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ASTASTHANA PARIKSHA -A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF YOGARATNAKARA

AND ITS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

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Review Article

ASTASTHANA PARIKSHA - A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF

YOGARATNAKARA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Sharma Rohit1*, Amin Hetal2, Galib3, Prajapati P K4

1
PG Scholar, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana including drug research
2
PG Scholar, Department of Basic Principles including drug research
3
Asst. Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana including drug research.
4
Professor and Head, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana including drug research., IPGT &
RA, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, INDIA
*Corresponding Author: Mail: dhanvantari86@gmail.com, Mob: +919408325831

Received: 04/04/2012; Revised: 19/04/2012; Accepted: 30/04/2012

ABSTRACT

Indian traditional medicine, Ayurveda has a great history. Researchers of India have tried to
corroborate ancient wisdom with modern scientific practices. It is necessary to diagnose the disease
after proper examination and medicines are to be given. There are many diagnostic tools of
examination. Yogaratnakara provides a clear picture of scenery of illness and healthy condition
through Astasthana Pariksha. Tailabindu pariksha, one among Ashtasthana pariksha is a diagnostic
tool of urine examination developed by the medieval Ayurvedic scholars. It also helps in establishing
prognosis of various diseases. In current paper, attempts were made to study the relation of
Ashtasthana Pariksha in therapeutics with special emphasis and its applicability in medical practice.

Keywords: Ashtasthana Pariksha, Ayurveda, Nadi, Tailabindu, Yogaratnakara

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INTRODUCTION disease thoroughly and arrive at a proper

A physician by treating the persons who are
deeply immersed in the sea of disease (Roga)
due to their ill fate (Papa) are pulled out from
the sea. This humanistic effort under taken by
the physician ensures an honourable place for
him in the society, even-though he does not
perform other routine dharma1. Yogaratnakara
stresses on the importance of “Vyadhi
Vinischaya” (Diagnosis of ailment). It is
essential that physician should examine the
diagnosis (Vyadhi Nirnaya). Afterwards i.e.
knowing fully about the nature etc of diseases
he should commence the Chikitsa (treatment)
by administering suitable “Aushadha” or by
employing a procedure e.g. Snehana, lepa etc.
Different methods of examination have
been explained in classics of Ayurveda, which
will be helpful in diagnosis of a disease,
estimating the status of Rogibala and Rogabala
etc. Following table provides a glimpse on this:

Table-1 Methods of Examination explained in different lexicons

Sl. Methods of Examination
No.
1 Dwividha Pariksha2
2 Trividha Pariksha3
3 Chaturvidha Pariksha4
4 Sadvidha Pariksha5
5 Ashtasthana Pariksha6
6 Navavidha Pariksh7
7 Dashavidha Pariksha8
8 Ekadashavidha Pariksha9
9 Charakokta
Dwadashavidha Pariksha10
10 Sushrutokta
Dwadashavidha Pariksha11
Methods
Pratyaksha and Anumana
Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha and Anumana
Darshana, Sparshana and Prashna
Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana and Yukti
Panchendriya pariksha and Prashna Pariksha
Nadi, Mala, Mutra, Jihva, Shabda, Sparsha, Drika, Akrti
Dosha, Aushadha, Desha, Kala, Satmya, Agni, Satva,
Vaya and Bala
Prakriti, Vikriti, Sara, Samadhana, Pramana, Satmya,
Satva,Aharashakti, Vyayama Shakti and Vaya
Dosha, Bheshaja, Desha, Kala, Bala, Sharira, Ahara,
Satmya, Satva, Pakriti and Vaya
Dosha, Bheshaja, Desha, Kala, Bala, Sharira, Sara,
Ahara, Satmya, Satva, Prakriti and Vaya
Dosha, Bheshaja, Desha, Kala, Bala, Sharira, Sara,
Ahara, Satmya, Satva, Prakriti, Vaya

Among all these methods of examination
Ashtasthana Pariksha (popularly known as
Ashtavidha Pariksha) has its own significance.
Asta Sthana Rogi Pariksha12 (Eight- fold
examination of patient)
(1) Nadi Pariksha (Pulse Study)
(2) Mutra Pariksha (Examination of Urine)
(3) Mala Pariksha (Stool Examination)
(4) Jihwa Pariksha (Tongue Examination)
(5) Shabda Pariksha (Voice Examination)
(6) Sparsha Pariksha (Skin Examination)
(7) Drik Pariksha (Eye Examination)
(8) Akrti Pariksha (General appearance
Examination)
Nadi Pariksha (Pulse Study)
The status of Doshas in diseased as well as
in healthy individual can be assessed by Nadi
Pariksha13. It illustrates all types of diseases
progressions, just as the strings of a veena (a
musical instrument) can produce different ragas
so the Nadi can speak of different diseases14.
Like Prakriti, Nadi also varies in person
depending on health and disease condition.
(Tables 2–5)

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Paryayas of Nadi
Snayu, Nadi, Hansi, Dhamani, Dharani,
Dhara, Tantuki, and Jeevan Gyan15.
Nadi location
Vata, Pitta and Kapha Nadi lies
respectively under Tarjini (index), Madhyama
(middle) and Anamika (ring) fingers of
examining physician16.
Tridosha examination
Three fingers placed in position over Nadi
indicate the condition of the Tridosha and their
Gati (i.e. Manda, Madhyama and Tikshna) 17.
The index finger denotes Vata, the middle
finger Pitta and the ring finger Kapha. Nadi
Pariksha offers knowledge about involvement
of dosha- Vata, Pitta and Kapha, Dwandaja
(any two dosha) and Tridoshaja (all three
dosha), and Sadhya Asadhyata (prognosis of
disease)18.
Jiva sakshini
Anatomical position of the Jiva sakshini
Nadi at Angushtha moola and its clinical
importance as pulse has been stressed19. The
pulsation in the Dhamani (artery) reflects the
evidence of life and the learned physician
through Sparsana Pariksha is able to come to
assessment of the person concerned, whether
the person is ill or well. In female left hand
Nadi should be palpated and vice versa.
How to examine
Nadi should be examined in mental stability
and peace of mind before with his hand pulse
(beat) below the right thumb. As regards
methodology, the elbow (Kurpara) of the
patient should be lightly flexed to the left and
the wrist slightly bent to the left with the
fingers distended and dispersed. Nadi should be
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine
examining repeatedly for three times by
applying and releasing pressure alternately over
Nadi to assess the condition of Dosas rightly20.
After Nadi Pariksha physician should wash
his/her hands because disease disappears from
the patient like mud gets washed away21.
Method for Arterial pulse examination-
An ideal time for pulse examination is early
morning with empty stomach. But in case of
emergency, it can be examined at any time of
the day or night. It is essential as a routine to
feel not only the radial pulse but also the other
peripheral pulses. The pulse is usually felt at
the wrist and over the radial artery, because of
its superficial position and ease of palpability.
The radial artery is situated slightly medial to
the styloid process of the radius, on the anterior
aspect of the wrist, and is best felt with the
subject’s forearm slightly pronated and wrist
somewhat flexed22.
New Findings- in relation to Nadi Pariksha
The pulse is a wave, which, after being
produced by cardiac systole, travels or
advances through the arterial tree in a
peripheral direction. It arrives at the wrist long
before the column of blood ejected by heart.
Characteristics of the pulse i.e. Rate, Rhythm,
Volume, Force etc of pulse varies from
individual to individual and even from time to
time23. The pulse rate is unduly high during
fever, infectious diseases etc. and slow pulse
rate may be indicative of certain clinical status
e.g. Hypotension, etc24.
Contraindication for Nadi Pariksha
In the following conditions Nadi Pariksha
gives no correct information- immediately after
bath, immediately after having food, after
massaging, hungry, thirsty and while
sleeping25.
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Table-2 Nadi Gati26

Vataja Pittaja Kaphaja Vata Pitta- Vata Pittaj Sannipataja
Nadi Nadi Nadi Kaphaj Kaphaj Nadi Nadi
Nadi Nadi
Snake and Crow, lark Swan, Snack and Monkey Snake and Wood
leech and frog pigeon and swan and swan frog pecker
cock.

Table-3 Nadi Gati in different pathological condition27

Sl.No Pathological Conditions Nadi Gati (Pulse movements)

1 Jwara Gambheera, Ushna and Vegavati
2 Kama Krodha, Vegavati (rapid)
3 Chinta and Bhaya Kshina (weak)
4 Mandagni Manda (slow)
5 Rakta Dosha Ushna, Gurvi (heavy) and Sama
6 Ama Gambheera
7 Deeptagni Laghu and Vegavana
8 Kshudhita Chanchala (unstable)
9 Tripta Sthira (stable)
10 Asadhya Vyadhi Kampana (vibration) and Spandana (pulsation)

Table-4 Nadi Gati in different Jwaravastha28

Sl.No Jwara Avastha Nadi condition
1 Vata Jwara Vakra, Chapala (unstable), cold on touch
2 Pitta Jwara Rapid, straight and of long duration
3 Kapha Jwara Slow, stable, cold and sticky
4 Vata pitta Jwara Somewhat Vakra, Chapala and Kathin
5 Kapha vataja Manda (Slow)
6 Pitta Kapha Sukshma, Sheetala and Sthira

Table-5 Arishtha lakshana of Nadi for prognosis of disease29

Sl.No Pulse movement with Physical condition Prognosis
1 Sthira (Stable) and Rapid like Vidhyut (electrical force) May die 2nd day
2 Shigra (very rapid) / Sheeta and passing mala repeatedly Will die within 2 days
3 Sometime Tivra and sometimes slow with body sweating May die within 7 days
4 Tivra Nadi with burning and coldness in the body with dyspnoea Will die within 15 days
5 No facial pulsation coldness in the body with Klam May die within 3 days
6 Very rapid and sometimes thin, sometimes forceful yet cold About to die
7 Vidhyuta unmita (curvilinear motion) Imminent death
8 Tiryaka, ushna , vegavati (moves like snake) along with Kapha May die
filled throat
9 Chanchalita (unstable), Ativega, Nasikadharsamyuta (felt like May die in one yama
cloth wave on the strength of respiration) kala
10 Tridoshas influence the Nadi simultaneously Krichhasadhya or
Asadhya

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Asadhya Nadi having cheerful face is considered to be a

healthy32.
‘Sannipata Nadi’ pulsate slowly,
intermittently (Vyakula) and is extremely thin. Mutra Pariksha
This is mentioned as Asadhya Nadi. It indicates
imminent death. When Nadi firstly pulsates like Importance
Pitta gati, afterwards it becomes like Vata gati
By Mutra Pariksha (urine examination) one
then transforming to Kapha gati and moves
can assess any running pathology inside the
like a wheel, sometimes it is rapid and
body30. Urine is the end product of metabolism
sometimes very thin such Nadi should be
by billions of human cells and the body
considered as Asadhya Nadi and act
chemistry, blood pressure, fluid balance,
accordingly. Mrityu Suchaka Nadi- the Nadi
nutrient intake, and the state of health are key
which resembles Damru (a musical
elements in establishing the characteristic of
instrument), means which is strong at opening
urine33.
and ending but very slow in between, is the
indicator of death in a day30. Method
New findings- in relation to Asadhya nadi The wise physician should wake up the
patient early in the morning around 4 o’clock,
Forceful and jerky rise of the Corrigan
avoid the first stream of early morning urine,
pulse is due to the rapid filling of the radial
then collect the urine of subsequent flows in a
artery caused by an extra large amount of blood
clean glass vessel and examine thoroughly to
pushed by the distended left ventricle during
assess the disease process and treat the patient
systole into relatively empty arterial vessels.
accordingly34-35.
The collapsing character or the sudden down
stroke of the pulse may be due to partly to the New findings- in relation to mutra pariksha
sudden fall of pressure in the aorta due to
regurgitation of blood into the left ventricle For routine urine examination, midstream
through a leaky valve during diastole31. sample of urine which is the first morning
sample, collected in a clean container is
Healthy Pulse: Hamsa gamana (Swan like preferred since it gives a more constant result36.
walk), Gajagamini (elephant like) and who is

Table-6 Urine appearance involving doshas37

Sl.No. Dosha Urine colour/appearance
1 Vata Pandu
2 Kapha Phenayukta
3 Pitta Rakta
4 Dwandaja Mixed / as per predominant dosha
5 Sannipataja Krishna

Table-7 New Findings of probable causative factors and Urine appearance38

Sl.No. Urine colour/appearance Probable causative factor
1 Greenish yellow Bile pigments
2 Red Porphyrins, haemoglobin, myoglobin, numerous other
drugs.
3 Black Melanin and homogentisic acid
4 Cloudy appearance/ Epithelial cells, W.B.C., red cells, bacteria and fat
sedimentation

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Method of Examination (Tailabindu sinks in water. Vata aggravated, the stool is

Pariksha)
Along with the examination of colour,
appearance and consistency of urine (Tables 6–
7), a special technique for the examination of
the Mutra, Tailabindu Pariksha, was developed
to diagnose disease conditions and to find out
their prognosis. Both examination of urine
sample and questioning of patients are
important for assessing Doshic influence. A
modification of this is the oil (taila) drop
(bindu) test (pariksha) in which the effect of an
oil drop on urine sample suggests the curability
of disease.
Urine should be examined carefully as
stipulated. Instil one or two drops of Tila taila
into the vessel, where in the patients’ urine is
collected37. Type of dosha vikara is assessed by
appearance of taila bindu39 (Table 8).
According to direction of spread of drop one
can assess the curability or non-curability of
disease40 (Tables 9–10), prognosis of disease41.
By urine appearance doshic predominance42
and disease condition43 can be diagnosed
(Tables 11–12).
Mala Pariksha
Type of dosha vikara and disease condition
can be determined by Mala pariksha44
(Tables13–14). If digestion & absorption of
food are poor, the stool carries a foul odour and
hard, dry and grey/ash in colour. Excess Pitta
makes it green/yellow in colour and liquid in
form. And high Kapha lines it with mucus.
New Findings- in relation to Mala pariksha
Stool examination is one of the simplest,
widely applicable and most important tests for
the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infection
and other inflammatory condition. In Ayurveda
Rashi, Swarupa, Varna, Gandha, Sama-Nirama
Lakshana of stool etc are the diagnostic tools
for many diseases. In modern era microscopic
examination of the stool is important to
diagnose Amoebic dysentery etc. Blood in stool
indicate gastrointestinal lesion and fat
determination is done for seborrhoea45.
Jihwa Pariksha46
Detection of the type of disease condition
can be made by Jihwa Pariksha (Tables15–16).
New findings in relation to Jihwa pariksha
Different areas of the tongue correspond to
different organs of the body. Hence by
correlating the location of the blemishes on the
tongue, the Ayurvedic practitioner can
determine which organs of the body are out of
balance. The colour, size, shape, coating,
anomalies, surface, mobility and local lesion
are all noted47.

Table-8 Taila bindu appearance in different Dosha Vikara48

Sl. No. Dosha Vikara Taila bindu appearance
1 Vata Snake
2 Pitta Umbrella
3 Kapha Pearl

Table-9 Oil position in different diseased condition49

Sl.No. Urine Disease condition
1 If instilled oil spreads quickly over the surface of urine Saadhya (Curable)
2 If the oil does not spread Kashta-saadhya
(difficult to treat)
3 If oil sinks and touches the bottom of vessel Asaadhya (incurable)

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Table-10 Prognosis according to the direction drop spread of urine50

Sl.No. Direction of urine drop spread Prognosis
1 Towards east Patient will get relief
2 Towards south Will suffer from Jwara and gradually recover
3 Towards northern Will be cured and become healthy
4 Towards west Will attain Sukha and Arogya
5 Towards Esanya Will die in a month
6 Agneya or Nairuti direction or oil gets split Bound to die
7 Vayavya direction Going to die anyway

Table-11 Urine appearance in different Doshik aggravation51

Sl.No. Urine Doshic Urine appearance
Indication

1 Vata aggravation Slightly Neela and Ruksha (free from oily

appearance)
2 Pitta aggravation Pitta (yellow) and slightly reddish , looks like oil
3 Kapha aggravation Snigdha cloudly and watery
4 Rakta aggravation Snigdha, Ushna and blood coloured

Table-12 Urine appearance in different diseases52

Sl.No. Diseases Urine appearance
1 Ajeerna Rice water
2 Naveena jwara (acute Smoky and excessive
fever)
3 Vata pitta Jwara Smoky, watery and hot
4 Vata Shleshma Jwara Whitish and is like budbuda
5 Shleshma pitta Jwara Polluted and with blood mixed
6 Jeerna Jwara (Chronic) Yellowish and red
7 Sannipata Jwara Mixed shades depending on doshas involved

Table-13 Mala Lakshana in different Dosha Vikara53

Sl.No. Dosha Vikara Mala Lakshana
1 Vata vikara Dridha (hard) and Shushka (dry)
2 Pitta vikara Peeta (yellowish)
3 Kapha vikara Shweta (white)
4 Tridosha Sarva lakshana
5 Vata prakopa Trutita (broken), fenila (frothy), Ruksha (dry), Dhumala
(smoky)
6 Vata Kapha Kapisha
7 Pitta Vata Badddha (binding), Tritita (broken), Peeta , Shyam
8 Kapha Pitta Peeta,Sweta, Ishat Sandra, Pichchhila
9 Tridoshaja Shyama, Tritita, Pittabha, Baddha Sweta

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Table-14 Mala Swarupa in different diseases54

Sl.No. Mala Swarupa Diseases
1 Whitish, bulky with foul smell Jalodara
2 Shyama Kshaya
3 Yellowish associated with pain in the Kati Amayukta disorders
4 Jatharagni passes pandu and dry Mala while in Asadhya vyadhi
Mandagni state passes Drava and Durgandhita mala

Table-15 Characteristics of tongue in different Doshik condition55

Sl.No. Disease Tongue
1 Vataja Cold, rough and cracked (brown or
black)
2 Pittaja Reddish and blackish
3 Kaphaja Whitish and sticky
4 Sannipataja Blackish, Kantaka (thorny) and dry
5 Dwandaja Mixed symptoms and sign

Table-16 Tongue features in different diseased condition56

Tongue features Diseases condition
Colour Pale Anaemic
Yellow Jaundice, possible liver
disorders
Blue Heart diseases
Fur coating (consisting of epithelial debris, food Posterior part of Toxins in large intestine
particles and micro-organisms) tongue
Middle part of Toxins in stomach and
tongue small intestine.

Table-17 Asya Pariksha57

Sl.No. Disease Taste of mouth

1 Vataja Sweet
2 Pittaja Katu (pungent)
3 Kaphaja Madhuramla
4 Tridoshaja Mixed feeling
5 Ajeerna Ghrita purna
6 Agnimandhya Kashaya

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Asya Pariksha buccal mucosa etc examination but in

Different dosha can change the taste of mouth.
This can be including only in Prashna
Pariksha. (Table-17)
New findings- in relation to Asya Pariksha
In Yogaratnakar, Asya pariksha is
described as subjective condition. Acharya
Charaka described different types of Rasa
vishayaka arishta in Indriyasthana but they all
are in excessive condition and in abnormal
conditions48. According to modern science, oral
examination contains tongue, teeth, gums,
Yogaratnakara it is described as taste
examination. Different taste on tongue in
abnormal condition is important to know by
asking for different Doshik vitiation. In modern
science, there is no any direct relation with
taste is described for diagnosis.
Shabda Pariksha
Healthy and natural when the doshas are in
balance, the voice will become heavy when
aggravated by kapha, cracked under pitta effect
and hoarse & rough when afflicted by vata.
(Table 18)

Table-18 Shabda Pariksha58

Sl.No. Dosha Swara
1 Kapha Guru (heavy)
2 Pittaja Sphuta vaktra (cracked)
3 Vataja Devoid of these two qualities
(hoarse or rough)

New Findings- in relation to Shabda pariksha New Findings- in relation to Sparsha

Auscultation can be compared with the
Shabda Pariksha of Ayurveda. Four
auscultatory areas of the heart facilitate clinical
diagnosis. Interscapular area, infrascapular
area, cranial area, Abdominal area and
peripheral arterial sites may disclose murmers
of diagnostic significance59.In Respiratory
examination, inspiratory and expiratory sounds
with or without an intermediate pause or
interval is observed as normal
51
condition .Abnormal breath sounds are heard
if they are abnormally generated and if they are
abnormally conducted52.Aucultation is an
important part of abdominal examination. It is
best carried out in deep expiration and with
light application of the bell chest piece over all
the four abdominal quadrants60. In abnormal
condition also Auscultation of abdomen give
some clue for diagnosis e.g. Succussion (Gastro
intestinal splashing sound) sounds are found in
stomach fluid or gas etc61.
pariksha
Sparsha Pariksha can be compare with
palpation and percussion. Palpation is only
second to that of auscultation. It is an important
clinical method for examination of skin for
assessing the state of organs and tissues. The
examiner stands or sits on the right of the
patient and places the palm of hand which must
be warm, on the area under investigation. It
was customary to define the apex of the left
ventricle57.
Sparsha Pariksha
Used for assessing the state of organs and
tissue, palpation is an important clinical method
for examination of skin. Noted for doshic
influences, a vata aggravated skin is course &
rough with below normal temperature, a pitta
influenced one has quite high temperature and
kapha affected it becomes cold & wet. (Table-
19)

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Table-19 Sparsha Pariksha62

Sl.No. Dosha Sparsha (Touch)
1 Kapha Wet and cold
2 Pittaja Hot and moist
3 Vataja Cold and rough

Table-20 Apical impulse in relation to different abnormalities

Sl.No. Apical impulse Abnormalities
63
1 Hyperdynamic Thrust Dilated Left Ventricle
2 Slapping Apex beat64 Thyrotoxicosis, fever, after exercises etc
3 Tapping Apex beat65 Mitral stenosis

In Respiratory system, comparative
palpation of both two sides of the chest and
Localised swelling, tenderness, Crepitus,
Ronchial Fremitus, Palpable rales, friction
fremitus, lymph nodes enlargement are
observed through palpation66. In abdominal
examination also Muscle rigidity, tenderness,
oedema, doughy feel, haematoma, lump etc are
examined.
By percussion normal health condition, area
of cardiac dullness (Table 20), liver dullness,
Splenic dullness etc are examined67. Abnormal
percussional findings in different disease also
give clue for many diseases e.g. Shifting
dullness in Hydro or pyo-pneumothorax, Fluid
thrill, horse shoe shaped dullness, shifting
dullness are found in Ascites68.
Drika Pariksha
Vata domination makes the eyes sunken,
dry and reddish brown in colour. On
aggravation of pitta, they turn red or yellow
and the patient suffers from photophobia and
burning sensations. High kapha makes them
wet & watery with heaviness in the eyelids.
(Table 21–23)

Table-21 Drika Pariksha69

Sl.No. Doshaja Drika

Prakriti
1 Vata Dhumra (smoky), Aruna (pink), Nila (blue), Ruksha (dry), Chanchala
(unsteady), Antrapravista (sunken), Roudra (trrrifying), Antarjwala
(glowy inside)
2 Pitta Aruna (pink), Haridra (yellow), Rakta (red), Malina (dirty), Tikshna
(penetrating), Dipa dwesha (dislikes light), Dahayukta (burninig)
3 Kapha Sweta (whitish), Dhavala (glistening), Pluta (watery), Snigdha
(greasy), Sthira (steady), Santa (affectionate), Jyotish (lustreless),
Kanduyukta (itchy)
4 Dwandaja Mixed lakshana of involved Dosha
5 Sannipataja Rakta (red), Roudra (horrifying), sunken and lustreless

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It can be understood as follows:

Table-22 Eye features in relation to Doshik dominancy70
Dominancy of Eyeball features Eyelids Eye lashes Sclera
Dosha
Vata Small, nervous, shrunken Drooping Scanty and Muddy
and dry rough
Pitta Moderate in size, shape, lustrous, Reddish Scanty and Flushed
sensitive to light, burning sensation oily
Kapha Big, beautiful and moist Heavy Long, Pale or very
thick, oily white

Some special features of eyes also indicate
certain diseases eg. Excessive blinking is a sign
of nervousness, anxiety or fear and a drooping
upper eyelid indicates a sense of insecurity,
fear or lack of confidence.
eyeball rotates; all these are bad prognosis.
Acharya Charaka described Arishta vishayaka
lakshanas of Chakshu71.
New Findings- in relation to drika pariksha

Arishta lakshana Different types of eyes features may reflect

One eye opened and the other closed, the personality of the individual and his
whose eyes become bright lustrous and red, reaction to disease72.Expression of the eyes
when patient sees reddish, bluish and terrifying may reflect the health and diseased condition of
images, when one eye loses vision and other an individual.

Table-23 Eye features in different diseased condition73

Sl.no. Eye feature Disease condition
1 Prominent /bulging Thyrotoxicosis
2 Yellow conjunctiva Weak liver
3 Small iris Weak joints
4 Prominent white ring around iris Joint degeneration with potential for arthritis

Table-24 Akriti Pariksha74

Sl.No. Dosha Akriti (Rupa)
1 Kapha Saumya, snighdha, well built body and joints, tolerant to hunger, thirst,
hardship, hot sun.
2 Pittaja Hungry and thirsty, fair in colour, brave, Swabhimani, less hair
3 Vataja Vibhu, ashukari, balvana, prone to many diseases, split hair and dry
skin with Dhusara Varna, dislikes cold, Pralapa, unstable Dhriti,
Smriti, Buddhi, Cheshta etc

Akriti Pariksha New Findings- in relation to Akriti pariksha

The doshic influences that reflect on the
face of the patient enables physicians to gauge
the basic constitution and the nature of the
disease. (Table-24)
The doshic influences that reflect on the
face of the patient enable physicians to gauge
the basic constitution and the nature of the
disease. The constitution or body type of the
individual may have a bearing on the disease

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine

www.gjrmi.com GJRMI, Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2012, 186–201
process75. The regional distribution of eruptions
gives an idea of the diagnostic clues. Abnormal
dryness of the skin from loss of sweating may
be found in dehydration, hypothyroidism,
Scurvy etc76.
DISCUSSION
Yogaratnakara describes movements of
Nadi under the influence of Doshas and their
combinations. Further to make it more
appealing, the author correlates the character of
each type of pulse with movement of animals,
birds etc (Table-2). The position of index finger
denotes Vata Dosha. In Vata predominant
constitution, the index finger will feel the pulse
strongly. The pulse movement will be like
motion of a serpent. This type of pulse is called
snake pulse. The middle finger denotes the
pulse corresponding to the Pitta Dosha. When
the person has a predominant Pitta constitution,
the pulse under the middle finger will be
stronger. Ayurveda describes this pulse as
"active, excited, and move like jumping of a
frog." This pulse is called frog pulse. When the
throbbing of pulse under the ring finger is most
noticeable, it is a sign of Kapha constitution.
The pulse feels strong and its movement
resembles the floating of a swan. Hence, this
pulse is called swan pulse. Acharya Charaka
described different Nadi conditions in
Indriyasthana for Jwara purvalakshana77. The
movements of Nadi according to different
pathological conditions are well described by
Yogaratnakara78 (Table-3). Not only different
status of fever79 but also the prognosis of
disease can be made by detecting Nadi gati
(Table-4 and Table-5). Examination of mootra
is very important in diagnosis. Mutravaha
Srotas is affected by various causes like Ahara
(excess of Katu, tikshna, Amla, Lavana),
Vihara (Trishnanigraha, Atapasevana,
Ativyayama),Abhighata ,etc or some diseases
affecting Rakta, Hridaya etc. The color,
consistency, character, quantity of Mutra varies
in different illnesses. Examination of faces
gives valuable clues regarding the Annavaha
Srotas as well as Purishavaha Srotas. Prakriti,
Ahara, Vihara, kala, Satmya, Vyadhi etc
influence features of Purisha. Susruta describes
the features of Purishakshaya are to be inferred
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine
from complaints of pain on the sides and
cardiac regional feeling of vayu crushing
upwards, flatus, rumbling sounds in intestine
etc. Jihva Pariksha has great importance.
Tongue is considered as the index of stomach
and its examination produce vital clues to
diagnosis. Any abnormality in color, shape,
size, presence of fissures or cracks ulcerations,
salivation, furr on tongue, tremor, and deviation
to one side should be noted. Shabda pariksha
has specific role in diagnosis. Pratyaksha is
main stream to understand things and Shabda is
one of the main Upadhi for that purpose.
Different organs like heart, intestine etc
produce sound while working. These sounds
may be altered in diseases. People use sounds
in communicating with others, this can also be
altered in various diseases. By percussion and
listening to the sounds produced, the position
of hard organs, presence or absence of fluid or
gas in cavities etc can be determined. Sparsha
has great role in diagnosis; it is mentioned by
all acharyas and also included in Trividha,
Shadavidha and Ashtasthan Pariksha. These all
shows the importance of Sparsha pariksha in
diagnosis. By examination of eye, one can find
some Arishtalakshana like Urdhva Drishti,
Bramayuta, etc. Akriti Pariksha has mainly to
do with physiognomy it means judging a man’s
nature by his features. Here, the most obvious
external features like appearance, built, height,
shape, size, complexion etc are put to
evaluator scrutiny. The attitude of affected
organs in Dhanustambha, Manyastambha,
Ardita etc are also included in Akriti pariksha.
CONCLUSION
The principles of the treatment vary from
patient to patient on the strength of the patients
and morbidity of the disease. Hence it is
essential to acquire complete knowledge of
Ashtasthana Pariksha of Yogaratnakara.
Different methods of examinations were
adopted with the different times. These
examination methods were designed in such a
way that these were very much applicable in
leading to the diagnosis of a certain disease.
These got modified with the advent of time and
the additions of things were done according to
the requirements.
 www.gjrmi.com GJRMI, Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2012, 186–201
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75. Aspi F. Golwala and Sharukh A. Golwala,
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Symptoms and Physical Signs, by Media
Performance and Publishers, 11th Edition,
Delhi, p.244
76. Aspi F. Golwala and Sharukh A. Golwala,
(2006), Physical Diagnosis, A textbook of
Symptoms and Physical Signs, by Media
Performance and Publishers, 11th Edition,
Delhi, p.345
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(Dridhabala with Chakrapani), Reprint,
Varanasi, India, Chaukhambha Prakashana, p.
276
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(2007), Yogaratnakara, Krishnadasa Ayurveda
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Prakashana, p.11
Conflict of Interest: None Declared