12

HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR THE OPERATION OF

WATER MILL FOR RICE FIELD IRRIGATION

Jermalyn O. Dacuron, Khea Ylaizah A. Ecleo, Queenie E. Jumandos, Engr. Archie C. Gegona
Surigao State College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines
jezxeyjhayzt@gmail.com, kheaecleo@gmail.com, qjumandos@yahoo.com , gegonarcherzarrow0125@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Present condition of rice field at Km. 4, Brgy. Luna, Surigao City is its area to be irrigated is elevated
from its water source. As a solution, researchers proposed a hydraulic analysis for operating water mill that will be used
to lift the water. Data was collected by hydrographic surveying, floating method in river, rice field contour mapping
and measuring its irrigated boundary. Floating method obtained the velocity of 0.21 m/s from the hydrographic survey
at stations between 0+10 and 0+20 with 1.2 m water level and 5 m elevation of the river bank from sea level which
proves that water flow was not enough to operate the mill since the required velocity from the analyzed critical position
of water mill was 1.36 m/s. By that, convergent channel was designed with a width of 2.97 m at converging section and
0.50 m at throat section in order to divert and increase the flow of water. Water collected was stored in the designed
tank having dimensions of 6 m by 4 m and 1.7 m height. Boundary of rice field shows that required water output
capacity of the field was 36 m3/hour at 6 operating hours/day and 3.5 irrigating days/hectare. Designed pipeline to
reach the field area uses a 0.10 m, 0.07 m and 0.10 m diameter. From the results obtained, the researchers concluded
that the higher the velocity, the faster the mill operates and also the designed convergent channel was efficient in
meeting the required velocity to operate the water mill. The designed water tank can store safely the water and the lay
outing of pipeline can irrigate approximately 3 hectares of rice field.

Keywords: Irrigation, Hydraulic Analysis, Venturi Flume, Concrete Water Storage Tank, Pipeline Design

1. INTRODUCTION affect the market in the bigger picture. This vicious

Irrigation is essentially the artificial
application of water to land for growing crops. It is
a basic determinant of agriculture because its
inadequacies are the most powerful constraints on
the increase of agricultural production. In fact,
irrigation systems do exist here in Philippines
where most of it has been designed for rice
irrigation. It is a great necessity for many Filipinos
who has regarded agriculture as the foundation of
their lives. But undeniably, Philippine agriculture
and its workers still faces the challenges of climate
change, apathy in agricultural issues and the lack of
agricultural profitably caused by high-cost
irrigation systems.
In the lands of Surigao, the majority of
such systems are run-of-the-river type, with fairly
adequate water supply to irrigate their designed
areas. However, land levels of these fields are
mostly in a quite number of distances from its
water source. This situation is highly evident in the
rice fields at Km. 4, Brgy. Luna, Surigao City,
where the Surigao River is passing through. The
great majority of Surigaonon farmers in this area
are low income folks. That fact, coupled with
relatively high cost of their current irrigation gas-
powered equipment, has brought about the
inadequately irrigated character of most Philippine
farms. Since things are expensive for farmers, they
will end up settling for lesser yields, which will
cycle of low productivity drags down farm incomes
to a large extent, responsible for the poor
performance of Philippine agriculture.
To achieve a higher irrigated area, which
will result to a higher crop yield, an innovation that
adopts measures in improving water adequacy,
distribution and conservation has to be done.
According to the International Institute for Land
Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), water for
irrigation has to be carried from the river, the
reservoir, the lake or the groundwater to the field.
This can be done by making use of gravity.[1] So, as
a way out to their problem with regards of using a
gas-powered equipment, farmers there are planning
to have a water mill that will simply supply water
from a lower elevation to a higher elevation that is
only activated by the power of moving water or
energy derived from the flow of a river.
This project study will be beneficial in a
way that farmers of the said rice field can collect
water from its water source without using gas-
powered equipment in which literally their major
problem because buying fuel is a way expensive
for them to handle. Although the proposed system
when realized and built is quite expensive, it is rest
assured that the system could be really useful and
less expensive compared to using water pump
every planting season. Other than that, they can
easily supply adequate amount of water when
rainfall is not sufficient or timely to meet the crops’
water need since the water collected from the water

mill operation will be directly stored in a concrete
water storage tank wherein, they can use anytime
especially if in times of necessities.
The reason of the conduction of this
project study is that the researchers during the site
visit observed the actual problem of the community
which is the land level of the field is high while the
water source is in a distance and the irrigation
equipment that is available in their edge is only the
water pump which is currently costly irrigation
equipment. Owners of the field are planning to
have a water mill, but one factor that they are
concerned with is that, the water available from the
river may not be able to rotate the said mill. Thus,
this research paper is proposing a hydraulic
analysis to operate a water mill for the rice field
irrigation in high land areas, specifically at Km. 4,
Brgy. Luna, Surigao City.
Review of Related Literature
This section reviews some of the existing
literature concerning with the supply of water and
the equipment that can be used for irrigation.
Water is an absolutely necessary element
for life. The availability of water has played a key
role in the development of all civilizations. Indeed,
especially in the ancient times, water scarcity
prevented the development of settlements. Water
scarcity has a huge impact on food production
because without water, people do not have a means
of watering their crops and therefore, to provide
food for the fast-growing population. According to
the International Water Management Institute,
agriculture which accounts for about 70% of global
water withdrawals is constantly competing with
domestic, industrial and environmental uses for a
scarce water supply. In attempts to fix this ever-
growing problem, many have tried to form more
effective methods of water management.
One such method is irrigation
management. Irrigation is a method of transporting
water to crops in order to maximize the amount of
crops produced. Many of the irrigation systems in
place do not use the water in the most efficient
way. This causes more water than necessary to be
used or there will not be enough water to ensure
healthy crops. According to the World Bank,
irrigation management works to upgrade and
maintain irrigation systems, such
as groundwater irrigation, that are already in place
and expands the areas of irrigation to increase the
amount of crops being produced. [2]
Current report regarding agriculture is that
Philippine agriculture is saddled by poor irrigation
system. In fact, its GDP decreased to 146315.01
PHP million in the second quarter of 2018 from
13
156681.59 PHP in the first quarter of 2018 proving
that is has been struggling maintaining its
economic growth. [3] Despite receiving the bulk of
major public investments year after year, the
country’s national irrigation systems have always
performed below expectations. This poor
performance has been attributed by Philippine
Institute for Development Studies (PIDS)
consultants Dr. Cristina David and Dr. Arlene
Inocencio to overly optimistic technical and
economic assumptions, inadequate water supply,
inappropriate designs, and difficulties in operation
and maintenance and mainly with the gas-powered
irrigation equipment that is costly for some
farmers. These problems have been documented
since the 1980’s and is still present over 20 years
later. [4]
In early civilization where the land was
dry, a convenient method was needed to bring
water to the crops. This basic necessity spurred the
invention of the Noria to lift and move water. The
widespread distribution of these machines in
antiquity indicates that farmers long ago had a need
for more water than direct rainfall alone could
provide. The invention of the Noria was clearly an
enormous leap forward in both technology and the
cultivation of land. [5]
According to an Aesthetic Tradition and
Ancient Technology: A Case Study of the Water
Wheel, water-wheels have played a leading role in
a century’s old tradition, up to the present day, in
solving the main problem of supplying and
carrying water for irrigation in many places. And
one of it is the “hydraulic noria” which raises water
using the power of the river and has been used to
irrigate fields or to supply water for bigger
structures, owing to the great power provided by
the river. The base of the wheel is submerged in the
river and turns because of the current. Water flows
up the wheel, through compartments or pots placed
on the periphery of the rim, and are carried into the
channel on the top of the aqueduct, and are directed
to irrigate
fields and gardens. To move the wheel
continuously, it is necessary that the river flows at
a constant speed. [6]
“Noria wheel” is activated by the power
of moving water or energy derived from the flow
of a river is used for lifting water into a
small aqueduct for the purpose of irrigation or for
the use in towns and villages. It consists of a large,
very narrow undershot water wheel whose rim is
made up of a series of containers which lift water
from the river to a very small aqueduct at the top of
the wheel. The noria performs the function of

moving water from a lower elevation to a higher
elevation. [7]
Water wheel that is built on a canal is
capable of using water flow to generate the
movement of the wheel that can elevate and
distribute water to rice fields located at a higher
level than the water level. For increasing the output
flow rate, the convergent channel is suggested to
increase the inlet velocity flow because the velocity
magnification increases with the width ratio. [8] The
water wheel or water mill is an ancient device that
uses flowing or falling water to create power by
means of paddles mounted around a wheel. The
force of the water moves the paddles, and the
consequent rotation of the wheel is transmitted
to machinery via the shaft of the wheel.
Hydraulic analysis is an essential
prerequisite for any project involving the
implementation of works in a river. The approach
to hydraulic analysis determines the level of
uncertainty that can be incorporated into the
design; hence selection of the appropriate hydraulic
approach is of critical importance in terms of the
robustness and cost-effectiveness of the design and
the level of residual risk associated with it. When
undertaking hydraulic analysis and design, it is
important to have a good understanding of the
hydraulic processes that could occur under a range
of flow conditions including typical flows as well
as flood (design) flows and extreme flows. It is
essential to determine, early on in the analysis, the
degree to which storage of floodwater will be
important (that is, whether flows will be contained
within the channel or whether there will be
extensive flooding of floodplains). Knowing this
determines the type(s) of analysis that are
appropriate and helps identify data requirements. [9]
Water distribution systems consist of
pipeline networks and associated components,
most of which is underground and exposed to soil
corrosion and mechanical stress from the
surrounding soil, surface traffic, and internal water
pressure (Ahammed and Melchers 1997). Pipe
failure in water distribution systems disrupts the
water supply to consumers and reduces the
reliability of the system. It is found that about 35%
to 60% of the supplied volume is wasted due to
pipe leakages (Babovic et al 2002).[10]
This related studies and reports are all
positively significant for the completion and
verification of all aspects of this project study and
are also relevant for a more accurate and reliable
results.
14
Theoretical Framework
This study is supported and anchored with
the knowledge of Hydraulics, Continuity Equation,
2nd Law of Motion, Working Stress Design,
Reinforced Concrete Design, Bernoulli’s Principle
and Darcy-Weisbach Equation.
Hydraulics is a technology and applied science
using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences
involving the mechanical properties and use of
liquids.[11] The use of the hydraulic concept in this
study is concerning with the flow of the river that
causes the movement of the water mill.
Continuity Equation states that the rate at which
mass enters a system is equal to the rate at which
mass leaves the system plus the accumulation of
the mass within the system.[12] This equation is
used in designing the convergent channel (venture
flume).
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion pertains to the
behavior of objects for which all existing forces
are not balanced. The second law states that the
acceleration of an object is dependent upon two
variables - the net force acting upon the object and
the mass of the object.[13] This is applied in
operating the water mill from the force of water.
Working Stress Design is a method used for the
reinforced concrete design where concrete is
assumed as elastic steel and concrete act together
elastically where the relationship between loads
and stresses is linear.[14] This method is used in
designing the concrete water storage tank.
Reinforced Concrete Design is the process of a
product having steel bars embedded in concrete. [15]
It is also used in designing the concrete water
storage tank for it carries a volume of water.
Bernoulli’s Principle states that, in a steady flow,
the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a
streamline is the same at all points on that
streamline.[16] This can be considered to be a
statement of the conservation of energy principle
appropriate for flowing fluids.
Darcy-Weisbach Equation is an empirical
equation, which relates the head loss or pressure
loss due to friction along a given length of pipe to
the average velocity of the fluid flow for an
incompressible fluid.[17] This equation is used for
computing the head losses for the designing of
pipelines.
Conceptual Framework
The project study revolves on the goal on
providing a hydraulic analysis of the water flow in
order to operate the water mill for the distribution
of water into the irrigated rice field with the help of
the theories mentioned above.

The conceptualization of the project that
is shown on Figure 1 illustrates the flow of the
project study throughout its completion. It starts
with a preliminary site visit where the project study
is to be conducted.
INPUT
Water Flow
Water Output Capacity
Schedule of Water Mill Operation and
Rice Field Irrigation
PROCESS
Surveying of the River Profile
Data Gathering through Floating
Method
Measuring the Boundary of Rice Field
Hydraulic Analysis
Designing of Divergent Channel
Designing of Concrete Water Storage
Tank
Analyzing of Pipes
OUTPUT
Hydraulic Analysis for Water Mill
Operation for the Rice Field Irrigation
Figure 1. Flowchart of the Project Study
During the visit, the researchers observed
the actual problem of the community which is the
land level of the field is high while the water
source is in a distance and the irrigation equipment
that is available in their edge is only the water
pump which is currently costly irrigation
equipment. Owners of the field are planning to
have a water mill, but one factor that they are
concerned with is that the water available from the
river may not be able to rotate the said mill. So as a
solution, the researchers will conduct a manual
testing on how to get the average velocity of the
water using floating method and a survey for the
river profile from a Geodetic Engineer. The
researchers also measured the rice field that is
within the scope of the project study. The gathered
data will then be subjected to hydraulic analysis to
get the important data that will be used in the
project study. Upon calculating, design of
15
convergent channel will follow if the results
obtained are not enough to rotate the water mill.
And lastly is the design of a concrete water storage
tank and analysis of pipes that will supply enough
water to be distributed in the rice field.
Objectives
The general objective of the project study
is to provide hydraulic analysis of the water flow to
operate the water mill for the distribution of water
into the irrigated rice field. The following are the
key guidelines to achieve this study:
1. To evaluate the hydraulic analysis
requirement.
2. To design a convergent channel.
3. To design a concrete water storage tank and
to analyze the pipes that will supply enough
water to be distributed in the entire rice field.
2. METHODS
Project Design
A figure below shows the factors being
considered in designing the project study.
Figure 2. Factors Considered in Project
Designing
A water source from Surigao River is
located at Km. 4, Brgy. Luna, Surigao City.
Normal flow of the river will be subjected to
hydraulic analysis in order to determine if its water
flow is capable of moving the water mill and if it is
not enough to rotate the said mill, a convergent
channel will be designed along the water mill to
divert the path of the flow and that will be the
reason to increase the flow discharge in such way
that the water mill will rotate and so the water will
be collected and will rise. Then, the water will be
stored in the concrete water storage tank where a
series of pipes is connected to distribute the water
to the rice fields.

Project Development
The project development is to improve the
performance of the irrigation systems to support
agricultural producers in the project areas by
providing hydraulic analysis of the river to
generate the movement of the water mill.
Field Investigation
Surveying of the River
Data Gathering
Hydraulic Analysis
Design of Convergent
Channel
Simulating through
Simulation Software
Water Mill
Design of Concrete Water
Storage Tank
Design Layout of Pipes
Distribution to Rice Field
Figure 3. Block Diagram of the Project
With the permission from the Punong
Barangay of Brgy. Luna, field investigation is then
started. Then the researchers decided to have a
hydrographic survey of Surigao River from a
Geodetic Engineer in order to get the river section
and normal level of water. Data gathering will
follow using floating method which will give the
researchers the average velocity of the actual flow
of water in the river. Part of the data gathering is
16
the measuring of rice field boundary for the
purpose of layouting the location of the water tank
and piping design. The gathered data from the
floating method will be subjected to hydraulic
analysis through manual calculation in order to
determine if the calculated data can rotate the water
mill and if the water can supply enough to be
distributed in the rice field. After that, the results
attained will be the basis in designing the
convergent channel if needed. To simulate the flow
of the river inside the designed convergent channel,
simulation software is used to verify if the obtained
flow could rotate the water mill. Next is the
designing of the concrete water storage tank and
the analyzing of pipes in order to distribute the
collected water to rice field.
Project Implementation
The owners of the rice field together with
Barangay Officials/LGU will be the in-charge in
implementing the project study that was conducted
by the researchers. Safety and environmental
concerns in implementing the project will be
assured at all times. Also with the supervision of a
Civil Engineer that will monitor the
implementation phase until its completion to
ensure the safety and appropriateness of the project
design.
Project Evaluation
The project study will be evaluated with
the results obtained throughout the calculation.
And these are the following to be evaluated in the
project study:
1. Applicability
Is the designed project study appropriate
to the project site condition?
2. Efficiency
Is the designed convergent channel
efficient in increasing the current of water
flow to operate water mill?
3. Attainment
Does the project study attained the
required demand of the rice field in order
to irrigate its crops?
Ethical Consideration
In conducting the project study, the
researchers make sure that they did not violate any
legal and environmental issues rather they evaluate
the human factor as the core of ethical
consideration wherein it focuses on the impact of
the project design on human intervention.
Participants of the Study

The participants of this project study are
mainly the project beneficiaries, which includes the
rice field owners. The Punong Barangay has also
cooperated by giving the legal opportunity to
investigate the site where the study has been
conducted. And also with the presence of the
professional services of a geodetic engineer for
surveying the river, specialized engineer for
checking the hydraulic analysis done by the
researchers and lastly, is the architect for the
graphic design making.
Table 1. Participants Involved in the Project
Study
Participants f (n=8) % much water is needed. A specific section of the
Rice Field Owner 3 37.5
Punong Barangay 1 12.5
Geodetic Engineer 1 12.5
Consultant 2 25.0
Architect 1 12.5
TOTAL 8 100
Project Setting
The project is sited at Km. 4, Brgy. Luna,
Surigao City. The lot area of rice field is
approximately three (3) hectares and is located at
the side of Surigao River.
Figure 4. Location Map
Instrumentation
In this study, the following computer
software applications are used as an instrument for
the fulfillment of the study:
Simulation Software is a cross-platform
finite element analysis, solver and multiphysics
simulation software.[18] This software is used for
modeling and simulating the fluid flow inside the
boundary of converging channel.
Drafting Software is software that
enables drafters, architects, engineers, and other
professionals to create two-dimensional (2D) and
17
three-dimensional (3D) models of mesh and solid
surfaces.[19] It is used to layout the designed plan.
Graphic Software is software that allows
architects to visualize drawing models in a video or
image with real life environment and striking
artistic flair.[20] This software is used to provide a
video clip about the entire scope of the project
study.
Data Collection Procedures
Data about the map of rice field area is
already provided by the owners however,
measuring the exact boundary of the rice field to be
irrigated is still measured in order to know on how
river is surveyed by a Geodetic Engineer where the
area is to be determined. Then, manual observation
of the water flow of the river is to be conducted by
the researchers with the supervision of their co-
author. The set up for the floating method to obtain
the velocity of the water flow will be done in a spot
of the river near the rice field wherein the study is
to be conducted. Two wooden sticks, with a six (6)
meter distance in between will be plotted in the
allotted spot. Using a buoyant material, the time
travel of the object will be observed by taking note
on how long will it take to reach from one stick to
the other. Three (3) trials in five (5) testing days
will be done to record the average velocity.
Statistical Tool
In this project study, quantitative analysis
is used to tabulate the data to evaluate the project
study.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Hydraulic Analysis
The approach to hydraulic analysis
determines the level of uncertainty that can be
incorporated into the design so, a hydrographic
survey and analysis of Surigao River was
conducted by a Geodetic Engineer and the results
shown in Figure 5 shows the river sections from
Sta. 0+00, Sta. 0+10 and Sta. 0+20. It gathered the
height of 1.2 m low tide water level and the
elevation of river bank from sea level which is 5
m. The water mill is situated between Sta. 0+10
and Sta. 0+20.
To attain the other requirement which is
the velocity of the river, manual floating method
was done. The table below displays the normal
velocities conducted by the researchers.
 18

Table 2. Normal Velocities of the River N = 6.67 rad/min

Among the five velocities shown from the

results in Table 3, the velocity with the greater
distance travelled per second which is the 0.21 m/s,
was considered as one of the flow conditions that is
used to analyze the movement of the water mill.
And in order to successfully operate the said mill, Figure 6. Equilibrium Condition of Water Mill
the following conditions were also considered in
order to determine if the amount of water obtained The water mill was analyzed to determine
from the water mill can supply enough the rice its critical position by analyzing from its
field: equlibrium position which is shown on Figure 6and
Required Water Output Capacity = 36 m3/hr then rotated clockwise every 4.5 degrees until it
Operating Hours of Water Mill = 6 hours/day reaches again its equilibrium formsuch that the
Days of Irrigating = 3.5 days/hectare maximum resisting moment will be obtained.

Table 3. Specification Data of Water Mill

Figure 7. Critical Position of Water Mill (Rotated

at 18º)

After the water mill was rotated, the

critical position of the water mill obtained shown
on Figure 7 has the maximum resisting moment of
2038.38 N-m.This position of water mill was used
to analzyed other moments such as the overturning
moment of the buckets and resisting moment of the
bearing due to the weight of the water mill, as well
as the bouyancy of the three buckets submerged
and forces of water acting directly to the
submerged blades in order to determine the
Figure 5. River Sections
required velocity.
To get the required rotational speed of the water
mill:
Required Demand = Vol.bucketNo.bucketN
36 m3/s = (0.15 m)(0.15 m)(0.25 m)(16)N
 19

½( ) (3.52) ( ) = (1044.58 +
549.04V2 – 2051.78)(2π)
V = 1.36 m/s

The computed V of 1.36 m/s is the final

required velocity that will operate the water mill.
Since, the normal velocity of the river on low tide
is only 0.21 m/s which does not meet the required
velocity, a convergent channel (venturi flume)
must be designed to increased the velocity.

3.2 Convergent Channel

In designing the convergent channel, the
normal velocity of the river and required velocity
to operate the water mill was considered. To get
the elevation of water level at the throat section of
the convergent channel shown on Figure 9,
Figure 8. Free Body Diagram of the Water Mill at Bernoulli’s Equation was used.
Critical Position
Resisting Moment = Overturning Moment
W1x1 + W2x2 + W3x3 + W4x4 + W5x5 + W6x6 +
W16x16 + RMBearing + W14x14 + W13x13 = W15x15
+W7 x7 + W8x8 + W9x9 + W10x10 + W12x12 + Fw1y1
+ Fw2y2 + Fw3y3 [1]
Figure 9. Section of Water Flowing Along the
1937.81 + 13.40 + 55.18(0.2686) + 55.18(1.5540) Channel
= 55.18(1.0573) + 986.24 + 60(cos
18°)(V2)(3.2336) + 60(cos 4.5°)(V2)(3.3874) +
60(cos 27°)(V2)(3.0285) H1 + = H2 +
2
2051.78 = 1044.58 + 549.04V [2] [5]
1.21 + = H2 +
In order to rotate the mill by meeting the
required conditions stated above, rotational kinetic H2 = 1.11 m
energy was applied to get the desired velocity.
And to get the width of the inlet part at the
KEɵ = ½ Iω2 = τӨ converging section of the convergent channel
[3] shown below, consider only a 0.5 m width of the
½ mr2ω2 = (OM – RM)Ө throat section to let the width of the water mill fit
[4] without striking the walls of the channel at the
throat section, Continuity Equation was used.
where:
I = rotational moment of inertia (kg.m2)
m = total mass of the water mill (kg)
r = radius of the water mill (m)
ω = N = required rotational speed of water
mill (rad/s)
 = excess net torque (N.m)
OM = overturning moment (N.m)
RM = resisting moment (N.m)
Ө = 2π = one complete revolution of
water mill
 20

Figure 10. Plan of Water Flowing Along the

Channel

Q = B1H1V1 = B2H2V2
[6]
B1(1.2)(0.21) = 0.5(1.11)(1.36)
B1 = 2.97 m

Table 4 shows the designed width

dimension of the converging and throat section of
the channel with the specification of A36 steel
plate with a thickness of 1.5 inch. The length of the
converging and throat section is both 1 m and a
height of 1.4 m for economical purposes. This
channel is designed to be removable.
Table 4. Designed Convergent Channel
Figure 12. Rotational Speed of Water Mill versus
Inlet Flow Velocity
In figure shown above, the rotational
speed at the velocity of 1.36 m/s is 6.67 rad/min. A
linear result of the relationship between the two
parameters shows that the greater the velocity, the
faster the water mill rotates.

To determine the distribution of velocity

inside the convergent channel, the designed
channel was simulated with the inlet velocity and
the outlet pressure of the channel of 0.21 m/s and
0 kPa shown on the figure below, respectively.

Figure 13. Perspective of Water Mill and

Figure 11. Simulation of Fluid Flow in Venturi
Flume
It can be seen on Figure 11 that the flow
at the inlet of the channel to the throat section is
relatively increasing proving that the velocity is
indeed increasing in the narrow region due to the
converging effect and can really operate the water
mill.
Convergent Channel
3.3 Concrete Water Storage Tank and Layout
of Pipelines
The desired dimension of the concrete
water storage tank to attain the demand discharge
for supplying the rice field is shown below:
Height (H) = 1.7m
Length (L) = 6 m
Width (B) = 4 m
The following design constants are used
in designing the walls of concrete water storage
tank:
Table 5. Design Constant for Walls
 21

where: According to NSCP, where load and

cbc = permissible stress in concrete resistance factor design is used, structures and all
st = permissible stress in steel portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects
m = modular ratio,  from the following combination of load:
 Ultimate Load = 1.4F [14]
k = neutral axis constant,  
Wu = 23.8 kN/m
j = level arm constant, 1-
Ultimate Moment = [15]
Q = moment of resistance factor for
balanced section, 0.5jkcbc Mu = 107.1 kN/m

The designed tank wall has a ratio of L/B The following formulas are used in
less than 2 so its walls are designed as continuous designing the base slab of concrete water storage
tank:
slab subjected to water pressure or 1 m from
bottom. Mu = fc’bd2w(1-0.59w) [16]
 = w (H-h)(1 m) p= , pmin= (balanced steel ratio) [17]
[7]
 = 7 kN/m fc’ = 20 MPa, allowable stress of concrete
fy = 276 MPa, allowable stress of steel
The following formulas are used in As = pbd (steel reinforcement) [18]
designing the side walls of concrete water storage
tank: Upon calculating all the above formulas,
M= (fixed-end moment) [8] the table below are the obtained results in
designing a rectangular concrete water storage
Moment at the end corners in long and tank.
short wall produces unbalanced moments so, this
has to get balanced using moment distribution Table 6. Specifications of the Designed Concrete
method and the moment obtained is M = 17 kN.m. Water Storage Tank
M= (bending moment) [9]
Moment at Center:
@Long span
– MA = – 17 kN.m = 14.5 kN.m
@Short span
– MA = – 17 kN.m = -3 kN.m
T = 0.5w(H-h)L (direct tension) [10]
@Long span
 = (10)(1.7-1)(4) = 14 kN
@Short span
 = (10)(1.7-1)(6) = 21 kN

d=√ (thickness) [11]

d = 150 mm

As = + (area steel req.) [12] Figure 14. Detailed Plan of Concrete Water

Storage Tank
In designing a base slab, fluid pressure is The figure above shows the detailed plan
to be obtained. of the concrete water storage tank with a dimension
Fluid pressure = wH(1 m) [13] of 6 m x 4 m where its long span at support will
F = 17 kN/m use a 16 mm diameter bar spaced at 150 mm O.C.,
 22

at center is 16 mm diameter bar spaced at 200 mm Source: Google Earth

O.C. And on short span, both at support and center SURIGAO
will use a 16mm diameter bar spaced at 150 mm AIRPORT
O.C.

Figure 15. Sections Along A-A and B-B of

Concrete Water Storage Tank
Figure 17. Layout of Pipelines
In sectional view showed on figure 15, the
designed concrete water storage tank has a height
Figure 17 displayed the layout of
of 1.7 m where its walls has a thickness of 150
pipelines where the green lines are the boundary of
mm and its base slab has a thickness of 250 mm
rice field, the yellow box is the concrete storage
with 20 mm diameter bar spaced at 100 mm O.C.
tank and red, blue and pink lines are the pipes 1, 2
From Mines and Geosciences Bureau, a
and 3 respectively.
contour map was generated to determine the
changes in elevations of rice field that is part of the Table 7. Characteristics of Pipelines
project study.
Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau

The velocity and diameter of each pipe

with the characteristics given on the table above
are computed using the Bernoulli’s equation,
Darcy-Weisbach for major head losses and pipe
fitting minor head loss.
where:
Hminor= minor head loss
Hmajor = major head loss
P= pressure energy
½ ρv12= kinetic energy
z = height of reference to ground line
V = velocity in pipe
D = diameter of pipe
For Pipe 1:
Figure 16. Contour Map + + z1 – Hminor – Hmajor= + + z2
From Figure 16, it can be shown that the [19]
rice field is relatively flat with 5 m elevation from + + z1 – k –f = + + z2
sea level. So, the obtained layouting design of
pipelines is shown in Figure 17.
 23

0 + 0 + 1.7 – * +– V3 = 1.22 m/s

( ) Based on the computation, the required
* +=0+ + 0.15
diameters and velocities of each pipe are already
V2 = indicated above. The results shows that the water
[20] stored at the concrete water storage tank at the
Q = AV capacity of 36 m3/hr can able to supply the 3
[21] hectares rice field with the given required
π conditions of 6 operating hours per day and 3.5
0.01 = V
days of irrigating per hectare and as well as it can
π absolutely reach its remote area.
0.01 = √
[22] 4. CONCLUSION AND
D1 = 0.10 m RECOMMENDATION
V1 = 1.33 m/s Conclusion
After determining the results, the
For Pipe 2: following conclusions where drawn:
+ + z1 – Hminor – Hmajor= + + z2 1. The higher the velocity, the faster the
water mill rotates which result to easily
[23] meet the water demand needed in the rice
+ + z1 – k –f = + + z2 field at a certain time.
2. The normal velocity of Surigao River
0 + 0 + 1.7 – * +– located at Km.4, Brgy. Luna, Surigao City
( ) is not capable to sustain the required
* +=0+ + 1.5 velocity thus, designing of convergent
2 channel (venturi flume) was needed to
V =
Q = AV increase the velocity to operate the water
[24] mill.
π 3. The designed concrete storage water tank
0.01 = V is safe and stable to store the water to be
π distributed in the rice field and the
0.01 = √ layouting of pipelines in transporting
[25] water to the rice field is sufficient to reach
D2 = 0.07 m the remote area.
V2 = 2.53 m/s
Recommendation
Although the project design gives realistic
For Pipe 3: results, the researchers recommend the following:
+ + z1 – Hminor – Hmajor= + + z2 1. Use of flow meter in order to get the exact
velocity amount of the river.
[26]
2. To have an additional water mill and
+ + z1 – k –f = + + z2 concrete storage water tank to allocate
more rice field at a rapid time.
0 + 0 + 1.7 – * +–
( ) 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
* +=0+ + 1.15
The accomplishment of this project study
V2 = was the work and sacrifice of several people to
[27] whom the researchers owe a gratitude:
Q = AV First of all, praises and thanks to the God
[28] Almighty for the wisdom, guidance and blessings
π He had showered upon the researchers.
0.01 = V To the parents, for their unconditional
π love, understanding and support, both moral and
0.01 = √
financial throughout the conduction of the project
[29] study.
D3 = 0.10 m

To the co-author, Engr. Archie Gegona
who provided his insights and experties that
assisted the project study.
To Engr. Robert Bacarro for his effort,
time and kindness during the seminars he
conducted. Truly, the imparted knowledge he had
shared are very useful and beneficial.
To Engr. Edronie Ensomo and his
surveyors for taking part for the completion of the
project study.
To Engr. Mark Ian Arlan and Engr.
Christian Joy Cabalan for giving their effort and
time in times of need.
To Ralph Madronal for his passion and
talent in graphic design making.
To the panelists during the final defense,
Engr. Virne Portugues, Engr. Erlito Orit and Engr.
Elmario Pejan for their pieces of advises and
guidance to make this project study a good one.
And lastly, to the rice field owners and
Punong Barangay for their cooperation and other
partipicipants in making this study possible.
[11]
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 25

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