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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Throughout human history, many have wondered the

mysteries of human language. The invention of language and

its implication to the society or community is undeniably

important to the holistic development of mankind. Language

(words or actions) serves a dynamic instrument to convey

messages, thoughts or ideas; it also bridges friendships

and builds cultural ties. John Stuart Mill once said that

language is the light of the mind (Mill, 2002).

The words that are being uttered by the mouth are the

cognitive representations to carry out in order to express,

one’s thoughts, feelings, emotions, etc. and be understood

by others too. Subsequently, Edward Sapir a celebrated

anthropologist-linguist in his article “The Importance of

Language” declares that “language is not only a vehicle of

the expression of thoughts, perceptions, sentiments, and

values characteristic of a community; it also represents a

fundamental expression of social identity”. He continues by

saying that: "the mere fact of a common speech serves as a

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peculiar potent symbol of the social solidarity of those

who speak the language." Therefore, language helps maintain

the feelings of cultural kinship and the sense of

belongingness.

Language, being dynamic by nature, has changed

throughout the years. Man created languages; he also

invented words and innovative modes of communications for

exclusive usage of a distinct community or society. One of

these dynamic languages is the gay language. At present,

gay language has gained social acceptance, social

recognition and social understanding.

The gay language, believed to be an exclusive language

only for the homosexuals, becomes widely spoken by anyone

else in the Philippines. Straight individuals, bi-sexual

and the third sex communities are now communicating using

this type of language. “Churva, Abas, Shodi, Eklavu, Dada,

Kawa Vongga” (direct translation: (churva) means nothing in

particular; don’t speak (Abas); (shodi) mean NO, (eklavu)

means wrong, (dada) means money and (kawa vongga) means

grandeur or splendor or beauty of someone or something) and

much more are just one of the examples that are widely

spoken by both genders and is now gaining much popularity

compared to the formal language (Flores, 2015). This gay

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language is just one of a kind that ever evolves or

develops in our country.

People nowadays are starting to communicate using gay

language and this can be heard even on the televisions,

radio programs, and Filipino movies or even at streets,

school campuses including priests in their homilies during

masses and teachers most of the time especially when they

are irked or pissed off. Just like all other languages all

over the world, it has secrets or codes that only them can

understand, gay language is of no exemption. In the past

few years, these gay men convey messages, thoughts (good or

bad) or ideas without being understood by others who are

not members of their sub-culture. With such consistency and

the growing population of the gay community, the language

evolved and becomes part of the language of the community

in general.

Some studies say that gay language is a revolutionary

language in a sense that, in the beginning, it was spoken

by the marginalized group struggling to make their presence

understood and accepted by the society (Tenerio, 2012). But

today, there is no doubt that these gay communities are not

only highly recognized in the society but they are now at

the epicenter at this juncture. This gay language is not

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only spoken by bystanders, students or the mass Filipinos

but it also becomes part of the daily conversation among

the professionals, supervisors and managers inside or

outside offices, companies or even boardrooms (Flores,

2010). The emergence of this gay language in the community

is unstoppable. The once not-so-secret language of the

homosexuals in the past is now propagating and no longer

exclusive to the homosexuals but to both genders.

The purpose of this research is to apply Ludwig

Wittgenstein language-game to the emerging gay language.

Widely classified as an expert in the philosophy of

language, he formulated a concept called language-game. A

comparison of his two notable works namely Tractatus-Logico

Philosophicus and the Philosophical Investigations will be

presented. These two masterpieces will be used to lay

foundation for this endeavor. It is in the Philosophical

Investigations wherein the core concept of language-game

will be taken up and shall be used for the establishment of

this research. It shall also be used to create

applicability and consonance to the praxis of gay language.

The researcher would like to demonstrate its implications

to the structure of the language including its meaning and

understanding.
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Theoretical Background

The role of definition gives significance to the

boundaries or limitations of the concept or meaning of the

word. Thus, it is a common knowledge that in order to

understand a sentence, one should grasp the meaning.

Understanding is a multiple-dimensional business (Kemp

2013). One’s understanding of a word might be different

from the understanding of another. Though definition limits

understanding, it provides clarity and simplicity.

What is language? Sociology and Philosophy differs in

meaning and understanding of language. Under sociology,

language is the collection of words and the rules of govern

syntax and grammar that govern how words are supposed to be

arranged in order to convey a particular meaning (Crossman,

2005). Language is at the core of every culture as it is

through language that we are able to create the meaning of

human experience, thought, feeling, appearance, and

behavior. It enables us to create reality itself by

substituting words for direct experience. While language in

the parlance of philosophy is concerned with four central

problems: the nature of meaning, language use, language

cognition, and the relationship between language and

reality.
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These four central problems had been addressed as

early as the time of Aristotle to the modern times like

Rudolf Carnap and Gottlob Frege. According to Aristotle,

Augustine and Aquinas, the first central problem, the

nature of meaning, indicates a relationship between two

sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean.

One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes

something else to come to the mind. The second core problem

is the language use. This refers to the text or speech

surrounding an expression. Verbal context influences the

way an expression is understood; hence the norm of not

citing people out of context. Since much contemporary

linguistics takes texts, discourses, or conversations as

the object of analysis, the modern study of verbal context

takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse

structures and their mutual relationships, for instance the

coherence relation between sentences.

The third central problem is the language cognition.

Cognition comes from the Latin verb “cognosco” meaning “I

know, or I perceive”. It refers to the mental action or

process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through

thought, experience, and the senses. Human cognition is

conscious and unconscious, concrete or abstract, as well as

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intuitive like knowledge of a language and conceptual like

a model of a language. Finally, relation between language

and reality. Linguist philosophers are so concern about how

language and meaning relate to truth and the world. This

dilemma led an enormous task to philosophers whether or not

language can express accurate propositions which actually

represents reality or does language becomes meaningless in

relation to truth or falsity.

Worthy to mention is the work of German modern

philosopher, Rudolf Carnap. Being a logician and an

analytic philosopher, he believed that language must be an

objective one and calls it “thing language”. According to

him, when the language used cannot be reduced into basic

language or term and that other language does not represent

a physical term, the language is inadequate, impossible and

meaningless.

Another linguist-philosopher, Gottlob Frege, believed

that language is a necessary vehicle for human thought.

Philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke gave two

main uses of language: first, it is used to assist memory

of every event or moments in life, or the representation

and recording of one's own thoughts; and second, it is used

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as a required vehicle of communication of one's own

thoughts towards other people.

For Frege, it is the very insight that human thought

depends in certain ways on language, or on symbols in

general, that compelled him to analyze the workings of

language in order to investigate the logical structure of

thought. Frege presents us with a dilemma that lies at the

heart of his lifelong attitude toward language. On the one

hand, language is indispensable for us in order to get

access to thought. On the other hand, its sensible

character which is obscure in thought. Thus, Frege saw

himself obligated to deal with language by way of a

continuous struggle. It is a fight about the distortions

that are imposed on thought by language, and diagnosing as

well as clarifying the misunderstandings that result from

these distortions.

Wittgenstein whose understanding of language as

manifested in his book entitled Tractatus-Philosophicus

said: “that is the point at which language reaches reality,

where it touches the world”. Words play a fundamental role

in understanding and giving meaning (Kemp 2013).

Wittgenstein is only concerned with the understanding and

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meaning of the word and not about truth or its relative

theories.

The Tractatus-Logico Philosophicus is founded on seven

propositions. These are the following: First proposition:

The world is everything that is the case. Second

proposition: What is the case (a fact) is the existence of

states of affairs. Third proposition: A logical picture of

facts is a thought. Fourth proposition: A thought is a

proposition with a sense. Fifth proposition: A proposition

is a truth-function of elementary propositions. (An

elementary proposition is a truth-function of itself.)

Sixth proposition: The general form of a proposition is the

general form of a truth function. This is the general form

of a proposition. And finally the seventh proposition is:

Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.

According to Wittgenstein, the aim of these

propositions is to create or establish a relationship or to

show linkage between language used and the world it

represents. Through these propositions, one can validate

the truth or falsity of the statements. In Wittgenstein’s

own example, he used this proposition: “There is a tree in

the backyard”. If such statement confirms to the “case” or

“fact” therefore the statement is true and if it is

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otherwise, the statement is false. Thus, it led to the

belief of Wittgenstein that propositions are pictures in

themselves and that it accurately represents the world.

Wittgenstein adds that these propositions construed to

be pictures of cases or facts, are proposed portrayals of

the relation of representation. Nonetheless, Wittgenstein

was deeply apprehensive about how propositions function as

representations. After all, his first major work or much

known as early Wittgenstein mainly focused on the

correctness and accurateness of these propositions where it

essentially served as representations.

Wittgenstein declares that the purpose of these

investigations is not to bring to light any complex or

hidden theories that underlie and explain the surface

features of language. Instead, he argues that there is

nothing beneath this surface. The correct method in

philosophy is to assemble reminders of how language is

actually used so that people who are tempted to develop

this or that metaphysical theory will recognize that there

could be misusage of language (Wittgenstein, 1968).

According to him, language consists of propositions

that are complex built from simple to elementary

propositions. Elementary propositions are unanalyzable and

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consist solely of names. Language mirrors reality by

sharing its logical form. Thus, names mirror objects,

elementary propositions mirror as states of affairs, and

propositions mirror facts. The totality of true

propositions is the totality of language just as the

totality of facts is the world. A proposition is a logical

picture of reality: the elements of a proposition are

arranged in such a way that they resemble the reality they

represent, just as the elements of a portrait are arranged

in such a way that they resemble the person they represent.

(Wittgenstein, 1953)

The function of language relies on shared practices

and forms of life. The concept of a private language is

nonsensical. There would be no use in forming a private

language that described inner sensations in a way that only

one person could understand them, since there would be no

criteria fixing the proper use of the words. (Wittgenstein,

1968) Talk about inner sensations is not parallel to talk

about outer things, except that with inner sensations, the

objects referred to are not open to public view. The

notions of knowledge, doubt, and justification function in

an entirely different way.

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One should recognize the difference between meaning

and truth. In the philosophical parlance, meaning does not

necessarily reflect the truth. According to the semantics

view, meaning in language is the relationship between the

signifiers and what they stand for. It focuses on the words

and its denotation. Over the years, philosophers, from the

time of Plato to Descartes, tried to provide theories about

meaning and truth in relation to language but none so far

is truly exhaustive and encompassing. Indeed, meaning and

truth of language remains to be a mystery for language

itself falls short to give definite meaning.

A language-game, also called “secret language” is a

system of manipulating spoken words to render them

incomprehensible to the untrained ear as defined by

Merriam-Webster dictionary. In the same manner, gay

language is a system of manipulating words or ideas that is

only understandable to the people who are trained or

familiar to it.

In sociology, language plays a very important role in

the society in general and in the community in particular.

Differences in language suggest that people see the world

through the languages they have learned (Ferrante, 2011).

Perhaps the most significant of the inventions made

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possible by culture is language. Although the capacity to

learn language is innate or natural (Chomsky, 1965)

language occurs in cultural setting and indeed is the most

universal dimension of human cultures (Kornblum, 1994).

Language games are used primarily by group of people

attempting to conceal their conversations from others. It

is also a philosophical concept developed by Ludwig

Wittgenstein and a good friend Friedrich Waismann. It

refers to simple examples of language used and the actions

into which the language is being connected. In order to

understand the game, one should know or be familiar of the

usage of the words. Just like other languages all over the

world, gay language requires skills and mastery.

In “Philosophical Investigations” Wittgenstein

primarily stated that concepts do not need to be clearly

defined to become meaningful. Secondly, he used the term

"language-game" to designate forms of language simpler than

the entirety of a language itself and consisting of

language and the actions into which it is woven. Language

game is used as imaginary examples of language-use that are

simpler compared to our own everyday language.

The meaning of the word or object is not separated

from but blends into one another. This refers to the

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concept of family resemblance and thus language game is

merely analogous to an ordinary game. The analogy between a

language and a game demonstrates that words have meaning

depending on the uses made of them in the multifarious

activities of human life. To provide illustration of the

concept, Wittgenstein used the following examples:

Illustration 1:

“The classic example of a language game is called

"builder's language”. The language is meant to serve for
communication between a builder A and an assistant B. A is
building with building-stones: there are blocks, pillars,
slabs and beams. B has to pass the stones, in the order in
which A needs them. For this purpose they use a language
consisting of the words "block", "pillar" "slab", "beam". A
calls them out; — B brings the stone which he has learnt to
bring at such-and-such a call. Conceive this as a complete
primitive language”.

Illustration 2:

“I send someone shopping. I give him a slip marked “five red

apples”. He takes the slip to the shopkeeper, who opens the
drawer marked “apples”; then he looks up the word “red” in
the table and finds a color sample opposite to it; then he
says the series of cardinal numbers-I assume that he knows
them by heart- up to the word “five” and for each number he
takes an apple of the same color as the sample out of the
drawer. - It is in this and similar ways that one operates
with words.”

Clearly, the illustrations indicate the manner by

which the ideas or words conveyed from the speaker to the

listener and the manner it was received and understood

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showed harmony and balance in a coded communication. In the

first illustration, people who are not a member or familiar

of how construction workers operate cannot understand the

communication between builder A and builder B. For the

builders, the words or phrases expressed signify fullness

of meaning. Though the builders did not express it in the

grammatically conscious manner, the meaning is still

conveyed and the desirable result is still achieved.

In the second illustration, people who are not

employees of a particular supermarket or grocery store

cannot comply nor provide the things needed in the shop

list for only those who are familiar of the language cannot

play the language game harmoniously. Wittgenstein believed

that languages need not to be formally defined, nor

concepts need be clearly delimited nor sentences expressed

in the most formal and grammatically conscious manner for

humanity operates in words and language game forms part of

human life.

In the gay community, gay language functions in the

same manner the language game operates. In the course of

everyday living, one communicates in a formal or informal

manner which case forms part of life. Guided with ethical

knowledge, people communicate each other in a certain

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degree that words are carefully selected to express one’s

ideas.

Many conservative Filipinos both young and old would

criticize and find gay dialect as complicated and difficult

means for communication. Though, a significant numbers of

Filipinos can now speak this once hard to break gay code of

communication, all which is needed is simply break the root

word, read it reversely or analyze the names of famous

people that made it from the lists. Language is meant to

convey the true meaning and right idea however “gay

language defy the structural limits of an acceptable

language (e.g. English language) in the society” (Casabal,

2008).

Still, there are people who would find gay dialect as

interesting and fun as it excites ones imagination to catch

up and to connect the conversation secluded with codes and

hidden meanings. Indeed, gay dialect is an example of

complexion and sophistication. No one it seems is excluded

from the allure of this lingo that is funny and irreverent

at the same time.

People who are not familiar to the dialect would ask

first the literal meaning or message. Surprisingly, people

are seemingly not offended. The self-proclaimed president

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of the bekimon, the colloquial word for gay community in

the Philippines, Bern Joseph Persia insists that gay

language "make sad people happy and it relieves stress”

(Flores, 2010).

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The study is an exposition and evaluation of

Wittgenstein’s concept of language game in relation to

Filipino (Cebuano) gay language.

Specifically, this study attempts to answer the

following questions:

1. What is Wittgenstein’s concept of language-game?

2. What are the essential features of Cebuano gay

language?

3. What is the implication and how does Wittgenstein’s

language-game apply to Filipino (Cebuano) gay

language?
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Significance of the Study

Researches show that studying another language will

help improve cognitive aspect of the learners (Hakuta,

1986). Multilingual speakers such as Visayan people have

increased metalinguistic awareness which enhanced

intellectual development. The study bears significance to

various groups of people who are interested, exposed and

affiliated to this kind of endeavor. The following people

can benefit from the study:

Educators. The findings of this study will help them

embrace and accept the LGBT community in our own locality.

This will also serve as reference for future researches.

Students. This study shall help them understand the

growing significance of the gay language. Exposure to this

study will help them understand some of the words that are

commonly mentioned or expressed or used in the society.

Administrators. This study shall help big bosses,

managers and supervisors of different companies and

principals, chairmen and deans of different schools and

universities to understand the gay language used by their

subordinates. The study will help them communicate better

and improve their vocabulary.

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Scope and Limitation

The study embraces on the philosophical foundation of

Ludwig Wittgenstein of language-game and its impact to the

contemporary period. The study focuses only to the gay

language used in the Visayas region more specifically in

Tagbilaran City, Bohol. Philippines having multi-languages

all over the country have also different rules, manners and

language styles in term to gay language. This study only

limits to the rules, manners and language styles employed

in the province of Bohol.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Environment

This study employs expository type and qualitative

research design. Although several theories from different

sources are also utilized, the main sources of information

and ideas are Ludwig Wittgenstein main books, Tractatus-

Philosophicus and The Philosophical Investigations.

Wittgenstein is an analytic linguist philosopher whose

major contributions to philosophy are extracted from these

books.
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The early Wittgenstein which refers to the Tractatus-

Logico Philosophicus was his first major book which

embraces the aim to explain a more logical relationship

between language and reality. The later Wittgenstein refers

to his second book entitled Philosophical Investigations.

This time, he entirely criticized his first book or work

and made major substantive revision of his masterpiece. It

is in the second book or the later Wittgenstein which the

researcher deeply dwells.

Moreover, the researcher uses analysis and

interpretation in understanding Wittgenstein concept of

language-game. The researcher also used the articles posted

on the web, previous studies and similar investigations in

relation to gay communities in the country.

The locale of this study is generally the province of

Bohol. To be specific, the gay community in the province

coming from the different municipalities or just within

Tagbilaran City had been utilized for the study. The

participants were randomly selected and were being utilized

as resource people for the purpose of the study.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were defined in this study to

guide the readers in understanding the contents of the

research paper.

Language. The method of human communication, either

spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a

structured and conventional way. It is a system of

communication used by a particular community or country.

Language-game. It is also called secret language, is a

system of manipulating spoken words to render them

incomprehensible to the untrained ear. Language games are

used primarily by groups attempting to conceal their

conversations from others.

Analytical Philosophy. A method of approaching

philosophical problems through analysis of the terms in

which they are expressed, associated with Anglo-American

philosophy of the early 20th century.

Gay Language. It is language or a method of

communication used by the homosexuals or even straight

individuals. This type of language uses elements from

Tagalog, English, Spanish, and some from Japanese, as well

as celebrities' names and trademark brands, giving them new

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meanings in different contexts. It is largely localized

within gay communities, making use of words derived from

the local languages or dialects, including Cebuano,

Hiligaynon, Waray, and Bicolano.

Sub-Culture. It is a cultural group within a

larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at

variance with those of the larger culture.

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Chapter 2

This chapter covers the presentation of Wittgenstein’s

philosophy including the explanation of language game as

the core concept of his later philosophy. The concept of

family resemblance which is also an important subject is

methodically presented which also serves as the basis and

foundation of this research.

Wittgenstein’s Philosophy

To shed light and understanding of Ludwig Wittgenstein

philosophy, the researcher would like to present first a

short biography, and subsequently, a historical background

of his work.

Ludwig Wittgenstein was a 20th century philosophy born

on April 26, 1889 from Vienna, Austria and died at age 62.

Though he had relatively short life, he contributed

enormous philosophical writings that shaped the landscape

of language. The Tractatus-Logico-Philosophicus was first

published on 1921 originally in German language. This book

aims to identify or recognized the relationship between

language used and the reality or fact which it tries to

represents. However, the most important writings he had

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but was published posthumously is entitled Philosophical

Investigations sometime in 1953. This masterpiece gave rise

to the so called later Wittgenstein.

The idea that philosophy is not a doctrine, and hence

should not be approached dogmatically, is one of the most

important insights of the Tractatus. Wittgenstein realized

that the first work he had was dogmatic and thus led to the

situation which allows a gap between question and answer

and such answer to the question could be found in a later

time or date. He criticized his own work (Tractatus) and

believed that it was built on the assumption that that the

task of logical analysis was to discover the elementary

propositions, whose form was not yet known. The conversion

from early to later Wittgenstein can be qualified as the

total and absolute rejection of dogmatism.

Wittgenstein changed his mode from the realm of logic

as reflected in the Tractatus to that of ordinary language

(language-game) as the center of his later philosophy. He

further developed and emphasized on definition and analysis

to family resemblance and language-games as seen in the

Philosophical Investigations. The two philosophies can be

summarized in these manner. In the early Wittgenstein,

Tractatus advocates the following: a.) Univocity for each

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word. b.) Picture theory of meaning with an assumption of

isomorphism. C.) Essentialism that which refers to

universal grammar and logical structure behind all language

and the world. d.) Referential understanding of language.

And finally e.) Prescriptive orientation: need to reform

language. While on the later Wittgenstein philosophy, the

book Investigations advocates the following: a.) Equivocity

of most words. b.) Language games that connect words with

activities. c.) Non-essentialism/functionalism. The

emphasis of family resemblance and his total rejection of

the Socratic notion of universal definition and forms. d.)

the functional understanding of language and lastly e.)

Descriptive orientation which literally means to accept

language as it is.

The Concept of Family Resemblance

What is family resemblance? Basically, it refers to

the things which could be thought to be connected by one

essential common feature may in fact be connected by a

series of overlapping similarities, where no one feature is

common to attacked all the traditional modes or ways for

words to have meaning. As reflected in his second book, it

attacks the conventional view that words attain meaning

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from the thoughts or line of thinking of the person who

articulates them. However, it challenges Wittgenstein’s own

concept from his earlier Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,

that words acquires meaning by referring or representing

objects in reality.

Wittgenstein says that some words do not have a single

essence that encompasses their definition (philosophy-

index). He used the word “game” as an example. Although, it

can be construed that the word game has a definite meaning,

Wittgenstein stresses out counterexamples to this idea.

There is no single thing or idea that is common to all

purpose or understanding of the word “game” For example,

not all games in layman’s term are played for enjoyment,

fun or simple recreation; for example games like hockey and

football are played professionally, though one may say that

these players are enjoying what they doing best but

undeniably, they also feel the pressure and the intense of

the game. Most casino players play the games out of

addiction and not for pleasure. Definitely, not all games

have scores or points systems, nor do have teams or any

equipment that would define or qualify it as a game and not

just a mere physical activities.

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Wittgenstein says that rather than each use of the

word ‘game’ having a relationship to a common feature of

reality or of the thoughts behind them, that is, to a

single essence, the relationship between the uses of the

word is more interesting. It is here that he brings up

family resemblance.

Wittgenstein quips that the way in which family

members resemble each other is not through a specific trait

but a variety of traits that are shared by some, but not

all, members of a family. He exemplified this point by

considering a family of four siblings: Jane, John, Sally

and Tim and the propositions go in these manner:

 Jane, Sally and Tim all have red hair, while John’s is

brown.

 Jane and Tim both have tall, wide foreheads.

 Tim, Sally and John all have very distinctive,

elongated noses.

 John and Jane both have numerous freckles.

Using these propositions, one can draw-out a

conclusion that nothing of the physical features mentioned

above are common to all members of the family, however they

resemble in each other in few or some ways, that the family

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traits that was acquired and manifested in most members of

the family.

For Wittgenstein, this is the implication of the word

‘game’ and as well as other words obtained consistency in

meaning. Collective features of games like recreation,

scoring system, groups or teams, and rules are present in

various games but not to other games and of no game is of

same features nor rules, but the general overlying

framework of these features are where the word gets its

meaning or thought. Henceforth, the meaning of some words

is a relation much like family resemblance (Wittgenstein,

1968).

Most importantly, Wittgenstein did not say that the

family resemblance relation is not always the way that

words get their meaning (Wittgenstein, 1968). Instead,

words can get their meaning by picking out objects in

reality as claimed in the Tractatus, but asserted further

that modern or contemporary philosophers must recognize the

difference between the varied methods of assigning meaning

to words.
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The Language-Game Concept

The Philosophical Investigation defines the method of

learning the language in terms of learning the names or

labels of these objects. Problem would arise when people

take this connection between word and the object it refers

to as the fundamental relationship that fixes language to

the world. This relationship can only be seen to exist once

a great deal of the machinery of language, context, and

usage are already in place. Meaning is not fixed by the

relationship between words and things, but by how words are

used (Henkt, 2015).

Wittgenstein is not undervaluing nor abandoning rules

or grammar of language however, these rules sometimes falls

apart for people who used language choose arbitrarily. For

the most part, people do not think of "interpreting" rules,

people simply follow them. Our understanding of one another

is not fixed by any ultimate ground of justification, but

by our shared participation in certain forms of life

(Henkt, 2015).

Language-game mainly refers to simple examples of

language use and the action into which the language is

interlaced (Ford, 2013). Wittgenstein rejected the idea

that language is somehow separate, corresponding to reality

 30

and argued that concepts do not need to be clearly defined

to be meaningful.

The term 'language game' is used to refer to the

following situations:

A. Fictional examples of language use that are

simpler than our own everyday language.

B. Simple uses of language with which children are

first taught language.

C. Specific regions of our language with their own

grammars and relations to other language-games.

D. All of a natural language seen as comprising a

family of language-games.

These meanings are actually not separated from one

another but blends harmoniously with one another. The

concept is based on the following analogy: The rules of

language are analogous to the rules of games; thus saying

something in a language is analogous to making a move in a

game. The analogy between a language and a game,

demonstrates that words have meaning depending on the usage

and in the various and multiform activities of human life

(Ford, 2013).
 31

In addition, language-game is an untraditional,

uncanonical, creative, and having such orientation on the

hidden aesthetic possibilities of a language (Myzdrikova,

2006). Also, language-game is taken as some language

abnormality (or singularity) and, what is very important is

that the speaker or the writer understands the abnormality,

and does it intentionally. Thus listener or the reader also

should understand, that it is made on purpose. As it has

been quantified that language-game represents any

manipulation with language which major purpose is to bring

the elements of unexpectedness and originality (Myzdrikova,

2006).
 32

Chapter 3

This chapter covers the presentation of the Filipino,

more specifically Cebuano gay language and the development

and growth of gay language. It provides an explanation how

language-game operates and a demonstration that gay

language is another example of language-game.

The Filipino Language

It is necessary to understand first the perception of

the Filipino language from the so called Filipino gay

language. Filipino languages refer to any regional

languages and auxiliary media of instruction in the

different parts or provinces of the Philippine archipelago

(Orimaco, 2013). The widely spoken languages are Tagalog

and Cebuano and Filipino is its official language. The

multiplicity and diversity of Filipino languages is not

construed as barrier of communication for it bears

uniqueness and true ethnicity of Filipinos.

 33

The Gay Language

Unique and very distinct to the rest of the Filipino

language in the country, gay language always amuses its

hearers. So, what is gay language then? How does it differ

from the other Filipino languages and dialect in the

country? Or is there really such thing as gay language?

These few questions are just trying to explain the

emergence and development of gay language.

Language will only become language when there is a

form of communication using words either spoken or gestured

with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a

writing system (Merriam Dictionary). Gay language as a

means of communication does not fall into this category

after all neither formal nor structured thus gay language

is not a language at all. So, what it is then? Under the

parlance of linguistics, this gay manner of communication

is classified as social dialect. Being sociolect, it is a

variety of speech associated with a particular social class

or occupational group within a society.

Douglas Biber a celebrated linguist, distinguishes two

kinds of dialects in linguistics namely geographic dialects

and socio dialects. Geographic dialects are varieties

associated with speakers living in a particular location,

 34

while social dialects or also known as sociolect are

varieties associated with speakers belonging to a given

demographic group (Biber, 1995).

The multiplicity of languages in our country denotes

varieties of social dialects. Gay sociolect differs from

one region to another. From the manner it is expressed and

reinvented, there are significant features that must be

taken into consideration. Philippines has 13 indigenous

languages and of more than one hundred twenty to one

hundred seventy five other languages spoken by millions of

Filipinos. Gay sociolect emerges out from this

multiversity.

The Growth of Cebuano Gay Language

Gay A: Asnik Ayis? Imal nga ikal….

Gay B: Ahhhhh, ayis…! Shodi yotch, kabebe ni oka! Shodi

deck watch…..

Gay A: id oi…! Oka aanch kabebe dash!!!

Does anyone understand the thought of the dialogue? It

is true! Gay lingo has really gone a long way since the

start of the 21st century. The propagation of this language

and form of communication is unstoppable (Gianan, 2008).

 35

Before taking up and understanding this distinct mode of

communication, let us analyze first the political and

social status of the Filipino gays in the country and

possibly traced when or how this very unique gay language

started. In the early part of 20th century, gay people where

in hiding. The fear to come out and show there real

identity was a struggle of every gay both from the past and

the present. These people are most likely ridiculed, shamed

and most often object of mockery. In our own locality, they

are identified as “bayot” which, apparently is harsh and

demeaning word.

Discrimination of gays over the years have paved way

to the creation of a code of communication which only gays

could use (Gianan, 2008). Though no one could tell nor

trace the history or origination of gay language, some

researches claimed that these gay codes were heard in the

Philippine societies as early in the year 1960’s. Over the

years, the gay community has been slowly being recognized

in the society and their communication becomes so familiar.

Its daily usage on parlors, comedy bars, sidewalks and

other places where gays proliferate, people’s curiosity

arose on what these words meant, eventually using it, thus

led to the expansion of gay lingo (Gianan, 2008).

 36

A gay lingo speaker must have a vast knowledge on

everything under the sun and trivial ideas that would

really stand out when spoken and used. Its flexibility

makes it easier for users to describe events and happenings

without even confiding a dictionary or a grammar book since

it has no actual past, present and future tenses for verbs,

comparative and superlative forms for adjectives and it

doesn’t follow subject-verb agreement rules (Gianan, 2008).

Characteristics of Cebuano Gay Language

The researcher would like to present some

characteristics and essential features of Cebuano gay

language. Admittedly, there exist notable differences

between and among gay sociolect all over Philippines. The

researcher only focused on the uniqueness and creativity of

the Cebuano gay language.

The following are the characteristics and essential

features of a Cebuano gay language:

1. Artistic (full of churvaness) - basically the gay

manner of communication uses affixes that are attached

either to the beginning or end of the word. It has been

 37

mentioned that these affixes do not affect the meaning nor

the tense of the word. Thus, making it so artistic.

2. Gothic- gay language does not follow any rules of

grammar or syntax. Literally, it is not being dictated nor

limited with culture but guarantees freedom of expression.

3. Naming Names Policy- one must be familiar with famous

celebrities, political icons or anyone who had made it to

the lists. These names are being used to refer to and

associate certain topics or events that are somehow

related. For example: Ai-Ai delas Alas. The main thought is

the name Ai-Ai, reversing its name literally means “ya-ya”.

So one can basically uttered Ai-Ai delas Alas, which refers

to perhaps a very slow service or anything that is related

with slow.

4. Reversibility- this is the most common manner with gay

communication. It Cebuano, it is simply “alib-alib or bali-

bali”. Any Cebuano words can be reversed. The first thing

to do is to listen and at the same time the listener should

think faster in order to catch up the words that are simply

reversed.
 38

5. Territoriality- with variety of languages and dialects

in the country, gay communication is expected to be varied

as well.

6. Wide-Vocabulary Range- basically the gay language

touches anything under the sun. The speaker and the

listener should at least be updated with current news,

familiar with history and well-informed about the lives of

iconic people.
 39

Chapter 4

This chapter provides an explanation on the nature,

creation, development and application of language-game to

gay language. It also proposes a method on constructing gay

communication and a detailed description of the gay terms

that are commonly used for a better appreciation.

Language-Game Application to Gay Language

In the previous discussions, the researcher

established the main concept of this study including its

contingency to the gay language. At this point, the

researcher would like to present application of the gay

language.

It has been indicated that gay language does not

follow grammar rules, it is flexible for it does not

conform the subject-verb agreement (Gianan, 2008), and thus

there is liberation and originality of the speech or

communication without being restricted to the mandates of

culture and society. In our own locality, the gay language

is applied as to simply reverse the word literally and/or

either add prefix or suffix to sound unique and catching.

From the researches conducted concerning gay language,

Wittgenstein’s concept of language game can be applied on

 40

the account that language-games are fictional examples of

language use that are simpler than our own everyday

language. Fictional language are constructed languages

that are often designed with the intent of giving more

depth and an appearance of plausibility which they are

associated, and to have their characters communicate in a

fashion which is both alien and dislocated.

Example A:

Gay X: Bangladesh sa oka teh ….

Gay Y: yeko ar, gorabelle rc cola!!!!

On the account that simple uses of language with which

children are first taught language.

Example B: A mother in conversation with her toddler and

thus the dialogue goes like this:

Mommy: mimi o namnam……

Child: mimi mommy….mimi…mommy!!!

Wittgenstein believed that the conversation between

the mother and the child, that the mother expressed her

thoughts not through correct proposition but rather through

a language-game like “mimi” for water and “namnam” for

 41

food. The child chose “mimi” a word which is already

oriented beforehand such that the child knew what will his

mother would do.

The third and fourth concepts of Wittgenstein

language-game states that: specific regions of our language

with their own grammars and relations; and all of a natural

language seen as comprising a family of language-games. It

is for a fact the even gay language observes

territoriality. Different provinces or regions in the

country has also its own unique form and manner of

expressing these so called gay language. In Metro Manila,

gays expressed their “bekimon” or language in this manner:

Gay A: “Hoy Bakla, me Anda ka ba today?”

Gay B: “Naku, Washington Sycip, Purita ang lolah mo

ngayon.”

Gay A: “Rampa sana aketch. Go Bingo ka mare?”

Gay B: “Ay, Wishing!, Pagoda Cold Wave Lotion aketch!”

In the province of Bohol, a diverse way in expressing

such conversation and it is articulated in this manner:

Gay A: Yotch, asatch ak mag-gaal norak?

Gay B: id yotch, aw dada si oka, erpob oyaak..

Gay A: egish na yotch, rampage ahud norak…

Gay B: teh , yopak uyaak si oka!!!

 42

The gay language is one of the inherent rich languages

in the country and therefore it is already part of the

Filipino culture right now (Gianan, 2008). No matter how

many people oppose to it, gay language has really been

wedged in the daily routine of Filipino ways of speaking or

communicating. As a matter of fact, it has actually added

color and fun in the daily and ordinary conversations in

the lives of the Filipinos.

Gay language truly mirrors and reinforces the culture

of freedom. It is the freedom to develop Filipino

vocabulary or these gays called “badingtionary” or

“gaycabulary”, the freedom to express oneself in a more

inventive and funnier way. It also paves the freedom from

dictation or stereotyping given by the culture and society.

As people could see and recognize the status of gay

language right now, it is now in the majority of Filipino

communication and consciousness and shows no sign of waning

(Gianan, 2008).

The Gay Language Speech Model

Like any language, there is gradual but steady

development and enrichment of the gay lexicon. For example,

the gay terms can be added with affixes. Unlike the usual
 43

grammatical rule for English proposition, affixes thus

change the meaning, thought or even the tense of the term.

However, the prefixes or suffixes in the gay language does

not harm nor change the literal meaning of the term.

The purpose of adding affixes in gay terms is to make

the word sounds a foreign language and thus making

untrained ears not to understand nor grasp the meaning

immediately. Common affixes that are used in the gay terms

“ju” (prefix), “shu” (prefix) “aye” (suffix), “belle”

(suffix) and “chinawa” or “chiwa” (suffix) which

surprisingly do not mean anything at all.

One of the tasks of this research study is to offer

speech model for better appreciation. The purpose of the

speech model is to serve as a guiding proposition or

pattern but do not necessarily reflect as if it is the rule

or grammar for its composition. So, what is a speech model

then? In (Demers & Farmers, 1991) a speaker has some

message in the mind that he wants to communicate to the

hearer. The speaker then produces some expression from the

language that encodes the message as its meaning. Upon

hearing the beginning of the expression, the hearer begins

the decoding process that sequentially identifies the

encoding sounds, syntactic categories, and meaning, then

 44

composes these meanings in the form of the successfully

decoded message.

The following are some of the ways on how to create

gay language speech model. Let us begin and analyze with

this one.

Example #1: The use of “ju” or “shu” prefixes in the

language-game.

Gosukch julan (shulan) oyaak, asuna man jundang

(shundang)oi, ilu oyas na oka.

Direct translation: Kusog ang ulan kaayo, anus-a man undang

oi, mo-uli’g sayo ko. English translation: It is raining

hard, I wonder when shall it stops, needed to go home

early.

Or

Aw naka jungog si Ris kay junngol nga gor………che!

Direct translation: Wa nakadungog si Sir kay bungol nga

tiguwang…. Che! English Translation: The teacher was not

able to hear us because he is already deaf due to old age.

Example #2: The use of “aye” or “belle” suffixes in the

language-game.

Gitopaz si oka kay yagud mi ilo ang anabaye.

 45

Direct translation: Gisapot ko kay dugay ming uli ako bana.

English translation: I’m not in the mood because my husband

came home very late.

Or

Dusil oyaak kay kidabell na ayis.

Direct translation: Lisud kaayo kay adik na siya. English

translation: It’s difficult to deal with him because he is

an addict.

Example #3: The use of “chiwa or chinawa” suffixes in the

language-game.

Tipahch na oka ngaubchiwa.

Direct translation. Hapit na ako mabuang. English

translation: I am about to be crazy.

Learning this kind of language-game may come first as

confusing and makes no sense. But undeniably, its

originality, uniqueness and beauty captures everyone’s ear

that triggers one to be curious and to seek understanding.

(Damon & Postman, 1967) believed that learning is a process

and not a terminal point. Thus, to become familiar and to

know the language-game is an advantage for another venue of

learning and speaking as well.

 46

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study is largely anchored on Ludwig

Wittgenstein’s concept of language-game. It employs the

thought of analytic philosophy as the medium to understand

the problems and wonders of language brought by man.

Concepts, ideas and principles of other authors or

philosophers are supplements to help establish the claim of

the researcher. The Filipino gay language is being

evaluated in order to give connection and establishment to

the concept of language-game. Thus, a thorough presentation

of the concept of language-game in association of the

Filipino gay language has been made for the completion of

this study.

Language-games are not products of language

conventions. There are no definite grammar, rules and

pronunciations. Instead, they are ordinary language which

are product of unvarying usage by different people

regardless of its rules. Language-game is said to be

simpler than the grammatically conscious standard of

 47

propositions. It is actually invented and manipulated

through regular use of the speaker and the listener.

In addition to this, Wittgenstein recognized the fact

that words play fundamental role in understanding and

giving meaning to utterances yet he emphasized somehow that

he is only concern about the understanding of the word and

not its relative meaning or theories. Though there was a

sudden change of approach or genre in his analytic

philosophy from consciously grammatically well-represented

proposition (early Wittgenstein) to a more liberated,

casual and rule free language-game (later Wittgenstein).

Consequently, this change had brought light, understanding

and most of all importance to informal language like gay

language. Wittgenstein believed that the most significant

aspect to the process of communication is the manners by

which the speaker can deliver or convey the message well

and the listener can grasp the meaning of the message.

The main impetus of this research is that of language-

game. However, it must be made clear that the researcher is

not undermining the importance of grammar construction in

our language. As a matter of fact, it is important that

students in this era must embrace and observe language

rules for academic and formality purposes as pointed out in

 48

the early Wittgenstein philosophy. Even Wittgenstein

himself did not brush off the importance of language rules

for he still believed that proposition must be accurately

and correctly stated as it represents reality and it can

only be done through correct rules of language.

The gay language which is being associated with the

concept of language game had been successfully linked in

accordance to its concept and importance. Like any other

languages all over the world wherein their origin,

development and changes must not have been well documented,

gay language falls under the same dilemma. Relying on the

only claims or products of other researches, the

origination and propagation of these innovative gay

language can hardly be established and proven. By no means,

the researcher is not trying to establish the history nor

origin of the gay language. However, the researcher

associated language-game concept to gay language and its

applicability for an effective communication.

Furthermore, just like language-game, gay language

does not abide rules in constructing propositions or

sentences. Free from the mandates or stereotyping of the

society, this gay language is being expressed in the most

embellished, ear-catching phrases and above all it is

 49

expressed in its most hilarious way. Although, there are

researches made regarding Visayan language which does not

strictly obey rules of language, this gay language which is

a direct product of it is not conscious about language

rules yet people whose ears are trained can respond very

well because the meaning of these words are well grasped

and understood.

Right from the start, gay language was known to be

coded communication which only those members of the sub-

culture can relate and understand with it. Today, these

gays are now in the open and sharing this innovative

communication to the community. This once hard to break

coded-communication is now spoken by both genders

regardless of professions and social statuses.

Indeed, language connects people. Formal or informal

languages, slang or baroque, expressed through proposition

or through language-game, language binds people in one

distinct culture, race and ethnicity. Truly, the vast

wonders of language can bring dynamism to human and

history.
 50

Conclusion

Later Wittgenstein cogently mentioned the concept of

language games and rejected the idea that language is

somehow separate from the object and thus it corresponds to

reality. He argued that concepts do not need to be clearly

defined to be meaningful. Language-game is used to

designate forms of language simpler than the entirety of a

language itself consisting of language and the actions into

which it is woven.

Thus, language-game is actually part of every human

culture and part of our daily and ordinary lives. He further

argues that modes of communication may not be necessarily

be expressed in proposition for simpler language like

language-game will suffice the exchange of thoughts while

at same time the meaning is grasp and understood.

Gay language is a perfect example of

Wittgenstein’s concept of language-game. In the examples

cited and expounded, such as the communication between

builders A and B and the second example where the customer

hand over a piece of paper written on it “5 red apples” to

the shopkeeper. These two classic examples set by

Wittgenstein manifests the function of language-game in

every human life and very culture. The untrained ears may
 51

not grasp nor understand the meaning of message but

constant exposure to the environment and learning the

language helps one person to embrace and communicate with

language-games.

In sum, this study asserts that gay language is

another form of a language-game. It further claims that

being a language intended for communication, it contains

philosophical values and must be dislodged from

discrimination. Thus, gay language possesses philosophical

value right from the start.

Recommendation

As the result of the study, the researcher states the

following as its recommendations.

The researcher recommends that one may appreciate the

beauty of gay language by knowing and understanding it.

Straight individuals or even gays must know this medium of

communication for it is a fact that the emergence of this

communication is undeniably flourishing and unstoppable.

To avoid intrusion, people may use this coded gay

communication to conceal the real thought or meaning of

their conversation. Having such background and knowledge of

 52

this means of communication may save one person from being

ridiculed, mocked or being a subject of gossip. Thus, it is

highly appreciated that one may try to familiarize or even

learn to speak and understand the nature of gay language.

 53

APPENDIX

Lexicon of Cebuano Gay Language

 Oka (ako) - myself

 waki (ikaw) - you

 atch (ta + ch) - us

 ayis (siya) - you

 keke or ekal (lalake) - boy

 ebyang (babaye) - girl

 toyab (bayot) – gay

 maya - gays pretending to be straight

 yobmotch (tomboy + ch) - lesbian

 ap-ap or apster (papa) - father

 am-am or amster or Amsterdam(mama) - mother

 ayuk (kuya) - big brother

 bayu or bayu-flu (uyab+flu) - boyfriend or girlfriend,

lover

 okad (dako) – big

 ohab (baho) – odorous

 54

 kidabelle (adik + belle) a person addicted to drugs

 yamag or yamaguchi (gamay + uchi) - small

 yeko (okey) - okay, fine

 ashnu (unsa) - what

 ashnik (kinsa) - who

 imal (lami) - delicious, yummy

 sawal (lawas) – body

 Dolce – (load) refers to load for prepaid cellphone

 Dusil – (lisod) difficult

 Ngileef – (reverse for feeling) a boastful person

 Oyaak (kaayo) extreme or to the highest level

 sitnub or sitnubae ( buntis)- a pregnant woman

 tovma-mey (ambot + mey) - I don’t know

 tobash (sabot +h) - understand

 ed (di or dili) – no

 erbup (pubre) - poor

 shodi (ayaw) - no

 aw (wa or wala) – none

 55

 Pabebe – a person trying to look cute

 abash or abashing (saba) - noisy

 yofak or yopipak (kapoy) - tired

 shofa or shopipay (gwapa) - beautiful

 shofu (gwapo) - handsome

 tini or tini-wini (init) – hot

 nahgad – (daghan) – many or abundant

 noak (kaon) – eat

 norak (karon) now

 olark (klaro) - clear

 elad or eladia (dali) - faster

 yagudch or yagudjing (dugay + ch) - slow

 datch or dada (kwarta) - money

 otad or otadjing (dato) - rich

 gora (go + ra) – GO

 gor (gorang) – old person

 ogil (ligo) - take a bath

 Nognog – refers to a black or a dark skin-toned person

 56

 wakal (lakaw) - walk

 kavil (libak) - back bite

 yoal (layo) - far

 gotch (tog + ch) - sleep

 anams (mana + s) - finish

 deck watch (dikwat + ch) – getting something without

the owner’s permission

 wanatch (tan-aw + ch) looking at or looking into

 aanch (naa + ch) – there is something, present

 saatch (taas + ch) – tall

 showang (sho + niwang) – thin

 shobu (sho + mobu) – short person or

 obom (reversed term for mobo) – short person

 YY Home (wayway) a person scolding another person

 Ginisa Mix - a person grilled being scolded by another

 Another success story – a Filipina who marries or in

relationship of a rich foreigner

 57

Parts of the Body

 Atams ni Jengelita ( mata+ni+Angelita) beautiful eyes

 Boobsie or yototch ( totoy + ch) – breast

 Luvinda (lobot) – anus

 Ngoli- (ilong) – nose

Fictional Names with Meanings

 Bangladesh – person who is about to poo

 Columbiana – dull person

 Aya Medel – a gay in the hiding

 Stress Drilon – tired and stressed person

 Aida Magtalas – a person infected with AIDS

 Malaysia and Pakistan – malay ko and paki ko…. I

really don’t care.

 Purita Sullivan – poor

 Nicole Richie – rich

 Ai-Ai delas Alas – very slow

 Ting-Ting Cojuanco- (ngit-ngit) dark

 58

 Tabing Ilog- (ilog) do not grab

 Lydia de Vega- any person who could run fast,

 Nap Gutierrez-(pan) it means bread

 Pops Fernandez- (papha) person being fired-out from

work

 Jolingan Magdangal (Silingan) - neighborhood

The researcher solicited most of these gay terms from

the randomly selected gay friends in the city for the

realization of this lexicon. These are just some of the

numerous gay terms that are commonly used in the society.

 59

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Kilgour, David. The Importance of Language. Date of

issue: October 9, 1999. Retrieved on July 31,
2015 from www.david-kilgour.com
Ritcher, Duncan J. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved last July
31, 2015 from http://www.iep.utm.edu/wittgens/
Tenerio, Bum D. Let’s Talk Baklese. The Philippine
Star. Date of Issue: September 9, 2012. Retrieved
on July 31, 2015 from www.philstar.com

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Stanford Encyclopedia of

Philosophy. First published last November 8, 2002
and a substantive revision on March3, 2014.
Retrieved last July 31, 2015 from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wittgenstein/

C. Unpublished Materials

Orimaco, Michael (2013). The Nuances of Language-Game:

A Wittgenstein Approach to the Filipino Language,
Department of Graduate Studies, Holy Name University.
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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Pricilla Banessa Namoc-Ocon

Home Address : Lindaville Subd., Tagb. City
Parents : Engr. Primitivo G. Namoc
: Mrs. Cecilia H. Namoc

Sisters : Pricilla Farrah & Pricilla Kaye

Date of Birth : February 21, 1983
Civil Status : Married
Spouse : Mr. Stephen T. Ocon
Children : Gabriel Joakim & Stephenson Harim

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Dao Elementary School S.Y. 1995

Class Salutatorian

Secondary : Bohol School of Arts and Trade S.Y.

March 2000

Tertiary : Holy Name University March 2005

Bachelor of Arts Major in Philosophy

Graduate Studies : BIT-International Colleges

Bachelor of Laws (March 2010)

: Holy Name University

Master of Arts Major in Philosophy
==present==

Professional Experiences : Cristal e-College

Faculty: Social Sciences
June 2010- March 2014

: PMI-Colleges, Bohol
Faculty: Social Sciences
June 2013- up to the present