Score Maximum points

Appearance/Organization 5
Lab report uses headings and
subheadings to visually organize
material

Introduction 20
The primary topic/goal of the study
is explained in clear, concise terms
Material is translated into
student’s own words
Background information is
pertinent to topic and improves
reader understanding of the
investigation and report
Materials and Methods 10
Complete and detailed list of
materials in 2 vertical columns
Methods are listed in clear steps
that are easy to follow and
reproducible by another person
Observation Sheet 10
Observations are clear and
accurate
Results 20
Organized and clear representation
of data using tables, graphs,
pictures with correct titles
Correct units are used when
necessary
Explain your actual findings
Discussion 20
Describes what was learned from
the experiment
Explains sources of error
Discusses variables,
trends/patterns found in results
Explanation of how information
applies to the real world
Spelling, grammar, punctuation 10
There are 1 or fewer errors in
punctuation and grammar in the
report
Written in third person, past tense,
passive voice form
Literature Cited 5
All references are cited in APA
format and cited correctly
Each source was cited in report
100 pts
Jumalon, Szairah Madel R. December 1, 2019

18-54527 Organic Chemistry

Experiment No. 2

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS

I. Introduction
Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed
solely of hydrogen and carbon. They can be known and be differentiated by their properties
and chemical reactivity. They are molecules that have little or no polarity because they do not
contain electronegative atoms.
Methane is a colorless and odorless gas that occurs abundantly in nature. It is
lighter than air and is slightly soluble in water. It burns readily in air, forming carbon dioxide
and water vapor. Methane is very stable compound however, with the mixture of air in it, it
can create an explosion happening specifically in coal mines and have been the cause of some
mine disasters.
Ethylene is one of the simplest hydrocarbons. It is colorless and comes in
gaseous form. It has a melting point of -169°C and its boiling point is at -104°C. It is flammable
and a non-polar molecule. Ethylene is soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in polar
solvents such as water.
Acetylene is the most important member of the alkyne family which contains a
carbon to carbon triple bond and is responsible for many of its reactions. It also contains a
slightly acidic carbon to hydrogen bond which allows certain acid-base reactions to occur.
Acetylene is used in the headlamps of automobiles because of its luminous flame.

II. Materials and Methods

Preparation and Properties of Methane

Procedure 1:

Test Tubes Sulfuric Acid

6- inch Pyrex test tube Ethyl Alcohol
Rubber Stopper Zinc dust
Delivery tube Chloroform
Copper Sulfate solution

Alternate Procedure:

Test Tube Anhydrous Sodium Acetate

Burner Soda Lime or Anhydrous Barium Hydroxide
Rubber Stopper Lime water
Delivery tube Bromine water
Mortar Potassium Permanganate solution
Blue Litmus Paper
Procedure 1:

 Equip a 6-inch Pyrex test tube with a tightly fitted one-hole cork or rubber stopper.
 Fit a delivery tube into the cork or stopper for the evolved gas to be collected by water
displacement.
 Put 3 g of Zn dust, 5 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol, 3 ml of chloroform, and 1 ml of CuSO4
solution in the test tube and shake.
 Insert the stopper with the delivery tube.
 If the reaction is very fast, cool by putting the tube in cold water.
 After the air has been displaced from the apparatus, collect methane gas by water
displacement and put it in a test tube.

Alternate Procedure:

 Grind thoroughly in a mortar 4 g of anhydrous sodium acetate and 10 g of soda lime.

Transfer the mixture in a dry, hard glass test tube.
 Cover with a one-holed rubber stopper with an exit tube projecting at least ¼ inch
beyond the stopper (there should be an air space between the material in the tube
and the top of the tube).
 Hold the burner and heat the tube gently. Keep the flame moving.
 Allow a sufficient volume to escape from the apparatus. Collect gas by water
displacement and put it in two test tubes.
 Test tube should be tightly stoppered until used as methane gas is lighter than air.
 Remove the delivery tube from the water before stopping the heating.

Methane (Flammability and Product of Combustion)

 Ignite a test tube of methane gas and add immediately clear lime water.
 Shake and observe the color of the precipitate.

Methane (Bromine Test)

 In another test tube of methane, add 1-2 drops of bromine water.

 Cover and shake until the color just disappear.
 Immediately blow across the mouth of the test tube, then hold the piece of moistened
blue litmus paper to the fumes (do not allow the litmus paper to touch the sides of
the test tube).

Methane (Von Baeyer’s Test)

 To another test tube of methane, add 3 ml of dilute potassium permanganate

solution.
 Cover and shake gently, don’t let the mixture come in contact with the cork.
 Observe any change in color of the permanganate solution.
Preparation and Properties of Ethylene

Test Tube Ethyl Alcohol

Burner Sulfuric Acid
Distilling Flask Stones
Delivery tube Lime water
Blue Litmus Paper Bromine water
Potassium Permanganate solution
Procedure:

 Pour 15 ml of ethyl alcohol into a distilling flask and add gradually with constant
shaking under running water, 50 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid.
 Add few boiling stones to prevent “bumping”.
 Heat the flask to 160°C – 175°C until a steady flow of the gas is obtained.
 Regulate the temperature to prevent extreme reaction.
 When there is a steady flow of gas, collect four test tubes of it and collect another
test tube only to 1/12 of its capacity.
 Remove the delivery tube from the water then stop heating the flask.

Ethylene (Flammability and Product of Combustion)

 Ignite the test tube of ethylene gas.

 Hold a dry test tube over the burning gas and observe the moisture formed.
 Immediately add clear lime water and note the color if the precipitate formed.

Ethylene (Bromine Test)

 Same procedure with the methane gas.

Ethylene (Von Baeyer’s Test)

 Same procedure with methane gas. Also observe the color of the precipitated formed.

Preparation and Properties of Acetylene

Test Tube Calcium Carbide

Distilling Flask Lime water
Rubber tube Bromine water
Separatory Funnel Litmus Paper
Burner Potassium Permanganate solution
Filter Paper Silver Nitrate
Burner
Wire Gauze
 Procedure:

 Put 10 g of solid calcium carbide into a clean and dry distilling flask.
 Insert the stem of a separatory funnel into a cork that fits the mouth of the distilling
flask.
 Adjust the separatory funnel such that its stem is near the calcium carbide in the flask.
 Half-filled the separatory funnel with water.
 Attached the rubber tubing to the stem of the flask that will serve as the delivery
tube.
 Collect four tubes of acetylene gas by allowing water to flow gradually from the
separatory funnel. Fill a fifth test but only to 1/15 of its capacity.

Acetylene (Flammability and Product of Combustion)

 Ignite the test tube of acetylene gas and immediately add 2 ml of clear lime water

Acetylene (Bromine Test)

 Same procedure with the methane gas.

Acetylene (Von Baeyer’s Test)

 Same procedure with the methane gas.

Acetylene (Formation of Silver Acetylide)

 Add 5 ml of silver nitrate to a test tube of acetylene gas. Cover and shake.
 Observe the color of the precipitate and dry between sheets of filter paper.
 Place a small portion of the precipitate on the asbestos pad of wire gauze and ignite.

III. Results

COLOR ODOR
METHANE Colorless Odorless
ETHYLENE Colorless Pungent
ACETYLENE Colorless Pungent

IV. Discussion
V. Literature Cited
http://employees.oneonta.edu/knauerbr/chem226/226expts/226_expt03_pro.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/science/methane#:~:targetText=Methane%20is%20lighter%20tha
n%20air,(%E2%88%92296.5%20%C2%B0F).
https://www.ausetute.com.au/ethene.html
https://www.coursehero.com/file/23009224/EXPERIMENT-
11/#:~:targetText=Acetylene%20also%20contains%20a%20slightly,acid%2Dbase%20reactions%
20to%20occur.&targetText=Acetylene%20is%20a%20poisonous%2C%20odorless,rather%20tha
n%20by%20acetylene%20itself.