LIGHTING DESIGN FOR INTERIOR

UNIT-I
Lighting and vision- basic units- photometry and measurement. Effects of good lighting-
considerations for good lighting- brightness- glare- contrast and diffusion. Economic issues of
lighting.
.

1.1) OBJECTIVE:

At the end of this chapter students can acquire knowledge about the following:

● LIGHTING AND VISION,

● BASIC UNITS OF LIGHT,
● PHOTOMETRY,
● MEASURABLE QUANTITIES OF LIGHT
● EFFECTS OF GOOD LIGHTING,
● CONSIDERATIONS FOR GOOD LIGHTING,
● ECONOMIC ISSUES OF LIGHTING
● LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY

1.2) CONTENT:

1.2.1.LIGHTING AND VISION:

Light is ​electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the ​electromagnetic spectrum​. The
word usually refers to visible light, which is the ​visible spectrum that is visible to the ​human eye
and is responsible for the sense of ​sight​. Visible light is usually defined as having ​wavelengths in
the range of 400–700 ​nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10​−7 to 7.00 × 10​−7 m, between the ​infrared
(with longer wavelengths) and the ​ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means
a ​frequency​ range of roughly 430–750 ​terahertz​ (THz).

  
The main source of light on Earth is the ​Sun​. ​Sunlight provides the ​energy that ​green plants use
to create ​sugars mostly in the form of ​starches​, which release energy into the living things that
digest them. This process of ​photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living
things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been ​fire​, from ancient
campfires to modern ​kerosene lamps​. With the development of ​electric lights and ​power systems​,
electric lighting has effectively replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own
light, a process called ​bioluminescence​. For example, ​fireflies use light to locate mates, and
vampire squid s​use it to hide themselves from prey.

The primary properties of visible light are ​intensity​, propagation direction, frequency or
wavelength ​spectrum​, and ​polarization​, while its ​speed in a vacuum​, 299,792,458 metres per
second, is one of the fundamental ​constants of nature. Visible light, as with all types of
electromagnetic radiation (EMR), is experimentally found to always move at this speed in a
vacuum

1.2.2.BASIC UNITS OF LIGHT:

Since ​light has many properties and therefore, there are many different units for measuring them.
While it can get quite complicated, let’s look at some of the few measurement units below.

Candela (cd)

This SI unit is used to measure the luminous intensity of a light source which is moving in a
specific direction. It is also sometimes referred to as candle and represented as cd / m 2.

Lumen (lm)

Another measurement unit lumen is actually a derived SI unit of luminous flux. It is represented
by the symbol “lm” and is basically used to measure the output of artificial lights.

Lux (lx)

Lux is basically the unit of illumination and is equal to one lumen per square metre. One lux
equals 0.0929 footcandles and this is the metric equivalent of foot-candles. It is also known as
metre-candle. Notably, SI prefixes can also be used where one kilolux (klx) is equal to 1000 lux.

  
Footcandle (fc or ftc)

Light intensity can also be measured in terms of footcandle which is equivalent to lumens per
square foot. In simple terms, this can be defined as the brightness of one candle covering a
distance of one foot. One foot candle is approximately 10.7639 lux.

Light Units Table

1.2.3.PHOTOMETRY:
The measurement of brightness of light source is known as photometry. In other words, it could
be defined as the science of the measurement of light, in terms of its perceived brightness to the
human eye.

  
1.2.4.MEASURABLE QUANTITIES OF LIGHT:
■ Luminous intensity- The brightness of a light source and it is measured in terms of
candela. Candela is defined as the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 10​12 Hz and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian
■ Luminous flux- A measure of the radiant power of light emitted from a source without
regard for the direction in which it is emitted. It is measured in terms of lumens (lm)
■ Illumination- It is the amount of illumination. The amount of luminous flux falling on a
unit area of surface measured in terms of lumens per square meter or lux .

Place Illuminance (lux)

Library 200-250

Basketball court 200-250

Classroom or office 300-400

Drafting or sewing room 500-800

Table 1 – recommended levels of illumination

  
1.2.5.EFFECTS OF GOOD LIGHTING:
Lighting design is an art and a science. This is true for many components of our built
environments. Designers are concerned about the aesthetics, the art of lighting. It also means
utilizing an enormous body of technical knowledge, and updating due to new technology, the
science of lighting. But most importantly, lighting is for people, so there must be an
understanding of the visual quality users need for health, safety, and enjoyment. While the big
three are the people, the aesthetics, and technical body of knowledge, we are dreaming if we do
not factor in the economics and the environment.
So the effects of good lighting are as follows:
● It can enhance task performance.
● Improve the appearance of an area.
● It can have positive psychological effects on occupants.
● It promotes a reduced risk of occupational accidents and health problems

  
 ● It enhances better concentration and accuracy in work
● It makes a brighter, cleaner workplace resulting in a more active, cheerful
environment
● There could be better visibility, improved accuracy and increased work speed
enhancing production.
● Lesser eye strain which may result in prolonged period of working.
● Good lighting results in improved work performance
● Better employee morale.
● The mental alertness of a person may get better.
● The appropriate lighting solution also helps in saving a lot of power consumption.
● This may have a positive effect on the environment.

1.2.6.CONSIDERATIONS FOR GOOD LIGHTING:

1.QUALITATIVE ASPECTS:
An optimal system performance needs not only to reach a good performance with respect to
saving electrical energy, but also to be accepted by the end-user. The end-user may be disturbed
by the operation of the system and disable it. A high user acceptance guarantees undisturbed
operations and consequently energy savings. Existing buildings have specific constraints and
requirements. There is a need to analyze the existing lighting system and to determine the
upgrade possibilities considering the technical and economical constraints. Therefore, an audit of
the existing lighting installation is necessary. Advanced control requires elements such as
electronic dimmable ballasts and distributed electric indoor grids. Similarly, the use of wireless
technologies (switches, sensors, etc.) is a suitable solution for retrofit so that the placement and
exploitation costs can be limited.
2.THE OCCUPANT NEEDS TO CONTROL THE SYSTEM:
Within the limits of comfort, it is difficult to define exactly what the needs and priorities
of the occupant are. They vary from one occupant to another, and also with time for the same
occupant. For instance, some occupants may be concerned by energy savings, and some
prefer better algorithmic lighting scenes even if it requires more energy and generates higher

  
costs. Therefore, it is recommended that the occupant should have the possibility to change
the system’s behaviour according to his will.
3.THE OCCUPANT NEEDS TO UNDERSTAND THE SYSTEM:
The user acceptance of a lighting control system is better if the system and its working
principle have been explained. On-site visits by practitioners and informal discussions with
end-users showed that about 90% of them accept the system operation if they
now/understand what its aims and working principles are. It has also been demonstrated
that occupants react to a need (a specific condition) but not necessary to the disappearance of
this need. For example, if an occupant switches on the lights due to a sudden obstruction of the
sun, the probability that he will switch off when the high daylight levels have turned low.
4. THE LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM MUST BE EASY TO USE:
The usability of the system must be defined to address all the types of users (building
operators, occupants, facility managers, maintenance teams, installers, etc.). Usability expresses
the quality of the experience of a user when interacting with a system.
5. QUALITY ILLUMINATION:
Quality of illumination is an area of recent research and interest that was once believed to be an
aesthetic issue. Now, guidelines for a number of specific quality issues can be addressed
objectively. For each of the following, one should determine how important the criterion is and
what you expect your design to achieve.
● Overall appearance of space and luminaries
● Colour quality and appearance
● Day lighting integration and control
● Control of direct glare
● Reduction of flicker and strobe
● Uniformity of light distribution on task.
● Brightness uniformity of light distribution on room surfaces
● Modelling of faces or objects
● Highlighting points of interest
● Control of reflected glare

  
 ● Shadowing (good and bad)
● Appropriate location of lighting for beneficial source/task/eye geometry
● Ability to produce sparkle/desirable reflected highlights
● Control and flexibility.

1.2.7.ECONOMIC ISSUES OF LIGHTING:

● Energy usage- the amount of energy spent on lighting must be used to bring in visible
light rather than using it up to produce heat.
● Materials used- the materials use in the luminary must be economical and should
consume lesser amount of energy.
● Improper design- it could be the luminary or the space itself. Only the required
amount of light must be used at a time in a particular space. The luminary must be
energy efficient, aesthetically appealing and functional enough.
● Toxic elements- elements like mercury are toxic to the environment, so in order to
dispose them safely, one must spend a significant amount of money on it.
● Surface finishes of a room- the surface finishes in a room must reflect the light not
make it look dimmer. In order to make the place brighter more luminaries would be
used, which results in high consumption of electricity.

1.2.8.LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY:
Below are some of the technical aspects to be considered during lighting design:
1.Luminance: The brightness of an object, or the strength of the light reflected from it. The
greater the luminance, the stronger the visual stimulation, and the easier the object is to see. In
daylight, the luminance of an illuminated surface is between 10,000 lux (Overcast sky) and
100,000 lux (bright sunlight). Indoors, we need to make do with much less light. For writing and
reading, it is generally enough if artificial lighting provides 500 lux luminance; for drawing or
other visually demanding tasks, luminance should be at least 750 lux.The values set out in the
standard, however, are minimum requirements. Most people find a higher level of luminance

  
more agreeable and more motivating. In winter especially, when the levels of daylight entering a
room are lower, more light is needed to avoid fatigue and loss of concentration.
2.Brightness distribution:​When we are in a room, our gaze incessantly switches from near
(desktop) to far (walls). Where there are marked differences in brightness between these two
zones, our eyes face the constant need to re-adapt and thus get tired more quickly. Visual
performance and sense of wellbeing diminish.Where the differences in brightness are not marked
enough, however, the room makes a monotonous impression. It is recommended here that
desktop luminance should not be less than 1/3 of the luminance in the immediate surroundings.
For more remote parts of the room, the difference in luminance should be 1/5, max. 1/10.Bright
walls: Good wall and entrance lighting helps people get their bearings in a room, makes for
better contrasts and emphasizes room zones. It also makes the room look a livelier.
3.Glare:​Glare is one of the most disturbing side-effects of lighting. Direct glare caused by
marked contrast differences between very bright and very dark surfaces or due to unshielded
lamps in our line of vision place a strain on our eyes and lead to fatigue and mistakes through
loss of concentration. To avoid direct glare from lamps, care should be taken to select only
luminaries which are suitable for workplace lighting.
4.​Glare limitation:​Glare is one of the most unpleasant visual problems of all. Being dazzled by
a general-diffuse lamp or the reflection of a window on a computer screen affects our visual
acuity and impedes our performance. Direct and reflected glare can be largely avoided by good
room and lighting design.
5.Shadowing: ​Where there is light, there is also a shadow. To ensure that shadows do not
impede our view when writing, the light should fall - for a right-handed person from the left. If
the light comes from the right, we write in the shadow of our own hand.
6.Light and colour:​The way we perceive colours under artificial light depends on the colour
rendering properties of the lamps. Lamps with good colour rendering properties produce natural
colours, lamps with poor colour rendering properties cause colour distortion.
7.Direct/indirect lighting:​Luminaries with direct and indirect lighting components permit free
arrangements of desks, reduce the risk of reflected glare and create a more agreeable lighting
atmosphere.

  
 UNIT-II

2.0) INTRODUCTION

Daylight- incandescent- fluorescent- halogen- electric gas discharge high discharge- neon- cold
cathode- mercury- sodium vapor etc. lighting levels- visual field. Survey of lamps available in
the market with cost and technical specifications.
2.1) Objective:
At the end of this chapter students can acquire knowledge about the following:
● DAYLIGHT
● DAYLIGHTING
● DIFFERENT WAY TO BRING IN DAYLIGHT
● ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
● DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
● DISCHARGE LAMP

2.2.CONTENT:
2.2.1.DAYLIGHT:

Daylight, or the light of day, is the combination of all direct and indirect ​sunlight​ during
the ​daytime​. This includes direct ​sunlight​, ​diffuse sky radiation​, and (often) both of these
reflected from the ​Earth​ and terrestrial objects. Sunlight scattered or reflected from objects in
outer space (that is, beyond the Earth's atmosphere) is not generally considered daylight.

2.2.2. DAYLIGHTING:

Day lighting is the practice of placing ​windows​ or other openings and ​reflective​ surfaces so that
during the day ​natural light ​provides effective internal ​lighting​. Particular attention is given to
day lighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce
energy use. Energy savings can be achieved from the reduced use of artificial (electric) lighting
or from ​passive solar​ heating. Artificial lighting energy use can be reduced by simply installing

  
fewer electric lights because daylight is present, or by dimming/switching electric lights
automatically in response to the presence of daylight, a process known as ​daylight harvesting​.

2.2.3.DIFFERENT WAYS TO BRING IN DAYLIGHT:

1.WINDOWS:​Windows are the most common way to admit daylight into a space. Their vertical
orientation means that they selectively admit sunlight and diffuse daylight at different times of
the day and year. Therefore, windows on multiple orientations must usually be combined to
produce the right mix of light for the building, depending on the climate and latitude. There are
three ways to improve the amount of light available from a window: (a) placing the window
close to a light colored wall, (b) slanting the sides of window openings so the inner opening is
larger than the outer opening, or (c) using a large light colored window-sill to project light into
the room.

Different types and grades of glass and different window treatments can also affect the amount
of light transmission through the windows. The type of glazing is an important issue, expressed
by its VT coefficient (Visual Transmittance), also known as visual light transmittance (VLT). As
the name suggests, this coefficient measures how much visible light is admitted by the window.
A low VT (below 0.4) can reduce by half or more the light coming into a room. But be also
aware of high VT glass: high VT numbers (say, above 0.60) can be a cause of glare. On the other
hand, you should also take into account the undesirable effects of large windows.

DAYLIGHT BROUGHT IN THROUGH WINDOWS

  
2.CLERESTORY WINDOWS:​Another important element in creating daylighting is the use of
clerestory​ windows. These are high, vertically placed windows. They can be used to increase
direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator. When facing toward the sun, clerestories
and other windows may admit unacceptable ​glare​. In the case of a ​passive solar​ house,
clerestories may provide a direct path of light to polar-side (north in the northern hemisphere;
south in the southern hemisphere) rooms that otherwise would not be illuminated. Alternatively,
clerestories can be used to admit diffuse daylight (from the north in the northern hemisphere)
that evenly illuminates a space such as a classroom or office.

Often, clerestory windows also shine onto interior wall surfaces painted white or another light
color. These walls are placed so as to reflect indirect light to interior areas where it is needed.
This method has the advantage of reducing the directionality of light to make it softer and more
diffuse, reducing shadows.

CLERESTORY WINDOWS MAKING THE SPACE VIBRANT AND BRIGHT

  
WORKING OF THE CLERESTORY WINDOW

3.​SKYLIGHTS:​Skylights are light transmitting fenestration (products filling openings in a

building envelope which also includes windows, doors, etc.) forming all, or a portion of, the roof
of a building space. Skylights are widely used in day lighting design in residential and
commercial buildings, mainly because they are the most effective source of daylight on a unit
area basis.

An alternative to a skylight is a ​roof lantern​. A roof lantern is a daylighting ​cupola​ that sits above
a roof, as opposed to a skylight which is fitted into a roof's construction. Roof lanterns serve as
both an architectural feature and a method of introducing natural light into a space, and are
typically wooden or metal structures with a number of glazed glass panels.

SKYLIGHT

  
VENTING SKYLIGHT

4.​SAWTOOTH ROOF​:​Another roof-angled glass alternative is a ​saw-tooth roof​ (found on

older factories). Saw-tooth roofs have vertical roof glass facing away from the equator side of the
building to capture diffused light (not harsh direct equator-side solar gain). The angled portion of
the glass-support structure is opaque and well insulated with a cool roof and radiant barrier. The
saw-tooth roof's lighting concept partially reduces the summer "solar furnace" skylight problem,
but still allows warm interior air to rise and touch the exterior roof glass in the cold winter, with
significant undesirable heat transfer.

SAWTOOTH ROOF

5.ATRIUM:​An atrium is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a
central circulation or public area by daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall. Atrium
provides some daylight to adjacent working areas, but the amount is often small and does not
penetrate very far. The main function of an ​atrium is to provide a visual experience and a degree
of contact with the outside for people in the working areas. The day lighting of successive storey

  
of rooms adjoining an atrium is interdependent and requires a balanced approach. Light from the
sky can easily penetrate the upper storey’s but not the lower, which rely primarily on light
reflected from internal surfaces of the atrium such as floor-reflected light. The upper storey
needs less window area than the lower ones, and if the atrium walls are light in colour the upper
walls will reflect light toward the lower stories.

ATRIUM IN A MALL BRINGING IN DAYLIGHT

6.LIGHT PIPES:​Another type of device used is the light tube, also called a tubular daylighting
device (TDD), which is placed into a roof and admits light to a focused area of the interior.
These somewhat resemble recessed ceiling light fixtures. They do not allow as much heat
transfer as skylights because they have less surface area.

TDDs use modern technology to transmit visible light through opaque walls and roofs. The tube
itself is a passive component consisting of either a simple reflective interior coating or a light
conducting fiber optic bundle. It is frequently capped with a transparent, roof-mounted dome
"light collector" and terminated with a diffuser assembly that admits the daylight into interior
spaces and distributes the available light energy evenly (or else efficiently if the use of the lit
space is reasonably fixed, and the user desired one or more "bright-spots").

  
The tubular daylighting device was invented by ​Solatube International​ in 1986 and brought to
market first in Australia in 1991. Solatube TDD's are used to provide day lighting to residential
and commercial buildings, contributing to sustainability from a lighting standpoint and reducing
the carbon footprint.

LIGHT PIPES WORKING

2.2.4.ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING:

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of ​light​ to achieve some practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial ​light sources​ like lamps and light fixtures, as well as
natural illumination by Capturing day light. ​Day lighting​ (using windows, skylights, or light
shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save
energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy
consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

2.2.5. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING:

1.INCANDESCENT LIGHT:​It works by incandescence (the emission of light by an object as a

result of its being heated to a high temperature). Electric current passes through a thin filament,
heating it to a temperature the produces light. Enclosing glass bulb contains either a vacuum or
an inert gas to prevent oxidation of the hot filament. It is not as efficient as 90% of the power
consumed by the bulb is emitted as heat than visible light.

  
 PARTS OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP

2.FLOURESCENT LAMP:​The most common application of this technology is in the tubular

fluorescent lamps. The main benefit of a fluorescent bulb is its long life. Fluorescent bulbs are
very efficient and produce little heat. The capacity is between 10000 and 20000 hours.

Fluorescent bulbs are filled with argon gas and when electricity is passed through, a small
amount of mercury in the tube produces ultraviolet radiation which in turn causes the
phosphorous coating of the tube to give off light.

  
FLUORESCENT LAMP AND ITS WORKING

3.HALOGEN LAMP:​These are high intensity lamps and have a long life. Usually Tungsten
halogen or quartz halogen are used. Lamps are filled with halogen gas, usually krypton. Halogen
bulbs are brighter than incandescent bulbs and are more energy efficient. Halogen headlamps
used mainly in automobiles. The Capacity is two or three times more than the incandescent
bulbs.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HALOGEN LAMPS

4.DISCHARGE LAMPS:​In a discharge lamp the inner tube is filled with various metals and
when the metals heat to the point of evaporation, the bulb produce light. At high pressure, the
mercury discharge is mainly blue and green radiation. HID lamps are used to light sports fields,

  
parking lots and roadways. All high-pressure mercury lamps take time to reach full output. The
Capacity is approximately 20000 hours.

DISCHARGE LAMP

5.SODIUM LAMPS:

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS:​LPS lamps produce light through a very similar process
as a fluorescent. They emit a very yellow light and require ballast like a fluorescent bulb. LPS
lamps are used when the highest efficiency light is needed. Most LPS lamps are used for
driveways, parking lots and pathways as there is no need of any colour at these places.

  
LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS:​High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are smaller and
contain additional elements such as mercury. It produces a dark pink glow when first struck, and
an intense pinkish orange light when warmed. As the sodium pressure is increased, the radiation
becomes a broad band around
the yellow peak, and the appearance is pinkish orange.

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

  
6.INDUCTION LAMPS:​The internal electrode less lamp or induction ​light is a ​gas discharge
lamp​ in which the power required to generate light is transferred from outside the lamp envelope
to the gas inside via an ​electric or magnetic field​, in contrast with a typical gas discharge lamp
that uses internal ​electrodes​ connected to the power supply by conductors that pass through the
lamp envelope.

There are two advantages to elimination of the internal electrodes:

● Extended lamp life, because the internal electrodes are usually the limiting factor in lamp
life.
● The ability to use light-generating substances of higher efficiency that would react with
internal metal electrodes in normal lamps.

2.2.6.DISCHARGE LAMP

1.COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS:​A Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) has the

characteristics and advantages of linear fluorescent lamps but its compact size is achieved by
folding the discharge path, retaining high efficacy. A 20-25 watt CFL is approximately
equivalent to a 100 watt incandescent bulb. Working principle is same as fluorescent lamps. The
Capacity is up to 10000 hours.

  
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

2.LIGHTEMITTING DIODES:​A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

two-​lead​ ​semiconductor​ ​light source​. It is a ​p–n junction​ ​diode​ that emits light when
activated. When a suitable ​voltage​ is applied to the leads, ​electrons​ are able to recombine
with ​electron holes​ within the device, releasing energy in the form of ​photons​. This effect is
called ​electroluminescence​, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy ​band gap​ of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small
(less than 1 mm​2​) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the ​radiation pattern​.

LED bulbs are considered to be the light of the future. They do not have a filament and can give
off nearly with different lights. They consume the least amount of electricity and produce the
least amount of heat. LED bulbs have a very long life. LED bulbs can come in a wide variety of
colours and can be used when coloured accent lighting is needed.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as ​aviation lighting​, ​automotive
headlamps​, advertising, ​general lighting​, ​traffic signals​, camera flashes, and lighted wallpaper.

  
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

  
 UNIT-III

3.0) INTRODUCTION:

Advantages- admitting daylight- controlling daylight – multiple glazing- orientation- window

treatments- potentials of day lighting as an energy resource - Artificial lighting - color
characteristics of artificial lighting- integration of daylighting with artificial lighting- lighting
controls- intelligent building systems for lighting- switches- dimmers.

3.1) OBJECTIVE:

AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER STUDENTS CAN ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING:

● POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR DAY LIGHTING

● ADVANTAGES OF DAYLIGHTING

● DISADVANTAGES

● MAINTENANCE OF DAYLIGHTING SOLUTIONS

● INTEGRATING DAYLIGHTING WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

● ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS

● INTELLIGENT BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR LIGHTING

3.2.CONTENT:

3.2.1.POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR DAY LIGHTING:

Day lighting is the complete process of designing buildings to utilize natural light to its fullest. It
includes all of the following activities.
• O​rientation ​of​ t​ he building—that is, orienting it for optimum solar exposure
• ​Massing ​the building—that is, presenting the optimum building surfaces towards the sun

  
OPTIMUM BUILDING SURFACES TOWARDS THE SUN

• Choosing ​fenestration ​to permit the proper amount of light into the building, taking into
account seasons, weather, and daily solar cycles.

FENESTRATIONS FACING TOWARDS THE SUN

• ​Shading t​ he façade and fenestration from unwanted solar radiation

• Adding appropriate operable ​shading devices,​ such as blinds and curtains, to permit occupant
control over daylight admission
• Designing ​electric lighting controls ​that permit full realization of the energy savings benefit of
day lighting

  
3.2.2. ADVANTAGES OF DAYLIGHTING:
Increasing energy costs and concern about global warming, there is considerable interest in using
daylight as the major light source in buildings. Unfortunately, there is little point in doing this if
day lighting causes problems to the occupants of buildings. The possibility of daylight causing
problems to occupants may seem unlikely given the well established desire of people to have
natural light wherever possible, whenever available. However, a short walk around any city will
reveal numerous well-glazed office buildings where the blinds on many windows are
permanently closed. Such behavior demonstrates the existence of a failed day lighting design for
at least some people within the building. Nonetheless, unless there is a good reason why there
should ​be no daylight in the building, day lighting should always be encouraged.

● The advantages are as follows:

● -A proper day lighting plan can reduce energy costs with little or no additional
investment in systems.
● -A proper day lighting plan can reduce electricity costs.
● -A proper day lighting plan can reduce HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
costs.
● -Energy savings range from 15 to 40 percent (facilitiesnet.com)
● -People have a natural attraction and need for daylight.
● -Proper daylight can prevent eyestrain in the workplace or school building.
● -Proper daylight can help increase concentration and maintain focus on the task at hand.
● -While there can be some upfront additional costs, the overall long-term savings will
typically make up for any initial dollars spent on day lighting.
● -It can have a direct impact on well-being, productivity, and overall sense of satisfaction.
● -Creates a more calm and productive environment because it connects people to the
outdoors.
● -People with a view and exposure to natural light are less likely to report negative health
symptoms.
● -Exposure to daylight was consistently linked to a higher level of concentration and better
short-term memory recall.

  
● -A positive correlation has been made between the number of hours of useful daylight
and retail sales.
● -Daylight is an effective stimulant to the human visual system and human circadian
system.
● -Throughout the day, the variation in the light spectrum of natural daylight is unmatched
by any constructed light source. The variation of the natural light spectrum positively
“affects the performance of chromatic tasks, where the perception of color is an inherent
part of the task”, according to L.G. Williams, author of Perception and Psychophysics.
● -Windows that provide a view as well as daylight can reduce stress.
● -Reduces the incidence of health problems caused by the rapid fluctuations in light output
of typical electric lighting.
● -Windows increase the value of a rental space. Not only does it help lower heating and
cooling costs, but windows also increase the amount of natural light in the home or office
space. A study performed by Building Technology Innovations revealed that increased
natural light makes the rental space look bigger and more open, resulting in people’s
willingness to pay more.
● -Day lighting systems give individuals in a home or office place the ability to control the
amount of natural light coming through a window, allowing for their own personal
preferences to be met.
● -People who get regular exposure to sunlight tend to be more optimistic, sleep better at
night and have a higher sense of well-being.
● -Sunlight causes our brains to produce serotonin, a hormone that can improve mood by
alleviating pain, providing energy and making us feel happy and well rested.
● -South-facing windows allow most winter sunlight into the home but little direct sun
during the summer, especially when properly shaded.
● -North-facing windows admit relatively even, natural light, producing little glare and
almost no unwanted summer heat gain.

  
 ● -East- and west-facing windows provide good daylight penetration in the morning and
evening, respectively, but may cause glare, admit a lot of heat during the summer when it
is usually not wanted, and contribute little to solar heating during the winter.

3.2.3. DISADVANTAGES:
1. Visual Problems:​The visual problems of day lighting are glare and veiling reflections. Glare
is caused by a direct view of either the sun or the bright sky. Glare is usually experienced when
facing a window in a façade receiving direct sunlight. Veiling reflections are most commonly
experienced when sitting with ones backing to a window, when the high brightness impinging on
a computer screen reduces the contrast of the display.
The first step in overcoming glare is to ensure that the differences in luminance between
the window or roof light and the immediate surroundings are minimized. This can be done
either by decreasing the luminance of the sky or by increasing the luminance of the window
surround or both. The luminance of the sky can be reduced by fitting tinted, reflective or fritted
glass. This can be effective for a bright sky but not for direct sunlight.Shading devices can be
either passive or active. Passive shading devices restrict daylight at all times, active shading
devices do not. Passive shading devices consist of light shelves, overhangs and louvers. Active
shading devices, such as louvers and awnings, are located on the exterior of a building.
Motorized louvers can be effective at maximizing the amount of daylight available,
whilst reducing the penetration of the sunlight. Movement of louvers can be distracting. They
also impose a maintenance requirement. The same concerns apply to motorized awnings but in
addition, there is a need to sense wind speed so that the awnings can be retracted if necessary.
Screening is usually provided by some sort of blind fitted to the window. Blinds can be used
to reduce glare and direct radiation but in so doing they may also restrict daylight and view
out. Some blind materials, such as perforated fabric, allow a degraded view out to be retained
while limiting daylight admission.
Others, such as Venetian and vertical blinds allow the user to adjust blind coverage and the angle
of the blades to preserve a limited view out while restricting the admission of sunlight.

  
Yet others, such as roller blinds allow the view of the sky to be restricted while preserving a
view of the ground outside. While such adjustments are possible in principle, in practice human
inertia usually means that blinds are adjusted rarely with the consequence that the amount of
daylight in the interior is less than expected by the designer. Such inertia can be overcome by
using motorized rather than manual blinds linked to sunlight on the façade but this is expensive
and is another maintenance issue. All blinds should have a reflectance of at least 0.5. Where they
are likely to be subject to direct sunlight, blinds should have a transmittance of less than 0.1.
2.Thermal Problems:​Daylight admitted to a building represents a heat load. In winter this may
be useful but in summer it can represent an additional cooling load. Therefore, when considering
the energy balance of the whole building, it is essential to consider the contribution of day
lighting. On a local scale, sunlight directly incident on people near a window can cause
thermal discomfort. This is a good reason for not positioning workplaces close to a window
but rather to use this space for circulation. When selecting shading devices, consideration
should be given to these effects.

3. Privacy problems:​Extensively glazed buildings can present privacy problems, particularly on

the ground floor. Concerns about privacy can lead to blinds being closed at all times with a
consequent lack of daylight and view out. There is little that can be done about the admittance of
daylight but a degraded view out can be preserved without sacrificing privacy by using blinds
made from perforated fabric, particularly when the outside face of the blind is of high reflectance
and the inside face is of low reflectance. An alternative solution is to move workplaces away
from the windows and to use this space for circulation.

3.2.4.MAINTENANCE OF DAYLIGHTING SOLUTIONS:

Dirt will build up on the exterior and interior surfaces of windows and roof lights. This
will reduce the transmittance of the glass and therefore the amount of daylight entering
the building. The degree to which this will occur will depend largely on the inclination of the
glass and the air quality of the local environment. A busy urban environment will produce more
dirt than a rural one. To minimize the problem a regular window cleaning programme is needed,

  
which will require easy and safe access to the windows. Without this, window cleaning will
be expensive and is likely that it will not be carried out as often as necessary.

3.2.5. INTEGRATING DAYLIGHTING WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT:

To harvest the energy-saving benefits of day lighting, electric lights must be switched off or
dimmed. This can be designed in several ways.
• Adequate manual switching or dimming to encourage the user to turn off or dim electric lights
• An automatic photoelectric device in each day lighted zone that either switches off lights
during daylight periods or dims lights in proportion to the amount of daylight
• An automatic photoelectric system that dims or switches off lighting systems throughout a
building in response to daylight
• An automatic time-of-day control system, preferably with astronomic time functions, that
switches or dims lights according to a fixed solar schedule
Each approach has merit. It is generally agreed that switching lights is least expensive but
dimming lights is most desired. Step dimming has been found disruptive in many situations.
The use of both electric light and daylight often raises the question of whether the electric light
source should match the natural light. In most cases, choosing an electric light source that is
appropriate independent of daylight is probably best. To match daylight, a light source of a very
high colour temperature is needed; this light would probably appear unusually cool as interior
illumination at night.
When integrating electric and natural light, it is common to want to illuminate a skylight to
imitate daylight at night, but this approach should be pursued carefully, if at all. Up lighting a
skylight tends to send light through the glass and into the sky, wasting both the light and the
energy consumed in creating it.
What little light is reflected tends to create glare. However, illuminating the skylight well and
splay can be effective. The goal is to create the illusion of sky lighting without trying to match
the illumination level.

  
INTEGRATION OF DAYLIGHTING AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
3.2.6.ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS:
ORIENTATION can be put simply as which compass direction the building faces. For instance,
directly south, 80° east-northeast. Along with massing, orientation of a building can be the most
important step in providing a building with passive thermal and visual comfort. Orientation and
massing cannot be optimized without the other. It is usually measured by the azimuth angle of a
surface relative to true north. Successfully the building is rotated to maximize free energy from
the sun and wind and minimize energy loads. It can also take advantage of other site conditions,
such as rainwater harvesting driven from prevailing winds.

AZIMUTH ANGLE

1.ORIENTATION FOR VISUAL COMFORT:​For visual comfort, the building is oriented

east to west rather than north south. This can enhance consistent harness daylight and control
glare along the long faces. This also minimizes glare from rising/setting sun. Cut-outs can be

  
provided to maximize day lighting but the walls on the north and south can be closed to the
maximum. And they can also be provided with their own shading.

ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDINGS TOWARDS EAST-WEST

2.ORIENTATION FOR THERMAL COMFORT- SOLAR HEAT AGAIN:​The orientation
for thermal comfort is similar to orientation for daylighting with some exceptions such as; the
amount of sunlight that is optimal for day lighting is often not optimal for solar heat gain. The
Sun’s heat does not come from all directions like the light does and Heat can be stored via
thermal massing which could be useful for west facing walls to store heat at night. Points that
should be considered are listed below:
● -The buildings longer than they are wide should be oriented east-west rather than N-S.
● -Lets you consistently harness thermal gain or avoid along the long face of the building.
● -Also minimize the area that’s subject to faster energy swings from rising/setting sun.
● -Solar heat gain can be useful in the AM on the east side, not on the west side after a
warm day.

3.2.7. INTELLIGENT BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR LIGHTING:

1.SMART LIGHTING CONTROL:​The use of automatic light dimming is an aspect of smart
lighting that serves to reduce energy consumption. Manual light dimming also has the same
effect of reducing energy use.
2.USE OF SENSORS- COMPONENTS: ​A complete sensor consists of a ​motion detector​, an
electronic control unit, and a controllable switch/relay. The detector senses motion and
determines whether there are occupants in the space. It also has a timer that signals the electronic
control unit after a set period of inactivity. The control unit uses this signal to activate the

  
switch/relay to turn equipment on or off. For lighting applications, there are three main sensor
types: passive ​infrared​, ​ultrasonic​ and hybrid.

WORKING OF A SMART LIGHTING SYSTEM

3. DAYLIGHT SENSING:​In response to day lighting technology, daylight-linked automated

response systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These
technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent
switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or
when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb
occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential
switching' or 'dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from
to reduce occupants being disturbed.

4.OCCUPANCY SENSING:​Smart lighting that utilizes ​occupancy sensors​ can work in unison
with other lighting connected to the same network to adjust lighting per various conditions. The
table below shows potential electricity savings from using occupancy sensors to control lighting
in various types of spaces.

5. ULTRASONIC:​The advantages of ultrasonic devices are that they are sensitive to all types of
motion and generally there are zero coverage gaps, since they can detect movements not within
the line of sight.

  
6.MISCELLANIOUS​:​Motion-detecting​ (microwave), heating-sensing (infrared), and
sound-sensing; optical cameras, infrared motion, optical trip wires, door contact sensors, thermal
cameras, micro radars, daylight sensors.

INFRARED SENSOR

MOTION SENSOR

  
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

7.SMART LIGHTING ECOSYSTEM:​Smart lighting systems can be controlled using the

internet to adjust lighting brightness and schedules. One technology involves a smart lighting
network that assigns IP addresses to light bulbs.

WORKING OF A LIGHT PIPE

  
DAYLIGHT TUBE

3.3) REVISION POINTS:

3.3.1.DAYLIGHT AND DESIGN PROCESS:

Designing for the use of daylight is an integrated approach that spans all phases of the design
process. While the priorities of the overall design goals change throughout the design process,
maintaining a consistent thread for the treatment of daylight will provide a satisfactory result
during building occupancy. Day lighting design begins with the initial siting of a building which
directly affects the subsequent phases of design.

During the Schematic Design phase, establishing orientation, building form, floor plan, and
fenestration are key elements to drive the design into the next phases. Design Development
consists of specifying materials and finishes that would complement the decisions made during
schematic design. Also integrating building systems such as electrical and mechanical equipment
to optimize building performance should be established in accordance with occupancy schedules.
During the Construction Document phase it is critical that the detail drawings clearly explain
how the tectonics of the building are assembled in order to for the general contractor to bid the

  
correct materials and ensure that they are installed correctly. Once the building is occupied, it is
important to track the buildings performance in order to understand how to maintain and fine
tune the building systems.

Finally the last important phase of the building and design process is to provide a
post-occupancy evaluation (POE). The POE is critical in determining overall occupant
satisfaction, visual comfort, and day lighting performance. It allows the designers to gain a better
understanding of how the decisions actually perform in reality and what changes need to be
made in future projects.

3.3.2.ENERGY SAVINGS OF DAYLIGHTING:

Designing with daylight can improve energy efficiency by minimizing the use of electricity for
lighting as well as reducing associated heating and cooling loads. Day lighting is a critical design
factor to those concerned about global warming, carbon emissions, and sustainable design. Now
that we have entered what Thomas Friedman calls the “Energy Climate Era” designers must
confront the rising cost of energy and rapid depletion of natural resources. To obtain lighting
energy savings the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) have provided
six essential recommendations for day lighting design

1. Plan interior space for access to daylight.

2. Minimize sunlight in the vicinity of critical visual tasks.
3. Design spaces to minimize glare.
4. Zone electric lighting for daylight-responsive control.
5. Provide for daylight-responsive control of electric lighting.
6. Provide for commissioning and maintenance of any automatic controls.
3.3.3.SITE STRATEGIES FOR DAYLIGHTING:
To achieve optimal day lighting levels the designer must first consider the buildings site
orientation relative to the path of the sun, horizontal obstructions, and building form.
Neighboring buildings, existing trees, and topography can determine the amount of natural

  
daylight a space will receive, therefore the designer must develop strategies that will maximize
daylight within the space while considering adjacent properties access to daylight.
The ideal orientation for buildings is along a east-west axis which provides the south and north
facade with the maximum solar exposure and ability to control daylight easily. The south facade
is the most desirable because daylight is distributed in a uniform manner and direct solar gain
can be controlled to prevent overheating. The north facade can be treated with skylights to allow
constant diffused light to penetrate interior spaces. Since the ideal building orientation lends
itself to a long narrow building form much of the floor area will have access to daylight. The
following list provides perimeter dimension for daylight penetration
-Full daylight: 15 ft.
-Partial daylight: 15-30 ft.
- Artificial light: Beyond 30 ft.
3.3.4. APERTURE STRATEGIES:
Side-lighting systems provide light from apertures in window walls where daylight penetrates the
space from one or more sides. The distance to which usable daylight illuminates a space and is
reflected onto a work surface is the challenge for designers. Side-lighting is best for desk tasks
because there are no veiling reflections. There are various side-lighting strategies that provide
greater luminance farther into space and improve visual comfort. Below is a list of strategies
when developing a side-lighting system
● Bilateral lighting: When a space is lit from two walls and distributes daylight evenly
Place windows high on a wall. Daylight will penetrate farther into a space and have a
uniform distribution.
● Use the ceiling as a reflecting surface by placing window heads as close as possible to the
ceiling.
● Use adjacent interior walls as reflectors, which reduce the contrasting edge around the
window.
● Provide daylight filters such as trees, vines, and trellises to diffuse Day light.
● Provide summer shading with exterior louvers, overhangs, and light
● Shelves that can block direct sunlight, and reflect diffused sunlight into a space

  
 ● Provide light-coloured materials or finishes on shading elements that will reduce contrast
and reflect light deeper into a space.

BILATERAL LIGHTING

3.3.5.TOP LIGHTING:

Skylights, heliostats, and clerestories are suitable apertures for allowing daylight to penetrate the
roof plane of a building and allowing light to enter the interior spaces. These strategies are
helpful when perimeter windows cannot allow daylight into deep interior areas. To prevent
veiling reflections or direct glare situations with top lighting apertures, and interior reflectors
should be used to diffuse and control daylight. The following are a few top lighting strategies
that will enhance overhead daylight.
Splaying the sides of a skylight washes light along a larger surface area and reflects diffuse light
into the space. It also reduces glare.
1. Place top lights high in a space, this allows for more surface area for light to diffuse
upon.
2. Use interior devices to block, or diffuse light that can be redirected by a reflector below a
roof aperture

  
TOPLIGHTING

3.3.6. INNOVATIVE DAYLIGHT STRATEGIES:

There are a number of innovative daylighting systems that allow natural light to penetrate
interior spaces and enhance the quality of light. These systems include prismatic panels, solar
tubes, heliostats, and fiber optics. Some advanced systems use reflectors and lens to concentrate
light into a conductor device that can disperse light more effectively and evenly. Though these
systems can be quite costly due to the materials used and the time to develop such products, their
viability is proven through the reduction of artificial lighting needed during daytime hours. These
specialized lighting systems reduce overall energy consumption while increasing the mental well
being of building occupants.Light harvesting blinds redirect daylight into interior spaces while
reducing glare. When sunlight hits the blind, the specula upper side of the slat turns toward the
exterior and provides perfect sun shading due to the reflection of the sunrays.

LIGHT HARVESTING BLINDS

1.LIGHT PIPES:​Light pipes operate through channeling light from a heliostat into a highly
reflective tube made of prismatic glass, aluminum film, or mirrors. Light pipes can transport
light 65 ft. from a single light source and is able to diffuse the direct sunlight at the end of the

  
pipe resulting in an even distribution of light. Daylight Pipes are light shafts that have highly
reflective surfaces and are capped by a clear skylight

The amount of light transmitted into the interior depends on the diameter of the shaft. This
system is convenient and economical for supplemental illumination. Tubular skylights are able to
diffuse direct sunlight through a stratified layer of reflective material, which softens and evenly
distributes daylight.

LIGHT TUBE

Advantages of daylight pipes:

• Savings on artificial lighting due to sufficient day lighting
• No solar protection necessary
• A lower proportion of openings in the roof due to utilization of the sun

• A positive effect on the people due to daylight

  
 UNIT-IV

4.0) INTRODUCTION:

​GENERAL AIMS- LIGHTING NEEDS- CALCULATION OF LIGHTING LEVELS- INTENSITY LEVELS- ENERGY AND

INSTALLATION COSTS AND OTHER FACTORS- SELECTION OF FIXTURES- LOCATION AND PLACING OF

FIXTURES.

4.1) OBJECTIVE:

AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER STUDENTS CAN ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING:

● DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIGHTING

● OBSTRUCTIONS

● ROOM DIMENSIONS

● UNIFORMITY IN LIGHTING

● GLARE

● SHADOW INTENSITY AND DIRECTION OF INCIDENT LIGHT

● IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIGHTING DESIGN IN MEETING

SPACES
4.2.CONTENT:

4.2.1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIGHTING:

1.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS​:​Daylight design is closely related to a number of

environmental factors because the use of glass windows to let in light also allows the penetration
of solar heat and noise and increases the rate of heat gain or loss of the building fabric. Therefore
daylight design can never be considered alone. Fortunately by the proper choice of window
orientation and suitable sun shading device or constructions, the solar heat gain can be greatly
reduced. The use of double glazed window units is able to cope with the noise problem and
reduce significantly the heat gain or loss through the window. The remaining problem would be

  
the proper design of windows or roof-lights to provide a visually comfortable and efficient
environment for the type of tasks and activities to be performed.

2.FENESTRATION​:​The lighting conditions in a room depend primarily on the fenestration.

The illumination near the window decreases as the height of the window above the floor is
increased. However, the illumination increases away from the window, giving greater uniformity
to the lighting.

The figure below shows how the DF varies across a room use two types of windows; both have
the same total area:

(a) is for three tall windows, and

(b) is for one long, high-level window.

Window (a) will give a good open view, but (b) will provide more even daylight illumination.

The following points should be considered in the design of fenestration:

(a) The window head should be as high as possible, say at least 2 m above floor level, to enable
one can see out when standing.

(b) The window sill should not be higher than 1 m from floor level to enable one can see out
when sitting.

(c) The window surface area should be evenly distributed over the outside wall and the window
heights and widths should not be too small in relating to the window wall because this reduces
the uniformity of lighting and produces undesirable shadows.

  
WINDOWS BRINGING IN DAYLIGHT

THE EFFECT OF WINDOW HEIGHT ON DAYLIGHT FACTOR

4.2.2.OBSTRUCTIONS:

Any obstruction (buildings opposite the window, trees, etc.) decreases the luminance in rooms.
Obstructions which subtend elevation angles of more than 25-30o significantly reduce the
daylight penetration. This can be improved by increasing the height and width of the window. If
possible, the angle subtended by obstructions should not be greater than 30o. The minimum

  
distances between adjacent building and the window as lay down in the building regulations
should be complied with.

TREE OBSTRUCTING LIGHT THROUGH A WINDOW

4.2.3. ROOM DIMENSIONS:

With room heights of 2.5-3 m which are usual in residential building, room depths, from the
lighting point of view, should ideally be limited to 4-6 m, depending on the width of the room
and the nature of obstructions if any. To achieve good illumination, greater room depths are only
possible with windows on two sides, with roof lights or with the installation of supplementary
artificial lighting.

4.2.4. UNIFORMITY IN LIGHTING:

Uniformity is essentially dependent on:

(a) The dimensions of the room, the windows and all the obstructions to light,

(b) The reflectance’s of the surfaces enclosing the room, the obstructions to light and the room
furnishings, as well as the type of glazing.

  
The uniformity of illumination is expressed in terms of the ratio of the minimum illumunance in
the room to the average luminance measured on a horizontal reference plane. Uniform
distribution of the luminance in the room should be the objective.

4.2.5. GLARE:

One will experience glare if the difference in the luminance’s of adjacent surfaces become
excessive. This refers to impairment of the visual efficiency of the eye by excessive relative and
absolute luminance. In addition to direct glare from the sun, glare may also arise in interior
rooms through excessive contrast between the high luminance of the patch of sky visible through
the windows and the substantially lower luminance’s of the adjacent surfaces enclosing the
room. The degree of glare thus depends on:

(a) The luminance and the size of the light-emitting surface seen by the eye,

(b) The ratio of this luminance to the luminance of this environment or background,

(c) The distance of the glare-producing surface from the eye and its position in the field​ ​of
vision.

All types of glare, both direct glare from the sun and glare from reflections, e.g. from polished
floors, are to be avoided.

4.2.6. SHADOW INTENSITY AND DIRECTION OF INCIDENT LIGHT:

For the perception of the solidity and surface texture of objects reasonable shadow intensity is
required. Adequate shadow intensity is generally provided by the lateral incidence of daylight
into rooms with side windows. Working positions should be arranged so that hand and body
shadows do not fall on the working surface.

  
4.2.7.​ IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIGHTING DESIGN IN MEETING SPACES:
Every organization has a place (or often several) where they hold meetings and other important
gatherings. But what many organizations don’t realize is how important the design of this space is to
the work that gets done. In particular, the lighting of the room can either facilitate productivity or
hinder it.

-Room Size: How many people does the meeting space accommodate? Is it a small conference
room or a large lecture hall? The size of the room is one of the most important considerations for
lighting design in meeting spaces.

-Energy Conservation: The more bulbs you have in the space, the more energy you’ll use. Think
about ways to light the room without wasting so much energy. Large windows can help, but sunlight
also fluctuates throughout the day, giving you less control over the light levels in the space. Consider
using LED bulbs or other energy-saving lighting methods.

-Use of Technology: Will you be using a projection screen in this room? Will people be using
their laptops, tablets, or other devices? It’s important that the lighting in the space not reflect off
devices or overwhelm the projection screen, making the content difficult to see. Test your light
levels based on what you plan on using the room for and the technology it will need to
accommodate.

-Proper Brightness: If light levels are too low, it can make people drowsy during the meeting. On
the other hand, if the lights are too bright, it’s distracting, making people restless. Also consider
proper light levels for taking notes and reading handouts or other materials, and the fact that people
whose eyes aren’t as good may require slightly more light for those purposes. Do some testing of
your light levels to make sure you have the ideal brightness for the room.

-Lighting Control: There are all different ways of controlling a room’s lighting levels. You can
have a series of switches, each controlling a small section of lights, allowing you to turn on just

  
enough to get the level you need. You can have a dimmer switch that lets you adjust the levels of all
the lights at once. For a large enough space, you can even have a lighting board that adjusts different
sections individually to give you the perfect level for your purposes. How dark does the space get
without light? How easy is it to find the lighting controls in the dark? Going through the space in the
dark can lead to accidents and subsequent lawsuits. Many organizations arrange it so no one can
enter an entirely dark room. They’ll have motion sensors that turn on the lights just before someone
enters, or pilot lights that are always on, providing just enough light to navigate and find the switch.
Alternately, you could simply put one of the light switches outside the door, so people can turn it on
manually as they go in.

There are a number of other important considerations for lighting design in meeting spaces. The
right lighting design can increase a room’s productivity and versatility. Think about what you need
to do in the space, and research different lighting types that will accommodate those needs.

LIGHTING IN AN OFFICE

  
4.3) REVISION POINTS:

4.3.1. CALCULATION OF LIGHTING LEVELS AND INTENSITY LEVELS:

1.QUANTITY OF ILLUMINATION:​The most common measure of light output (or luminous

flux) is the lumen. Light sources are labeled with an output rating in lumens. For example, a T12
40-watt fluorescent lamp may have a rating of 3050 lumens. Similarly, a light fixture's output
can be expressed in lumens. As lamps and fixtures age and become dirty, their lumen output
decreases (i.e., lumen depreciation occurs). Most lamp ratings are based on initial lumens (i.e.,
when the lamp is new).

2.Light Level:​Light intensity measured on a plane at a specific location is called ​illuminance​.

Illuminance is measured in ​footcandles,​ which are workplane lumens per square foot. You can
measure illuminance using a light meter located on the work surface where tasks are performed.
Using simple arithmetic and manufacturers' photometric data, you can predict illuminance for a
defined space. (Lux is the metric unit for illuminance, measured in lumens per square meter. To
convert footcandles to lux, multiply footcandles by 10.76.)

3.Brightness​Another measurement of light is​ ​luminance​, sometimes called brightness. This

measures light "leaving" a surface in a particular direction, and considers the illuminance on the
surface and the reflectance of the surface.The human eye does not see illuminance; it sees
luminance. Therefore, the amount of light delivered into the space and the reflectance of the
surfaces in the space affects your ability to see.

4.3.2. QUANTITY MEASURES

● Luminous flux is commonly called light output and is measured in lumens (lm).
● Illuminance is called light level and is measured in foot candles (fc).

  
 ● Luminance is referred to as brightness and is measured in footlamberts (fL) or
candelas/m2 (cd/m2).

4.3.4. SELECTION OF FIXTURES:

Lighting is one of the key elements that helps make a house a home. The proper lighting enables
one to perform tasks easily, makes one feel safer and more comfortable, and allows you to enjoy
your home at its full potential.

1.FOYERS, HALLS AND STAIRWAYS:

Use lighting and decoration for a first impression.​

-​The foyer conveys the first impression of a home's interior. Center a traditional chandelier,
contemporary pendant, or transitional close-to-ceiling fixture in your hallway to provide basic
illumination and create a welcoming atmosphere.

CENTER CHANDELIER

Make your artwork come to life and illuminate it with halogen light from track or adjustable
recessed down-lighting. Mirrors also add a special decorative touch to a foyer.​Make sure to size the
decorative fixture to the space. Not all foyers can accommodate a large chandelier, so make sure the
size proportions are correct. Likewise, if you have a larger space, you'll need a larger fixture. If

  
you'll be able to view the fixture from above, make sure to select a foyer chandelier or pendant that
looks attractive from second story viewing.

LIGHTING ON THE STAIRWAYS

Remember that stairways and halls must have good general lighting for safety. To prevent accidents,
stairs should be lit from top to bottom with switches in both places. For safety in hallways, place
lighting fixtures every 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 m). Tie in the fixtures you choose by matching your
foyer chandelier or pendant with close-to-ceiling fixtures for hallways and smaller chain hung
fixtures for stairways.

MATCHING WALLS TO COMPLEMENT

Use matching wall sconces to complement the hanging foyer fixture. Always mount a sconce above
eye level (approximately 66" from the center of the fixture to the floor) so that the lamp source is not
visible.

  
 2.LIVING AREA:

LIVING AREA ACCENTUATED

Use lighting to bring out the best in your living spaces. Enhance your room's ambiance, dramatize
wall textures, accent artwork, or just provide general illumination for your den, living room, family
room, playrooms, or bedrooms. A variety of different types of lighting fixtures will work for both
your general lighting and accent lighting needs.
Use recessed lighting to light a general area.​ ​This is preferred because the light source is concealed.
Close-to-ceiling fixtures, wall sconces, and interior lamps are also excellent choices and provide
ample lighting. These fixtures are not only decorative pieces, but are ideal sources of task lighting
for reading or playing games.
● While traditional wall fixtures with arms remain the most popular form of wall lighting, more
contemporary wall sconces are gaining popularity for accent lighting.

ACCENT LIGHTING

  
Try recessed lighting or track lighting to make a room come alive by accenting artwork, wall
washing, or grazing.​ ​Interior lamps are also a great choice.
When table space is limited, wall lamps are a good alternative.

TRACK LIGHTING

CFL lighting can be used in order to save energy and money.

3.DINING ROOM:
Create a focal point with lighting. Your dining table is in place, chairs are pushed in, and the
table is set. The only thing remaining to complete the picture is the centre piece, your light
fixture. This lighting fixture is the focal point of your room, so it needs to express your own
personal style, while still satisfying general lighting needs. Whether you’re dining and
entertaining style is casual and lay back, or is generally more formal, choose a fixture that
reflects you.

  
DINING TABLE FOCUSSED
Use a chandelier or pendant for general lighting.​ ​Both fixtures are excellent sources of lighting
and are sure to set the tone of your dining room. Recessed wall washers can also provide
additional light while helping to create an illusion of a larger room space.
When hanging a chandelier, make sure that the chandelier is 6" to 12" smaller than the narrowest
side of the table. The bottom of the pendant or chandelier should be approximately 30" above
your table.
Chandeliers with 200 to 400 overall wattage provide abundant illumination for a dining room.
Consider a chandelier with an integral down light for additional light on the table.

Add accent lighting to the room, too. Aim adjustable halogen recessed fixtures on the table and
chandelier. This will provide additional light on the table, and will also bring out the brilliance of
the chandelier. Consider companion sconces on either side of a china cabinet or hutch. Cabinet
lighting mounted inside valences and cabinets also adds drama.

  
 ACCENT LIGHTING
4. KITCHEN:
Realize that the kitchen is often the busiest part of the house.​ ​Not only are your meals prepared
here, but your family and guests gather here as well. Sufficient and adequate lighting is a must for
performing all your culinary needs, helping your kids with their homework, and reading the
paper.
Sketch a plan of your kitchen that focuses on activity areas and then decide what kind of light
each area will need: general, task, accent, or decorative.
Use higher watt bulbs in task areas.
A glass or plastic pendant will provide ample "up-lighting" to cover the entire dinette area with
light.

SUFFICIENT LIGHTING

  
Go with decorative fluorescent fixtures placed in the centre over a workspace. Kitchens less than
100 square feet require a two lamp fluorescent, up to 250 square feet will require supplemental
lighting. Down lights mounted 18" off the edge of the cabinets, and spaced 3' to 4' on centres is an
excellent way to create additional general lighting.

SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING – DOWNLIGHTS

Use under cabinet lighting to help prevent shadows on the counters, while adding critical light to
the workspace.​ ​Fluorescent under cabinet fixtures are also a cost efficient lighting source. In open
areas over sinks use recessed down lights mounted directly over the sink.
Mounting mini-pendants 18" to 24" above the work surface is an ideal way to light up a breakfast
bar or counter dinettes, a pendant on a dimmer, hanging 24" to 30" above the table, is ideal for
task lighting. Size the fixture to roughly 12" less than the diameter of the table.

  
 UNDER CABINET LIGHTING, FLOURESCENT LIGHTING BEING USED HERE

Illuminate your special home objects, architectural detail, or food presentation areas with track or
recessed lighting. Use under cabinet lighting in cabinets, valences, and toe spaces and create drama
while also supplying additional light to navigate around your kitchen in the evening.
Choose fluorescent lights to provide that missing ambient lighting. The ambient light provided by
fluorescent fixtures will fill in your kitchen's shadows; reduce contrast, and light vertical surfaces to
give the space a brighter feel.

5. BATH AND VANITY:

Bathroom lighting is probably the last place people want to invest time and money. Mirrors go unlit,
and oftentimes one ceiling fixture is used to light up the sink, mirror, and shower. However, as
whirlpool tubs become larger and steam showers are added, more and more time is spent relaxing in
the bathroom. Since you begin and end your day in the bathroom, why not spend a little extra time
considering which fixtures and lights would work best?
● Halogen bulbs are generally the standard for bathroom lighting, but the newest compact
fluorescent bulbs are also a great option.

  
 SIMPLE LIGHITNG USED IN A BATHROOM

Use several recessed down lights or decorative surface-mounted fixtures for areas over 100 square
feet. Add companion close-to-ceiling fixtures to supplement bath wall brackets in larger bathrooms.
Companion close to ceiling fixtures supplement bath wall brackets in larger bathrooms.

RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS

Mount one fixture over the mirror to light a bathroom, but realize it can cause shadows on the
face.​ ​If using recessed lighting, avoid creating shadows by not mounting them directly over the
mirror.

  
Adding wall brackets to the side of the mirror is one of the best ways to eliminate shadows on the
face. For mirrors less than 48" wide use, vertically mounted wall brackets and position them 75 to 80
inches (190.5 to 203.2 cm) above the floor.
If the fixture uses exposed lamps, do not use a higher wattage than 40 watts. Neither fixtures with
clear or well diffused glass use not more than 75 watts. Colour corrected fluorescent lamps should be
used when fluorescent fixtures are desired. A crisp white light renders skin tones most accurately.

FIXTURE OVER A MIRROR

Use extra lighting in unexpected areas for both decoration and function.​ ​Try a small recessed light
directed at a piece of decorative art work or a beautiful powder basin creates an extra layer of
lighting.
In the shower, use recessed lights or a ceiling mounted plastic unit. Angle a recessed shower fixture
and highlight nice tile work or make your shower fixtures sparkle.
Don't forget the area over the commode! A recessed unit is always a great addition.

EXTRA LIGHTING

  
 UNIT-V

5.0) INTRODUCTION:

Floor- table and desk- wall mounted- ceiling units- built in lighting- miscellaneous types-
decorative lighting- spot lighting- task lighting- underwater lighting etc.

5.1) OBJECTIVE:

AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER STUDENTS CAN ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING:

● LAMPS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES

● FLOOR LIGHTING

● WALL MOUNTED LAMPS

● CEILING UNITS

● DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTING

5.2.CONTENT:

5.2.1. LAMPS AND LIGHTING FIXTURES:

Lighting in homes consumes 8–15% of the average household electricity budget (or about 6% of
its energy use) although the makeup of the installed lighting technologies, lighting design and
user behavior can make a difference. Efficient and well-designed lighting can yield household
energy savings.
Projected average home energy use in 2012 — actual energy use varies from state to state
(particularly with climate) and from home to home depending on the lighting in the home and
how it is used.

  
5.2.2. FLOOR LIGHTING:

Used on the floor and it is an easy to add lighting solution for any space. It could be used even
when there is no room for proper lighting fixtures.

This light adds a lot of drama to any space and makes it look cozier.

FLOOR LIGHTING

5.2.3. WALL MOUNTED LAMPS:

These are lamps usually mounted against the wall. It is mainly used to serve its purpose- to
illuminate a place. These are also used for making a place more dramatic. These could also be
used as installations. They could be used on the exteriors also.

  
WALL MOUNTED LIGHT

5.2.4. CEILING UNITS:

These are lighting fixtures on the ceiling which could be used for various purposes like focused
lighting, accent lighting etc.

  
CEILING LIGHT

5.2.5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTING:

1. RECESSED LIGHT:​A recessed light or down light is a ​light fixture​ that is installed into a
hollow opening in a ​ceiling​. When installed it appears to have light shining from a hole in the
ceiling, concentrating the light in a downward direction as a broad ​floodlight​ or narrow ​spotlight​.

There are three parts to a recessed lighting fixture: housing, trim and bulb. The trim is the visible
portion of the light. It is the insert that is seen when looking up into the fixture, and also includes
the thin lining around the edge of the light. The housing is the fixture itself that is installed inside
the ceiling and contains the lamp holder. There are many different types of bulbs that can be
inserted into recessed lighting fixtures, with the amount of heat generated by the bulb being a
unique consideration.

  
RECESSED LIGHTING

2. AQUARIUM LIGHTING:

Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by ​screw-in​ ​incandescent bulbs​, ​fluorescent

tubes​ and ​LED lamps​. Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more
energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types. ​Compact fluorescent lighting​ with a
compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs.

Freshwater ​planted aquariums​ require more specialized light sources. High intensity compact
fluorescent bulbs, high output fluorescent bulbs or ​metal halide lamps​ are often used over such
aquariums to encourage plant growth. In addition to providing a much stronger light source,
these light sources also offer a better spectrum for plant and algae growth than standard lighting.
However, this metal halide lighting often uses more electricity and can produce excessive heat.

  
AQUARIUM WITH LED LIGHTING

3.COVE LIGHTING​:​Cove lighting is a form of ​indirect lighting​ built into ledges, recesses, or
valences in a ceiling or high on the walls of a room. It directs light up towards the ceiling and
down adjacent walls. It may be used as primary lighting, or for aesthetic accent, especially to
highlight decorative ceilings. Cove lighting is valued because it hides the fixtures, and because it
provides a very even, warm light.

  
COVE LIGHTING

4.ACCENT LIGHTING:​Accent lighting focuses ​light​ on a particular area or object. It is often

used to highlight art or other artifacts. Common types of accent lights include wall
sconces, ​floodlights​, ​recessed lights​, torch ere lamps, or ​track lighting​. The brighter light from
the accent lamp creates visual interest to a room. Accent lights may also be used to shine light on
a stairway, or as in movie theaters, light a walkway.

Some accent lights aren't made to shine on a particular object, but are themselves a piece of art
with a self-contained light source. Often made with ​Tiffany glass​, these serve as a piece of
functional ​decor​ for a home.

Accent lights can also be used outdoors as guides for pathways or to spotlight garden art.

  
ACCENT LIGHTING

5.PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHTING:

Photographic lighting is the illumination of scenes to be ​photographed​. A photograph simply

records patterns of light, color, and shade; lighting is all-important in controlling the image. In
many cases even illumination is desired to give an accurate rendition of the scene. In other cases
the direction, brightness, and color of light are manipulated for effect. Lighting is particularly
important for ​monochrome​ photography, where there is no color information, only the interplay
of ​highlights​ and ​shadows​. Lighting and ​exposure​ are used to create effects such
as ​low-key​ and ​high-key​.

  
LIGHTING FOR PHOTOGRAPHY

6.TASK LIGHTING:​Often task lighting refers to increasing ​luminance​ to better accomplish a

specific activity. However, the luminance level is not the only factor governing visibility.
Contrast​ is also important, and a poorly positioned light source may cause contrast reduction,
resulting in loss of visibility. The most important purpose of task lighting in the office is not
increasing luminance, but improving contrast. General lighting can be reduced because task
lighting provides focused light where needed.

Different strategies for task lighting exist. The three main approaches are:

Localized average lighting, where a lamp supplies both ambient light and task light
Freely adjustable task light such as a ​gooseneck​, ​balanced-arm lamp​, or swing-arm light.
Asymmetric task light, where the lamp is placed at the side of the work area.

  
TASK LIGHTING FOR A STUDY AREA

There are also other approaches to task lighting, for example under-shelf ​luminaries​.

Other instances of task lighting are in machinery, where a specific work area needs illumination,
and in workshops, where a task light may illuminate the actual working area. Special instances of
task lighting are examination and operation lights for ​medicine and ​surgery​, as well as
the ​dentist​'s lamp. Task lamps are also used for many home tasks such as sewing, reading, small
repairs, model construction, crafts, writing, and many other activities. The actual task may range
from very small up to about as far as you may reach with your hands or available tools. Lighting
of larger areas is beyond the scope of task lighting.

7.TRACK LIGHTING:

Track lighting is a method of ​lighting​ where ​light fixtures​ are attached anywhere on a continuous
track device which contains ​electrical conductors​. This is in contrast to directly routing electrical
wiring to individual light positions. Tracks can either be mounted to ceilings or walls, lengthwise

  
down ​beams​, or crosswise across ​rafters​ or ​joists​. They can also be hung with rods from
especially high places like ​vaulted ceilings​.

Typical systems have ​line voltage​ running through a recessed track. The track may have more
than one live conductor, so that multiple switched circuits can be used to control different fittings
on the same track. Installers will place the tab of the connector on the fixture to one side or the
other when attaching it to the track.

TRACK LIGHTING IN A GALLERY