Radiation Heat Transfer 4791 ‘The resistance when no shield is present is R(no shield) = 2 — 1 The resistance with the shields in place is (N+ 1) times as large as when the shields are absent Thus d £) | (7.84) A = AJ with stietss = N +1 ‘without shields = 721.1 Radiation Error in High Temperature Measurement Ifthe temperature of a high temperature gas stream is measured by the insertion of a thermometer or thermocouple, the effects of the radiant exchange between the pipe walls and the temperature sensing element introduce considerable error. If 7, is the gas temperature to the measured and T, is the measured tempera- ture, at steady state, the heat transfer by convection from gas to the thermocouple is equal to the heat transfer by radiation from thermocouple to the wall (Fig. 7.47(a)), so that O-hA, (7,-T,) = OA, Few (Te ~ Te) (7.85) A YLITTTTITTETIT ORG TTT Shield (a) (b) Gas temperature measurement with (a) a bare thermocouple and (b) a shielded thermocouple the emissivity of the thermocouple which is very small compared A. is the area of the thermocouple. Here, ale is a & closing wall, and couple error. ; ithe couple is shielded, this error is considerably reduced. At steady ) the heat transfer by convection from gas to couple is equal to that by from couple to shield and (ii) the heat transfer by convection from gas ‘and that by radiation from couple to shield are equal to heat transfer by from shield to wall (Fig- 7.47(b)). BT) =0A.F., (2-7) (7.86) K i DNS) + oe Fes (Te —T') = OA Fou (Ty ~ To) (1.87)Rodiation Heat Transfer (479) af The resistance when no shield is presentis R(no shield) = 2 Gs resistance with the shields in place is (N+ 1) times as large as when the shields are absent) Thus = ) | (7.84) that els 7.21.1 Radiation Error in High Temperature Measurement Cr en a na \ Ifthe temperature of a high temperature gas stream is measured by the insertion ofa thermometer or thermocouple, the effects of the radiant exchange between the pipe walls and the temperature sensing element introduce considerable error. at If 7, is the gas temperature to the measured and T, is the measured tempera~ ture, at steady state, the heat transfer by convection from gas to the thermocouple is equal to the heat transfer by radiation from thermocouple to the wall » (Fig. 7.47(a)), so that Q=hA, (T,-T,) =A, Fou (Te — Te) (7.85) 1D} ie To 2) LLLLLLLLLL LLL LLL Gas | dah Wi (@) 77 Gas temperature measurement with (a) a bare thermocouple ‘and (b) a shielded thermocouple 4, ~ the emissivity ofthe thermocouple which is very smal compared ‘enclosing wall, and A; is the area of the thermocouple. Here, (T,-T) i couple error. Beer apie is shielded, this error is considerably reduced. At steady {i the heat transfer by convection from gas to couple is equal to that by ition from couple to shield and (i) the heat transfer by convection from gas sield and that by radiation from couple to shield are equal to heat transfer by from shield to wall (Fig. 7 47(b)) (Tq T)= OA Fos Te - rT) (7.86) Wali Ty) (7.87) R(T, T,)+ OAc Fes (Te ~T) = 04, I ee ————_ and 5 je.) 44/4) (0/e,)— 1] .QA + Ocal eae Ae taf t Fae ky 0 « them also has the same eMisgi, 5 On 9 T-T) / ge) 2ie—1 ei A /€ i — au n OwA= refore ‘At thermal equilibrium Qy/A= QnlA, the 4-2-1 4 ae oe fig 7 ‘a Substituting in Eq. (7.81), : Qs . On _o[T = G'/2)- 12) vee VARS 2e-1 Et =m) P 2 2le-1 From Eqs. (7.80) and (7.83) The resis) The resi: shields are 7211 R If the temy of a therm the pipe w If T, is to the ¢ (2) ot (22) the the A Jwith ishicld 2 \ A / without shicla Whi By the use of one radiation shield, the net radiant heat transfer is resi) state, ( 50%. The position of the shield so long as it does not touch either of tpl radiati does not alter its effectiveness. to shie IEW shields are placed between the two planes | and 2, there wae! “48° (eaters s", two for each shield and one for eachhedl™, (i) surface, and (N + 7 wee Fesistances” (which would all be unity) TY 1 resistance would thus A (vith N shields) = (aN 4 9) Le € =W+y (2-1) eee +(N + 1) (1) wher478 Heat Transfer i i he shield. If T, is known, the heat where 7, is the equilibrium temperature of t wns the where Fate can easily be calculated, The radiation network with one shield jy shown in Fig. 7.46. QA, ts By 4 AAO AAW 1 1-8 1-8 = a Ae % & BETAS Radiation network for two paratel planes separated by one radiation shield If the two parallel planes are of equal emissivity € Oy, _ of = Be) (7.80) A We-1 si If the third plane placed between them also has the same emissivity, at equilibrium Pee. al) A 2e At thermal equilibrium Q),/A = --B- 4 rt or tel aha (7.82) Substituting in Eq. (7.81), Oy. ag _ oft -(mt/2)~ crs 12) FAS -1@'-m) Ga 2 2e-1 From Eqs. (7.80) and (7.83) () A hl By the use of one diation shield, the net radiant heat transfer is reduced by 50%. The position of the shield so long as it does not touch either of the planes does not alter its effectiveness. If_N shields are placed between the two planes 1 and 2, there would be (N+ 2) "3 two for each shield and one for each heat transfer “Surtuce wesistances”, surface, and (N + 1) “space resistances” (which would all be unity). The total resistance would thus be R (with N shields) = (2N +2) 4 £ ++I) (1)ony = (As + 4g)-(A, + Ay) 24, In terms of lengths of strings, instead of areas, Fyy= (Es + bs)— (Ly + Lg) Oh Hottel’s cross-string method can thus be expressed as & (crossed strings) - ¥. (unerossed str 2 x (string on surface /) LG RADIATION SHIELDS Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces may be reduced either by using the materials which are highly reflective or by introducing radiation shields between them, Figure 7.45 (7.79) shows two infinite parallel gray planes interchanging radiative energy between them with and without radiation shield. For the case (a) without a radiation shield ] aia f| At ae 2 (b) Hig. 7.45 Radiation between parallel infinite planes with and without radiation shield Shield 4 Ox __o (Tt - A We, +e, - For the case (b), with a radiation shield between the surfaces, at equilibrium Os Om _ o(T'-T) ) o(T' -T + Ve A\ SHOT ON OPPO