Accumulator (Koomey)

An accumulator or Koomey unit is a unit used to hydraulically operate Rams

BOP, Annular BOP, HCR and some hydraulic equipment. There are several of high
pressure cylinders that store gas (in bladders) and hydraulic fluid or water under
pressure for hydraulic activated systems. The primary purpose of this unit is to
supply hydraulic power to the BOP stack in order to close/open BOP stack for both
normal operational and emergency situation. Stored hydraulic in the system can
provide hydraulic power to close BOP’s in well control operation, therefore, kick
volume will be minimized. The accumulator should have sufficient volume to
close/open all preventers and accumulator pressure must be maintained all time.
According to API RP53, your reservoir tank should have a total volume at least 2
times of usable volume to close all BOP equipment.

Pressure based on 3,000 psi surface stack system that you should check on
BOP remote panel and koomey unit is listed below:

• Manifold pressure at +/- 1,500 psi

• Accumulator pressure at +/- 3,000 psi
• Annular preventer at +/- 500 – 1,500 psi
• Rig Air at +/- 100 – 130 psi

There are 4 main components of the Koomey unit as follows:

• Accumulators
• Pumping system (electric and pneumatic pumps)
• Manifold system
• Reservoir tank

According to API RP 53, there must be 2 or 3 independent sources of power that

will be available for each closing unit. Typically, you will these following
sources:
• Hydraulic with pressure charged in the bottles.
• Pneumatic
• Electric
(Reference : http://www.drillingformulas.com/accumulator-koomey/)
 Prinsip Kerja Gas Lift
Gas lift is a method of artificial lift that uses an external source of high-
pressure gas for supplementing formation gas to lift the well fluids. The principle
of gas lift is that gas injected into the tubing reduces the density of the fluids in the
tubing, and the bubbles have a “scrubbing” action on the liquids. Both factors act
to lower the flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP) at the bottom of the tubing. There
are two basic types of gas lift in use today—continuous and intermittent flow.

Continuous Gas Lift

Continuous-flow gas lift is recommended for high-volume and high-static

BHP wells in which major pumping problems could occur with other artificial lift
methods. It is an excellent application for offshore formations that have a strong
waterdrive, or in waterflood reservoirs with good PIs and high gas/oil ratios
(GORs). When high-pressure gas is available without compression or when gas cost
is low, gas lift is especially attractive. Continuous-flow gas lift supplements the
produced gas with additional gas injection to lower the intake pressure to the tubing,
resulting in lower formation pressure as well.

A reliable, adequate supply of good quality high-pressure lift gas is

mandatory. This supply is necessary throughout the producing life of the well if gas
lift is to be maintained effectively. In many fields, the produced gas declines as
water cut increases, requiring some outside source of gas. The gas-lift pressure
typically is fixed during the initial phase of the facility design. Ideally, the system
should be designed to lift from just above the producing zone. Wells may produce
erratically or not at all when the lift supply stops or pressure fluctuates radically.
Poor gas quality will impair or even stop production if it contains corrosives or
excessive liquids that can cut valves or fill low spots in delivery lines. The basic
requirement for gas must be met, or gas lift is not a viable lift method.

Continuous-flow gas lift imposes a relatively high backpressure on the

reservoir compared with pumping methods; therefore, production rates are reduced.
Also, power efficiency is not good compared with some artificial lift methods, and
the poor efficiency significantly increases both initial capital cost for compression
and operating energy costs.
Intermittent Gas Lift

As the name implies, intermittent flow is the periodic displacement of liquid

from the tubing by the injection of high-pressure gas. The action is similar to that
observed when a bullet is fired from a gun. (See Fig. 2.) The liquid slug that has
accumulated in the tubing represents the bullet. When the trigger is pulled (gas lift
valve opens), high-pressure injection gas enters the chamber (tubing) and rapidly
expands. This action forces the liquid slug (shaded in Fig. 2) from the tubing in the
same way that expanding gas forces the bullet from the gun. The disadvantage of
intermittent-flow gas lift is the "on/off" need for high-pressure gas, which presents
a gas-handling problem at the surface and causes surging in the flowing bottomhole
pressure that cannot be tolerated in many wells producing sand. Because of the
intermittent production of the well, intermittent-flow gas lift is not capable of
producing at as high a rate as continuous-flow gas lift. Intermittent flow should not
be considered unless the flowing bottomhole pressure is low, and the well is gas
lifting from the bottom valve.

The intermittent gas-lift method typically is used on wells that produce low
volumes of fluid (approximately < 150 to 200 B/D), although some systems produce
up to 500 B/D. Wells in which intermittent lift is recommended normally have the
characteristics of high productivity index (PI) and low bottomhole pressure (BHP)
or low PI with high BHP. Intermittent gas lift can be used to replace continuous gas
lift on wells that have depleted to low rates or used when gas wells have depleted
to low rates and are hindered by liquid loading.

If an adequate, good quality, low-cost gas supply is available for lifting

fluids from a relatively shallow, high gas/oil ratios (GOR), low PI, or low BHP well
with a bad dogleg that produces some sand, then intermittent gas lift would be an
excellent choice. Intermittent gas lift has many of the same
advantages/disadvantages as continuous-flow gas lift, and the major factors to be
considered are similar. Only the differences are highlighted in the following
discussion. If plunger lift can be used instead of only intermittent lift, the efficiency
will be higher. This difference could determine the success or failure of the system.

(Reference : https://petrowiki.org/Gas_lift)