A PROJECT REPORT

ON
SURVEY CAMP
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Form
MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. Aakash Singh Abhishek Kumar

ASS. PROF. 177001
CE CE,5TH SEM.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
FARRUKHNAGAR, GURUGRAM
Levelling
Levelling is a branch of surveying in civil engineering to measure levels of different points with respect to a
fixed point such as elevation of a building, height of one point from ground etc.

Types of Levelling in Surveying

1. Direct levelin
2. Trigonometric levelling
3. Barometric levelling
4. Stadia levelling

1.Direct Levelling

It is the most commonly used method of levelling. In this method, measurements are observed directly from
levelling instrument.

Based on the observation points and instrument positions direct levelling is divided into different types as
follows:

• Simple levelling
• Differential levelling
• Fly levelling
• Profile levelling
• Precise levelling
• Reciprocal levelling

Simple Levelling

It is a simple and basic form of levelling in which the levelling instrument is placed between the points which
elevation is to be find. Levelling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through levelling instrument. It
is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
Differential Levelling

Differential levelling is performed when the distance between two points is more. In this process, number of
inter stations are located and instrument is shifted to each station and observed the elevation of inter station
points. Finally difference between original two points is determined.

Fly Levelling

Fly levelling is conducted when the benchmark is very far from the work station. In such case, a temporary
bench mark is located at the work station which is located based on the original benchmark. Even it is not
highly precise it is used for determining approximate level.

Profile Levelling

Profile levelling is generally adopted to find elevation of points along a line such as for road, rails or rivers etc.
In this case, readings of intermediate stations are taken and reduced level of each station is found. From this
cross section of the alignment is drawn.
Precise Levelling

Precise levelling is similar to differential levelling but in this case higher precise is wanted. To achieve high
precise, serious observation procedure is performed. The accuracy of 1 mm per 1 km is achieved.

Reciprocal Levelling

When it is not possible to locate the levelling instrument in between the inter visible points, reciprocal levelling
is performed. This case appears in case of ponds or rivers etc. in case of reciprocal levelling, instrument is set
nearer to 1st station and sighted towards 2nd station.

2.Trigonometric Levelling

The process of levelling in which the elevation of point or the difference between points is measured from the
observed horizontal distances and vertical angles in the field is called trigonometric levelling.

In this method, trigonometric relations are used to find the elevation of a point from angle and horizontal
distance so, it is called as trigonometric levelling. It is also called as indirect levelling.

3 .Barometric levelling

Barometer is an instrument used to measure atmosphere at any altitude. So, in this method of levelling,
atmospheric pressure at two different points is observed, based on which the vertical difference between two
points is determined. It is a rough estimation and used

.
4.stadia levelling:

It is a modified form of trigonometric levelling in which Tacheometer principle is used to determine the
elevation of point. In this case the line of sight is inclined from the horizontal. It is more accurate and
suitable for surveying in hilly terrains.
Types of Levels Used in Levelling
Following are the types of different levels used for levelling in surveying:

1. Dumpy Level

Dumpy level is the most commonly used instrument in levelling. In this level the telescope is restricted against
movement in its horizontal plane and telescope is fixed to its support. A bubble tube is provided on the top of
the telescope.

But however, the levelling head can be rotated in horizontal plane with the telescope. The telescope is internal
focusing telescope is a metal tube contains four main parts as given below.

• Objective lens
• Negative lens
• Diaphragm
• Eye-piece

Objective Lens

Objective lens should be made as the combination of crown glass and flint glass. Because of this some defects
like spherical aberration and chromatic aberration can be eliminated. A thin layer coating which has smaller
refractive index than glass is provided on the objective lens to reduce the loss due to reflection.

Negative Lens

Negative lens located co axial to the objective lens. So, the optical axis for both lenses is same.

Diaphragm

Diaphragm is fitted inside the main tube which contains cross hairs (vertical and horizontal) and these are
adjusted by capstan headed screws. The cross hairs are made of dark metal as filament wires which are inserted
in diaphragm ring in exact position. For stadia levelling purposes, extra two horizontal cross hairs are provided
above and below the horizontal wire.
Eyepiece

Eyepiece lens enable the ability to sight the object together with cross hairs. The image seen through eye piece
is magnified and inverted. Some eyepieces erect the image into normal view and those are called as erecting
eyepieces.

2. Y Level

Y level or Wye-level consists y-shaped frames which supports the telescope. Telescope cane be removed from
the y-shaped supports by releasing clamp screws provided. These y-shaped frames are arranged to vertical
spindle which helps to cause the rotation of telescope.

Compared to dumpy level, adjustments can be rapidly tested in y- level. But, there may be a chance of frictional
wear of open parts of level.

3. Cushing’s Level

In case of Cushing’s level, the telescope is restricted against rotation in its longitudinal axis and it is non-
removable. But, the object end and eye piece end can be interchangeable and reversible.

4. Tilting Level
Tilting level consist a telescope which enabled for the horizontal rotation as well as rotation about 4 degree in
its vertical plane. Centering of bubble can be easily done in this type of level. But, for every setup bubble is to
be centered with the help of tilting screw.

The main advantage of tilting level is it is useful when the few observations are to be taken with one setup of
level.

5. Cooke’s Reversible Level

Cooke’s reversible level is the combination of dumpy level and y-level. In this instrument, the telescope can be
reversed without rotation the instrument. Collimation error can be eliminated in this case because of bubble left
and bubble right reading of telescope.

6. Automatic Level

Automatic level is like the dumpy level. In this case the telescope is fixed to its supports. Circular spirit can be
attached to the side of the telescope for approximate levelling. For more accurate levelling, compensator is
attached inside the telescope.
Compensator can help the instrument to level automatically. Compensator is also called as stabilizer which
consists two fixed prisms and it creates an optical path between eye piece and objective.

Due to the action of gravity, the compensator results the optical system to swing into exact position of line of
sight automatically. But before the process of levelling, compensator should be checked.

To check the compensator, just move the foot screws slightly if the levelling staff reading remains constant then
compensator is perfect. If it is not constant, then tap the telescope gently to free the compensator. Automatic
level is also called as self-adjusting level.
Example-1. The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and a 4 m levelling staff on
a continuously sloping ground at a common interval of 30 m on line AB.

Chainage(m) 0 30 60 90 120 150

Level staff reading (m) 0.585 0.930 1.95 2.845 3.645 3.930

Station A B

The reduced level (RL) of station A is 50.00. Calculate the reduced levels at all the points where
the levelling staff is placed. Tabulate the results and apply usual checks. Also determine the
gradient of line AB.

Solution:

Chainage B.S. I.S. F.S. Rise Fall R.L. Remark

0 0.585 50.000 A

30 0.930 0.345 49.655

60 1.950 1.020 48.635

90 2.845 0.895 47.740

120 3.645 0.800 46.940

150 3.930 0.285 46.655 B

Sum 0.585 3.930 0.00 3.345

Check -3.345 -3.345 -3.345

Distance AB = 5 X 30 = 150m

Gradient of line AB = (First R.L. – Last R.L.)/Distance AB

= (50.00 – 46.655)/150

= 1/44.84

= 1 in 44.84
Example-2. The following staff reading were observed successively with a level, the instrument
having been moved after third, sixth, and eight readings. 2.225, 1.605, 0.995, 2.090, 2.865, 1.265,
0.600, 1.985, 1.045, 2.685 m. Enter the above readings in a page of level book and calculate the
reduced levels of all the points if the first reading was taken with a staff held on bench mark of
135.75 m.

Solution:

Station B.S. I.S. F.S. Rise Fall R.L. Remark

1
2.225 135.750 B.M.

0.620
2 1.605 136.370

2.090 0.610 136.980 C.P.

3 0.995

4 0.775 136.205
2.865

5
0.600 1.265 1.600 137.805 C.P.

6 1.045 1.985 1.385 136.420 C.P.

134.780
7 2.685 1.640

Sum 2.830 3.800

5.960 6.930

-0.970
Check -0.970 -0.970