., x 100. F- Iren. hép silic khong dinh huéng. tri Shao t6n 16i sat gidng nhu. G - thép silic dinb hung thong thudng. tri s6 hao tén 16i sat Piss ® 100. P - thép silfe dink hudng cam Ung tir cao, tri s6 hao tén Idi sat gidng nhu trén. tt8, Thép ding cho que han va day han Mac thép nay st dung tién t6 W thém 5 chir chur nhat 12 ky hiéu phan loai, vi du 6, trong dé, chit s6 WO x x xX - thép cac bon. WI xxx x -thép hgp kim thap Mn - Mo. W2 xxx -. thép hop kim thap chtta Ni. W3xxxx- thép khong gi austenite, | W4 xxx x- thép khéng gi ferit. W5 x x x x-thép hop kim thap chita Cr. 2Chuong 2. , THEP DUNG CHO KET CAU VA XAY DUNG 2.1.NGA 2.1... Thép cacbon théng dung 1. Thép cacbon thong thudng loai A (POCT 380 — 88) a. Mac thép va thath phan héa hoc % (thea trong hugngy O@ Mie thép c Si Mn Pr s < < cro _ _ - - ~0. 040 Orla ~0.09 | ~0.04 | ~0.50 ~0. 030 ~0. 0140 Crl ne ~0.09 | ~6.10 | ~0.50 ~0. 030 ~0. 040 Crlen ~0.09 | ~0.20 | ~0.50 ~0. 030 ~6. 040 eran ~012 | ~0.05 | ~9,50 ~-0. 030 ~0. 040 Cr2ne ~O12 | ~0.10 ) ~o.50 ~0. 030 ~0. 040 Gr2en ~0.12 | ~0.20 | ~0.50 ~0. 030 ~0. 040 crane ~0.18 | ~0.05 | ~0. 60 ~0. 030 ~0. 040 Orane 0.18 | ~0.10 | ~o.60 ~0. 030 ~0. 040, er3en ~0.18 | ~0.20 | ~0.60 ~0. 030 ~0. 040 Or3rne ~o18 | ~o12 | ~1.00 ~0.030 ~o. 040 Craven ~0.18 | ~0.22 | ~1.00 ~0. 030 ~0. 050 Ordisn ~0.23 | ~0.05 | ~0o.70 ~0.030 ~0. 040 Crane ~0.23 | ~0.10 | ~0.70 ~0. 030 ~0. 040 Orden ~0.23 | ~0.20 | ~0.70 ~0, 030 ~0. 040 CrSne ~0.33 | ~o10 | ~0.70 ~0, 030 ~0. 040 CrSen ~0.33 | ~o.25 | ~o.70 0.030 ~0. 040 CrSPne ~0.26 | ~0.12 | ~1.00 ~0, 030 ~0.040 Cr6ne ~0. 44 ~o10 | ~0.70 ~0. 030 -~0. 040 Créen ~0.44 | ~0.20 | ~0.70 ~0. 030 ~o. 040 @. Diéu kien cung tg Toai A chi dam bao ca tinh cho nén tanh phan héa hoc 6 diy chi f& cham khdo. @). 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TRUNG QUOC 2.2.1. Thép két cu cacbon thong dung va thép két cu cacbon chat luong. 1. Thép két edit cachon tiéu chudn GB (GB 700 - 88) a. Méc thép va thank phdn hod hoc % (theo trong lugng) . P s Cr Ni cu Kha Mac thép | € Si@ ] Mn < < ! x < < < < oxy® gis | 2% | 3 phit, ngudi mide, thai gian gid nhiét cla ram 21 gid. i77c, Sit dung thép cacbon chat lugng Méc thep Pham vi sit dung O8F | Phin dn sin xuat 1am méng ding cho ché tao sin phim dap nhu: dé ding dé 08 | dung. vd may... ché tao dng, tm dém va chi tiét thin cacbon yéu cdu dé bén 161 giila khdng cao... 10 | Thudng ding lam thanh kéo. dau cap. dinh rive dap ngudi, bang cén ngudi. day thép. thép tam. thép dinh hinh ... Cac ché’ pham phai dap ngudi nhu vd dan .... 15 | Ding ché tao cdc chi tiét may tham cacbon, cdc chi tiét chiu tai tong thap khong nbiét iuyén nhy dinh 6¢, md de, 66 phan adi hot... 20 | Cac chi ti¢t khong doi hoi chiu ting swat 16n nhung Lai can tinh déo cao nbu pitton. dink m@ dc. thanh kéo. méc cau .... hoae cdc loxi dng din chit khéng an min duai ap luc 6 Mpa. 450°C, cing 6 thé ché tao cae chi tiét tham cacbon ma dé bén gid khong cao nbur teuc, bainh rang, banh vit thydng ... 25 | Ché wo ede chi tit may qua ren dap nong. cde phy kién tham cacbon cia may vit truc, dem. hop gidm te, dinh md dc. con c6 thé Jam cdu kién thép dite. 30 | Ché tao cdc chi i& may qua rén dap néng, chi uéi die niu truc, thao, may can, pid 0 banh da. 35 | Ché to ede chi tiét may qua rén dp néng. kéo dap ngudi.cng thép khong han, chi tiet ché tao may, cdc loai truc truyén dong. méc dém, dinh 6c, mii 6c... Diic cic loai gid may can thép, than may. 40 | Ché tao cdc chi 1igt wuyén dong cla may oh myc bank xe, wuc khuyu, pitton, ruc xe hod... 45 Ché tao céc chi tiét chuyén dong cha bom. may nén khi ... Thay thép tham cacbon ché tao bank rang. truc chot pitton, cde chi tiét cf qua 161 cao tan, t6i bé mat, chi Uist duic. 50 | Ché tao ede chi tigt chiu mai man, tdi tong dong. chiu tée dung va dap khong cao, banh rang ren, uve can, dia ma sat, 1d Xo, huGi xtic may nong nghiép. truc tai ugng nang. 53___| Ché tao banh ring. iruc adi, vinh bénh xe. uc cin, nhip Jd xo va phoi dtic. GO| Ché tao true ean. truc. true Héch tam, 16 xo. dém hop ly hgp. day cap 65 ___ | Ché tao 16 xo. 16 xo vong. uc can, cae low vong dém day thép. can thep. 70 | Niu thép dan hor 85 _ 15Mn__ | Ché to cdc chi tigi tham cacbon yéu cau co tinh cao. 20Mn 30Mn__| Ditng ché tao dinh dc, mt 6c, phanh tau xe, cdc mat xich cila mdy nong nghiép. 40Mn | Cheé co ede chi tiét chiw (4 ong moi our true lan, dinh dc. mai 6c chiu img svat cuo. S0Mn__ | Ché to ede chi tiét chiu mai mon cao. tdi trong lén phai nhigt Juyen nhue banb rang, binh xe, dia ma sat true rong duéi 80mm. 60Mn | Nhu thép cin héi 65Mn 178%H LOS Se ay 9S oe Ap OL ugdate Suppl ee, Lose asp ys2m onyy np oy uginu Hun] we ® BL0S'Ne ‘gp E97VS% ony AP OV UadntU Fagin] WEA Be <1V FN UR @ ® [slo] o20~2d-0 | o90°0~S10-0 | O20~ZOO |§20-0]820°0] S80] OL T~OOT [oe] ® }$to-0] 02-0~zo'0 | o900~STO"o | 0% '0~ZO'0 [OED -O/0EO 0} SSO) OL1~OO'T | 020] A [o9¥D ® |sto-o| o2-0~z0-0 | o90-0~st0'0 | oz-0~zo'o |seo-o|seo-of ss-o| os t~oo'l j0z0) 9 © |sto-of o2o~zoro | 090°0~s10-0 | 0F-0~Z0'0 [sz0-0]sz0-O) SSO | OL I~oo'T [ozo] a © |sto-o| oz-0~z0-o | 090°0~s10-0 | aZ-0~20'0 {080-o]og0'0| S80} OL t~oOT Oz) a ®© |sto-o| o2:0~zo-o | o90°0~st0-0 | at-0~Zo'e |sea-}so-of $6-0| O2-t~o0't | oz'0) D: jozkd © | — | 020~z0-o | 090°0~s10-0 | o¢-0~Z0'0 |oso-ajov0-0| ss-0] os-T~oo t jozo) © | — | 02-0~zo-0 | 090-0~st0'9 | az-0~z0-o {sra-o}sro-o] sso | oz T~oo't | ozo] ¥ @ |sto-a} 020~zoro | 050 °0~st0-0 | oz'0~Z0-0 |szo-0[sz0-0] ss] o9t~oo't [oeol a ® |sto-o} o2-0~zo-o | 090'0~st0o | oZ-0~Z0'O j0eo-ologo‘a] ss-0| o9-t~oo'T | 0z-0]) C ® |sto-o} 02°0~zo-o | 030°0~St0'0 | oz-0~z0-O |seo-o}seoo| ss°0| O9 T~oo'T 10z0| O [sed ® | — | 02-0~20'0 | 090°0~s10'0 | 0z-0~Z0'0 |oro-0/0%0-0| sso] O9't~oo'T |oz-0; @ ®@ | — | 02-0~20-0 | 090-0~810'0 | 020~20'0 |sv0rolsr0-0] $80} o9 toot | ozo} ¥ — [sterol 02~zo-o | 090 0~St0 0 | ST-0~Z0'0 |820°0(S20°0] sso Biol a — |sto-o] 02-0~20°0 | 090°0~S10'0 | $1-0~Z0°0 |ot0-0/og0'0} ss-0| og-t~oot | sto} a — |sto-o] 02-0~20°0 | 090°0~S10 ‘0 | si-0~Z0°0 |$0°0/se0-0] ss-0| o9I~o0-L | azo] O | 598d - 02-0~20°0 | 090°0~910°0 | st-0~Z0'0 {0¥0-0/0P0-0| sso | o9'T~oo't | ozo] @ = 02-0~20°0 | 090°0~810'0 | st-0~zo-o |s90-0/sv0'o| sso | o9'T~oo'T joz-o| V = 02-0~20-0 | 090°0~S10-0 | s1-0~Z0'0 |ovo-O[or0-0] $80] ost~oro [oil a [oo = 0z-0~20°0 | 090-0~$100 | $1-0~z0'0 |s¥0-0|s¥0'o| ss-a| as-T~oe-o joto| ¥ omni ei < a aN A > [2 > on > | aye | dow it ueya} oF ugdnty] lV Lsja [ss 2 jueda} or (Bupiny Bud. oayn) % 204 poy upyd yupyr vs dias vWD 6-165t WD It ugnya ngn oes uae Op dyn any doy days, “1 Hugs aq 199 dayy es uginh spy woq doy “oes vag Op deyp wry doy dog, 77°C 179Deep ve=P ve or 61 | 089~ozs| 098 ose } oor | oz | & map P=P e oz— 61 |os9~ozs |} 08€ ove | oor | ozb] a =P r=P ve 9 st |ogs~ozs| 09e ove | oor | ozb | 3 jozrD rem =P ve z+ st joss~ozs| 098 ose | oor | oy | a - v= - = at |oa9~ozs}| ose ose | oo | ozb =P ¥ | vE=P =p 3 or oz joss~o6r] oft ose | ove | o6e | a PE mP remP ve oz— oz joss~ost| oft ose | ou | o6e | a ve=P =P e 0 0Z jose~osr] ore ose | ove | ose | O jo8eD rem v=P e ot 6t joss~osr] cee ose | ove | ose | a romp =p - - St }0s9~osr}] oge ose | ove | ose | v amp =P wz OF wz [oro~ouv] siz sez | see | sve} a veup v=p ve oe zz | oes~ouv} Sze sez | sze | sve | a weap ™=P ve 0 zz loes~our] S2z sez | sze | sve | a |sved Pomp "=P ve 08+ ie foes~our] sez sez | sze } sve | a@ rEmP "=P - - Te foss~osr] $22 sez | see | see | ¥ re=P m=P ve oz+ £2 joss~ose{ sez sez | sez | sez) a |i Peep =p - - £2 | ols~ose}] sez soz | See | Sez | v Or~sl< tS SU/MY [Oop IN | (> waw/ [OOL~0S 091, @ 88 -@ISSTED 29 Upnia nay ayy dow pus ps marys tog “> © AUTEN qu Bugnp voy kep Op “P ton qUIyBUARG —_@ 6p Bupny coy DUT = or 4t | ott~oss 02— at O¢L~06S o 41 | oz~oss 00T~ST< oS a-Chiéu day mau is~25 | 390~sso| 275 | 23 | 27 d=3a <16 440~590 | 295 22 27 >16~30 420~570 | 275 22 27 Mu oeMnd >30~100 | 4to~s60) 255 | 21 | 27 Yuing, tron ie 440~590 | 295 22 27 > 16~25, 430~580 | 275 21 27 12Mn >25~36 | 4o0~ss0] 255 | 21 | 27 > 36~50 390-~540 | 235 21 27 >50~ 100 390-~540 | 235 20 27 Vuong, tron 18Nb <16 470~620 | 345 20 27 d=2a Dis~25 | 450~600| 325 | 39 | 27 d=3a (S16 Yaso~sa0| 345 | a2 | 27 d=ta O9MnCuPTH | is~2s | g0~sao| aan | ar | 27 d=3a 4~10 490~-640 | 345, 22 27 d=2a ioMnSiCy > 10~20 470~620 | 335 22 7 d=2a > 20~32 470~620 } 328 22 27 d=3a <16 ago~640 | 345 | 22 | 27 d=2a 12MnVv D>is~25 | 90~640| 335] 2t | 27 d=3a <16 490~640{ 355 | 21 | 27 d=2a MMeNb >is~25 | 470~620| 335 | 20 | 27 d=3a 16~25 490~640 | 325 al 27 d=3a > 25~36 470~620 | 315 2k 27 d=3a 16Mn >36~50 | 470~620| 295 | 21 | 27 d=3a >so~100 | 470~620] 275 | 20 | 27 d=3a Vubng, trd0 184Tiép Chigu day a | 3 | Cv9 | Thirudn 1899? : a , Mic thép | hove dutng * | mipal (4) | AP | -Dudng kinh ude mb vat | /MPa a-Chigu day miu figu ian > is~25 | 4go~e4a| 325 | 2a | 27 d=3a TOMnPNBRE [<10 s1o~s60| 390 | 20 | 27 | d=2a 4~ 16 5§30~680 } 390 18 a7 d=3a 1SMnV >16~25 $10~-660 | 375 18 ar d=3a > 25~36 490~640} 355 18 27 >36~50_| aso~seo} a5 | 1a | 27 | + isMatTi® S25 530-680 ] 390 20 27 > 25~40 510--660 | 375 20 27 <16 530~680 | 396 20 27 1sMnNb >16~20 (acon 375 | 19 | 27 sRE® <12 550~700 | 440 1s 27 1M4MnVTRE >12~20 530~680 | 410 19 27 <10 590~740 | 440 19 2? @ |>lo~2s | szo~720} 4z0 | 19 | 27 1SMnVN >25~38 550~700 | 410 4B ar >aa~sa | 530~880| 390] 18 | 27 @® Trich tit GB1951-88 @ lac thi kéo va udn: thép hinh theo hung doe, thép tim vA bia hung ngang. Sé tri thifngang &: cho phép thap hon trong bang 1% (s0 tri tuyée doiy ® Cy biéu thj chiu céng va dip Sé tri trong bing déu do thee hudng doc # 20°C @® Theo yéu edn hé stk dung: thit va dip Cy 0°C, «20°C, -49°C Chiu cong va dp theo hung doc nén > 27J Thu va dap & -20°C va -40°C P, § trong thép déu < 0.085% va tinh thé min nhu ding Al dé min hos tinh thé, ham lugng Aly 2 0.020% (Al tang), va ham higng Al, > 0.013% ( Al dung dich Acid) © Cotinh thép 1SMnTi, 4MnVATIRE, ISMn¥N déu 6 trang thai nhiét luyen 185c. Pham yi sit dung Mac thép Pham vi sit dung ogMaV Dang fam két cdlu xy ditug, bimh nray kéo, giandd dung dng, ché tao dng han xodin 6c Két cfu xAy dying, cdu cong, xe ed difdng sat, giandd ogMnNb {aug 6g 09Mn2 Chita din, xe ef dudng sit, chi tiét ép dap 12Mn Ld hot dp lye thap, chi tiét dap néng. -- 18Nb Két cfu xay dung, edu trae, cde logi dung ong -.. oMnCuPTi Céu cong, xe c , giankhoan dan, tram dién ... 10MnSiCu | Gng thép, bén chifa 4p Ive ding cho déng tau... . 12MaV Cau cong, két cfu xay dung, cde chi tigt may'va xe cf 14MoNb Kéi célu xy dung, cdu cing, bon chita déu, had cong... 16Mn Dong tau, edu cdg, két cau xing, toa xe dung sit, xe 16MnRE 6té, gian khoan ddu, thip, bén eluga, thiét bj van chuyén, nding ha... 10MnPNbRE Cdu edng, d6ng tdu, xe eb, dan khoon dau, gid edu trac. 1SMnV cau cong, déng tau, bén cinta ap hic cao, cu truc, xe cd... 15MnTi Bén chiia dp lyc, dong tan, edu cong, toa xe dung sét, xe dt6, cdu truc... . 15SMaNb Cn cdg, edu truc... 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Pham vi str dung thép két cau hgp kim. Mae thep Pham vi sitdung 20Mn2 | Cé thé thay thép 20Cr cho chi tiét nbd. Truc va banh cing loai nho cd thim cacbon; ché tao dinh 6c dap ngudi. 30Mn2 + Cac khung gam xe, danh ring gidm 16 tye, dinh Ov dip ngugi: chi tiét ti | dién tuong déi Ion, tryc binh ring hop t6c: cde chi tet 66 dinh chan quan trong cua xe été, amjy kéo, obi tiét may me; chi gt than cacbon yéu cdu 46 bén & gitta cfing tuong déi cao niu tric cain cau. 35Mn2 Dimng cho co khi nang chiv tng suit cao; chi tiét nhd (® 20 mm treet xudng). Cie loai yc, dinh 6c dap ngudi. Co thé thay thé thép 40Cr. 40Mn2 chi tiet chju 14i trong nang: cdc loai truc banh vit truc vit, dink mit oc chiu tai trong lén, 18 xo ... tvong tr nh thép 40Cy. Ché tao ede chi tiet quan trong tit dién nhé ©40 mm td xuéng. ASMn2 | Ché ro ode chi tiét chin mai man va ng sust cao, chi tigt quan trong 60 | mm te mung. Tuong ding thép 40Cr. 30Mn2_— | Chi tiét lon chiu ti Gong fn va. chin mii mén manh. Cac loai bank rang khap néi, tryc kiuyu bin rang ... Truc chinh, bénh rang trong ché tao co khi nang. Con 6 thé ché tao nhip xe. 20MoV | Ché uo ld hoi, binh chita ap lye cao, duémg dng lin chiw sip luc cao, chi chiu va dap. . : 30MnIMoW| Chi tiét ln chiu ti trong lon, cdc loai banh ring true. Co thé ding chung véi logi thép 30CrNi3, 30CrNi4MoA. 27SiMn__| Chi tiét chiu va dap manh c6 tinh chong mdi mén vi dd dai cao, khong ein nhigt luyén chi ding sau thuémg hoa nhu chét xich xe kéo va chi tiét dic. 35SiMn Ché tao cae chi Tit cho tmyén dong binh ving truc truyén dong... ludi wily, lufi xc, lui gat muly odog nghigp chiu mai mon, 208tiga Mic thép Pham vi sirdung 425iMn | Nhutthép 35SiMn, chi yéu ding cho chi tid tai be mat, 2OSIMn2MoV | Day 1a thép 66 dé bén cao, d6 dai én ché tao cic chi tiét uyén dong lau 25SiMn2MoV | dai G nhiet do thap, kich thude 1én, chiv ting sudt phic tap.Cic hé thong mc treo ning ha ging khoan dau. 37SiMn2MoV | Ché tao chi Gét [dn, 14) wong lén, ede logi thanh banh ring chuyén dong. Binh 4p luc cao, bulong kin va he théng van chat lam vige 6 nhigr d6 tip | 15 + 450°C. 30B ‘Cae chi riét (6n tinh nang cao ohw banh ring truc tuyén dong cae truc Khus ota my kéo. C6 thé thay thé thép 45Cr. 458 Cha yéu thay cho thép 50, SOMn va SOMn2, chi tiét cn tinh thm 101. 50B 40MaB Thay thé thép 40Cr, chi tiét nho can toi cdi tién, cdc co cu truyén dong oiia xe 6t6, truc chinh may tién . . . fib nang tong ty ah thép 40CrNi. 45MnB Dé thay thé 40Cr hodc 45Cr, Ché tao binh ring truc khuyu, truc khia banh quay... 20Mn2B Thay thé dugc thép 20Cr. Ché tao chi tiét tham cacbon kich thude 1én chiu tai trong lon bé mat chiv mai montim cé dO bén cao nhw then truc, banh ring hop ly hop cht... buléng . . . Tinh nang tong ty nhur thép 20CrMnTi, 12Cr2Nid. 20MnMoB | Chi tiét va banh rang tham cacbon chiu tai trong trung binh. ISMaVB Chi tiét tham cacbon, kich thuéc via vi nho,tai trong lén 6 modun tuong 20MnVB doi l6n. 209tiép Mac thép Pham vi sir dung 4OMnVB | Ché tgo chi tit cho 616, may kéo, may tién. Thay thé thép 40Cr hole 42Cr2Mo, 40CrNi. {2OMnTIB | Cec Toal chi tiet tham cacbon. banh ring. . Kich thude nhé va vira ciia 65, BSMNTIBRE | may kéo, may tién co khi... Cé thé thay thé 20 CrMbTi ["SOSNRVE | ChE igo chi Tt bé mil chin mT won. We dp Than. chu va dip ala amy kéo, may eg khi lon. 15Cr Chi ti&t thim cacbon, 1éi c6 dé dai lén Fim vige toc do cao cua cde chi tiet ISCrA | truyén dong eiia may moc. 20Cr Chi Hiét 68 mat chiu mai mon [én edn tim ob dO bén cao kich thuve 1én hinh dang phitc tap. 30Cr Ché go chi Het chiu mai mon Tén, tai trong va dap eao. Cae bO phn quan 35Cr tong cba may méc, c6 thé 101 bé mit. 40Cr Day Ja mot Joai thép nbiét luyén héa t6t, hgp kim thudng gap, ché tuo cde chi tiét trong déi quan trong. C6 thé ti cao tan bé mat, ché tao cic loai bénh ring truc tuyén dong. 45Cr Tuong ty hu thép 40Cr chi yéu ché to ede chi 1iét quan wong. S0Cr ChE tao chi tiét chiu tdi trong va ma sat lon cba ofc loai may eg Khi mo, ngoai ra 6 thé Lim 1d xo. 210tigp Mie thép Pham vi str dung BCS Ché tao cac chi tiét 30 + 40 mm yéu céu cao nhut truc chink, vankhi cla may kéo, bank ring bom dau chia dong co diezel , cae céng cu dap dot ngudi 13CrMo Gng khi lo hoi, éng trao déi nhiér lam viee dén 54°C, Cac chi tiét ren. | 15CrMo Nhu ts 20CIMo | Ché 10 cdc chi tiét thiim cacbon cao cap, thiét Bi cba may héa. 30CiMo | Ché tyo cdc chi hét carKhi vita, tiet dign tuong 461 (dn, thiét bi may hoa, co 30CrMoA | edu 06 thé han, chiu Ap luc Lim viée dén 30Mpa, nhiét d6 dén 400°C. 35CrMo | Ché tao ede chi cigt quan trong chit ode loai tdi trong dong bien d6i va dip Tén nhit truc iruyén dong clia dong co, tryc chinh my phat didn cong nghiép dau khi... Co thé thay thép 40CrNi. @2GMo | Cac chi tiét ren yeu cau dé bén cao hon 35CrMo cua cdc cong cu Khoan | déiu I6n, Cé thé thay thé thép nhiét Iuyén héa t6t chéa_uiken tuong déi cao. 12CrMoV | Ché tao Gng khi mhiét d6 t6i 540°C. Bo ben nhiét va chong Oxy hea ter. 12Cr1IMoV 211uép thép Pham vi sit dung 38C:MoV | ChE tao cfc chi tiét quan trong chju ting suat cao cila cde may nén Khi, 6 may phat dign va dong co dién lon. 25C12MoV | Ché to cac chi tiét truyén dang lam vige dén ahiét do 550°C. 25CAMOoIVA | Ché tao cde chi tiét xilanh, bulong, thanh van... 20Cr3MOWVA | Thép dp lye cao, chong pid hoai cua H,, ché tao thigt bi nén khi lam 161 TOMpa va 520°C. 38CrMoAL | Thép thim N3 cao cdip ché tao chi tt cd dQ bén cao, chiu mai mon, cutmg do mdi cao, kich thuée chinh xa ita cae loai may mée. 20CrV ChE tgo chi tiét Ion diam cacbon bé mat d6 cing cao, chiu mai mon, tam 6 46 bén Ion 40crv Ché tao chi tiét 1én quan tong lim viée chju tii trong dong va img suat lon. 30CrV Ché tao cae chi tiét quan trong chiu tng suat eno tai trong ln, Che 19 xo cia van va pitton, 212tiép , Mac thép Pham vi sir dung 13CrMn | Twong duomg thép 1SCrMo. Ché tao cdc chi tiét tiét dign khong lén niet dé Lim vige khong cao. 20CrMn Ché tao ede chi tiét vita vi nhd chiu dp lye va ti trong khong cao uh | binh ma sit co etn ct khi bign t8e vo cap. | 40M Ché tao ede loai mye banh ring te do whanh ti trong lon nhung khong ; va dap manh, buléng cita binh chifa ap tue, thigt bj héa cong. 20CiMnSi__| Chétgo ede chi tiét lam vigéc chiu tng sai cao c9 tinh him va dap ngudl. 25CiMaSi | Ché tgo ede chi tiét dap ngudi, hin quan trong. 30CrMaSi | Ket cau han va ding dinh Rive lam vige c6 tai trong dong. Cag chi Ger 30CrMnSiA | chiu mai mdn va Jam vige & niet d@ khong cao, 20CrMnMe | Thép thdm cacbon 6 dé bén cao yéu cau chi tet cd do Ging & be mat cao chiu mai mon. 40CrMnMo | Chi tiét lon o6 40 bén cao va do daj idn 06 thé thay th 40CNiMoA. 20GrMnTi | Thép thim cachon thutng ding, ché tao ede chi tiét thong dung, 213Mic thép Pham vi su dung 2 30CeMnh Ché tao ede biinh ring quan trong cia 6td, may kéo Het dién dui 60. [ mm 2UCINi ChE 10 cxic chi tit thm cacbon quan trong, cd IGn chiu tai trong cxo 4UCINi | Che 1yo cdc chi tit Kich thuée twang déi lén c6 thé dap vi ren 45CrNi Ché tao ede chi tiét quam trong edn nhigt luyén nbtn cic Joai true truyén SUCINi dong cla dong co. 12CrNi2 ChE Io cée chi i8t théim cachon yéu edu 46 ben cao, d6 cing caw va. dd dai lén_ 12G:Ni3-— | Nhurtren 2UCENIS | Ché tyo cdc chi tet tin ti trong cao. 30CENi3 | Sir dung 6 Wang thai t0i cai Ligh chi et IGn yeu cia tinh thir ti cw0, AICrNYS Chi tic ton tii trong cao va tai trong va dap, 06 thé rin va dap ngudi. 12Cr2Nid | Che 190 cic loi bani ring [dn tai trong cao, cng suat thay di, 20Cr2Nia chi ic J6n ein thm cachon yéu edu cao hon 12Cr2Nid, chi 2DCINIMo — | Che to ede loai biinh rang cia he théng Luyén ddng voa O10, may kéo hang tring, Céc chi ti thaim cachon tinh ming 6 gifta cao. 4OCINIMoA | Chi tigt quon trong 66 kich thude [én ear: dO bén cao, dO dai ken, Che wo cde log chi tiét cita cu cau truyén dong cita ese tosi miy ea \ 4SCINIMOVA, Tnép e6 6 bén cso ch€ tao ciic chi Udi 16 yeu ed dd bén caw clin ede Joxi may co khi. 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Cong dung cita cae mac thép 1d xo. Mac thep Cong dung i} 65 | Thattmg diing Lam ld xo tron va nhip eo Khi, 16 Xo 66 kich thuée nh6, 1 xo 0 cia pittén holc ld xo tien ede may chuét day thép. 85 Ché tg0 1d xo chju chain dong ciia 616, thu haa, may kéo. 65Mn —! La xe théng dung 6 kich thuée tuong déi lon nhir ld xo tim day $+ 10 mm. va ld xo Ong xoiin c6 dudmg kinh | + 15 mm. SSSi2Mn_—_| La xo gidm chéin tau héa, 6t6. Cé thé ché tao 1d xo bén nhiét fam viéc & S5S2MnB | Mhist do dé 230°C. S5SSiMoVB_ | La xo tam dig cho ata trong tai lén va vita. 60Si2Mn | Ché 1a0 [6 xo gi chan, phanh an toan, 1d xo may cudn day cB lin. 60Si2MnA. 6OSI2CrA | Lé xo chiu tai trong lén lam vide d&n 250°C (cde may dip, may boi nude). 60SI2CrVA 55CrMnA_ | Ld xo Jén va chiu tai trong ton. 60CrMnA. §OCrMnMo Al Lo xo c6 dé bén cao vi kich thude mat cat lon. SOCrVA | Ché 190 1d xo pitton, van eita lam vide dén 300°C c6 tiét dign lén va chiu tmg suat cao. 30W4CrVA | Ld xo van lam vige dén SOC. 227“2667'D & NO “>UUY OL UDANBE Y80U F OKO HF S INO #NQM BETO S ND AMPLY on uakngu avg Ruon] wey 7 “pS - OFTHE TU yay way Buns oq dow oyW ye “89 - ORLA ME Moz way Buns 9q dau ayy, reo Buy] wey st "ESTO S NOW HOLY S INO NYO) WOATRT as FIT Mo | 23200 & Nap Wey Ruoysy dou opt Buoas va g Aun] wey ge ~ oll ~oos | Oo ~o7! o£o'0 seo raed ors | tros plleINstOT 0L0~ or 0°W - 081 ~09! dEoo sto 080 & oso s | ol~soo OWBLID6 2 - | ool 0 foo scoo oso > oso | 001 ~ 060 81496 g [8 - 980€ AO] 17 Foy 149 dau oro~oToeW | OCOF | OOT~OLT oso oso ool-Oet | oFO~STO | ecO~Z10 | (AKO RD $10~S000W | OSE ~OOE | OFT ~ OL ooo coo oLo~oro | oro~sio | e10~s00] oWEINDOIO - see~ste | sei~st't acorn ogo ovo~oro | Oro~sio | ecu~2to0 FINIDOZD 0€0~OCOOW | CO'T~0N1 | sVO~sK0 ooo ogo oLo~oro | OFO~SI0 | EcO~LI0 | OWeIXIDOZD of0~stooK | KLo~OrO | sv'D~se0 oro0 oso'o ooo~ooD | OrO~sIo | Eco~LI0 SWINIDOTD S10 ~ 300 OW = _§90~ s€0 oso oeo"o s6'0~so0 SO~ot0 | EO-L10 oW!0009, ng [cS EOE GO] D weIN Suoyy Iq o d>yL, - 060s 0L0~ oro 070 au oro~oro | sso~sio | sit~sot 2999 - oF0 5 sol ~ OF sto sv0 st1~ S60 sLo~sr'O so'l~ S60 “WAISS1409, - OF'0 = Sos ~Or'L vO sco SrO~sco | SeO~STO sO'l~ S60 SOD - oro s STI ~060 sto scO STI~So0 | SL0~SbO | OTT ~OO'T MAIS609 oo ocos | stt~oo9 sto _ sto | sro~szo | fto~stro | ort~oot 6199 eo l08 - PUD GA] of 23 BS 1q 0 dey -t 1 SS Sd UK ‘s 2 dow OPIN *% (Zudny Buoy oays) 96y-voy URyd yey va dou ope cugy 9 day, “z 228mag > Huede apmp Yo] wea dou Goxty ga mgYd URS ena oop Bupny vay YUIP OPX Rep qu —_@ ete laugyy] 0Oc~O8T 0801S jaugyy| 0O2~O8T SLI {uoyy! 002~0ST 096 |2u0yy] ooz~ost sate fugu] o02~0s1 02F06L 02 F008 or wey | op iStIN 78 - CO7E HD AT GL A ® OWEUINZ 5029 st OWEINZDOID. st FIN21029 OWZINID020, OWIN9029. ura / neu days SEW PORN? H>I3H ob uoqons wpys ig 9 dat yuzto2 Ba igang IN 2 DrT~OET 3 wep oe Wee~ eee] OOL~ aD 3555 ost ~0SI ie "gp sve~ore | sez~szz | 004~059 UISst799 9g~T9 041 ~08t 39~29 ae oss | $82~822 | 0oL~0s9 $1200 ng 091 ~ost soe nup se8~ST8 | - =- BAIS6IID 929 ou1~0ST 59 ome, see~ezz_| o92~0s9 6259 a7 Ww) a7 op 18m op 310 geidun | deus oe meq 068 ~0LE |Buguy] 056~-006 06E~022 (Suoyy] 096~006 O6f~OL2 |Sugyx| 026~-006 ose ~o22 (Buoys! os6~008 ose~o12 |3ueuy] 056~006 aH of sup oa op adqN oy Sup, uouy OF. ~O02 622~202 |Auguy| o22~ol2 aH dup og op. wos $150 1 OLR ~O6L UWISSTAOD. Olg~062 $1209 o0s8~08L YAIS6IDD O18~062 6499. of ge 80 | dom apy 9 dpi Fup op vs ugeny INN °F 229d. Cong dung cite cde loai thép 6 lan. Mae thep Cong dung caw Bi va 6 bi (6 lan) wen tee chin mai mon Lon. GCSIMn | 6 lan 66 ich thude lén GCrHS lan chiu tai tong lon, toe dd cae. « “HSSIMn | Glan é ede méy edn thép, may phay, may S80 66 Ién. GCi6 O lan chiu tii (rong khong lon, Le —. 20CrMo, 6 lan ehju tdi rong va dp cl 61d, may kéo. | 20CrNIMo 20CrNi2Mo | G tan chiu tai trong va dap cao. 10CrNi3Mo 20Cr2Ni4 |G Lan chju ti trong va dap [dn wen cde true can thép. | 20Cr2Mn2Mo . | 9crls O tan chéng gi ding trong mai tutmg axit vite, hoi nude, nude bign, | 9CrI8Mo: ICHISNIOT! | 6 lan chong gf trong cée may thye phan. 2301. Thép cOng tink Cacbon thong thutng a. Mée thép va thanh phdn héa hoc % (theo trong doug) thép thong thing 3.16 CHUC TIEU CHUAN QUOC TE ISO 2.3.1 Thép thanh va thép tam Phan tich ic luyén Phan tich thank pham Mac thép P P s Fe 490 <0. 050 <0. 050 <0. 055 <0. 055 Fe 590 <0. 050 <0. 050 <0. 055 <0. 055 Fe 690 G0. 050 0. 050 £0. 085 <0. 055 b. Cotinh EE @ Mae thép Fe 490 Fe $90 Fe 690 D6 bén kéo oe /MPa 490~ 640 590~740 690~ 840 Gidi han chay 6, /MPa theo Dg din dai chigu diy khae nhau 8 CK) Kis | >16~40 |] >40~63 3295 e286 3275 220 33s 325 Bas Ss 365 2355 Pas 210 ® Mau thit ngin Ly = 5.65VS,, chigu rong 2 600mm (thép tim) d6 din dii theo chiéu ngang ¢6 thé cho phép giam 2% 2312. Thép ket efiu Cachon thing thiféng, [SO 630 21995 a. Mac thép vai thank phan hoa hye % (theo trong hugng) thép thong thuing cap Phutgng P hapkhe | C | Si }Ma} P | § Mac thép @ | chat php kh : hidng} oxy <|<|<|<|]< @ E 188 ° _ ~ ~{—~J—~}—]- (Fe 310) A _ 0.22) — | — |0.05010. 050 B 16 _ 0. 17/0. 40}1. 40/0. 045]0. 045 E 235 >t6~25 _ Q. 201.0. 40/1. 40/0.045/0. 045 40 NE O. 1710. 40] 1. 40) 0.045 /0. 045 (Fe 360) >40 NE 0. 20)0. 40} 1. 40/0. 04556. O45, c NE 0. 17]. 401 1. 40}0. 040) 0. 040 D GF —}0. 17/0. 40]1. 40/0, 038} 0. 035, A ~ 0.241 — | — fo. 050}0. 050 E275 B S40 NE 0. 21/0. 40]1. 50}0. 045/0. 045, >40 NE 0. 22/0. 40] 1. 50}6. 045] 0. 045, (Fe 430) Cc NE 0. 20(0. 40] 1. 50/0. 04040. O40 D GF —_|o.2040. 40/1. so}o. o35]0. 035 c 30 NE 0. 20/0. 55] 1. 60) 0. 040/0. 040 E 355 >30 NE 9. 22/0. 55} 1. 60/0. 040) 0. 040 (Fe §10) D 30 GF 0. 20} 0. 55] 1- 60/0. 035] 0. 035. > 30 GF 0. 22/0. 55] 1. 60/0. 035/0. 035 @ Trong ngoac @® N& thép khdng s6i, GF thép co nguyda tO ldm tinh thé oho min, thi dy ©) 20.02%— $82 $62 Ste S2e Ste sre SSE a (OTs az) S8z $62 Sle S2e set She ‘Sse 3 Sse a Sle $22 sta See $oz $92 $2 a s1z S22 cid She SSB $92 SLz 3 (OEP 9) s12 see sez soz 992 $92 suz a siz sie $22 Sta She Sse $9% see v +. ser $61 siz siz siz sz sez a set S6t $12 SIZ S12 See See 3 (09 94d) set $61 sl siz siz scz sez | ana sez T = _ _ _ = $2z see oa set s6t sie siz ste st Ed ¥ —— (OEE 44) _— — - _— _ Si $aT oss 00Z~OSI< | OST~O0I< | OOT~OR< | O8~E9< | £9~Or neyu apyy ts “ Ja | chin day tim ua | 50m | 80mm | 5 VS, mm] 50mm HR 233/215~238] 330 | 20 18 2a 22 2a HR 275)/255~275] 370 | 17 16 20 18 d=3a HR assia3s~ass} aso [15 13 19 16. d=3a 235¢. Co tinh thép tém can ngupt Thif uén ngudi DG dan dai 52 % 1180") Mac thép |d -D/kinh wd la -chiéu diy (am d=a CR 250 d=2a d=2a 4. Mac thép va thinh phdn béa hoe % (theo trong lugng) thép tam Cacbon edn néng ding cho ché tac ca khi ISO 10384 : 1992 Mac thé] c Si Mn P < S1oc Q. OB~0.13 | 0.15~0. 35 | 0. 30~0. 60 0.035 Sis 0. 13~8. 18 0.15~0. 35 0, 30~0. 60 0.035 s2oc | 0.18~0.23 | 0.15~0.35 | 0. 30~0. 60 0.035 S25c 0. 22~0. 28 | 0.15~0. 35 0. 30~0. 60 0. 035 S$30C, OQ. 27~0. 33 | 0.15~-0.35 | 0.60~0. 90 0. 035 s3sC_ | 0.32~0.38 | 0.15~0.35 | 0. 60~0. 90 0.035 538C 0. 35~-0.41 0. 15~0. 35 0. 60~-0. 90 0. 035 $40C 0. 37~0.43 | 0. 15~0. 35 0. 60~0. 90 0. 035 S43C 0.40~0. 46 | G 15~0. 35 0. 60~0. 90 0. 035 s4asc 0. 42~0.48 | 0. 1S~0. 35 0. 60~0. 90 0.035. 348C 0. 45~0. SL 0. 15-~0. 35 0. 60~0. 90 0.035, ssoc 0.47~0.53 | 0.15~0.35 | 0.60~0. 90 0. 035 s53c | 0.50~0.56 | 0.18~0.35 | 0.60~0. 90 0.035 SssC 0. $2~0. 58 0. 15~0. 35 0. 60~0. 90 0. 035, ssec__| 0.55~0.61 | 0.15~0.35 | 9. 60~0. 90 0.035 Chi thich 1. Ham lugng cic nguyén t6 du thifa trong thép: ap,S 0.3%, Ways S 0.2% we pS 0.2%, wy; + BEE 0.38% 2, Trong tiéu chudn nay khong qui dinh chi ti¢u dO bén kéo vi do dan dai vi sau khi giao hAng con phai nbiét luyén, nhuing c6 hang mye trong qui dinh diéu kign giao hing 1a chiéu su tham Cacbon, cdip tap chat phi kim, d6 hat Astenit, 6 cting va t6 chife té vi, 236‘suniiu Sunny oy) Lay gs os news ‘sop Hupny oom 141 SOSA saso’s = Oy unite warp Ager dung = @ ————_— au 02L~055 oat OFF Ost Og 3 12/68 at Oz2~0SS OeF Oby Ose oor ag —/6E ra O¢2~0SS 02% OF ost ogF 30 oor” 91 a Of9~OLF Sze see she ase a 12/68 22 09~OLF Ste see See Sse aq ese aos— [aoe] ao | mye! eaw/ se~st< | oT z HON AGHA) gy @ (op ru apa way @ “o equ Sey AYP N2Iy9 CONT i 24) O81 F2AXy dép ta Bugs niga PEP UEP Sa] oay U2 4 BAL g Seip wey pig ayo Burg yunny-¢ EOS OW HL0 SUD “GUL SIN LO SAD 2 Q4) LOY AP OF HAdaM 3e9 FUpAL EH © rar 3 "Nor asce SMe ney SNe -ese9 S™ 19 sUDYL SBOY Np Oy UDINTU dx Fup WEY @ TV dug) Supny wey 0% 0~20 0 } 020 °0 | 0¢‘d~20 0 | 090 '0~$L0 0] SZ0°0 | SZo-0 £I~o't ozof 3 02 "O~Z0 "0 | O20 0 | 02‘0~20 0 | 090 ‘0~S10 0] O£0°0 | Of0°0 21~O'L) 0% 0] ad 02 O~Z0'0 | 020-0 | OZ O~ZO'O | 090 '0~S10 0] OF 0 | oFO-o 4'T~0'l] 020} 99 09ta 02 O0~200 | O20 ‘0 | 1 G~Z0°O | 090 0~S10'0 | $z0 0 | sz0-o S160 { 810 a 0% "0~20°O | 0200 | M1 'G~ZO"0 | 090 "O~STO 0! of0-o | Of0'0 | OS ‘0/ 9°1~6‘0|[ 81°0) aa ssea z >is] s = [Rube L uA Ya [dayy oe] La olvi A aN $ a is iw 3 ay Sus oe {voy Sognyy rey) uk 9 sugy Bugs aq 109 (Busey Bacay ayy) %, 204 voy Ueyd yunis na doip avEV-D NA) S661} T/0S6h OSL OVD wag op deqn wey doy doy *1 Wb @4 wainh yy og dayi “ono uag op dgyy cry diy days coz 2372. Thép hop kim thiip dd bén cao, ery ting é trang thai nid thea ISO 4980/3: F995 a. Mav thép va think phan héa hoe % (iheu wong higng) Cap P 8 py’: Mae thép| erat |e Mn si Nguyen higng s0~70 20 | ~s00 E4asv | bv 460 4401 570~720] 47 39 - E 460 $40 | f70~720) 17 ~_ a £550 | DD 580 530 | 650~830 | 16 39 - E 580 520 | eso~as | 16 _ a E 690 br 690 670 770~ 940 iq 3 _ | E 690 670 | 770~940| 4 _ 27 ® Ding miu aghi3. Thép 12m cain nding c6 do hén cae [SO 4996 : 1991 a. Mic thép vé thanh phiin hoa hoe % (thea trong higng) ; Ding cap | Céchkhi | ¢ si | ue lp 5 Mac thép jchat higug oxy o ® ® < < <= < < HS 355 c NE 0.20 | 6.50 | 2.60 | 0.040} 0.040 Bb cs 0, 26 0.56 1.60 | 0.035 | 0. 025 HS 390 c NE 20 | 0.50 | 1.60 | 0.040] 0. 040 D cs 0.20 | 0.50 | 1.60 | 0.035 } 9.935 HS 420 c NE 0.20 | 6.50 | 1.70 | 0.040} 0. 040 D cs 0.20 | 0.50 } 1.70 40.035 | 0. 035 NS 460, c NE 0.20 { 0.50 } 1.70 | 0.040] 0. 040 D cs 0.20) 0.50 | 1.70 | 0.035 | 0.035 HS 490 c NE 0.22 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 0.040] 0. 040 D cs 0.22 | 6.50 | 1.70 | 0.035 | 0. 035 @D Mai mie thép tit ® Cap C 66 kha nding chdng don what dinh; cp D cé kha nding ehdug doa cao. ® Kg higu NE: thép Bing, CS: thép Hing dic biét, Ham tugng N trong thép: NE coy (009%, CS: oy S O.D1E%. “ned mot nguyén (6 hop kim vi lng nbu Vi, Ve. 6, Cottah ns din dui = % Gidi han [Do én] BA dan dai 6 2 % Mie | chdy | kéo [Sapam 3~émm Te ah hep | ° d-/sinh ws =] tes | to Io |A-Bésinh win mPa} > |i “ a schidu day mau sate, | 80mm | Boman | yc 4/5, | 50mm HS 355]435~355) 430) 18 | 16 22 21 HS 3909)370~390) 460 16 14 20 is HAS 420/400~420) 490 14 12 12 18 HS 460/440~460; 530 sea 19 17 16 HS 490/470~496| 570 10 & 15 14 an 239ST -OS7Z “OL -O~K20-0 EBM 14ST 0 ~HZ0‘O< Am K090-0~MSto OE Mm EY STO OSIM snqu gu) MUN Ut WE] yy UANSU Gur wAgUT NOE LF G BAD po :qI}q7 DUD Of ‘OS0W $9 -OSIN |99-0~02 0/08 0~0b “0: $1 0547 Of ‘0S0W $9 -OSSIN [85 °0~02 “008 * oro |0S T~os-0 $1 OS5IZ 0g ‘0SS0W $9 ‘OSSIN [SS 0~02 0/08 “O~0F '0 os 05 $9 OSSIN [SS O~$7 0]$2 1~08 “0 S£'0~02 "0. $9 -OSSIN [SS “0~S2 0]S2 ‘I-~08 '0| 0800 |s1 ‘0~900 $2 °0~02'0) Sse 2a $9 ‘OS5IN 10S 0~02 “0/08 ‘0~08 “0| St0-0 09 ‘0~02 0]0F 0~0T “0 99 OS5IN |0S-0~02-0]08 "0~08 ‘0| SEO-0 | OFO-OT 09 0-~020}0F “0~OT °0 $9 OS5IN [0S °0~02"0]08 0~0¥ “| Stoo 09 ‘0~02 00> -0~0T “0: Aste od mej) | 2 [2 eon (Sugny Strd4) cay) %, 264 voy upyd yunys 2a doy2 apy -o IS6T ! 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